International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.16 No.6

V L ME1 N MB R6 OU 6 U E
D C MB R1 9 E E E 91
P B IH DB T EIT R A I N LRC R S A C IS IU E PO B X9 3 MA IA P IIPN S U LS E Y H N E N TO A IE E E R H N TT T , . . O 3 , NL , HLP IE
IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: "To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for ricebased cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings." The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another. In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions, please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. Criteria for IRRN research report has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate, adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions Guidelines for contributors The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of brief reports of current research on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad, pan-national interest and application. Only reports of work conducted during the immediate past three years should be submitted. Research reported in IRRN should be verified. Single season, single trial field experiments are not accepted. All field trials should be repeated across more than one season, in multiple seasons, or in more than one location, as appropriate. All experiments should include replication and a check or control treatment. All work should have pan-national relevance. Reports of routine screening trials of varieties, fertilizer, and cropping methods using standard methodologies to establish local recommendations are not accepted. Normally, no more than one report will be accepted from a single experiment. Two or more items about the same work submitted at the same time will be returned for merging. Submission at different times of multiple reports from the same experiment is highly inappropriate. Detection of such submissions will result in rejection of all. Please observe the following guidelines in preparing submissions: Limit each report to two pages of double-spaced typewritten text and no more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos). Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Organize the report into a brief statement of research objectives, a brief description of project design, and a brief discussion of results. Relate results to the objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Specify the rice production environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deepwater, tidal wetlands). Specify the type of rice culture (transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet season, dry season, monsoon) and by months. Do not use local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. Use standard, internationally recognized terms to describe rice plant parts, growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local names. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. For soil nutrient studies, be sure to include a standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants. Do not use common names or local names alone. Quantify survey data (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress that was used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/pot) or per specified length (in meters) row (g/ row) for small scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use local monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate US$:local currency at the time data were collected. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, followed by the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or graph in a footnote or caption/ legend. Categories of research published GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality pest resistance diseases insects other pests stress tolerance drought excess water adverse temperature adverse soils integrated germplasm improvement irrigated rainfed lowland upland deepwater tidal wetlands seed technology
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
soils soil microbiology physiology and plant nutrition fertilizer management inorganic sources organic sources crop management integrated pest management diseases insects weeds other pests water management farming systems farm machinery postharvest technology economic analysis
ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Yield potential 5 Ratooning ability of deepwater rice and ratoon crop herbage production 6 Kneeing ability of promising submergence-tolerant rice lines Grain quality 6 Element content characteristics of 51 good quality brown rices 6 Grain quality of some red rice genotypes Pest resistancediseases 7 Genetic analysis of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in rice anther culture progenies 8 Resistance to sheath blight (ShB) and brown spot (BS) in lines derived from Oryza officinalis 8 Resistance to sheath rot (ShR) of breeding lines derived from Oryza officinalis Pest resistanceinsects 9 Resistance of rice varieties to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) in the greenhouse 10 Feeding behavior of the brown planthopper (BPH) on susceptible and resistant rice cultivars Stress toleranceadverse temperature 11 Cold tolerance of Yunnan rices at early seedling stage 11 Comparative performance of indigenous rice varieties for cold tolerance in the hills of Nepal 12 Screening for cold tolerance in Nepal Stress toleranceadverse soils 13 Response of some rice cultivars to lime application on acid sulfate soils Integrated germplasm improvementirrigated 13 New rice cultivar Marianna obtained through anther culture 14 Zhe 733, a high-yielding, blast (Bl)-resistant, good quality indica rice for China 14 Response to nitrogen of new dwarf fragrant rice varieties for transplanted conditions 15 Aruna (MO 8), a high-yielding rice variety with seed dormancy and brown planthopper (BPH) resistance from Kerala, India 15 Zhe 8619, a promising rice with high-yielding and high ratooning ability in China 16 Zhe 852, a short-duration, high-yielding rice variety for doublecropped areas in China 16 Kanakam (MO 11), a high-yielding, semitall variety from Kerala, India Integrated germplasm improvementupland 17 Performance of upland breeding lines and germplasm under periodic moisture stress in erosion-susceptible soil 17 BR20 and BR21: promising upland rices for Bangladesh coastal region

Fertilizer management-inorganic sources 18 Long-term effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on irrigated lowland rice in Mekong Delta 18 Effect of potassium application levels and time on rice Fertilizer managementorganic sources 18 Effect of vitamins on spore germination and viability of Azolla microphylla sporocarps 19 Use of rice straw under submerged conditions Integrated pest managenmentdiseases 19 Managing rice sheath blight (ShB) using fungal antagonists and organic amendments 20 Detecting and purifying noncapsid protein in rice infected with grassy stunt virus (RGSV) 20 Estimation of rice bacterial sheath brown rot (BSR) and rice blast (Bl) severity in five Burundi highland swamps 21 Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana combined with various stickers or spreaders against rice hispa (RH) Integrated pest managementinsects Mating sequence of rice leaffolder (LF) Murasmia patnalis Bradley 21 Population fluctuation of leaffolder (LF) at different planting times in 22 some rice varieties Survey of ricefield insects in Mbo and Ndop Plains of Cameroon 22 Using chlorpyrifos to control gall midge (GM) 23 Influence of some weather factors on rice stem borer (SB) infestation 24 Chemical control of gall midge (GM) in the rice nursery 24 Mirid predation on brown planthopper (BPH) eggs 24 Comparison of yellow stem borer (YSB) catch in light traps 25 Integrated pest managementweeds 25 Weed control in wet seeded rice in Kerala, India 26 Weed control economics in transplanted rice (TPR) Integrated pest managementother pests 26 Golden snail (Pomacea sp.) use in animal feeds 27 Loss of rice grain yield and seedling vigor due to sheath rot (ShR) and mealy bug interaction Water management 27 Water use by irrigated summer rice 28 Water balance in bunded ricefields under different rainfed situations in Central India
ANNOUNCEMENT
29 New IRRI publications
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Ratooning ability and herbage yield of DWR ratoon crop under natural deepwater condition. Huntra Rice Experiment Station, Ayutthaya, Thailand, 1991. Cultivar BKNFR82002-1-2-9-5 BKNFR82002-1-2-9-6 BKNFR82002-1-2-9-7 BKNFR82002-1-4-2-7 BKNFR82002-1-4-2-8 BKNFR82002-2-2-3-1 BKNFR82002-2-5-4-5 DWCT'82-1-1 DWCT'82-1-10 DWCT'82-2-2 DWCT'82-2-10 DWCT82-2-15 DWCT'82-5-3 DWCT'82-19-3 DWCT'82-19-9 DWCT'82-20-9 DWCT'82-20-11 DWCT'82-20-15 DWCT'82-30-5 DWCT'82-31-11 DWCT'82-34-5 DWCT'82-36-20 DWCT'82-51-11 DWCT'82-51-14 DWCT'82-59-19 DWCT'82-68-20 DWCT'82-80-7 DWCT'82-90-19 DWCT'82-121-15 DWCT'82-123-1 DWCT'82-134-2-1-0 HTAFR77067-16-1 HTAFR82023-9 HTAFR83019-5 HTAFR83019-13 HTAFR83025 HTAFR84022 HTAFR84045 LMN11180G1C5-37-85-42 RGA6-5-0-0 SPR7295-32-1-5-3 SPR76136-12-FC-292-2 Huntra 60 (check) LMN111 (check) PG56 (check) Mean LSD (0.05) CV (%) . . Ratoon hills (% of main crop) 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 75 91 89 89 88 90 87 80 90 81 89 72 87 73 65 0 0 89 69 45 79 87 74 0 0 0 39 24 0 43 51 24 29 20 27 71 0 0 46 16 24.92 Dry herbage yield 40 d after cutting kg/ha 0 0 98 0 0 0 0 248 418 450 426 351 342 273 292 411 441 206 241 287 223 179 0 0 260 173 96 216 355 221 0 0 0 94 81 0 89 99 154 105 169 59 220 0 0 162 111 53.03 g/ratoon hill 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 1 2 3 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 1 4 2 5 1 2 0 0 2 0.70 32.32
Yield potential
Ratooning ability of deepwater rice and ratoon crop herbage production
T. Kupkanchanakul, B. S. Vergara, and K. Kupkanchanakul, IRRI The only crop normally grown in areas with water depths exceeding 50 cm during the cropping season is deepwater rice (DWR). Establishing a second crop after rice is difficult because supplemental water is generally not available. In recent studies of a ratoon crop under controlled shallow irrigation at IRRI, varieties differed in their ratooning ability. Ratoons produced high herbage yields in a short time. We evaluated the ratooning ability and herbage production of 45 DWR cultivars under natural field conditions at Huntra Rice Experiment Station, Ayutthaya, Thailand, in early 1991. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main crop was transplanted at 25- 25-cm spacing, three seedlings/hill in Jul 1990 and harvested in Jan 1991. Water depth rose to 100 cm before flowering. Main crop straw was cut 15 cm aboveground 7 d after harvest and the crop was allowed to ratoon. No irrigation, fertilizer, or crop protection was provided. Ratooning ability and herbage yield of the ratoon crop were determined at 40 d after cutting. Only 31 cultivars produced ratoons (see table). Most DWCT82 entries showed very good ratooning ability; among the BKNFR82002 breeding lines only one produced ratoons. Check variety Huntra 60 showed high ratooning ability, LMN111 and PG56 produced no ratoons. (This confirmed the ratooning ability of these check cultivars under controlled irrigation at IRRI in 1990.) Herbage yield from the ratoon crop excluding 15-cm stubble) differed. DWCT82-1-10, DWCT82-2-2,
DWCT82-2-10, DWCT82-20-9, and DWCT82-20-11 had relatively high herbage yield; SPR7295-32-1-5-3 and LMN111 80GIC5-37-85-42 had high herbage yield/ratoon hill but low herbage yield/unit area because of a low percentage of ratoon hills. Average herbage yield under natural field condition was about 10 times lower than yields reported under irrigated conditions. The soil in natural deepwater
fields dried very fast and cracked within 30 d after ratooning. When cultivars that did not produce ratoons were excluded, herbage yield from the ratoon crop was highly correlated with ratooning ability (r = 0.875**) and herbage weight per ratoon hill (r = 0.446*). These results indicate that biomass production from a ratoon rice crop in deepwater areas could provide supplemental forage for farm livestock.
IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)
Kneeing ability of promising submergence-tolerant rice lines

A.S. Rao, P. S. S. Murthy, D. R. Rao, N. S. Reddy, and K. R. K. Murthy, Agricultural Research Station, Pulla 534401, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India Kneeing ability is an important characteristic of rices grown in deepwater areas. We evaluated 11 promising submergence-tolerant lines and check variety CN540 for kneeing ability and yield performance in 1989 wet season.
Kneeing ability and grain yield of deepwater rice lines under 40-cm water. Pulla, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India, 1989. Variety Kneeing ability (score)a 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 Grain yield (t/ha) With 40-cm water 3.0 1.9 3.2 2.5 2.7 1.9 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 4.1 2.7 0.6 With 80-cm water 2.1 0.8 2.2 1.1 1.4 0.6 1.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.8 1.5 0.2
PLA7007 PLA7044 PLA8574 PLA8575 PLA7020 PLA7111 PLA7121 CN540 PLA7051 PLA7052 PLA7056 PLA7112 LSD (0.05)
Seeds were sown 11 Jun and seedlings transplanted 10 Jul. Water depth was maintained at about 2 cm. At 30 d after transplanting (DT), three plants/variety were pulled without damaging the root and placed horizontally on the soil. Kneeing ability was scored 8 d later. PLA7007, PLA7044, PLA8574, and PLA8575 scored 1 for kneeing ability (see table). Water depth was increased to 80 cm from 40 DT. Yields were high only in PLA8574 and PLA7007; both had high scores for kneeing ability.
a Standard evaluation system for rice.
Grain quality
Element content characteristics of 51 good quality brown rices
Qiu Lingcang, Pan Jun, and Duan Binwu, China National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI), Hangzhou 310006, China We studied the content of 41 element characteristics of 51 good quality brown rices with high nutritional, cooking, or eating quality. Seed from the CNRRI Rice Germplasm and Resource Department was sown in 1988. After threshing and dehulling, the brown rice was ground, mixed, and wetdigested with HNO 3-HClO4 . The digests were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry using suitable reference standards. Among the 41 elements, P was highest, and Sc lowest (see figure). When we compared the contents of 15 elements of quality rice grown on the CNRRI farm with those of conventional brown rice from the Taihu River valley, the order queues were similar: CNRRI farm: P>K>Mg>Ca>Mn>Zn>Fe>Na>Al> Cu>Ni>Mo>V>Cr>Co Taihu River: P>K>Mg>Na>Ca>Mn>Zn>Al>Fe>Cu> Ni>Mo>V>Cr>Co Results of u test indicate significantly higher (P<0.01) P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mo,
Element contents of 51 brown rices.
Ni, Cr, and Co, but significantly lower Al, Na, and V for good quality rice than for conventional rice.
The average coefficient of variation (CV) of 41 elements is 67.6 49.2%.
Grain quality of some red rice genotypes

N. R. Bai, A. Regina, R. Devika, S. Leenakumari, D. S. R. Devi, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station, Moncompu, India
The qualities of various red rice genotypes grown in different crops at Moncompu were determined at the Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India. Aruna showed minimum values for the hulling and milling percentages; Karthika expressed the maximum (see table).
Grain quality attributes of 11 red rice genotypes. Kerala, India, 1989. Genotype Brown rice Milled rice Water uptake (%) 350 365 315 355 240 260 320 230 320 325 230 Amylose content (% dry basis) 21.1 18.9 16.0 21.2 20.6 18.6 21.9 20.6 20.3 20.3 19.4 Protein content (% dry basis) 10.2 9.4 7.5 10.6 9.6 9.4 10.9 9.5 9.2 9.4 9.2 Elongation ratio 1.76 1.61 1.69 1.53 2.23 1.62 1.92 1.75 1.79 1.84 1.81
Alkali Grain Grain L/B Hulling Milling length breadth ratio percentage percentage spreading value (mm) (mm) (% of (% of rough rice) rough rice) 5.11 6.20 5.32 7.05 5.39 5.33 6.56 5.38 5.35 5.32 5.74 2.42 2.58 2.72 2.50 2.55 2.31 2.60 2.53 2.54 2.46 2.22 2.11 2.40 1.95 2.82 2.11 2.39 2.52 2.13 2.11 2.16 2.58 79.5 80.0 79.5 80.5 74.0 79.0 75.5 76.5 79.5 75.0 74.5 73.5 73.5 73.5 74.5 64.5 70.0 70.0 68.5 70.5 67.5 67.0 7.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 5.3 5.0 3.0
Bhadra Asha(R) Pavizham Karthika Aruna Makam Remya Kanakam KAU200 KAU204 KAU168
Grain length was 5.11-7.05 mm and length/breadth ratio was 1.95 to 2.82. Water uptake was highest in Asha (R), and lowest in Kanakam and KAU168. Amylose content ranged from 16% in Pavizham to 21.9% in Remya.
Protein content was highest in Remya (10.9% dry basis) and lowest in Pavizham (7.5%). Elongation ratio ranged from 1.53 in Karthika to 2.23 in Aruna.
Pest resistance diseases

Genetic analysis of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in rice anther culture progenies
Zhang Chengmei, Lu Jiaan, and Zhang Zhenhua, Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute (CBCRI), Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106; and Zhang Qi, CBCRI, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China To study BB resistance inheritance in rice anther culture progenies, we crossed susceptible Shennong 1033 (japonica) with resistant varieties: indicas Zenith, 75-35, IR20; and japonicas Wase Aikoku 3, Pei Zhao 15, Bang Zhu Mang, Java 14. F1 plants of the combinations were used for anther culture. BB resistance was evaluated by the IRRI standard system. We observed the transfer of the resistance gene in pollen plants (H 2 ) and resistance stability in H2 , H3 , and H4 . results indicated that anther culture was
an effective, quick way to transfer the resistance gene and obtain stable pollen progenies with BB resistance. Of 579 H2 pollen strains of seven combinations, 572 strains (95.5%) were uniform and stable, 62.9% with high or moderate resistance and 32.7% with no resistance. Additionally, 27 heterozygous strains (4.5%) showed segregating resistance (see figure). The BB resistance of H2 plants is more significant than that of F2 plants. For example, in the progenies of Shennong 1033/75-34, lesion area variation is 5-100% in H2 and 5-45% in F2 . Growth duration and resistance show a significant relationship. BB resistance is higher in strains with longer growth duration. H2 strains varied greatly in growth duration, plant height, panicle length, and grain weight. Genetic analysis of results indicated that in the combination, a dominant epistatic gene controlled BB resistance. Broad heritability was more
BB resistance reaction of anther culture H 2 populations derived from 7 combinations.
than 80%. Many types of pollen strains combined the two parents traits, with variation ranging close to that of F2 progenies. The stability of BB resistance and of other agricultural traits were analyzed in H3 and H4 (see table). In pollen plants, these were all relatively stable in different generations. In stable H2 pollen strains, the resistance capability and character uniformities did not vary with generation advance (H3 and H4). We concluded that the anther culture method effectively transfers the resistance gene.
Stability of pollen strain resistance to bacterial blight. Cross Shennong 1033/Zenith Generation H2 H3 H4 H2 H3 H4 H2 H3 H4 H2 H3 H4
a
Strain no. 89-3710
Lesion area a (%) 3.0 0.2 2.0 1.8 2.3 0.1 4.7 0.2 4.7 0.2 4.9 0.1 2.9 0.2 4.9 0.1 4.9 0.1 4.9 0.1 4.9 0.1 4.9 0.1
Strain no. 89-3724
Lesion area b (%) 16.7 1.6 16.8 1.4 15.7 1.4 14.5 0.8 l4.7 1.2 15.7 1.4 14.0 1.3 13.3 1.6 12.8 1.2 14.9 1.1 13.9 1.2 14.1 1.1
Shennong 1033/75-34
89-3841
89-3873
Shennong 1033/Java 14
89-3753
89-3924
Shennong 1033/Pei Zhao 15
89-3795
89-3819
All values are equivalent to R (resistant). b All valuea are equivalent to MR (moderately resistant).
Resistance to sheath blight (ShB) and brown spot (BS) in lines derived from Oryza officinalis
P. Lakshmanan, Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute (ACRI), Madurai 625104; and R. Velusamy, Entomology Department, ACRI, Vallanad 627252, Tamil Nadu, India We evaluated 87 breeding lines derived from O. officinalis for resistance to ShB caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk, and BS caused by Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechsler ex Dastur. In the field, one row per line and check TKM9 were transplanted at 30- 15-cm in 3-m-long plots, in a randomized block with three replications. We assessed ShB weekly and BS biweekly from active tillering to the milk stage, using the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Lines completely free from ShB and BS were artificially inoculated for further evaluation. Disease incidence was evaluated in the greenhouse by stem tape inoculation for ShB and spore suspension spray for BS, on 21 seedlings/line. Actively tillering plants were inoculated with 20-d-old ShB pathogen cultured on autoclaved rice stem pieces, inserted into the sheaths, 5 cm above the water line. For BS inoculation, plants were sprayed with a l07 conidia/ml suspension. Disease severity was assessed every 7 d for ShB and every 10 d for BS from the
Lines derived from O. officinalis showing resistance to ShB and BS. Intensity (0-9 scale) 1 (highly resistant) Lines ShB IR54742-6-1-14-15-3 IR54742-33-18-20-3-2 IR54745-2-10-17-8-3 IR54745-2-23-19-8-2 IR54742-1-11-17-12-3 BS IR54742-1-11-17-26-1 IR54742-1-17-20-8-3 IR54742-33-9-14-26-4 IR54742-33-18-20-3-1 IR54742-33-18-20-3-2 IR54742-38-13-15-11-1 IR54745-2-10-17-8-1 IR54745-2-21-12-17-4 IR54745-2-23-19-8-1 IR54745-2-23-19-18-2 IR54742-1-11-17-12-1 IR54742-1-11-17-12-3 IR54742-1-19-11-8-2 IR54742-6-20-3-22-3 IR54742-6-20-9-3-2 IR54742-11-22-2-22-2 IR54742-18-17-20-15-1 IR54742-22-14-24-22-3 IR54742-22-19-3-7-3 IR54742-31-9-26-15-2 IR54742-33-18-20-3-2 IR54745-2-10-17-8-3 IR54745-2-21-12-17-5 IR54745-2-34-3-10-2 TKM9
3 (resistant)
IR54742-1-11-17-12-1 IR54742-1-11-17-12-3 IR54742-1-11-17-26-2 IR54742-6-20-3-9-3 IR54742-11-1-9-15-1 IR54742-33-9-14-26-4 IR54745-2-21-12-17-4 IR54745-2-34-3-10-2 IR54751-3-38-10-15-3 IR54742-50-19-19-1-1 IR54742-50-19-19-1-3
9 (highly susceptible)
TKM9 (check)
time symptoms appeared on the susceptible check until the milk stage. Under natural infection, 87 and 48 of the derived lines were ShB- and BS-free.
Under artificial inoculation, 5 lines were highly resistant to ShB and 10 to BS (see table).
Resistance to sheath rot (ShR) of breeding lines derived from Oryza officinalis
P. Lakshmanan, Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute (ACRI), Madurai 625104; and R. Velusamy, Entomology Department, ACRI, Vallanad 627252, Tamil Nadu, India
We evaluated 87 breeding lines derived from O. oficinalis for resistance to ShR caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams & Hawksw. Twenty plants for each derived line were transplanted into 1-row, 3-m-long plots spaced at 30 15 cm. Beds were laid out in randomized blocks with three replications. From booting stage onward,
we evaluated disease intensity weekly with the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). IR20 served as the susceptible check. In the greenhouse, disease-free lines were artificially inoculated using two methods. We inoculated one set of lines with a 15-d-old, single-grain culture in between the flag leaf sheath and the unemerged panicle. In the other set, rice mealy bugs (Brevennia rehi Lindinger) were massreared using 45-d-old TNl rice. Crawlers were collected and soaked in S. oryzae spore suspension for 15 min (10 7 conidia/ ml). Crawlers were placed in between the flag leaf sheath and the unemerged panicle using a camel hair brush. Fifteen derived lines were completely disease-free under natural infection, only a few lines exhibited high resistance under artificial methods (see table). The check had maximum disease severity under all conditions.
~
Reactions of derived O. officinalis lines to ShR. Designation Intensity (0-9 scale) Single-grain inoculation IR54742-6-34-17-11-1 IR54742-18-3-8-22-1 IR54742-22-14-3-7-2 IR54742-22-19-3-7-1 IR54742-33-9-14-26-3 IR54742-33-18-20-3-2 IR54742-33-37-16-10-1 IR54745-2-21-12-17-1 IR54751-1-19-13-17-1 IR54742-22-14-24-22-3 lR54742-31-21-20-10-3 IR54742-22-19-3-7-3 IR54742-2-21-12-17-5 Mealy bug inoculation IR54742-6-34-17-11-1 IR54742-18-3-8-22-1 IR54742-22-14-3-7-2 IR54745-2-21-12-17-1
1 (highly resistant)
3 (resistant)
7 (susceptible) 9 (highly susceptible)
IR54742-33-18-20-3-1 IR54745-2-10-17-8-3 -
IR54742-22-14-24-22-3 IR54742-22-19-3-7-1 IR54742-33-9-14-26-3 IR54742-33-18-20-3-2 IR54742-33-37-16-10-1 IR54751-19-13-17-1 IR54742-22-19-3-7-3 IR54742-31-21-20-10-3 IR54742-33-18-20-3-1 IR54745-2-16-17-8-3 IR54745-2-21-12-17-5
Pest resistance insects

Resistance of rice varieties to whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) in the greenhouse
G. W. Hu, J. F. Ma, and J. Tang, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China We screened 916 new rice varieties and breeding lines during 1986-90 for resistance to WBPH Sogatella furcifera by using the bulk seedling test. Test entries were sown in 20-cm rows in plastic seedboxes at 20 seeds/row. Each entry had three replications. Seedlings were infested 7 d after sowing with second- to third-instar WBPH nymphs at 6-8 nymphs/seedling. Plant damage was scored when all plants of susceptible check TNl had died. Ninety of the test entries showed resistance to WBPH (see table).
Resistance of rice varieties to WBPH in the greenhouse. China. 1986-90. Variety Shanyougui 8 Bangriai 7 84570 84547 Chuangmi no. 1 Chuangmi no. 2 8603 8604 2314 851193 851515 851633 853161 853209 352 Qishuangzhan Xiangzheng 21 85-2-591 Guangye 90 7526-4 1296 Sixizhan Zhehu no. 1 E3-14 E3-57 E3-147 Jing 15 Nonghu no. 3 Dianrui 138 Dianrui 236 H11 Liaoyan 283 Damage scorea 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 0 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 Variety Liaoyanru no. 4 C710 Mingdao 580 Wanqingzao no. 2 Sanluzhan no. 7 883016 Zhong 86-44 Zhong 86-51 Zhongyu 88-6 Zhongyu 88-9 3123 Jiangyou 594 85-151 Wanhui 500065 50239 Nanjing 58156 6267 Dan42-1 Shuangerai Fu 8329 Fu 8456 Fu 8531 V20 A x Pinghui no. 2 Ping 10 H8702 860 13 46-204 HA8517 HA85-183 V49 V20 A x 1126 Yuwanfu no. 5 Damage scorea 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 0 1 3 1
continued on next page
Table continued Variety Nanjing 3714 Shuangchao no. 25 Fu 85-30 Zhehu 102 Zhehu 129 Zhongyu 87-3 6ET- 198 1673 Zhongzuo 8531 Shun 44 8810410 Zhongyu 89-10 88 Nan 14
aBy the Standard evaluation system for rice.
Damage scorea 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3
Variety Fu 8922 Fu 8971 Dongtingzhengzhuru Zhongguai Ewan no. 3 61 jing 17267 Zhongxian 86-6 Xianjing no. 1 HA79317-4 8807 LS8713 85-183
Damage score a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Feeding behavior of the brown planthopper (BPH) on susceptible and resistant rice cultivars
R. M. Hopkins, 8 Headlands, Kettering, Northants, NN15 7HP, United Kingdom The feeding behavior of unstarved, newly molted, adult female BPH Nilaparvata lugens St1 was assessed on single tillers of susceptible (IR22) and resistant (IR62) rice cultivars. Ingestion patterns were electronically monitored using a direct-current system, which recorded voltage changes accompanying stylet activity within the plant. Sap ingestion was assessed by incorporating radioactive P into the rice plant and
monitoring the amount of label within the insect and its excretion after 24 h on the plant. Honeydew excretion was monitored simultaneously by slowly revolving the insect and plant so that honeydew droplets fell separately onto pH indicator paper.
The total radioactivity of the insect plus excreted honeydew increased exponentially with ingestion pattern duration (see figure). Insects on the resistant cultivar followed the same logarithmic increase, but the total amount of label taken up was significantly less than that taken up by those on the susceptible cultivar. We investigated the role of feeding deterrents (oxalic acid and beta-sitosterol) in relation to reduced sap ingestion from the resistant cultivar. Rootless tillers were immersed in 0.5% (wt/vol) solutions of either compound. Insect feeding behavior was monitored. Both compounds induced significant insect weight loss with little influence upon the ingestion pattern duration. This affected the sap ingestion rate (see table). Either or both plant components may be responsible for the reduced sap ingestion and therefore resistance in rice cultivar IR62.
Feeding behavior and weight change of N. lugens over 24 h on rootless rice tillers immersed in control and feeding deterrent solutions. a Susceptible cultivar IR22 Betasitosterol (0.5% wt/vol) 16.0 a 22.9 a 6.0 b Resistant cultivar IR62 Control (H 2O) 1.6 a 33.3 a 8.4 b 5.9 a
Control (H2O) Duration of phloem ingestion pattern (%) Duration of xylem ingestion pattern (%) Mean percentage weight change 7.5 a 35.3 a 17.8 a 2.8 a
Oxalic acid (0.5% wt/vol) 0.3 a 6.8 b 31.3 b
aIn a row, values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level (Mann-Whitney U test).
Radioactivity of insect plus excreted honeydew in relation to total duration of ingestion patterns produced by N. lugens on susceptible IR22 ( ), and resistant IR62 ( ),
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Stress toleranceadverse temperature

Cold tolerance of Yunnan rices at early seedling stage
Chen Yong and Lu-Yuan Dai, Crop Germplasm Station, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China We screened 2,763 local Yunnan rice varieties for cold tolerance at the early seedling stage during 1987-89. Healthy germinating seeds (100/variety) were chilled at 5 C for 10 d, then put under sunlight for 10 d. Recovery was assessed on a 1-9 scale, where 1 = highly resistant, 3 = resistant, 5 = medium resistant, 7 = susceptible, 9 = highly susceptible. We found only 19 highly resistant varieties (less than 3% of those tested). Fifteen originated in Jinping and Shangjiang counties, 2 upland varieties in Changyuan county. Japonica-lowland-glutinous rice has the best cold tolerance; indica-lowlandglutinous, the least. Although indicaupland rices had the lowest score and indica-lowland the highest, in general japonicas have significantly greater cold tolerance than indicas, upland rices greater tolerance than lowland, and nonglutinous greater than glutinous. The table gives paired comparisons of cold tolerance among 12 forms. The difference in cold tolerance between japonica and indica holds up, but that between lowland and upland and between nonglutinous and glutinous is only partly substantiated.
Paired comparison of cold tolerance among 12 rice forms in Yunnan, China. Form Indica-upland Indica-lowland Japonica-lowland Japonica-upland Lowland-glutinous Lowland-nonglutinous Upland-nonglutinous Upland-glutinous Indica-glutinous Indica-nonglutinous Japonica-nonglutinous Japonica-glutinous
a Significant at 5% (*) and 1% (**) levels.
Varieties (no.) 17 1756 700 290 1853 603 123 I84 1448 325 40 I 589
Cold tolerance (av score) 6.29 8.12 7.25 7.46 7.94 7.69 7.55 7.28 8.11 8.07 7.33 7.30
U-valuea
1.80
5.66**
11.45**
Comparative performance of indigenous rice varieties for cold tolerance in the hills of Nepal
B. R. Sthapit (present address: Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University College of North Wales, Thoday Building, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, Wales, UK), Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre (LRARC), P.O. Box No. 1, Kaski, Pokhara, Nepal Injury due to cold temperature occurs at different stages of rice crop growth in different areas of Nepal, depending on altitude and temperature of irrigation water. Screening of exotic materials from the International Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery at Lumle (1,400 m) has not been promising: most entries showed good cold tolerance at seedling and vegetative stage but failed to produce grain because of incomplete panicle exsertion or spikelet sterility. Delayed heading, degeneration of spikelet tips,
and chaffiness of panicles are common symptoms in wetland rice transplanted in Jul above 1,400 m elevation. Indigenous rice varieties Chhomrong, Seto Bhakunde, and Himali Marshi had performed well at Lumle. We collected 79 indigenous varieties from Lumle and Pakhribas Research Command areas, with altitudes from 700 to 2,000 m asl, and evaluated them at Lumle for cold tolerance and agronomic traits at vegetative and reproductive stages. Mean tempera-
tures at Lumle fall below 20 C toward the beginning of the reproductive phase (Table 1). Forty-one genotypes showed good cold tolerance at the reproductive stage. Data for the 10 best entries are given in Table 2. These indigenous germplasm also show good tolerance for diseases associated with low temperature (neck blast Pyricularia oryzae and sheath rot Acrocylindrium oryzae ). Most materials collected from above
Table 1. Meteorological data for Lumle (28N 83E) in 1990. Av temperature (C) Max 23.3 24.7 24.0 23.7 23.5 21.1 19.3 22.8 Min 14.6 17.1 17.6 17.4 16.6 12.2 11.4 15.3 Mean 19.0 20.9 20.8 20.6 20.1 16.7 15.2 19.0 Water a NR NR 22.0 20.8 19.6 17.8 NR 20.1 Relative humidity (%) 82.4 92.2 97.3 95.2 92.5 81.2 72.3 87.6 Total rainfall (mm) 325 1107 1407 1088 978 315 0 5220 Av sunshine (h) 5.7 4.2 2.1 2.7 4.1 8.6 9.3 5.2 36.7
Month
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Mean Total
a NR = not recorded.
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Table 2. Performance of selected indigenous rice varieties for cold tolerance at LRARC. Nepal, 1990. Genotype Altitude a (m) Plant height (cm) 111 137 133 160 130 137 125 118 133 117 Cold tolerance (1-9) b GS2 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 GS6 1 3 1 3 5 3 1 1 1 5 1-7 2.91.7 Spikelet sterility (1-9)b 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-5 1.61.0 Crop duration (d) 140 144 144 154 150 143 150 154 153 140 138-170 15229.1 Yield (t/ha) at 12% moisture content 5.3 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 0.9-5.3 3.05 0.61
Silange Chhomrong Kalo Patle Tangle Darmali Dangsing Damadi Phalame Bhuin dhan Bhatte Rato Darmali Rato Takmare Range Mean
GS6 = at anthesis.
1900 NE 2000 NE 1600 SE 1700 NE 1620 SW 1700 NE 1600 1700 SE 1600 W 1800 SE 700-2000
1-5 90-151 12513.7 21.2
a NE = northeast, SE = southeast, SW = southwest, W = west. b By the Standard evaluation systemfor rice GS2 = at tillering,
1,500-m altitude that show good cold tolerance had dark grains. They will be grouped according to phenology and plant height for further use in cold tolerance breeding.
Thorough collection and evaluation of local rice germplasm would help identify donors of cold tolerance at anthesis, currently lacking in our breeding program.
Screening for cold tolerance in Nepal

B. R. Sthapit (present address: Centre for Arid Zone Studies, University College of North Wales, Thoday Building, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, Wales, UK), Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre (LRARC), P.O. Box No. 1, Kaski, Pokhara, Nepal Rice is grown in all agroecological zones of Nepal, from the foothills to the high mountains. Double cropping is practiced up to about 900 m, and rice reaches its altitudinal limit at 2,000 m. Chilling injury limits both the riceproducing area and the length of the growing season. Above 1,000-m altitude, cool weather and cold irrigation water cause delayed heading, leaf yellowing, partial panicle exsertion, spikelet degeneration, spikelet sterility, and low yields in wetland rice transplanted in July. Poor germination and slow seedling growth are additional symptoms in irrigated shortduration rice seeded in Feb below 900 m. Of 31 rice varieties recommended so far by the National Rice Research Program, only Khumal 2 and Palung 2
have been released for cold tolerance in the midhills. Their performance above 1,400 m asl is poor. This is not surprising: breeding for low temperature tolerance in Nepal is limited because most research stations are
sited below 500 m asl, in the lower hills and the Terai. Cold stress in rice occurs at specific growth stages in different altitude regime (Fig. l), and cold tolerance nurseries have been established at off-station research (OSR) sites to include both the diversity and complexity of high-altitude rice production systems. At Tapu (1,000 m), mean air temperature does not fall below 20C until the crop reaches spikelet filling. At Lumle (1,400 m), mean air temperature does not fall below 20C until the beginning of the reproductive stage. At Chhomro (2,000 m), mean air temperature is low (15-20C) throughout the growing season. Water temperatures recorded at Lumle and Chhomro during anthesis are 19.1-21.2 and 15.0-21.2 C, respectively. At Tapu, chilling injury in rice is induced by cool air temperatures around ripening time; at Lumle and Chhomro, it is attributed to both cold weather and cold water, and to their durations, at different growth stages. We evaluated four sets of National Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery, including both indigenous and exotic rice genotypes, at Yampaphant (475 m), Tapu, Lumle, and Chhomro during 1987 and 1988. (Since 1985, 79 local and 528 exotic entries have
1. Temperature and rainfall patterns at Lumle (1400 m), Chhomro (2000 m), and Tapu (1000 m) testing sites in Nepal. Data are averages of 10 yr (1980-89), 4 yr (1986-89), and 3 yr (1987-89), respectively. Legend: = max temp C; = mean temp C; = min temp C.
12
been screened, including internationally known cold-tolerant checks Stejaree 45, Akiyudaka, China 1039, Palung 2, Fuji 102, and Phalame.) Leaf color, panicle exsertion, spikelet sterility, and yield parameters were scored visually at seedling, booting, anthesis, and maturity stages. Above 1,400 m, most of the exotic varieties either failed to produce panicles or produced degenerated spikelets with a high degree of sterility. Yield performance of indigenous cultivars was reliable above 1,300 m (Fig. 2). At 1,500 m altitude, local variety Chhomro outyielded all other varieties; at 2,000 m, its performance was outstanding. This variety demonstrated an ability to tolerate
chilling at different growth stages at all altitudes. The National Variety Releasing Board has released Chhomro as Chhomrong dhan, the first indigenous variety for areas above 1,400 m asl. It also has been included as a cold-tolerant entry in the International Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery and LRARCs chilling-tolerant rice breeding program. Results on segregating materials resulting from crosses between Chhomrong and exotic cold-tolerant lines are very promising. Identification in recent years of Chhomrong dhan and several other varieties suitable for the low to high hills of Nepal has confirmed the value of field screening at different altitudes.
2. Yield of Chhomro and mean yields of NRCTN across altitudes, 1987-88.
Stress toleranceadverse soils

Response of some rice cultivars to lime application on acid sulfate soils
H. Rosmini and M. Salwani, Banjarbaru Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 31, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia We studied the effect of lime on rice cultivar yields in acid sulfate soils at Unit Tatas Substation, Central Kalimantan, during the 1989 dry season (Table 1). In split-plot design with three replications, four lime levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 t/ha) were the main plot treatments and five rice cultivars (BW267-3, CR261Table 1. Chemical characteristics of acid sulfate soil at Unit Tatas Substation, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
7039-236, IR6023-10-1-1, Kapuas, and IR26) were subplot treatments. Lime was applied 15 d before transplanting. Three 21-d-old seedlings/hill were transplanted at 20- 20-cm spacing in 4- 5-m plots. At transplanting, we fertilized the rice basally with 90 kg N/ha, 26.4 kg P/ha, and 41.5 kg K/ha.
Yields in plots with 2.0 t lime/ha were significantly higher than those at other levels (Table 2). In the cultivar treatments, Kapuas and BW267-3 yielded significantly higher than other varieties. In general, yield increased as lime was added.
Table 2. Effect of lime on yield of rice cultivars in acid sulfate soils at Unit Tatas Substation, Central Kalimantan, 1989 dry season. Lime (t/ha) 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Mean Grain yield (t/ha) BW267-3 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.1 CR261-7039-236 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.6 IR6023-10-1-1 1.4 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.8 Kapuas 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.6 2.1 IR26 1.3 1.4 2.0 2.2 1.7
0-20 cm deep pH (H2O) Total N (%) Organic C (%) Available P (ppm) Exchangeable K (meq/l00g) SO4 (%) Al3+ (meq/100 g) Na (meq/100 g) Fe3+(meq/100 g) Particle size (%) Sand Silt Clay 3.95 0.41 2.78 17.63 0.19 0.12 14.19 0.12 6.16 0.22 33.41 66.37
20-40 cm deep 3.90 0.19 1.70 32.96 0.13 0.05 15.70 0.26 5.59 0.21 31.14 68.65
New rice cultivar Marianna obtained through anther culture
Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated It is a dihaploid line, obtained from a
P. Boyadjiev, Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources, K. MalkovSadovo, Bulgaria Marianna is a new short-stemmed, lodging-resistant rice cultivar.
1983 F 1 hybrid combination Belozem/ Plovdiv 22 through anther culture. We tested Marianna alone and with other cultivars until 1986. From 1986 to 1989, it was tested in some regular trials at State Cultivar Commission stations. It was acknowledged as an original cultivar at the commissions 45th plenary session. Marianna is related to the japonica rices. Its vegetative phase is 121-125 d,
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Characteristics of Marianna compared with standard Krasnodarsky 424. Indicator Stem height (cm) Preflag length (cm) P'reflag width (mm) Central panicle length (cm) Seeds (no.) in central panicle 1000-seed wt (8) Av yield from a panicle (8) Stem thickness (mm) Yield (t/ha) Krasnodarsky 424 116.0 36.9 1.2 19.8 104.4 31.0 2.1 0.9 5.4 Marianna 120.0 43.2 1.4 21.0 131.7 32.5 2.4 1.5 6.1
Table 1. Bl resistance and yield potentials of Zhe 733 in China, 1990. Site Hangzhou, Zhejiang Changsha, Hunan Nanchang, Jiangxi Fuzhou, Fujian
a
Yield (t/ha) Zhe 733 7.8 7.8 6.5 6.4 Guangluai 4 6.9 6.8 5.5 6.1
Resistance to B1a Zhe 733 3 3 1 3 Guangluai 4 7 9 9
By SES.
Table 2. Morphoagronomic characteristics of Zhe 733 at different sites in China, 1990. Site Hangzhou, Zhejiang Changsha, Hunan Nanchang, Jiangxi Fuzhou, Fujian Growth duration (4 113 111 112 111 Plant height (crn) 81 83 79 80 Panicle length (cm) 19.8 20.4 19.0 19.1 Grains (no,/panicle) Fertile grains (no./panicle) Sterility (%) 1,000wt (g)
comparable to that of standard Krasnodarsky 424 (see table). It has tall, thick, nonlodging stems, and wide, erect, intensively pigmented leaves. Increased dynamics characterizes initial growth and development phases. The egg-shaped grain is suitable for mechanized polishing and is highly resistant to breakage.
89 98 84 90
72 80 67 73
19.1 18.4 20.2 18.9
25.8 26.9 25.7 25.7
Zhe 733, a high-yielding, blast (BI)-resistant, good quality indica rice for China
Yan Wenchao, Crop Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021; Cai Guohai, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China In recent years, indica rice breeders have been incorporating multiple resistance into high-yielding varieties. We identified Zhe 733 as having good yield potential and B1 resistance rated 3 by the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Zhe 733 was a multiple cross of IR30, IR29, Fongxuan 4, and Chi-KuaiAi-Xuan, released in Mar 1991 as an early rice in the double-cropped Yangtze River area. Zhe 733 had high, stable yield potential under normal fertilization. In regional trials in 1990, it yielded 6.4-7.8 t/ha (Table 1), 6-12% higher than the check Guangluai 4. Average growth duration was 112 d in Zhejiang, 2 d earlier than Guangluai 4. Approximately 55,000 ha is now planted to Zhe 733 in South China. Morphoagronomic characters are given in Table 2.
Appearance, milling recovery, chemical properties, cooking and eating quality meet the China national index for high quality rice. Grain length is 6.8 mm, with a 2.8 length-breadth ratio. The grain is semitranslucent with 24.9% amylose,
10.3% protein content, low-gelatinization temperature (5.3 alkali spreading value), and medium gel consistency (60 mm). Hulling recovery is 8 1.9%; milling recovery, 74.1%; and head rice recovery, 52.6%.
Performance of newly released Basmati rice varieties at different N levels at Pantnagar, 1990 wet season.
Variety Grain yield (t/ha) at 14% moisture N 60 N 90 Pusa Basmati 1 Kasturi HKR228 Basmati 370 (local check) Mean Treatment Variety N rate Variety N interaction 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.2 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.4 2.8 3.2 N 120 3.2 3.7 3.5 2.8 3.3 Mean 3.0 3.4 3.3 2.6
Response to nitrogen of new dwarf fragrant rice varieties for transplanted conditions
P. S. Bisht, P. C. Pandey, and P. Lal, Agronomy Department, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital District 263145, Uttar Pradesh, India Pusa Basmati 1 and Kasturi are new dwarf fragrant rice varieties released in India in 1990. Pusa Basmati 1, a semidwarf of medium duration (133-135 d). has a yield potential of 4 t/ha. Kasturi is semitall, of medium duration (130-135 d) with a yield potential over 4 t/ha. Both varieties have long, slender grains with strong aroma. Kasturi also has good kernel elongation. Both are suited to the irrigated ecosystem and have export potential. We compared Pusa Basmati 1, Kasturi and another promising variety, HKR228, with local check Basmati 370 at 60, 90, and 120 kg N/ha under optimum management. The soil was Aquic Hapludoll, silt loam, with pH 7.9, 1.1% organic C, CEC 20 meq/100 g, and 0.1% total N. The
LSD (0.05) 0.2 0.5 ns
experiment was laid out in split-plot design, with four replications (N rate in main plots, and varieties in subplots). Seedlings were raised in wet nurseries (20 Jun sowing) and transplanted on 20 Jul with basal application of 17.6 kg P, 24.2 kg K, 10 kg Zn/ha as per normal practice. We applied urea in three splits: 1/2 basal, 1/4 at tillering, and 1/4 at 1 wk before panicle initiation. The Basmati varieties showed no differential response to N. N response
14
was significant up to 90 kg N/ha (see table). The new Basmati varieties yielded significantly higher than Basmati 370. Kasturi and HKR228 produced almost similar yields (3.3-3.4 t/ha) that were significantly higher than that of Pusa Basmati 1 (3 t/ha).
Table 2. MO 8 reaction to pests at RRS Moncompu and in Hyderabad. a Score at RRS Moncompu Variety Sheath blight c 1.4 4.7 Sheath rot c 3.7 4.5 Stem borer c 1.0 3.0 Leaf roller c 1.9 3.2 Gall midgec 1.0 3 .0 BPHd 1.7 3.7 BPH 2.2 2.3 Score at DRR b , Hyderabadd 2.5 4.2
KAU93 Jyothi
screening.
a Scored by Standard evaluation system for rice (SES) on a scale of 0-9. b Directorate of Rice Research. c Field screening. d Seedling
Aruna (MO 8), a high-yielding rice variety with seed dormancy and brown planthopper (BPH) resistance from Kerala, India
N. R. Bai, R. Devika, A. Regina, S. L. Kumary, D. S. Radhadevi, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station (RRS), Moncompu, India Kuttanad is a unique delta region in Kerala, with 52,000 ha of riceland 0.5-2 m below sea level. Wet season rice harvest coincides with the monsoon. Rice grains often germinate within the panicle. Pests, especially BPH, are endemic because of the warm, humid climate. Many popular high-yielding varieties have neither BPH resistance nor seed dormancy. Aruna (MO 8)culture KAU93 derived from Jaya/Ptb 33was released in 1990. It has red-kerneled, mediumbold grains and 1-mo seed dormancy. The short-duration (110 d) dwarf rice is also resistant to BPH. In field trials 1983-84, Aruna (MO 8) consistently outyielded local checks (Table 1). It also showed resistance to many pests (Table 2).
Table 1. MO 8 (Aruna) yields in Kerala, India. Trial Grain yield (t/ha) MO 8 5.3 5.2 3.4 3.8 4.3 Check varietya 4.9 4.4 2.9 2.5 3.6
Zhe 8619, a promising rice with high yields and high ratooning ability in China
Jin Qingsheng, Qiu Boqin, and Lu Rubi, Crop Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (ZAAS), Hangzhou 310021, China Zhe 8619, a semidwarf indica variety derived from Milyang 56/4B-58 at ZAAS, is suitable for two seasons in the double-cropped area of southern China. In Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Hubei, it performed well in 1988-90 adaptation and yield trials in early (ES) and late seasons (LS). Average grain yield was 7.8 t/ha in
ES and 6.8 t/ha in LS. The highest yield of 11.2 t/ha was 10-15% higher than those of local check varieties. Average growth duration was 115-125 d in ES and 90-110 d in LS. In 1990, Zhe 8619 outyielded the hybrid rice check by 18.5% in ES and 4.3% in LS (Table 1). Zhe 8619 is cold tolerant at the seedling stage and is resistant to blast and bacterial blight. No serious pests or diseases were observed in 1989-90. During the 1990 LS in Zhejiang and Jiangxi, bacterial blight attacked many rice varieties, but not Zhe 8619. In 1990, the Zhe 8619 ratoon crop yield averaged 4 t/ha, 52% that of the main crop (7.7 t/ha). Ratoon crop duration was 56-61 d (Table 2).
Table 1. Performance of Zhe 8619 in yield trials in Xiantao, Hubei, China, 1990. Duration (d) Yield (t/ha) Increase over check (%) Yield components Panicles (no./m2) Spikelets (no./panicle) Fertility (%) 1,000grain wt (g) Plant ht (cm)
Variety
Early season Zhe 8619 Chang-You 48-2 (check) Zhe 86 19 Wei-You 49 (check) 116 115 7.7 6.5 18.5 375 390 Late season 91 96 7.2 6.9 4.3 290 269 112 114 79.2 69.9 29.5 29.1 95 89 128 117 81.2 50.3 29.7 28.9 101 90
Rice research station, Moncompu, 1983-84, 3 seasons Multilocation trials, 1984 wet season All India Coordinated trials PVT-2, 1984 wet season, 8 locations PVT-2, 1985 dry season, 6 locations Farm trials, 1987-89, 3 seasons
Table 2. Ratoon rice yield and characteristics of Zhe 8619 in Xiantao, Hubei, China, 1990. a Stubble ht (cm) 15 25 30 40 Duration (d) 61 58 56 56 Plant ht (cm) 72 73 65 72 Panicles (no./m 2) 238 254 330 259 Spikelets (no./panicle) 83 75 77 68 Fertility (%) 65.3 77.0 60.6 79.0 1,000-grain wt (g) 28.6 29.1 29.5 29.7 Grain yield (t/ha) 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.0
a Jyothi for research station, multilocation, and farm trials and Rasi for PVT-2.
a Plot = 4 m 2 (2 2 m), 13- 20-cm spacing.
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Zhe 852, a short-duration, hig h-yielding rice variety for double-cropped areas in China
Jin Qingsheng, Qiu Boqin, and Lu Rubi, Crop Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China More than 70% of the total Yangtze River rice area in China is doublecropped. Zhe 852, a short-duration semidwarf variety, was developed by irradiating Zhefu 802/Suweon 290 F 1 seeds with 30,000 r units of Cs 137 gamma rays. After 2 yr in regional national tests, it was released in Oct 1990 as a high-yielding
variety with multiple resistances and wide adaptability. In transplanting experiments during 1987-89, average grain yield was 6-6.7 t/ha, 11 % higher than that of the local check (Table 1). Zhe 852 is becoming popular among Yangtze River area farmers because of its high yield potential and short growth duration. It is resistant to blast and moderately resistant to bacterial blight and whitebacked planthopper. Zhe 852 is 80 cm tall with intermediate tillering ability and 104-116 d duration (Table 2). It is awnless, medium-grained, with fully exserted panicles. It has 71.4% milling recovery, 25.1 % amylose, 9.4% protein content, and acceptable cooking and eating quality.
Kanakam (MO 11), a highyielding, semitall variety from Kerala, India

N. R. Bai, R. Devika, C. A. Joseph, A. Regina, and S. L. Kumary, Rice Research Station, Moncompu, India Kanakam is a medium-duration, redkerneled variety with medium-bold grains derived from the cross IR 156 /Ptb 33. It was released in 1990 for cultivation during the three seasons of Kerala: virippu (Apr-May to Aug-Sep), mundakan (Sep-Oct to Dec-Jan), and puncha (Dec-Jan to Mar-Apr). Kanakam performed well in multilocation trials from 1984 to 1987 (see table). It is resistant to brown planthopper, blast, and rice tungro disease, and moderately resistant to stem borer, gall midge, and bacterial blight.
Yield performance of Kanakam in Kerala, India.
Table 1. Grain yield and duration of Zhe 852 in trials at different sites in China, 1987-89. Site Zhe 852 Duration (d) 114 106 112 111 108 106 111 104 105 107 113 108 114 116 113 113 Yield (t/ha) 5.5 7.7 7.1 6.7 6.0 8.3 7.7 6.1 5.5 6.7 5.4 5.9 7.5 5.4 5.9 6.0 1988 Designation 1987 Check Duration (d) 114 105 110 110 109 106 111 103 104 107 112 114 113 118 117 115 Yield (t/ha) 5.1 6.7 6.3 6.0 5.5 7.2 7.1 5.5 4.8 6.0 4.6 5.7 6.7 4.3 5.7 5.4 Increase over check (%)
Hangzhou, Zhejiang Xiangtan, Hunan Xingjian, Jiangxi Mean Hangzhou, Zhejiang Henyang, Hunan Wuhan, Hubei Wuzhou, Jiangxi Heifei, Anhui Mean Wengzhou, Zhejiang Changsha, Hunan Wuhan, Hubei Yichung, Jiangxi Jianyang, Fujian Mean
Erjiufeng Zhefu 802 Zhefu 802 Zhuxi 26 Zhefu 802 Yuanfengzao Zhuxi 26 Zhefu 802 Zhuxi 26 Zhuxi 26 Zhefu 802 Zhuxi 26 Zhuxi 26
8 16 12 12 9 16 8 10 14 12 17 4 10 24 4 12
Triala
Grain yield (t/ha) Kanakam Check varietyb 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.4 5.8
Rice Research Station (RRS) 4.8 Moncompu, 1984-87 Multilocational trial 1984-85 3.6 All India Coordinated Yield Trials BPHRVTb 1985 4.7 BPHRVT I986 5.2 Farm trials, 1987-89 4.4 Operational Research Project 6.1 (ORP) trials, 1987-89
a
1989
Check variety was Jyothi at Moncompu RRS and MLT, Rasi for BPHRVT 1985, Vikas for BPHRVT 1986, and Pavizham for farm and ORP trials. b Brown planthopper resistant variety trial.
Table 2. Morphoagronomic characteristics of Zhe 852 at different sites in China, 1989. Site Hangzhou, Zhejiang Changsha, Hunan Wuhan, Hubei Nanchang, Jiangxi Wuhu, Anhui Jianyang, Fujian Zhejiang, Jiangsu Mean Duration (d) 110 108 114 113 114 113 116 113 Plant ht (cm) 75 83 78 76 81 77 87 80 Panic1e length (cm) 17.5 18.5 17.0 17.3 17.7 17.1 18.6 17.7 Grains (no./panicle) 74 83 77 61 69 69 91 75 Fertile grains (no./panicle) 62 60 65 47 58 61 83 62 Sterility (%) 15.9 28.4 15.1 23.3 15.0 11.2 9.3 16.9 1,000grain wt (g) 24.0 23.4 25.0 23.2 24.8 21.9 25.5 24.0
Space limitations prevent IRRN from publishing solely yield and yield component data from fertilizer field trials that are not conducted for at least two cropping seasons or at two differing sites. Publication of work in a single season or at one site is limited to manuscripts that provide either a) data and analysis beyond yield and yield components (e.g., floodwater parameters, microbial populations, soil mineral N dynamics, organic acid concentrations, or mineralization rates for organic N sources), or b) novel ways of interpreting yield and yield component data across seasons and sites.
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Integrated germplasm improvement-upland

Performance of upland breeding lines and germplasm under periodic moisture stress in erosionsusceptible soil
S. Pramanik, S. Gupta, and M. Arraudeau, Zonal Adaptive Research Station, Krishnagar, Nadia, West Bengal, India We compared 48 advanced upland rice breeding selections, IRRI germplasm, and traditional cultivars from northeastern India with six recommended upland rice cultivars. Soil had pH 6.8, light to medium texture (Gangetic alluvial zone), and moderate slope, making it susceptible to erosion. It had low water retention and was deficient in N, organic matter, and P. The experiment was laid out in simple observational plots of three, 1.5-m rows/ line, 20 cm apart. Rice was direct seeded 13 May 1988 and 18 June 1989. A 13-d dry spell delayed germination in 1988. Dry periods during tillering, booting, and
Some characteristics of 16 early- and medium-maturing entries under upland direct seeded condition in Krishnagar, summer 1988 and 1989. Designaton Early group (<l00 d) GS Harin Kajli (traditional aus) IR47697-2-F4-B-MLD24 IR47697-2-F 4-B-MLD27 Dumri (traditional aus) Dular (traditional check) IET6223 (check) CR237-1 (check) Medium group (110-115 d) IR47697-2-F4B-MLD19 ARC7046 IR47701-79-B-14 IR47701-79-B-1 IR47697-2-F4-MLD23 Panke (traditional check) IET2233 (improved check) Rasi (improved check) Days to heading (d) 62 53 60 69 51 52 62 61 72 76 79 78 74 76 74 78 Plant height (cm) 112.5 95.7 77.8 77.0 110.8 117.0 86.5 98.0 83.2 110.7 111.0 105.3 78.7 116.0 79.3 82.7 Panicle length Mean 24.5 19.7 19.8 20.5 23.2 24.3 19.7 24.5 19.7 22.7 23.5 22.5 24.2 22.2 20.5 23.6 SD 1.36 1.38 2.13 1.42 1.82 1.47 1.59 2.21 1.24 1.72 2.34 1.86 1.43 1.73 1.68 1.82 Weight of single panicle (g) 3.5 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.3 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 1.9 3.2 2.7 Panicles (no./m 2) Plot yield (kg/ha) 4.1 3.1 2.6 2.9 2.6 3.2 2.8 2.5 4.0 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5
346 385 320 280 340 460 480 300 388 368 464 382 434 264 220 324
flowering stages also stressed test entries. Rainfall was evenly distributed during vegetative and reproductive phases in the 1989 experiment. Lines were divided into two duration
groups (<l00 d and 100-115 d). Data were collected on the best entries (see table). Short-duration lines are generally preferred because an August harvest allows time for a wet season crop.
BR20 and BR21: promising upland rices for Bangladesh coastal region
S. K. Zaman, G. M. Panaullah, K. P. Halder, and N. I. Bhuiyan, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh In southeastern Bangladesh coastal areas, farmers typically grow one wet season rice crop. Land remains fallow the rest of the year because of high salinity. When the monsoons start early, farmers can grow short-duration, rainfed upland aus rice before the main crop, but this is rarely done. We compared recently-released modern varieties (MVs) BR20 and BR21 with traditional varieties (TVs) in field experiments at Sonagazi station and in farmers fields. BR20, BR21, Boilam, and Binnatoa seeds were line-sown at 50 kg/ha after the first monsoon rains in 1988 and 1989.
The top 5 cm of soil had electrical conductivity of 8-10 dS/m; the next 20 cm of soil, 2-5 dS/m. We also conducted trials in farmers fields in 1989 at nine coastal district locations. BR20 and BR21 were compared with a locally popular TV (Kalimugi, Hashikalmi, or Chinal). BR20 and BR21 outyielded TVs in both trials (Table 1). BR21 and the TVs matured in 95-98 d; BR20 matured in 108 d.
Table 1. Performance of BR20 and BR21 as rainfed upland rices compared with 2 popular local TVs. BRRI Regional Station, Sonagazi, Feni. Variety Binnatoa Boilam BR20 BR21 Grain yield a (t/ha) 1988 2.2 c 1.9 d 3.0 a 2.7 b 1989 1.6 b 1.7 b 3.0 a 2.8 a Days to maturity 95 97 108 98
Rice yield varied with farm location, perhaps because of soil salinity differences. BR20 and BR21 yielded higher (2.0-3.6 t/ha) than the TVs (1.0-2.0 t/ha) at all locations (Table 2).
Table 2. Performance of BR20 and BR21 as rainfed upland rices compared with locally popular TVs in farmers fields in 3 coastal districts. Site Grain yield (t/ha) BR20 BR21 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.5 TVa (Kalimugi) (Hashikalmi) (Chinal) (Binnatoa)
Dagonbhuiya Parshuram Chagalniya Motiganj Laxmipur Sadar Ramganj Ramgoti Senbug Companiganj
Feni district 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 Laxmipur 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 Noakhali 2.0 2.6 2.7 3.1
1.5 (Boilam) 1.5 (Kalimugi) 1.0 (Chinal) 1.4 (Binnatoa) 1.5 (Boilam)
aIn a column, figures followed by a common letter do not
differ significantly at the 5% level by DMRT.
aName of TV in parentheses.
17

Fertilizer managementinorganic sources
Long-term effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on irrigated lowland rice in Mekong Delta
P. S. Tan, T. N. Anh, and N. V. Luat, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI), Omon, Haugiang, Vietnam We studied the long-term effects of NPK on irrigated lowland rice IR64. The clay soil had pH 5.2, 0.3% total N, 4.1 mg available P/100 g, and 0.74 meq exchangeable K/100 g. The experiment
Effects of NPK on grain yield of IR64, CLRRI, Haugiang, Vietnam, 1986-90. Treatment Check (no fertilizer) N P K NP NK PK NPK Grain yield a (t/ha) Dry season 3.1 3.8 3.4 3.3 4.4 3.9 3.3 4.6 d b c cd b c Wet season 2.4 2.8 3.5 2.2 4.3 2.6 3.4 4.5 c de e
was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. N as prilled urea (80 kg N/ha) was applied in three equal splits at planting, tillering, and panicle initiation. P as superphosphate (17.6 kg P/ha) and K as muriate of potash (25 kg K/ha) were basally applied. Averaged over 5 yr, rice yield was highest with NPK, followed by that with NP for both seasons (see table). Single N or P gave more yield than single K. Grain yield was higher with P applied in wet season (WS) than in dry season (DS) because 2-3 mo before WS the soil was maximize grain yield and minimize disease in transplanted lowland rice. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 16 treatments and three replications during monsoon (Jun-Oct) 1989 and 1990 and wet season (WS) (Nov-Mar) 1989-90. The soil was hydromorphic silty clay with pH 5.0, electrical conductivity 0.1 dS/m, 0.57% organic C, 16.8 kg available P/ha, and 111 kg available K/ha. MO- 11 (120 d) was transplanted at 15- 15-cm spacing. P was basally applied at 20 kg/ ha; N in three splits at 90 kg/ha; and K as
b a b a
a a
cd
aAv of 5 crop seasons. In a column, means followed by a
common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
dry; 3-4 mo before DS, it was flooded. P also enhanced the effectiveness of N on yield during WS. basal (B) at planting, at maximum tillering (T), and at panicle initiation (PI). Treatments had no statistically significant effects on grain yield during WS. Time of K application significantly increased grain and straw yields during monsoon, with K applied at B + T yielding the most grain (2.7 t/ha). There was no statistical difference among K levels with respect to grain yield (see table). The increase in rice yield (Y) to K treatment fitted a quadratic response: Y = 2.19 + 0.015 K - 0.00015 K2.
Effect of potassium application levels and time on rice

E. K. Syriac, P. P. Joy, N. P. Nair, D. Girija, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station, Moncompu, Thekkekara 688503, Kerala, India We evaluated three K levels and five application times in an experiment to
Grain and straw yields of rice as influenced by K level and time of application. Kerala, India, 198990. Treatment 1989 and 1990 kharif a Grain (t/ha) 2.5 2.6 2.5 ns 2.4 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.5 0.2 ns 2.2 2.5 sig Straw (t/ha) 2.9 3.1 3.1 ns 3.1 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 ns ns 2.4 3.1 sig
Fertilizer managementorganic sources

Effect of vitamins on spore germination and viability of Azolla microph ylla sporocarps
R. Shanmugasundaram and S. Kannaiyan, Biotechnology Unit, Agricultural Microbiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India Azolla normally reproduces vegetatively. When conditions are adverse, however, sexual reproduction also occurs. The Azolla sporophyte is heterosporous, producing both megasporocarps and microsporocarps in the same plant. We studied the effect of vitamins on A. microphylla spore germination. Sporulating A. microphylla were heaped and covered with a 10% clay soil slurry. Heaps were periodically sprinkled with water and allowed to partially decompose. After 3-4 wk, the heaps were spread uniformly and dried in shade. Dried Azolla sporocarps (dried frond-based spore inoculum) were soaked in water for 12 h, then sieved.
K level (kg/ha) 25 50 75 LSD (0.05) Time B B+T B+PI T+PI B+T+PI LSD (0.05) Interaction K level time Control mean Treatment mean Control vs treatment
aPooled
mean.
18
Megasporocarps and microsporocarps were handpicked, mixed at a 1:2 ratio, and sterilized for spore germination under in vitro conditions. Spores were centrally placed in petri dishes containing sterile NO 3 solid medium. We added 2-3 ml of vitamins (ascorbic acid, vitamin B1, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, and riboflavin, each at 25 ppm) and incubated the plates under 1500-2000 lux light. All vitamins tested stimulated megaspore germination (Table 1). Germination and fertilization were higher with nicotinic acid and riboflavin. In a survival study, dried sporocarps that had been stored in burlap bags for 1, 2, and 3 yr were presoaked separately for 12 h in growth regulator GA 3 and systemic fungicide carbendazim (both at 100 ppm). These were released into soil extract medium. Another batch of sporocarps was presoaked in a combined solution before release. Some sporelings developed from all three storage groups (Table 2). Spores stored for 1 yr survived better than older spores, regardless of the soaking solution. Spores from treated sporocarps had improved germination.
Table 1. Effect of vitamins on A. microphylla spore fertilization. Vitamins (25 ppm) Ascorbic acid Vitamin B 1 Pantothenic acid Nicotinic acid Riboflavin Control CV Fertilization (% emerged sporelings) 49.68 54.46 56.88 65.96 63.75 35.95 24.01 Increase (%) over control 38.19 51.49 58.22 83.48 77.33
Use of rice straw under submerged conditions

B. Singh, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Department (SSACD), CSA University of Agriculture and Technology (CSAUAT), Kanpur 208002; O. P. Srivastava, SSACD, BHU, Varanasi; and R. M. Upadhyay, SSACD, CSAUAT, Kanpur 208002, India We studied the feasibility of applying fresh rice straw under submerged conditions to rice variety Jaya during the 1983 kharif (monsoon) and 1984 wet season (WS). Soil was loamy with pH 7.8, 0.43% organic C. Available NPK were 181, 6.6, and 152 kg/ha. We incorporated 5 and 10 t straw with and without additional N. A uniform dressing of 26 kg P and 49 kg
1983 Yield (t/ha) Grain Control 5 t rice straw 10 t rice straw 100 kg N (urea) 100 kg N (urea) + 5 t rice straw 100 kg N (urea) + 10 t rice straw LSD (0.05) 2.3 3.3 3.3 4.1 4.4 4.4 0.2 Straw 4.6 5.7 5.8 7.1 7.6 7.7 0.4
K/ha was applied. Straw was incorporated 21 d before transplanting. Grain and straw yields increased significantly with rice straw incorporation (Table 1). Yield and N uptake were best with 5 t rice straw and 100 kg N/ha applied together. We examined N mineralization rate in normal (pH 7.8) and sodic (pH 10.1) soils under submerged conditions in the laboratory. Ammoniacal N content was less in sodic than in normal soil (Table 2). This was related to soil organic C content. In both soils, N content increased up to 30 d, then decreased. Adding rice straw accelerated the mineralization rate. Maximum NH4-N content (53.5 ppm) was with 200 ppm fertilizer N and 10 t rice straw/ha.
1984 Yield (t/ha) Grain 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.8 4.1 4.1 0.2 Straw 4.2 4.8 5.0 6.4 7.0 7.1 0.4 N uptake (kg/ha) Grain 33.1 39.7 41.0 51.2 55.7 56.1 2.6 Straw 25.6 29.9 31.6 41.6 46.2 46.9 2.5 Straw 28.2 35.1 36.6 46.6 50.2 50.6 2.8
Table 1. Effect of N fertilizer and rice straw on yield and N uptake by rice plants. Treatment
N uptake (kg/ha) Grain 36.7 43.3 44.0 55.3 59.6 60.0 3.0
Table 2. Effect of rice straw on NH 4-N release under submerged condition in normal and sodic soils. NH4-N (ppm) Treatment 15 d Control Rice straw (10 t/ha) Fertilizer N (200 ppm) Fertilizer N (200 ppm) + rice straw (10 t/ha) Mean 10.8 13.7 38.0 45.8 27.07 Normal soil 30 d 12.1 14.0 43.3 53.5 30.72 45 d 9.1 9.8 28.4 35.0 20.57 60 d 5.2 5.6 11.1 12.6 8.62 15 d 8.0 11.1 13.7 26.6 17.35 Sodic soil 30 d 9.4 13.7 26.4 31.2 20.17 45 d 5.3 7.6 15.4 18.8 11.77 60 d 3.0 3.7 5.7 6.1 4.62
Table 2. Studies on the viability of frond-based spore inoculum of A. microphylla stored in burlap bags. Presoaking solution (100 ppm) GA3 Carbendazim GA3 + carbendazim Control CV
a
Sporelings that emerged a (no./tub) 1 yr old 217.50 75.50 220.50 146.00 12.21 2 yr old 13.50 19.00 3.50 7.00 3 yr old 2.50 0.50 2.50
Integrated pest managementdiseases

Managing rice sheath blight (ShB) using fungal antagonists and organic amendments
K. Manibhushanrao and U.I. Baby, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Madras 600025, India We evaluated the efficacy of two antagonistic fungi (Trichoderma longibrachiatum [Tl] and Gliocladium virens [Gv]) and two organic manures (Gliricidia maculata leaves and Azadirachta indica [neem] cake), both individually and combined, to control ShB caused by Rhizoctonia solani.
Each 5-g dried spore inoculum used 300 megasporocarps. This was constant for each treatment tested.
19
Experimental plots (1 m2) were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications at the Madras University Field Research Laboratory, Maduravoyal, Tamil Nadu, during monsoon 1989 and wet season 1989-90. The clay soil had 7.3 pH and 42% water-holding capacity. Plots were artificially infected with R. solani. We incorporated the antagonists and amendments into the soil as a wheat bran/sawdust preparation at 0.5 g/kg soil. Highly ShB-susceptible TKM9 seeds were direct sown after incubating for 1 wk. Overcrowded seedlings were thinned at 20 d to get approximately 20x 20-cm spacing. Urea, super-
phosphate, and muriate of potash were split-applied to maintain the NPK level (100-50-50 kg/ha). Disease incidence was scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Both antagonists and amendments alone and togethersignificantly decreased ShB intensity and increased grain yield (see table). Amendments protected plants better than antagonists: gliricidia was the best, yielding 42% protection over the control. System integration helped both antagonists to more effectively control ShB. Gliricidia + Gv increased grain yield the most. There was little variation in straw yield.
Effect of fungal antagonists and organic amendments on rice yield and ShB intensity in Maduravoyal, Tamil Nadu, India. a Treatment Control Gliricidia Neem G. virens (Gv) T.longihrachiatum (Tl) Gliricidia + Gv Gliricidia + Tl Neem + Gv Neem + Tl Grain yield (t/ha) 3.0 3.6 4.6 3.9 4.4 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.3 f ef Straw yield (/tha) 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.2 5.0 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 bc abc bc c c a ab abc abc Disease incidence (%) 15.11 a 8.71 b 8.99 b 9.27 b 9.47 b 7.4 b 6.66 b 8.15 b 7.29 b Protection (%) over control 42.4 40.5 38.6 37.3 49.4 55.9 46.1 51.8
1. SDS (12%) polyacrylamide slab gel showing A) marker protein, B) 37kDa coat protein (CP) C) 24 kDa noncapsid protein (NCP), D) extracts from RGSV infected rice leaves, and E) healthy rice leaves.
a a ab abc
bcd de cde
aValues followed by the same letters are not significantly different (p = 0.01) by Duncan's multiple range test.
Detecting and purifying noncapsid protein in rice infected with grassy stunt virus (RGSV)
G. J. Miranda and H. Koganezawa, Plant Pathdogy Division, IRRI RGSV is classified as a tenuivirus. This virus group produces noncapsid protein (NCP), but evidence that RGSV produces NCP is lacking. We detect NCP in RGSV-infected rice leavesbut not in healthy onesby using sodium-dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Fig. 1). We purified NCP by solubilizing and crystallizing it at differential pH in a citrate phosphate buffer and finally by ultracentrifuging. NCP dissolved at a pH greater than 7.O and recrystallized at a pH lower than
6.0. It occurred as needle-shaped crystals as reported in maize stripe, rice stripe, and other tenuiviruses. We obtained many needle-shaped crystals 1.8-9.6 m long and 0.04-0.4 m wide in purified extracts from RGSVinfected leaves (Fig. 2). NCP has a single protein with a molecular weight (MW) of 24 kDa and its coat protein has a MW of 37 kDa (Fig. 1). The purified NCP had a typical protein absorption spectrum with maximum absorbance at 278, minimum absorbance at 252, and 0.6 absorbance ratio (A 260 /280 ). We obtained a yield of about 20 mg/ 100 g tissue. The NCP of RGSV was very similar to what other tenuiviruses produce, except that it has a slightly higher molecular weight and lower solubility in low-ionic-strength buffer at pH 7.0.
2. Purified noncapsid protein showing needle-like crystals under phase contrast microscopy.
Estimation of rice bacterial sheath brown rot (BSR) and rice blast (Bl) severity in five Burundi highland swamps
J. F. Detry, Phytopathology Department, ISABU; J. P. Chapeaux and J. P. Tilquin, Department of Crop Improvement, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi Highland swamps (1,200-2,000 m elevation) represent 10% of Burundi's arable land. Rice (Yunnan 3) is grown during the rainy season. BSR, caused by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae, and Bl, caused by Pyricularia grisea are two
20
major diseases. Diversifying rice varieties is crucial in controlling these diseases. We compared 24 varieties, with four replications each, Oct 1987-May 1988 at five sites representative of Burundis swamp environmental types (see table). Temperatures below 15C were aggregated during three stages: transplanting to booting, booting to flowering, and during maturation. We evaluated BSR and Bl on the mature tillers of 10 plants randomly selected from each plot. The Muramba site benefited most from favorable climate (see table). At Ndebe, the temperature frequently dropped below 15C. Temperatures were lowest during tillering (Jan to mid-Feb) but rose progressively until maturity (mid-Mar to end Apr).
Cultivation type and BSR and Bl severity at 5 Burundi sites. Site Akagoma 1 Akagoma 2 Kobero Muramba Ndebe Altitude (m) 1560 1560 1390 1370 1540 Cultivation type Groundwater Flooded Flooded Groundwater Flooded Disease severity a BSR 11.5 37.1 5.3 6.3 6.1 Bl 1.9 7.8 20.0 4.9 2.7 Hours (no.) of temp below 15C Tillering 414 414 109 9 564 Booting 119 119 68 6 251 Maturation 49 49 23 4 199
aMean of 24 varieties (%) scored by these scales: BSR 0 = panicles correctly emerged, 1 = less than 1/3 of panicle blocked,
2 = 1/3 - 2/3 of panicle blocked, 3 = more than 2/3 of panicle blocked. Bl 0 = healthy panicles; 1 = blackened neck, less than 1/3 unfilled grains; 2 = blackened neck, 1/3 - 2/3 unfilled grains: 3 = blackened neck, more than 2/3 unfilled grains. Severity coefficient = 3 sum of scores number of tillers 100
BSR developed after booting, when the bacteria tend to multiply rapidly. The severity coefficient of blocked panicles was highest (37.1%) at Akagoma 2 and moderate at Ndebe. We noted Bl on leaves during tillering, except at Akagoma 2 and Ndebe, where it
appeared during booting. Nodal Bl at maturity was most severe at Kobero. The climatic parameters noted do not sufficiently explain the severity of BSR and Bl incidence. Future studies need to measure temperature, relative humidity in the leaf areas, and soil fertility.
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana combined with various stickers or spreaders against rice hispa (RH)
K. C. Puzari and L. K. Hazarika, Mycology Research Section, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India RH Dicladispa armigera Olivier (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) attacks summer rice in areas around Assam with high relative humidity and average rainfall of 2,500-4,500 mm. An effective biocontrol agent is B. bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, but it is not practical to apply conidial suspenEffect of B. bassiana mixed with different stickers and spreaders on rice hispa adults. Treatment Water + B. bassiana Teepol + B. bassiana Triton-AE + B. bassiana Tween 80 + B. bassiana Sandovit + B. bassiana Hamam + B. bassiana LSD (0.05) (0.01)
which were analyzed.
sions to large fields because of heavy rains. We evaluated efficacy of B. bassiana combined with some stickers and spreaders for RH control. Conidial suspensions (1 107 conidia/ ml) were mixed separately with Sandovit (Agril. wetting agent), Triton-AE (universal spreader sticker), Teepol B-300 (liquid detergent), Tween 80, and Hamam toilet soap, all at 0.23 g/liter concentration. We used an atomizer with 6 ml of the suspension on rice seedlings in plastic pots. The seedlings were air-dried 30
min, then confined with 20 RH adults (4 d old) that had been starved for 6 h. Sticker/spreader treatments in water were dispensed four times until runoff at 8-h intervals for 5 d. Seedlings sprayed with water mixed with stickers and spreaders without B. bassiana served as control. Mortality percentages were recorded on the 10th day after inoculation. In the control, adult deaths were around 10% (see table). Tween 80 and Hamam were the best compatible sticker/spreader with B. bassiana against RH.
Integrated pest managementinsects

Mating sequence of rice leaffolder (LF) Marasmia patnalis Bradley
N. P. Castilla and Z. R. Khan, ICIPEIRRI Project, IRRI The mating sequence of the 3- to 4-d-old LF under a reversed cycle12 h scotophase, 12 h photophaseserved as basis for a bioassay of identified sex pheromone compounds. Forty same-age pairs were observed. Mating activities in M. patnalis commenced when the females assumed the calling position: curving the abdomen dorsally and expanding the wings (see figure, a). The responsive male engaged in random flight, and vigorous antenna and wing vibration (figure, b). The male approached the calling female and tapped her wings with his antennae and foretarsi during courtship (figure, c). The male then attempted copulation by approaching the female from behind (figure, d). Placing his antennae and foretarsi on the females wings, he extruded his clasper and curved his abdomen ventrally until the clasper touched the female's abdominal tip
Mortality (%) a 51.89 (46.06) 81.48 (64.48) 74.08 (59.40) 96.30 (79.30) 81.48 (64.55) 93.26 (75.03) 3.84 5.32
aData in parentheses represent angular transformed values
21
(figure, e). The receptive female remained quiescent, lifted her wings, and further curved her abdomen (copulatory acceptance posture) (figure, d). After the female accepted the male, the pair immediately turned 180 (figure, f), hung upside down for a second (figure, g), and landed on a substrate, assuming a posterior-to-posterior copulation orientation. Unless the pair was disturbed,
mating was quiescent; wing movement and antenna vibration ceased (figure, h). Aside from the sex pheromones females released during calling, both sexes most likely release other olfactory and tactile stimuli for copulation to occur. Further investigations are necessary to verify these stimuli and identify their specific functions.
Population fluctuation of leaffolder (LF) at different planting times in some rice varieties
Ch. Chiranjeevi, G. M. Rao, Rice Research Unit (RRU), Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh (AP), India Rice LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a serious pest in Andhra Pradesh when planting extends from Jul to mid-Sep because of varied rainfall. We studied the effect of four planting times on LF incidence in BPT2740, BPT11978, MTU6861, MTU2400, and MTU7029. Varieties were planted in a split-plot design with three replications. No insecticide was used. Total leaves and damaged leaves were counted on 20 randomly selected hills/plot, 60 d after transplanting. LF damage increased significantly with delayed planting date. There was no difference in damage among the varieties (see table).
Effect of planting time on LF incidence. RRU, Bapatla, AP, India, 1986-87 kharif. Planting time 15 Aug 1986 30 Aug 1986 15 Sep 1986 30 Sep 1986 Mean LSD
a
Damaged leaves a (%) 37.7 47.8 57.3 64.8 1.9
Values are angular transformations.
Survey of ricefield insects in Mbo and Ndop Plains of Cameroon

C. T. Asanga, Institute of Agronomic Research, B.P. 44, Dschang, Cameroon Rice is mainly produced in the northern Sahelian Region of Cameroon. The rest is cultivated in the Western Highland Savanna, mainly in the Mbo and Ndop Plains, with an estimated 210 ha and 3,000 ha of irrigated rice, respectively. During the 1987-89 survey, we collected and documented insect species
Diagrammatic representation of M. patnalis mating sequence.
22
present, identified insect damage, and documented beneficial insects. Insects were collected from an advanced yield trial plot (1,080 m2) surrounded by other irrigated ricefields. We collected 24 times (12 night and 12 day) from transplanting to crop maturity. Collections were from late Jul to early Nov in Ndop and late Sep to mid-
Dec in Mbo. A hurricane light trap centrally installed collected noctuids from nightfall to dawn (11h). Day collections were made at 11:00 a.m. with sweep net. We collected over 40 insect species during the 2-yr survey. The table lists the 20 most prevalent species.
Using chlorpyrifos to control gall midge (GM)

S. Srinivasan, M. R. K. Reddy, and P. R. Reddy, Agricultural Research Station, Nellore 524004, Andhra Pradesh, India Efficacy of foliar spraying and seed soaking with 0.05% and 0.1 % chlorpyrifos to control GM Orseolia oryzae in rice nurseries was evaluated during the 1988 wet season. Seven treatments (see table) replicated four times were arranged in randomized complete block design. We sowed on 28 Aug in 1- 1-m plots. Tikkana (NLR27999) seed was soaked in chlorpyrifos solution for 12 h, then incubated for 36 h; sprouted seed was soaked for 3 h. Seed for the foliar spray treatment and control was soaked in water and incubated. Chlorpyrifos was sprayed 10 d after sowing (DAS). We assessed percent GM incidence (exposed silver shoots and suppressed galls) by randomly pulling 200 seedlings per treatment at 10-d intervals from 25 DAS onwards. Treatments showed significant differences at 25 and 35 DAS. Insecticidal efficacy was not significant at 45 DAS (see table). Chlorpyrifos treatments
GM incidence in the nursery with chlorpyrifos treatments. Treatment T1 Foliar spray of chlorpyrifos 0.05% at 10 DAS T2 Foliar spray of chlorpyrifos 0.1 % at 10 DAS T3 Soaking of seeds in chlorpyrifos 0.05% T4 Soaking of sprouted seeds in chlorpyrifos 0.05% T5 Soaking of seeds in chlorpyrifos 0.1% T6 Soaking of sprouted seeds in chlorpyrifos .. GM incidencea (%) 25 DAS 35 DAS 45 DAS 10.5 (18.8) 6.0 (14.1) 10.6 (18.9) 17.2 (24.3) 7.1 (15.4) 17.7 (24.7) 24.2 (29.4) 4.27 13.77 17.7 (24.7) 21.8 (27.2) 28.8 (32.4) 40.7 (39.4) 23.3 (28.2) 36.9 (37.4) 41.6 (40.1) 8.06 16.49 37.8 (37.8) 24.7 (29.6) 38.0 (37.9) 23.2 (28.7) 37.5 (37.6) 36.3 (36.5) 33.5 (33.3) nsb 13.34
Relative prevalence of 20 insect species collected from irrigated plots in 2 rice-growing areas in Cameroon. Common and scientific name Stalk-eyed borer - Diopsidae: Diopsis macrophthalma (Dalman) Rice bug - Alydidae: Leptocorisa oratorius (Fabricius) Brown stink bug - Pentatomidae: Euschitus servus (Say) Cixiid planthoppers - Cixiidae: Oecleus sp. Long-horned grasshoppers Tettigoniidae: Conocephalus sp. Black lady beetles Coccinellidae: Hippodamia sp. Short-horned grasshoppers Acrididae: Atractomorpha sp. Spine-tailed earwigs Forficulidae: Doru sp. Green stink bugs - Pentatomidae: Nezara viridula (Linn.) Cereal leaf beetle-Chrysomelidae: Oulema sp. Shield-backed bugs - Scutelleridae: Pharocosis annulus Differential grasshoppers - Acrididae: Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) Seed bugs - Lygaeidae: Eromocoris ferus (Say) Sugarcane borer - Pyralidae: Diatraea sacchardis (Fabricius) Rove beetles - Staphylinidae: Paederus grandis (Aust.) Harlequin bugs - Pentatomidae: Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) African mole crickets - Gryllotalpidae: Gryllotalpa africana Palisot de Beauvois Relative prevalence a (%) MBo 18.3 10.1 8.9 8.7 8.2 6.6 6.0 4.0 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.0 2.7 0.2 1.9 1.9 1.4 Ndop 33.4 1.8 1.3 39.2 5.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.4 Remarks A major rice stem borer Feed on ripening rice grain Predaceous on several insects and also plant feeders Can spread virus Predators of rice bugs and stem borer eggs; also leaf feeders Predators of many insects, esp. soft-bodied ones Plant feeders Nocturnal plant feeders Feed on rice grain during milky, soft dough, and hard dough stages Foliage feeders Known to be plant feeders, but feeding activities on the rice plants was not described. Very destructive foliage feeders Feed on seeds Minor stem borer of rice in the area Known to be predaceous Found in ricefields, but feeding habit was not described. Cut plants at base and feed on young roots, problem in
Red shouldered stink bugs - Pentatomidae: Thyanta sp. Ground beetles - Carabidae: Colosoma scrutator (Fabricius) Damsel bugs - Nabidae: Nabis sp.
1.1 1.1 0.0
0.4 0.2 0.1
unflooded fields Feed on plant, but not economically important Known to be omnivorous, but activities in the ricefields were not observed. Predaceous on several insect species
aRelative prevalence %
Total no. of each species Total no. of all species
100
0.1%
T7 Untreated check LSD (P=0.05) CV (%)
Total no. = Total count for the 12 day sweeps plus the 12 light trap collections per year. Intensities reported are 1988 and 1989 averages.
aFigures in parentheses are angular transformed values. bNonsignificant by F test.
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did not adversely affect germination; nor were they phytotoxic. Seed soaking and foliar spraying were superior to sprouted-seed soaking treatments in surpressing GM at 25 DAS. In some treatments, this trend persisted up to 35 DAS.
Chemical control of gall midge (GM) in the rice nursery

S. Srinivasan and M. R. K. Reddy, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Nellore 524004, Andhra Pradesh, India GM Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) damage causes seedlings to break while being pulled for transplanting. Populations also build up in the nursery to attack the transplanted crop. We studied the effect of soaking seeds in seven insecticides (0.1%) and of two granular insecticides on GM incidence in the nursery during the 1987 wet season. We soaked Tikkana (NLR27999) seed in insecticidal solutions for 12 h, then incubated it for 36 h. Water-soaked seed was used in granular treatments and as a control. Nursery plots of 1 1 m were laid out in a randomized complete block design with 17 treatments, replicated three times. Granular and foliar insecticides were applied (see table). We randomly pulled 200 seedlings per treatment at 25 and 40 DAS to assess GM incidence. Differences in GM incidence at 25 and 40 DAS among treatments were significant. Incidence at 25 and 40 DAS was lowest in chlorpyrifos seed-soaking treatments. The other insecticides, used for soaking seed alone or in combination with foliar spraying at 25 DAS, did not protect rice from GM for 25 d. We confirmed that chlorpyrifos seed soaking (0.1 %) combined with foliar spraying at 25 DAS controls GM for 40 d in the nursery.
Incidence of GM in nursery at Agricultural Research Station, Nellore, India. Treatment 1 Soil application of phorate 10 G at 1.25 kg ai/ha, 10 DAS 2 Soil application of carbofuran 3G at 1.25 kg ai/ha, 10 DAS 3 Seed soaking in monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.1% 4 T3 + foliar spray of monocrotophos at 0.05%, 25 DAS 5 Seed soaking in chlorpyrifos 20 EC at 0.1% 6 T5 + foliar spray of chlorpyrifos at 0.05%, 25 DAS 7 Seed soaking in phosphamidon 85 EC at 0.1 % 8 T7 + foliar spray with phosphamidon at 005%, 25 DAS 9 Seed soaking in quinalphos 25 EC at 0.1% 10 T9 + foliar spray of quinalphos at 0.05%, 2.5 DAS 11 Seed soaking in methyl parathion 50 EC at 0.1% 12 T11 + foliar spray of methyl parathion at 0.05%, 25 DAS 13 Seed soaking in formothion 25 EC at 0.1% 14 T13 + foliar spray of formothion at 0.05%, 25 DAS 15 Seed soaking in demeton-S-methyl 25 EC at 0.1% 16 T15 + foliar spray of demeton-S-methyl at 0.05%, 25 DAS 17 Untreated control LSD (P = 0.05) CV (%) Incidencea (%) 25 DAS 24.1 (29.3) 43.6 (41.3) 52.0 (46.6) 48.5 (44.1) 14.9 (22.6) 19.7 (24.8) 53.2 (47.0) 46.0 (42.6) 27.9 (31.5) 28.1 (32.1) 59.4 (50.9) 42.3 (40.5) 48.8 (44.2) 50.7 (45.4) 61.1 (51.5) 60.7 (51.6) 55.5 (48.2) 12.30 18.09 40 DAS 19.3 (25.8) 61.2 (51.5) 64.2 (53.4) 64.6 (53.6) 17.5 (24.0) 11.9 (20.0) 55.9 (48.3) 68.2 (55.8) 33.5 (35.0) 43.4 (41.2) 63.7 (53.3) 54.0 (47.3) 55.1 (47.9) 62.8 (52.8) 58.4 (49.8) 65.7 (54.3) 61.2 (51.5) 10.28 13.71
Influence of some weather factors on rice stem borer (SB) infestation

S. Ramakrishnan and M. S. Venugopal, Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu G.D. Naidu Agricultural University, Udhagamandalam 643001, Tamil Nadu, India Deadheart/whitehead (DH/WH) incidence was recorded weekly during 1988-89 at the Rice Research Station, Tirur. Mean weather parameters 14 d before the observation date [maximum temperature (C) ( X 1), minimum temperature (C) ( X 2), relative morning humidity (%) ( X 3), and rainfall (mm) (X 4 )] were correlated with DHWH incidence. The fitted multiple regressions to predict DH and WH damage were Y = 1.2754 + 0.0913 X 1 0.04843 X2 + 0.1067 X 3 + 0.2934 X 4 and Y = 13.9020 0.0336 X 1 0.0933 X 2 0.0980 X 3 0.0318 X 4 , respectively. The regression equations explained approximately 50% variation in DH/WH damage due to weather, but none of the factors significantly contributed to SB infestation. Instead, continuous cropping allows the pest to multiply.
a Figures in parentheses are angular transformed values.
Mirid predation on brown planthopper (BPH) eggs

I. Manti, Sukarami Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 34, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia We observed Cyrtorhinus lividipennis predation on BPH eggs in an untreated IR1917-3-17 field during the 1987-88 dry season. TN1 plants with BPH eggs were exposed in the field.
Field predation by C. lividipennis in untreated IR1917-3-17 at different cropping periods. IRRI, 1987-88 dry season. Days after transplanting 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 BPH eggs exposeda (no.) Field predation by Cyrtorhinus (% SE) Cyrtorhinus population per hillb ( SE) 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.42 0.63 0.92 1.15 0.82 1.25 0.55 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.08
329.9 443.3 562.3 366.5
3.85 0.98 4.89 0.77 8.06 0.94 17.71 2.57
aAv of 30 replications. b Collected by FARMCOP machine. SE = standard error at 95% probability.
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Predation increased with the mirid population. It was highest 91 d after transplanting when the mirid population was 1.25/hill (see table).
200-W, incandescent bulb (MRL-T 200 W). Traps were located at least 100 m apart. The MRL-T 200 W attracted the most moths (13.5 moths/d) and the LBL-T 40
W the least (4.7 moths/d). The MRL-T 125 W captured 34.9% and the MRL-T 200 W, 189.3% more moths than the LBL-T 40 W (see table). Differences were significant.
Comparison of yellow stem borer (YSB) catch in light traps

S. Ramakrishnan and M. S. Venugopal, Horticultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu G.D. Naidu Agricultural University, Udhagamandalam 643001, Tamil Nadu, India We compared three traps for their relative efficiency in attracting YSB moths at the Tirur Rice Research Station during 198889. We used a local bamboo light trap with 40-W incandescent bulb (LBL-T 40 W) and two modified Robinson light traps. One had a 125-W mercury vapor lamp (MRL-T 125 W), and the other a
Attraction of YSB moths to MRL-T with 2 light intensities and to LBL-T. Month Apr 1988 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 1989 Feb Mar Mean Increase (%) over LBL-T 40 W
b
Daily catch a (no.) of YSB moths MRL-T 125 W 18.6 9.2 2.0 0.6 0.5 1.3 3.6 0.7 10.4 18.0 2.9 8.16 (1.31) (1.05) (0.60) (0.42) (0.40) (0.52) (0.75) (0.44) (1.09) (1.30) (0.69) (1.00) MRL-T 200 W 60.6 16.8 0.7 1.2 2.6 5.6 6.9 4.5 22.9 28.7 3.7 7.4 (1.79) (1.27) (0.44) (0.51) (0.66) (0.88) (0.94) (0.81) (1.39) (1.48) (0.76) (0.97) LBL-T 40 W 42.9 5.4 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 1.7 1.2 0.4 (1.63) (0.87) (0.32) (0.32) (0.54) (0.46) (0.40) (0.32) (0.45) (0.56) (0.51) (0.39)
6.38 (0.801) 34.9
13.51 (0.997) 189.3
4.67 (0.569) -
a Figures in parentheses are transformed values. b Significantly different (p = 0.05) by DMRT.
Integrated pest managementweeds

Weed control in wet seeded rice in Kerala, India
P. P. Joy, E. K. Syriac, N. P. Nair, P. K. C. Nair, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station, Moncompu, Thekkekara 688503, Kerala, India The majority of farmers in the Kerala rice belt practice wet seeding. We evaluated nine weed control treatments to identify the most suitable method for wet seeded rice. The treatments involved four preemergence herbicides and hand weeding during monsoon (Jun-Oct) and wet season (Nov-Mar) 1988-89. The field experiment was in a randomized block design with three replications. The soil was silty clay. We sowed sprouted MO-6 seeds (115 d) on a puddled field at 100 kg/ha. Fertilizers at 90-20-38 kg NPK/ha and herbicides were applied 6 d after seeding (DAS). Weeds were manually removed at fortnightly intervals to 45 DAS in the weed-free check (WFC), and to 20 and 40 DAS in plots handweeded twice (HWT). Weed flora at 60 DAS consisted of 22% grasses, 40% sedges, and 32% broadleaf weeds. Dominant weed species were Echinochloa colona, E. crus-galli, lschaemum rugosum, Cyperus difformis, C. iria, Fimbristylis miliacea, Ludwigia perennis, Marsilea quadrifolia, Monochoria vaginalis, and Sphenoclea zeylanica. Pooled analysis of data showed that interaction between season and treatment was not statistically significant. All weed control treatments significantly reduced weed dry weight/m2 compared with the unweeded control (see table). Grain yields with butachlor were high, and on par with those of WFC and HWT. Its lower dose (1.0 kg ai/ha) was most economic and is best suited to wet seeded rice in Kerala.
Effect of weed control treatments on wet seeded rice. Kerala, India, 1988-89. a Dosec (kg ai/ha) 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 Weed dry weight (g/m2) 7.69 5.40 4.36 5.75 4.61 8.91 4.16 4.50 23.12 4.19 Grain yield (t/ha) 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.5 0.4 0.4 Straw yield (t/ha) 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.0 2.6 3.6 2.8 1.0 0.7 Gross return ($/ha) 521 423 415 559 545 501 589 514 81 Benefit of weed control ($/ha) 440 342 334 478 464 420 508 433 Cost of weed control ($/ha) 26 38 15 15 22 35 101 70 Marginal benefitcost ratio 16.9 9.0 22.3 31.8 21.1 12.0 5.0 6.2
Treatmentb Tridiphane 48 EC Tridiphane 48 EC Butachlor (Thunder) 50 EC Butachlor (Searle) 50 EC Butachlor (Searle) 50 EC Thiobencarb 10 G Weed-free check (WFC) Hand weeding twice (HWT) Unweeded check LSD (0.05)
a Pooled mean of two seasons. b EC = emulsifiable concentrate. G = granule. c ai = active ingredient, Costs: tridiphane 48 EC =
$28.67/liter, butachlor (Thunder) and (Searle) 50 EC (products of two companies) = $6,65/liter, thiobencarb 10 G = $2.20/kg, grain = $200/t, straw = $5/t.
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Weed control economics in transplanted rice (TPR)

P. P. Joy, E. K. Syriac, N. P. Nair, P. K. C. Nair, and C. A. Joseph, Rice Research Station (RRS), Moncompu, Thekkekara 688503, Kerala, India We evaluated the economics of prevailing weed control practices for TPR at RRS, Moncompu, during the 1988-89 monsoons (Jun-Oct) and wet season (Nov-Mar). Three herbicides were tested against manual weeding in randomized block design with three replications. MO-7 rice (115 d) was transplanted at 15- 15-cm spacing with 90-20-38 kg NPK/ha in a silty clay wetland. Herbicides were applied 6 d after transplanting (DT). Weeds were manually removed when they appeared in a weed-free check (WFC), and at 20 and 40 DT in plots hand-weeded twice (HWT).
Weed infestation was heavy. Dominant weed species were Echinochloa colona, E. crus-galli, Ischaemum rugosum, Cyperus iria, C. difformis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Limnophila indica, Monochoria vaginalis, Ludwigia perennis, and Marsilea quadrifolia. Results exhibited similar trends for the three seasons. Pooled analysis showed statistically insignificant interaction between season and treatment. All
herbicides were equally effective in weed control, were comparable to HWT, and superior to the unweeded check (see table). Herbicide treatments resulted in grain yields on par with WFC, but significantly superior to HWT. Applying butachlor 50 EC at 1.0 kg ai/ha 6 DT was most economic for controlling weeds in TPR in Kerala.
Economics of weed control treatments in transplanted rice. Kerala, India, 1988-89. a Treatment b Dose c (kg ai/ha) 0.6 0.8 1.0 Weed dry weight (g/m2 ) 29.35 24.45 32.10 4.63 33.78 73.55 18.91 Grain yield (t/ha) 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.0 0.3 0.7 Straw yield (t/ha) 3.4 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.2 0.2 1.4 Gross return ($/ha) 483 496 474 496 412 53 Benefit of weed control ($/ha) 430 443 421 443 359 Cost of Marginal weed benefitcontrol cost ($/ha) ratio 23 23 15 98 69 18.7 19.3 28.1 4.5 5.2 -
Anilophos 30 EC 2,4-D EE 4 G Butachlor 50 EC Weed-free check (WFC) Hand weeding twice (HWT) Unweeded check LSD (0.05)
a Pooled mean of 3 seasons. b EC = emulsifiable concentrate. G = granule. c ai = active ingredient. Costs: anilophos = $8.67/liter, 2.4D EE = $0.87/kg, butachlor = $6.65/liter, rice gram = S200/t. straw = $5/t.
Integrated pest managementother pests

Golden snail (Pomaces sp.) use in animal feeds
M. T. E. Catalma, D. T. Capil, R. A. Antalan, A. B. Serra, A. J. Barroga, and E. A. Orden, Animal Science Departrnent, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, 3120 Nueva Ecija, Philippines We studied nutrient composition of different golden snail meal forms and supplemental use in swine diets. Meal forms were cooked and uncooked golden snail meal (GSM), golden snail meat meal, and golden snail shell meal. Feeds for growing/ finishing pigs were pure commercial feed mash (CFM), CFM + 5% GSM, CFM + 10% GSM, and CFM + 15% GSM. Twelve growing male pigs (F 2 Large White/Landrace) were individually fed for 110 d. Response criteria were statistically analyzed using completely randomized design. Cooked and uncooked GSM had similar nutrient values (Table 1). GSM
Table 1. Composition of different feedstuffs derived from golden snail on a dry matter basis. Golden snail meal (cooked) Dry matter (%) Gross energy (kcal/kg) Crude protein (%) Ether extract (%) Crude fiber (%) Nitrogen-free extract (%) Calcium (%) Phosphorus (%) 90.30 605.61 14.62 0.88 3.43 30.87 0.30 Golden snail meal (uncooked) 89.90 671.45 17.15 0.56 3.45 0.44 28.55 0.26 Golden snail meat meal 86.10 3336.27 62.48 3.48 4.65 13.36 3.40 1.22 Golden snail shell meal 98.60 4.30 0.50 3.00 0.90 35.05 0.01
Table 2. Average production performance of growing finishing pigs fed a diet supplemented with different levels of GSM. a CFM Initial wt (kg) Final wt (kg) Total wt gain (kg) Daily wt gain (kg) Total feed consumption (kg) Daily feed consumption (kg) Feed conversion efficiency 24.00 85.50 61.00 0.55 264.00 2.40 4.33 CFM + 5% GSM 24.33 88.16 63.83 0.58 265.10 2.41 4.15 CFM + 10% GSM CFM + 15% GSM
23.66 83.50 59.34 0.54 264.00 2.40 4.45
25.00 91.67 66.67 0.61 259.60 2.36 3.89
a Statistical analysis showed insignificant differences among the treatments.
had satisfactory crude protein (14.6217.15%), and minerals (ash), mainly Ca (28.55-30.87%).
Meat meal was more nutritionally balanced, with good gross energy and high crude protein. Ca and P were also
26
high with a 3:1 ratio. Golden snail meat meal can safely replace fish or meat meal in food animal diets. Shell meal was Ca-rich, with 35.05% Ca. It could potentially replace oyster shell meal.
Table 2 shows average production performance of growing/finishing pigs fed GSM-supplemented diets. The response criteriaaverage daily gain, average daily feed consumption, and average feed conversion efficiency
showed insignificant differences across treatments. The results indicate GSM could be used as a feed supplement for growing/ finishing pigs.
Loss of rice grain yield and seedling vigor due to sheath rot (ShR) and mealy bug interaction
P. Lakshmanan, Plant Pathology Department; S. M. Kumar and R. Velusamy, Entomology Department; and K. Indira, Seed Technology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute (ACRI), Killikulam, Vallanad 627252, Tamil Nadu, India We observed a severe ShR Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams and Hawksw. outbreak in Sep-Oct 1990 in IR20 ricefields infected with mealy bug Brevennia rehi Lindinger. The flag leaf of individual tillers was assessed and tagged with waterproof color tape according to ShR severity at grain maturity stage. The Standard evaluation system for rice (SES) was
used. About 100 samples, replicated five times, represented each severity class. Mealy bugs inside ShR-infected sheaths were counted for each class. Panicles within seventy classes were bulked, dried separately. Thousandgrain weight and percent of healthy, discolored, and chaffy grains were recorded. We evaluated seedling vigor after storage for 1 mo at room temperature with a standard test. Fifty seeds were incubated between double-layer blotter paper in 9-cm plates for 2 wk at 25C with four replications per sample. We recorded the number of germinated seeds, and shoot and root lengths after 2 wk. ShR severity was positively correlated (r = 0.99**) with mealy bug population (see figure). Their interaction greatly reduced 1,000-grain weight, grain yield (9-77%), and healthy grains percentage; it increased chaffy and discolored grains.
Correlation of sheath rot severity and mealy bug population Sep-Oct 1990 at ACRI.
Seed germination and root length were significantly reduced, but shoot length was not.
Water management
Water use by irrigated summer rice
V. N. Khade, B. P. Patil, L. S. Chavan, and S. A. Khanvilkar, Konkan Agricultural University, Dapoli 415712, Maharashtra, India
We measured use of water by summer rice through evapotranspiration and deep percolation. Soils were medium black, clay loam texture, pH 6.9, 0.82% organic C, infiltration rate 1.0-1.5 cm/h. The technique used two 200-liter capacity leakproof drums, 60 cm in diameter and 90 cm high. One drum had
an open bottom; the second, a closed bottom. The drums were installed in oversized pits 60 cm deep and 65 cm in diameter in the ricefield, leaving about 30 cm of the drum height aboveground. The soil was backfilled layerwise and compacted to approximately the same bulk density as that of the surrounding soil.
Mean evapotranspiration use and deep percolation loss at different growth phases of summer rice. a Maharashtra, India, 1987-89. Water use (mm) Open-bottom drum Transplanting to maximum tillering Total evapotranspiration + deep percolation Average/d Through evapotranspiration Through deep percolation Deep percolation/d Percolation (%)
a
Closed-bottom drum Milk to maturity 450.4 22.5 179.4 8.9 39.8 Total (90 d) 1999.6 871.1 Transplanting to maximum tillering 280.8 11.2 280.8 Maximum tillering to flowering 372.9 12.4 372.9 Flowering to milk stage 203.9 13.6 203.9 Milk to maturity 271.0 13.6 271.0 Total (90 d) 1128.5 1128.5 -
Maximum tillering to flowering 678.9 22.6 306.0 10.2 45.1
Flowering to milk stage 342.0 22.8 138.2 9.2 40.4
528.3 21.1 247.5 9.9 46.9
Av for 3 yr.
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At transplanting, the surface soil in each drum was brought to the same puddled condition as that of the surrounding field. Water use in the open-bottom drum constituted evapotranspiration and deep percolation; water use in the closed-bottom drum constituted evapotranspiration alone.
Seedlings of rice variety Ratna were transplanted in mid-Jan. A 5-cm water level was maintained by refilling with a measured quantity of water. There was no rainfall during the growing season, The highest water use through evapotranspiration (732.9 mm) and deep
percolation occurred from tillering to flowering (see table). Of a total 1999.5 mm water used by the crop, 56.4% met evapotranspiration needs; 43.5% was lost through deep percolation.
Water balance in bunded ricefields under different rainfed situations in Central India
A. S. R. A. S. Sastri and J. L. Chaudhary, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur 492012, Madhya Pradesh, India The Chhattisgarh region of Central India grows about 5 million ha of rice, 20% irrigated, the rest rainfed. Soil variability ranges from lateritic to clay to sandy loam and clay loam. We examined the climatic water balance under bunded field condition in three major riceland soils. We computed excessive, normal, and deficit rainfall situations for four stations using the Thornthwaite and Mather (1955) bookkeeping procedure. Rainfall and potential evapotranspiration values were used to obtain soil moisture storage, actual evapotranspiration, water deficit, and water surplus. We assumed that runoff occurred only with more than 10 cm standing water in bunded ricefields, and percolation losses are always higher than runoff losses. The two water losses were estimated under water surplus conditions in the water balance computations. The amount of water at field capacity was assumed to be 150 mm for sandy loam, 200 mm for clay loam, and 250 mm for clay soils, up to 1 -m depth. For annual rainfall data, three rainfall patterns were worked out for 1901-1987: excessive (greater than mean [MI + standard deviation [SD]), normal ( M + SD to M - SD), and deficit (less than M SD). The probability of excessive rainfall pattern occurrence at the four stations ranged from 8 to 17%; that of normal
Water balance of different districts. Parameter (mm) Rainfall Percolation Runoff Rainfall Percolation Runoff Rainfall Percolation Runoff Rainfall Percolation Runoff Sandy loam (Matasi) Excessive Normal 1813.5 1032.6 85.1 2002.3 958.0 75.2 1736.5 981.2 0 1475.6 970.9 18.5 1142.2 434.9 0 1232.2 535.8 0 1136.7 450.5 0 1201.0 462.1 0 Deficit 763.2 137.1 0 682.4 59.2 0 862.7 244.8 0 804.3 153.2 0 Clay loam (Dorsa) Excessive Raipur 1813.5 730.8 262.9 Normal 1142.2 389.6 0 Clay soils (Kanhar) Normal 1142.2 312.6 27.2 1232.2 405.7 29.7 1136.7 314.8 24.8 I201.0 348.3 13.9 Deficit 763.2 26.3 0 682.4 0 0 862.7 137.6 6.2 804.3 52.7 0
Deficit Excessive 763.2 76.1 0 682.4 8.3 0 862.7 193.8 0 804.3 103.2 0 1813.2 220.2 398.3 2002.3 621.6 724.1 1736.9 580.5 375.7 1475.6 399.4 244.4
Rajnandgaon 2002.3 1232.2 850.7 475.8 323.1 10.0 Durg 1736.7 390.5 0 Bilaspur 1475.6 499.4 143.8 1136.7 390.5 0 1201.0 390.1 22.0
Annual rainfall pattern at Mahasamund, 1907-87.
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rainfall, from 61 to 77%; and that of deficit rainfall, from 10 to 22%. The potential evapotranspiration required for water balance computation was worked out using Penmans (1948) equation. The normal value was considered for all three rainfall categories because the time series data required for calculation were unavailable. Moreover, all four stations were in the same agroclimatic region.
At all the stations and in all rainfall distribution categories, runoff losses were negligible compared with percolation losses in all soil types, except for clay soils under excessive rainfall (see table). With deficit rainfall, even percolation losses were very low, with higher values in lighter soils. With normal rainfall, percolation losses accounted for 35-45% of light soil losses. With decreasing rainfall (see figure)
and a major area under light soils, the cropping pattern must be diversified. But because most fields are bunded and the region is a plains area, rice cultivation seems inevitable. Limited supplemental irrigation is important for rainfed rice in this area. Groundwater use through dug and dug cum bore wells may be suited to this region because of high percolation losses.
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Program report for 1990 A farmers primer on growing upland rice (in Cebuano)
29
ISSN 0117-0880
ISBN 971-22-0020-5
ANNUAL REPORTS
WEEDS
IRRI Program Report for 1990

International Rice Research Institute
1991. 317 pages. 17.78 25.40cm. HDC US$38.30, LDCUS$11.50 plus airmail (US$7.00) or surface mail (US$2.00) postage.
A Handbook for Weed Control in Rice

K. Ampong-Nyarko and S.K. de Datta
1991. 113 pages. 21.59 27.94 cm Paperback. HDC US$12.50, LDC US$3.25 plus airmail (US$5.00) or surface mail (US$2.00) postage.
The ecosytem-structured Program Report for 1990the definitive record of IRRI work that year provides the baseline for assessing future progress in rice research and related activities. It covers work that will help meet the need for a stable food supply, for people living now and for the 3-4 billion more people who will depend on rice in 2020. Some of the projects are far up the scale of strategic work, some are closer to applied work that national agricultural development programs can adapt to their particular situations.
Farmers everywhere search for ways to widen the narrow margin of profit between production costs and crop returns. Weeds cause more yield losses in ricefields than any other pest. Cost-effective methods for controlling weeds could help preserve profits and increase yields. This book provides practical information on controlling weeds in the many different rice cultural systems, using an integrated management approach. It can be used as a textbook, as a field guide, or as a manual for making decisions in crop management. The handbook was designed to facilitate its translation and copublication. Those who are interested in publishing it in languages other than English should contact Communication and Publications Services, IRRI Information Center.
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
IRRI
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
IRRI

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.16 No.6

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International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.16 No.6

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V L ME1 N MB R6 OU 6 U E

P B IH DB T EIT R A I N LRC R S A C IS IU E PO B X9 3 MA IA P IIPN S U LS E Y H N E N TO A IE E E R H N TT T , . . O 3 , NL , HLP IE

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

ENVIRONMENT SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Kneeing ability of promising submergence-tolerant rice lines

a Standard evaluation system for rice.

Element contents of 51 brown rices.

The average coefficient of variation (CV) of 41 elements is 67.6 49.2%.

Grain quality of some red rice genotypes

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Pest resistance diseases

BB resistance reaction of anther culture H 2 populations derived from 7 combinations.

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Strain no. 89-3710

Strain no. 89-3724

Shennong 1033/Pei Zhao 15

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

7 (susceptible) 9 (highly susceptible)

Pest resistance insects

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Oxalic acid (0.5% wt/vol) 0.3 a 6.8 b 31.3 b

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Stress toleranceadverse temperature

May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Mean Total

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

1-5 90-151 12513.7 21.2

Screening for cold tolerance in Nepal

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Stress toleranceadverse soils

New rice cultivar Marianna obtained through anther culture

Integrated germplasm improvement irrigated It is a dihaploid line, obtained from a

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Resistance to B1a Zhe 733 3 3 1 3 Guangluai 4 7 9 9

19.1 18.4 20.2 18.9

25.8 26.9 25.7 25.7

LSD (0.05) 0.2 0.5 ns

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

a Plot = 4 m 2 (2 2 m), 13- 20-cm spacing.

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Kanakam (MO 11), a highyielding, semitall variety from Kerala, India

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Integrated germplasm improvement-upland

aIn a column, figures followed by a common letter do not

differ significantly at the 5% level by DMRT.

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

aAv of 5 crop seasons. In a column, means followed by a

common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.

Effect of potassium application levels and time on rice

Fertilizer managementorganic sources

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Use of rice straw under submerged conditions

Integrated pest managementdiseases

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Integrated pest managementinsects

aData in parentheses represent angular transformed values

IRRN 16:6 (December 1991)

Damaged leaves a (%) 37.7 47.8 57.3 64.8 1.9

Values are angular transformations.

Survey of ricefield insects in Mbo and Ndop Plains of Cameroon

Diagrammatic representation of M. patnalis mating sequence.