Chapter 2: Deflection of beam

Introduction Why we have to design of beam ? a) Find the limitation of yield stress b) Measure maximum value of deflection of beam when have load

 Purposes ?
a) Shaft with gear or component Gear teeth not fit

Friction , vibration
Noisy , failure b) Floor of building

Plaster ceiling will fracture

c) Structure of an aeroplane Vibration Not balance

A beam is a member subjected to loads applied transverse to the long dimension, causing the member to bend. For example, a simply-supported beam loaded at its third-points will deform into the exaggerated bent shape

shown in Fig. 2.1

Figure 2.1 Example of a bent beam (loaded at its third points)

 Beams are frequently classified on the basis of supports or reactions. A simple beam : i. beam supported by pins, ii. rollers, or iii. smooth surfaces at the ends A simple support develop a reaction normal to the beam, not

produce a moment at the reaction.

Both ends of a beam projects beyond the supports, it is called a simple beam with overhang. A beam with more than simple supports is a continuous beam.

Figure 2.2 Various types of beams and their deflected shapes:

a) simple beam,
b) Beam with overhang, c) continuous beam

Figure 2.2 Various types of beams and their deflected shapes: d) a cantilever beam, e) a beam fixed (or restrained)at the left end and simply supported near the other end (which has an overhang), f) beam fixed (or restrained) at both ends.

Deflections Due to Moments: When a straight beam is loaded and the

action is elastic, the longitudinal centroid axis of the beam becomes a

curve defined as "elastic curve." In regions of constant bending moment, the elastic curve is an arc of a circle of radius, r, as shown in Fig. 2.3 in which the portion AB of a beam is bent only with bending moments.

Therefore, the plane sections A and B remain plane and the deformation
(elongation and compression) of the fibres is proportional to the distance from the neutral surface, which is unchanged in length. From Fig. 2.3:

Figure 2.3 Bent element from which relation for elastic curve is obtained

which relates the radius of curvature of the neutral surface of the beam to the bending moment, M, the stiffness of the material, E, and the moment of inertia of the cross section,I.

Important equation
EI d2y = EIy = Mx-x . moment dx EI dy = EIy = Mdx + A slope ( rad) dx EIy = [ Mdx ]dx + Ax + B .. Deflection (mm @m)

Example 1: Figure below shown a simply supported beam at point A and B with load at the middle of the beam: a) Maximum of slope b) Maximum of deflection

W A L B

Solution 1:
Free body diagram

L/2

L/2

RA
+ ve MA = 0

RB
+ ve Fy = 0

W(L/2) RB (L) = 0 RB (L) = W(L/2) RB = W/2

RA W + RB = 0 RA = W RB RA = W W/2 RA = W/2

L/2

L/2

RA

x x

RB

Section x-x from point A +ve Mx-x = RA(x) = Wx/2 EI d2y = EIy = Mx-x = Wx/2 moment dx EI dy = EIy = Mdx + A = W(x/2) dx slope dx = Wx2 / 4 + A

EIy = [ Mdx ]dx + Ax + B = [Wx2 / 4 + A ]dx .. Deflection

= Wx3 / 12 + Ax + B

Find the value of A and B

When x = L/2 , y = 0

EIy = Wx2 / 4 + A slope

0 = W (L/2)2 / 4 + A replace in slope eq. EIy = Wx2 / 4 + A slope = Wx2 / 4 - W L2 / 16 W (L2 / 4 ) / 4 = -A W (L2 / 16 ) = - A

A=-W

L2

/ 16

Find the value of A and B

When x = 0 , y = 0

EIy = [Wx2 / 4 + A ]dx .. Deflection

= Wx3 / 12 + Ax + B 0 = 0 + ( - W L2 / 16)x + B 0 =0+0+B

B=0

replace in deflection eq. EIy = Wx3 / 12 + ( - W L2 / 16)x .. Deflection

a) Maximum of slope occur when x = 0 and x = L means at point A and point B

slope eq. EIy = Wx2 / 4 - W L2 / 16

At point A , x = 0
EIy = Wx2 / 4 - W L2 / 16 EIyA = W(0)2 / 4 - W L2 / 16 EIyA = - W L2 / 16 yA = - W L2 / 16EI rad At point B , x = L EIy = Wx2 / 4 - W L2 / 16

EIyB = WL2 / 4 - W L2 / 16
EIyB = (4WL2 - W L2 )/ 16 yB = 3W L2 / 16EI rad

b) Maximum of deflection when x = L/2

replace in deflection eq. EIy = Wx3 / 12 + ( - W L2 / 16)x .. Deflection

When x = L/2 EIy(x=L/2) = W(L/2)3 / 12 + ( - W L2 / 16)(L/2) EIy = WL3 /96 - W L3 / 32 EIy = (WL3 - 3W L3 )/ 96 EIy = - 2WL3 / 96 y = - WL3 / 48EI (mm @ m)

Example 2:
Find the slope and deflection at point A when the cantilever beam AB
carries a load(KN) and uniformly distributed load W (KN/m). Assume EI (KNm2 )as a constant for beam. Then measure the new slope and deflection at the same point when: a) W = 0 b) P = 0

W (KN/m)

A P L

Solution 2:
Free body diagram

W (KN/m)

A P x L
Section x-x from point A +ve Mx-x = Px Wx2 2 . moment (1)

MB x

FB

EI d2y = EIy = Mx-x = Px Wx2 dx 2

EI dy = EIy = Mdx + A = Px2 Wx3 + A slope (2) dx 2 6 EIy = [ Mdx ]dx + Ax + B = Px3 Wx4 + Ax + B Deflection (3) 6 24

Find the value of A and B

Refer to boundary condition : a) When ( x = L , y = 0 ) b) When ( x = L , y = 0 ) x

W (KN/m)

A
P x L

Find the value of A and B Refer to boundary condition : a) When ( x = L , y = 0 )

EI dy = EIy = Mdx + A = Px2 Wx3 + A slope (2) dx 2 6

EIy = Px2 Wx3 + A 2 6 0 = P(L)2 W(L)3 + A 2 6 A = PL2 + WL3 2 6

Find the value of A and B Refer to boundary condition : When ( x = L, y = 0 ) And A = PL2 + WL3 2 6

EIy = [ Mdx ]dx + Ax + B = Px3 Wx4 + Ax + B Deflection (3) 6 24 EIy = Px3 Wx4 + Ax + B 6 24 0 = P(L)3 W(L)4 + A(L) + B 6 24 0 = PL3 WL4 +( PL2 + WL3 )L + B 6 24 2 6 0 = PL3 WL4 + PL3 + WL4 + B 6 24 2 6 0 = PL3 + 3PL3 WL4 + 4WL4 + B 6 6 24 24 0 = 2PL3 + 3WL4 + B 6 24 B = [ PL3 + WL4 ] 3 8

New slope and deflection equations:

EIy = Px2 Wx3 + PL2 + WL3 slope (2) 2 6 2 6 EIy = Px3 Wx4 + ( PL2 + WL3 )x [ PL3 + WL4 ] Deflection (3) 6 24 2 6 3 8 EIy = Px3 Wx4 + PL2 x + WL3 x PL3 WL4 Deflection (3) 6 24 2 6 3 8

Q : Find the slope and deflection at point A When x = 0 (y = ????) EIy = Px2 Wx3 + PL2 + WL3 2 6 2 6 EIy = P(0)2 W(0)3 + PL2 + WL3 2 6 2 6 EIy = 0 0 + PL2 + WL3 2 6 yA = 1 ( PL2 + WL3 ) rad EI 2 6

New slope and deflection equations:

EIy = Px3 Wx4 + PL2 x + WL3 x PL3 WL4 Deflection (3) 6 24 2 6 3 8

Q : Find the slope and deflection at point A When x = 0 ( y = ???? ) EIy = Px3 Wx4 + PL2 x + WL3 x PL3 WL4 6 24 2 6 3 8 EIy = P(0)3 W(0)4 + PL2 (0) + WL3 (0) PL3 WL4 6 24 2 6 3 8 EIy = P(0)3 W(0)4 + PL2 (0) + WL3 (0) PL3 WL4 6 24 2 6 3 8

EIy = 0 0 + 0 + 0 PL3 WL4 3 8

yA = 1 ( PL3 WL4 ) mm@ m EI 3 8

Q : Find the slope and deflection at point A when :

a) W = 0
yA = 1 ( PL2 + WL3 ) rad EI 2 6 yA = 1 ( PL2 + (0)L3 ) EI 2 6 yA = PL2 rad 2EI

yA = 1 ( PL3 WL4 ) mm@ m EI 3 8 yA = 1 ( PL3 (0)L4 ) EI 3 8 yA = 1 ( PL3 ) EI 3 yA = PL3 mm@ m 3EI

Q : Find the slope and deflection at point A when :

b) P = 0

yA =

1 ( PL2 + WL3 ) rad EI 2 6 yA = 1 ( (0)L2 + WL3 ) EI 2 6 yA = WL3 rad 6EI yA = 1 ( PL3 WL4 ) mm@ m EI 3 8 yA = 1 ( (0)L3 WL4 ) mm@ m EI 3 8 yA = WL4 mm@ m 8EI

Example 3:
The cantilever beam shown is subjected to a vertical load 7KN at B point. Give the cross section of the beam is 100mm x 300mm for length and depth and the materials modulus of elasticity is 8GPa.

Determine :
a) The slope and deflection at point B. b) The deflection at the end of cantilever beam.
7 KN

A B

2m

1.5m

Solution 3:
Free body diagram 7 KN

MA FA 2m

B 1.5m

+ ve

M=0

+ ve

Fy = 0

MA + 7(2)= 0 MA = -14KNm

FA 7 = 0 FA = 7KN

Solution 3:
Free body diagram
7 KN

MA FA 2m B

x
Section x-x from point A +ve Mx-x = MA + FA(x) 7(x 2) Mx-x = -14 + 7x 7(x 2) EI d2y = EIy = Mx-x = -14 + 7x 7(x 2) dx

. moment (1)

EI dy = EIy = Mdx + A = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 + A slope (2) dx 2 2 EIy = [ Mdx ]dx + Ax + B = -14x2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 + Ax + B Deflection (3) 2 6 6

Find the value of A and B x

7 KN

MA FA 2m x

B
x

Refer to boundary condition :

a) When ( x = 0 , y = 0 ) b) When ( x = 0 , y = 0 )

Refer to boundary condition : a) When ( x = 0 , y = 0 ) replace in deflection eq. b) When ( x = 0 , y = 0 ) replace in slope eq. EIy = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 + A slope (2) 2 2 2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 + Ax + B Deflection (3) EIy = -14x 2 6 6 EIy = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 + A 2 2 0 = - 14(0) + 7(0)2 7((0 2)2 + A 2 2 0 = 0+00 +A A = 0 EIy = -14x2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 + Ax + B 2 6 6 0 = -14(0)2 + 7(0)3 7(0 2)3 + 0 + B 2 6 6 0 = 0 +0 0 +0+B B=0

EIy = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 new slope eq. (2) 2 2 2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 new deflection eq. (3) EIy = -14x 2 6 6 I = bd3 = (0.1)(0.3)3 = 225 x 10-6m4 12 12 E = 8GPa Q: Determine a) The slope and deflection at point B. b) The deflection at the end of cantilever beam. Refer to boundary condition : a) b) when x = 2 , yB = ?? replace in deflection eq.

when x = 2 , yB = ?? replace in slope eq.

when x = 3.5 , yC = ?? replace in new deflection eq.

EIy = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 new slope eq. (2) 2 2 2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 new deflection eq. (3) EIy = -14x 2 6 6

Refer to boundary condition : a) when x = 2 , yB = ?? replace in deflection eq.

EIy = -14x2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 new deflection eq. (3) 2 6 6

EIyB = -14(2)2 + 7(2)3 7(2 2)3 2 6 6

EIyB = -28 + 56 0 6

yB = -168 + 56 = _____-112 x 103 6EI 6 x 8 x109 x 225 x 10-6

yB = -10.37mm

EIy = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 new slope eq. (2) 2 2 2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 new deflection eq. (3) EIy = -14x 2 6 6

Refer to boundary condition : a) when x = 2 , yB = ?? replace in slope eq.

EIy = -14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 new slope eq. (2) 2 2

EIyB = -14(2) + 7(2)2 7(2 2)2 2 2

EIyB = -28 + 14 yB = -14 = -14 x 103 EI 8 x109 x 225 x 10-6 yB = - 7.78 x 10-3 rad

EIy = 14x + 7x2 7(x 2)2 new slope eq. (2) 2 2 2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 new deflection eq. (3) EIy = 14x 2 6 6

Refer to boundary condition : b) when x = 3.5 , yC = ?? replace in new deflection eq. EIy = 14x2 + 7x3 7(x 2)3 new deflection eq. (3) 2 6 6

EIyC = 14(3.5)2 + 7(3.5)3 7(3.5 2)3 2 6 6

EIyC = 85.75 + 50.02 3.94 yC = -39.67 = 39.67 x 103 EI 8 x109 x 225 x 10-6 yC = -22.04mm

Example of cases:

Macaulay Function
W(KN/m)

W(KN/m)

W(KN/m)

Example 4:

Figure below shown a simply supported beam at point A and B

with load 20KN at the end. Given EI = 5.0KNm2 a) Deflection equation by using Macaulay Method b) Deflection at 20KN point
20KN 20KN/m

2m

2m

1m

Solution 4: Free body diagram

20KN 20KN/m

2m

2m

1m

+ ve

MB = 0

+ ve

Fy = 0

20(2)(3) + RA (4) + 20(1) = 0 4RA = 120 20

RA 20(2) + RB 20 = 0 RB = 40 +20 25 RB = 35KN

RA = 25KN

Section x-x from point A

x 20KN

20KN/m

25KN

2m

2m

35KN

1m

x +ve Mx-x = 25x 20x2 + 20(x 2)2 + 35(x 4) 2 2

EI d2y = EIy = Mx-x =25x 20x2 + 20(x 2)2 + 35(x 4) . moment (1) dx 2 2 EI dy = EIy = 25x2 20x3 + 20(x 2)3 + 35(x 4)2 + A slope (2) dx 2 6 6 2 EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 + Ax + B Deflection (3) 6 24 24 6

Find the value of A and B

Refer to boundary condition : a) When ( x = 0 , y = 0 ) b) When ( x = 4 , y = 0 )

replace in deflection eq. or eq. (3) EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 + Ax + B Deflection (3) 6 24 24 6

Find the value of A and B

replace in deflection eq. or eq. (3) EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 + Ax + B Deflection (3) 6 24 24 6

a) When ( x = 0 , y = 0 ) EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 + Ax + B 6 24 24 6 0 = 25(0)3 20(0)4 + 20(0 2)4 + 35(0 4)3 + A(0) + B 6 24 24 6 B =0 b) When ( x = 4 , y = 0 ) EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 + Ax + B 6 24 24 6 0 = 25(4)3 20(4)4 + 20(4 2)4 + 35(4 4)3 + A(4) + (0) 6 24 24 6 0 = 266.67 213.33 + 13.33 +4A A = -16.67

a) Deflection equation by using Macaulay Method

EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 16.67x 6 24 24 6

b) Deflection at 20KN point When x = 5 , y20 = ???? replace in deflection eq. or eq. (3) EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 16.67x Deflection (3) 6 24 24 6

EIy = 25x3 20x4 + 20(x 2)4 + 35(x 4)3 16.67x 6 24 24 6 EIy20 = 25(5)3 20(5)4 + 20(5 2)4 + 35(5 4)3 16.67(5) 6 24 24 6 EIy20 = 520.8 520.8 + 67.5 + 5.8 83.35 y20 = 10.08 x 103 = 10.08 x 103 EI 5 x 103 y20 = 2.016m