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Link Budget/Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver Sensitivity/Link Budget
• Receiver Sensitivity refers to the ability of the
receiver to detect radio signals.
• Receivers must detect radio signals in the
presence of noise
– External: Atmospheric (lightning), cosmic, man-made
(e.g. automobile ignition)
– Internal: Thermal noise
• Ratio of desired signal power to thermal noise
power before detection is carrier to noise ratio,
Receiver Sensitivity/Link Budget
• is a function of link parameters such as:
– Transmitter power
– Path loss
– Antenna gains
– Effective input-noise temperature of receiver
• Link Budget - Formula relating above
parameters to
Link Budget (in Watts – linear
scale)
Pt Gt Gr Pt/r = transmit/receive power
Pr = Gt/r = transmit/receive antenna gains
Lrx L path
Lp = Path loss
N = kT0 Bw F Lrx = receiver losses
N = input noise
Pr Carrier to k = Boltzman’s constant
= Noise Ratio
N T0 = noise temperature
Bw = noise bandwidth
Ec Bw Modulated F = noise figure – degradation of
= Symbol Signal
SNR from input to output
N0 Rc to Noise Ratio (Typical 5-6 dB)
Ec = carrier to noise ratio
S rx = Lrx kT0 FRc Ec = energy per modulated signal
N0 min N0 = PSD of white noise
Rc = modulated symbol rate
Srx = receiver sensitivity
Maximum Allowable Path Loss
Ec Pt G t G r Ec
= Srx = L rx kT0 FR c
N 0 kT0 R c FL rx L path N 0 min
Using logarithmic scale, in dB:
Ec
t ( dB) G t ( dB) G r ( dB) kT0 ( dBm / Hz ) R c ( dBHz ) F( dB) L rx ( dB) L path ( dB)
=P + +
N0 dB
Ec
Srx rx ( dB) kT0 ( dBm / Hz ) R c ( dBHz ) F( dB)
=L + + + +
( dB )
N0 dB
L path,max ( dB )
=P
t ( dB)
+G
t ( dB)
+G
r ( dB)
S Can be translated to distance
rx ( dBm ) to find maximum cell radius
Additional Link Budget Parameters
• Margin for system loading -- Interference Loading/Margin
• Shadow margin
• Handoff gain
First two factors reduce maximum allowable path loss, LMAX, but the third
increases it
• Area outage probability - Probability that received power is less than threshold
power averaged over entire cell area
• MSHAD is the value reducing maximum allowable path loss (decreasing cell
design range) to maintain acceptable outage probability when shadowing effects
are taken into account
Handoff Gain
• Macrodiversity concept - Link to serving basestation may be shadowed such
that the power from the serving basestation is below a critical threshold ---
however, the link to an adjacent basestation may be above threshold
• Handoff reduces required shadow margin (of a single cell) by Handoff Gain - GHO
• Hard handoff - Different radio channels assigned by a neighboring
basestation to takeover handling of mobile user call (TDMA systems)
• Soft handoff - Mobile switching center selects between instantaneous
received signals from a variety of basestations (CDMA systems)