World production of chloroform

Based on worldwide markets for Chloroform in Thousand Metric Tons, the annual estimates and forecasts are provided for each region which are US, Europe, and Rest of World, for the period of 2007 through 2015. There are many company involves in trading of chloroform such as AkzoNobel Industrial Chemicals B.V, Alfa Aesar, Arkema S.A, Ercros S.A, Gujarat Alkalies And Chemicals Limited, Huayi Isotopes Co ., INEOS Chlor Limited, Jinan Haohua Industry Co. Ltd., Occidental Chemical Corporation, Solvay S.A, SRF Ltd., and The Dow Chemical Company.

Chloroform is used in the manufacture of HCFC-22, and an increase in the production of this refrigerant has led to a modest increase in the demand for chloroform (CMR 1989). These increasing trends in U.S. production, based on information compiled in the trade journal Chemical & Engineering News for period from 1983 through 1994 (CEN 1995)

The major use of chloroform today is in the production of the chlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon . This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, R-22. It was once commonly used as a propellant and in air conditioning applications. These applications are being phased out due to ozone depletion potential and... (R-22), a major precursor to tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoroethylene is a chemical compound with the formula C2F4. It is the simplest alkene fluorocarbon. This gaseous species is used primarily in the industrial preparation of polymers. In organic chemistry, tetrafluoroethylene is a potent... : CHCl3 + 2 HF CHClF2 + 2 HCl The reaction is conducted in the presence of a catalytic amount of antimony pentafluoride Antimony pentafluoride

Antimony pentafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula SbF5. This colourless, viscous liquid is a valuable Lewis acid and a component of the superacid fluoroantimonic acid, the strongest known acid... . Chlorodifluoromethane is then converted into tetrafluoroethylene, the main precursor to Teflon. Before the Montreal Protocol Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion... , chlorodifluoromethane (R22) was also a popular refrigerant. As a solvent

Chloroform is a common solvent in the laboratory because it is relatively unreactive, miscible with most organic liquids, and conveniently volatile. Chloroform is used as a solvent Solvent A solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature. Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning , as a paint thinner A solvent (from the Latin... in the pharmaceutical industry and for producing dye s and pesticide Pesticide A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest.A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent , antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest... s. Chloroform is an effective solvent for alkaloid Alkaloid Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds which mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Also some synthetic compounds of similar structure are attributed to alkaloids... s in their base form and thus plant material is commonly extracted with chloroform for pharmaceutical processing. For example, it is used in commerce to extract morphine Morphine Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was discovered in 1804 by Sertrner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop... from poppies Poppy

A poppy is one of a group of a flowering plants belonging to the poppy family, many grown in gardens for their colorful flowers.Poppy flowers have 4 to 6 petals. Petals may be almost any color, and some have markings. Prior to blooming, the petals are crumpled in the bud, and as blooming finishes,... and scopolamine Scopolamine Scopolamine, also known as levo-duboisine, and hyoscine, is a tropane alkaloid drug with muscarinic antagonist effects. It is obtained from plants of the family Solanaceae , such as henbane, jimson weed and Angel's Trumpets , and corkwood . It is among the secondary metabolites of these plants... from Datura Datura Datura is a genus of nine species of vespertine flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Its precise and natural distribution is uncertain, owing to its extensive cultivation and naturalization throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the globe... plants. Chloroform containing deuterium Deuterium Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance in the oceans of Earth of approximately one atom in of hydrogen... (heavy hydrogen), CDCl3, is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is the name given to a technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei. For details regarding this phenomenon and its origins, refer to the nuclear magnetic resonance article. The most important... . It can be used to bond pieces of acrylic glass (also known under the trade names Perspex and Plexiglas). A solvent of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 is used to dissolve nonnucleic acid biomolecules in DNA and RNA extractions. As a reagent in organic synthesis

As a reagent Reagent A reagent is a "substance or compound that is added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction or is added to see if a reaction occurs". Such a reaction is used to confirm the presence of another substance... , chloroform serves as a source of the dichlorocarbene CCl2 group. It reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide usually in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst

Phase transfer catalyst In simple words, salts are insoluble in organic phase , we used phase transfer catalyst to solubilize them.In chemistry a phase transfer catalyst or PTC is a catalyst that facilitates the migration of a reactant from one phase into another phase where reaction occurs. PTC is a special form of... to produce dichlorocarbene Dichlorocarbene Dichlorocarbene is a carbene commonly encountered in organic chemistry. This reactive intermediate with chemical formula CCl2 is easily available by reaction of chloroform and a base such as potassium t-butoxide or sodium hydroxide dissolved in water... , CCl2. This reagent affects ortho-formylation of activated aromatic rings such as phenols Phenols In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group... , producing aryl aldehyde Aldehyde An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a formyl group. This functional group, with the structure R-CHO, consists of a carbonyl centre bonded to hydrogen and an R group.... s in a reaction known as the Reimer-Tiemann reaction Reimer-Tiemann reaction The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is a chemical reaction used for the ortho-formylation of phenols. The reaction was discovered by Karl Ludwig Reimer and Ferdinand Tiemann... . Alternatively the carbene Carbene In chemistry, a carbene is a molecule containing a carbon atom with six valence electrons and having the general formula RR'C:. Carbenes are classified as either singlets or triplets depending upon their electronic structure. Most carbenes are very short lived, although persistent carbenes are... can be trapped by an alkene Alkene In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond... to form a cyclopropane Cyclopropane Cyclopropane is a cycloalkane molecule with the molecular formula C3H6, consisting of three carbon atoms linked to each other to form a ring, with each carbon atom bearing two hydrogen atoms... derivative. In the Kharasch addition

Kharasch addition The Kharasch addition is an organic reaction and a metal-catalysed free radical addition of CXCl3 compounds to alkenes. . The reaction was invented by Morris S. Kharasch in the 1940s .The basic reaction scheme runs as follows:... chloroform forms the CHCl2 free radical in addition to alkenes. As an anesthetic

Chloroform was once a popular anesthetic Anesthesia Anesthesia, or anaesthesia , traditionally meant the condition of having sensation blocked or temporarily taken away... ; its vapor depresses the central nervous system Central nervous system The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animalsthat is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish... of a patient, allowing a doctor to perform various otherwise painful procedures. In 1847, the Bathgate Bathgate Bathgate is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, on the M8 motorway west of Livingston. Nearby towns are Blackburn, Armadale, Whitburn, Livingston, and Linlithgow. Edinburgh Airport is away... obstetrician Obstetrics Obstetrics is the surgical specialty dealing with the care of women and their children during pregnancy , childbirth and the postnatal period. Midwifery is the non-surgical equivalent. Veterinary obstetrics is the same concept for veterinary medicine... James Young Simpson first used chloroform for general anesthesia General anaesthesia General anaesthesia is a state of unconsciousness and loss of protective reflexes resulting from the administration of one or more general anaesthetic agents. A variety of medications may be administered, with the overall aim of ensuring hypnosis, amnesia, analgesia, relaxation of skeletal... during childbirth Childbirth Childbirth is the culmination of a human pregnancy or gestation period with the birth of one or more newborn infants from a woman's uterus...

. The use of chloroform during surgery Surgery Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance, and sometimes for religious reasons... expanded rapidly thereafter in Europe. In the United States, chloroform began to replace ether Diethyl ether Diethyl ether, also known simply as ether, is the organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as ethers. It is a common solvent... as an anesthetic at the beginning of the 20th century; however, it was quickly abandoned in favor of ether upon discovery of its toxicity, especially its tendency to cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia analogous to what is now termed "sudden sniffer's death". Ether Diethyl ether Diethyl ether, also known simply as ether, is the organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as ethers. It is a common solvent... is still the preferred anesthetic in some developing nations due to its high therapeutic index Therapeutic index The therapeutic index , is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes drug toxicity. Quantitatively, it is the drug dose that produces the toxic effect for 50% of the population divided by the minimum effective dose for 50% of the... (~1.52.2) and low price. One possible mechanism of action for chloroform is that it increases movement of potassium ions through certain types of potassium channels in nerve cells. Chloroform could also be mixed with other anaesthetic agents such as ether Diethyl ether Diethyl ether, also known simply as ether, is the organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic odor. It is the most common member of a class of chemical compounds known generically as ethers. It is a common solvent... to make C.E. mixture, or ether and alcohol Ethanol Ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid. It is a powerful psychoactive drug and one of the oldest recreational drugs. It is best known as the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages and thermometers... to make A.C.E. mixture

A.C.E. mixture A.C.E. mixture is an old anaesthetic agent for general anaesthesia, which was first suggested by Dr. George Harley and first used in England around 1860, and in 1864 it was recommended for use by the Royal Medical and Surgical Societys Chloroform Committee... .

Safety
Fatal oral dose of chloroform is about 10 mL (14.8 g), with death due to respiratory or cardiac arrest. As might be expected for an anesthetic General anaesthetic A general anaesthetic is a drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness. These drugs are generally administered by an anaesthesia provider in order to induce or maintain general anaesthesia to facilitate surgery... , chloroform vapors depress the central nervous system Central nervous system The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animalsthat is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish... . It is immediately dangerous to life and health IDLH IDLH is an initialism for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health, and is defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such... at approximately 500 ppm, according to the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health . Breathing about 900 ppm for a short time can cause dizziness, fatigue, and headache. Chronic chloroform exposure can damage the liver Liver The liver {li-ver} is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion... (where chloroform is metabolized to phosgene Phosgene Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2. This colorless gas gained infamy as a chemical weapon during World War I. It is also a valued industrial reagent and building

block in synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. In low concentrations, its odor... ) and to the kidney Kidney The kidneys are paired organs with several functions. They are seen in many types of animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are an essential part of the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acidbase balance,... s, and some people develop sores when the skin is immersed in chloroform. Animal studies have shown that miscarriage Miscarriage Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the spontaneous end of a pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving, generally defined in humans at prior to 24 weeks of gestation... s occur in rat Rat Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus... s and mice Mouse A mouse is a small mammal belonging to the order of rodents. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse . It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are also common. This rodent is eaten by large birds such as hawks and eagles... that have breathed air containing 30 to 300 ppm of chloroform during pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, inside the womb of a female. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets. Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies... and also in rats that have ingested chloroform during pregnancy. Offspring Offspring In biology, offspring is the product of reproduction, a new organism produced by one or more p