13 Atomic structure and atomic spectra

Solutions to exercises
Discussion questions
E13.1(b) (1) The principal quantum number, n, determines the energy of a hydrogenic atomic orbital through
eqn 13.13.
(2) The azimuthal quantum number, l, determines the magnitude of the angular momentum of a
hydrogenic atomic orbital through the relation {l(l + 1)}1/2 h̄.
(3) The magnetic quantum number, ml , determines the z-component of the angular momentum of a
hydrogenic orbital through the relation ml h̄.
(4) The spin quantum number, s, determines the magnitude of the spin angular momentum through
the relation {s(s + 1)}1/2 h̄. For a hydrogenic atomic orbitals, s can only be 1/2.
(5) The spin quantum number, ms , determines the z-component of the spin angular momentum
through the relation ms h̄. For hydrogenic atomic orbitals, ms can only be ±1/2.
E13.2(b) (a) A boundary surface for a hydrogenic orbital is drawn so as to contain most (say 90%) of the
probability density of an electron in that orbital. Its shape varies from orbital to orbital because
the electron density distribution is different for different orbitals.
(b) The radial distribution function gives the probability that the electron will be found anywhere
within a shell of radius r around the nucleus. It gives a better picture of where the electron is
likely to be found with respect to the nucleus than the probability density which is the square of
the wavefunction.
E13.3(b) The first ionization energies increase markedly from Li to Be, decrease slightly from Be to B, again
increase markedly from B to N, again decrease slightly from N to O, and finally increase markedly
from N to Ne. The general trend is an overall increase of I1 with atomic number across the period.
That is to be expected since the principal quantum number (electron shell) of the outer electron
remains the same, while its attraction to the nucleus increases. The slight decrease from Be to B is
a reflection of the outer electron being in a higher energy subshell (larger l value) in B than in Be.
The slight decrease from N to O is due to the half-filled subshell effect; half-filled sub-shells have
increased stability. O has one electron outside of the half-filled p subshell and that electron must pair
with another resulting in strong electron–electron repulsions between them.
E13.4(b) An electron has a magnetic moment and magnetic field due to its orbital angular momentum. It also
has a magnetic moment and magnetic field due to its spin angular momentum. There is an interaction
energy between magnetic moments and magnetic fields. That between the spin magnetic moment
and the magnetic field generated by the orbital motion is called spin–orbit coupling. The energy of
interaction is proportional to the scalar product of the two vectors representing the spin and orbital
angular momenta and hence depends upon the orientation of the two vectors. See Fig. 13.29. The
total angular momentum of an electron in an atom is the vector sum of the orbital and spin angular
momenta as illustrated in Fig. 13.30 and expressed in eqn 13.46. The spin–orbit coupling results in
a splitting of the energy levels associated with atomic terms as shown in Figs 13.31 and 13.32. This
splitting shows up in atomic spectra as a fine structure as illustrated in Fig. 13.32.
202 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

Numerical exercises
E13.5(b) The energy of the photon that struck the Xe atom goes into liberating the bound electron and giving
it any kinetic energy it now possesses

Ephoton = I + Ekinetic I = ionization energy

The energy of a photon is related to its frequency and wavelength

hc
Ephoton = hν =
λ
and the kinetic energy of an electron is related to its mass and speed

Ekinetic = 21 me s 2
hc hc 1
So = I + 21 me s 2 ⇒ I = − 2 me s 2
λ λ
(6.626 × 10−34 J s) × (2.998 × 108 m s−1 )
I =
58.4 × 10−9 m
− 21 (9.11 × 10−31 kg) × (1.79 × 106 m s−1 )2

= 1.94 × 10−18 J = 12.1 eV

E13.6(b) The radial wavefunction is [Table 13.1]

 2Zr
R3,0 = A 6 − 2ρ + 19 ρ 2 e−ρ/6 where ρ ≡ , and A is a collection of constants. Differentiating
a0
with respect to ρ yields
dR3,0


= 0 = A(6 − 2ρ + 19 ρ 2 ) × − 16 e−ρ/6 + −2 + 29 ρ Ae−ρ/6
dρ

2 
= Ae−ρ/6 − ρ54 + 59 ρ − 3

This is a quadratic equation

1 5
0 = aρ 2 + bρ + c where a = − , b = , and c = −3.
54 9
The solution is
−b ± (b2 − 4ac)1/2 √
ρ= = 15 ± 3 7
2a
 
15 3(71/2 ) a0
so r = ± .
2 2 Z

Numerically, this works out to ρ = 7.65 and 2.35, so r = 11.5a0 /Z and 3.53a0 /Z . Substituting
Z = 1 and a0 = 5.292 × 10−11 m, r = 607 pm and 187 pm.
The other maximum in the wavefunction is at r = 0 . It is a physical maximum, but not a calculus
maximum: the first derivative of the wavefunction does not vanish there, so it cannot be found by
differentiation.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 203

E13.7(b) The radial wavefunction is [Table 13.1]

 2Zr
R3,1 = A 4 − 13 ρ ρe−ρ/6 where ρ=
a0
The radial nodes occur where the radial wavefunction vanishes. This occurs at

ρ = 0, r=0

and when

 ρ
4 − 13 ρ = 0, or = 4, or ρ = 12
3
ρa0 ρa0 12a0
then r = = = = 6a0 = 3.18 × 10−10 m
2Z 2 2
E13.8(b) Normalization requires
  ∞  π  2π
2
|ψ| dτ = 1 = [N (2 − r/a0 )e−r/2a0 ]2 dφ sin θ dθ r 2 dr
0 0 0
 ∞  π  2π
2 −r/a0 2 2
1=N e (2 − r/a0 ) r dr sin θ dθ dφ
0 0 0

Integrating over angles yields

 ∞
1 = 4πN 2
e−r/a0 (2 − r/a0 )2 r 2 dr
0
 ∞
= 4πN 2 e−r/a0 (4 − 4r/a0 + r 2 /a02 )r 2 dr = 4π N 2 (8a03 )
0
 ∞  ∞  ∞
−r/k 2 −r/k 3
In the last step, we used e r dr = 2k , 3
e 4
r dr = 6k , and e−r/k r 4 dr = 24k 5
0 0 0
1
So N = 
4 2πa03

E13.9(b) The average kinetic energy is


ÊK  = ψ ∗ ÊK ψ dτ

 1/2
1 Z3 Zr
where ψ = N (2 − ρ)e−ρ/2 with N = and ρ ≡ here
4 2π a03 a0

h̄2 2 a 3 ρ 2 sin θ dρ dθ dφ
ÊK = − ∇ dτ = r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ = 0
2m Z3
In spherical polar coordinates, three of the derivatives in ∇ 2 are derivatives with respect to angles, so
those parts of ∇ 2 ψ vanish. Thus
     2  2 
2 ∂ 2ψ 2 ∂ψ ∂ 2 ψ ∂ρ 2 2Z ∂ψ ∂ρ Z ∂ ψ 2 ∂ψ
∇ ψ= + = + = × +
∂r 2 r ∂r ∂ρ 2 ∂r 2 ρa0 ∂ρ ∂r a0 ∂ρ 2 ρ ∂ρ
204 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

∂ρ


= N (2 − ρ) × − 21 e−ρ/2 − N e−ρ/2 = N 21 ρ − 2 e−ρ/2
∂r
∂ 2ψ



−ρ/2 −ρ/2
= N 1
ρ − 2 × − 1
e + 1
N e = N 3
− 1
ρ e−ρ/2
∂ρ 2 2 2 2 2 4
 2
Z
∇2ψ = N e−ρ/2 (−4/ρ + 5/2 − ρ/4)
a0

and
 ∞  π  2π    
−ρ/2 Z 2 −h̄2
ÊK  = N (2 − ρ)e ×
0 0 0 a0 2m
a 3 dφ sin θ dθ ρ 2 dρ
× N e−ρ/2 (−4/ρ + 5/2 − ρ/4) 0
Z3
The integrals over angles give a factor of 4π , so
 

 ∞

2 a0 h̄2
ÊK  = 4πN × − (2 − ρ) × −4 + 25 ρ − 41 ρ 2 ρe−ρ dρ
Z 2m 0
 ∞
The integral in this last expression works out to −2, using e−ρ ρ n dρ = n! for n = 1, 2, and 3. So
0
   
Z3
a  h̄2 h̄2 Z 2
0
ÊK  = 4π × × =
32πa03 Z m 8ma02
The average potential energy is

Ze2 Z 2 e2
V  = ψ ∗ V ψ dτ where V = − =−
4π ε0 r 4π ε0 a0 ρ
 ∞  π  2π  
−ρ/2 Z e
2 2 a 3 ρ 2 sin θ dρ dθ dφ
and V  = N (2 − ρ)e − N (2 − ρ)e−ρ/2 0
0 0 0 4π ε0 a0 ρ Z3
The integrals over angles give a factor of 4π , so
   
Z 2 e2 a03 ∞
V  = 4πN − 2
× (2 − ρ)2 ρe−ρ dρ
4πε0 a0 Z 3
0
 ∞
The integral in this last expression works out to 2, using e−ρ ρ n dρ = n! for n = 1, 2, 3, and 4. So
0
     
Z3 Z 2 e2 a03 Z 2 e2
V  = 4π × − × × (2) = −
32πa03 4πε0 a0 Z3 16π ε0 a0

E13.10(b) The radial distribution function is defined as

P = 4πr 2 ψ 2 so P3s = 4πr 2 (Y0,0 R3,0 )2 ,

     
1 1 Z 3
P3s = 4πr 2 × × × (6 − 6ρ + ρ 2 )2 e−ρ
4π 243 a0

2Zr 2Zr
where ρ ≡ = here.
na0 3a0
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 205

But we want to find the most likely radius, so it would help to simplify the function by expressing it
in terms either of r or ρ, but not both. To find the most likely radius, we could set the derivative of
P3s equal to zero; therefore, we can collect all multiplicative constants together (including the factors
of a0 /Z needed to turn the initial r 2 into ρ 2 ) since they will eventually be divided into zero

P3s = C 2 ρ 2 (6 − 6ρ + ρ 2 )2 e−ρ

Note that not all the extrema of P are maxima; some are minima. But all the extrema of (P3s )1/2
correspond to maxima of P3s . So let us find the extrema of (P3s )1/2

d(P3s )1/2 d
=0= Cρ(6 − 6ρ + ρ 2 )e−ρ/2
dρ dρ

= C[ρ(6 − 6ρ + ρ 2 ) × (− 21 ) + (6 − 12ρ + 3ρ 2 )]e−ρ/2

0 = C(6 − 15ρ + 6ρ 2 − 21 ρ 3 )e−ρ/2 so 12 − 30ρ + 12ρ 2 − ρ 3 = 0

Numerical solution of this cubic equation yields

ρ = 0.49, 2.79, and 8.72

corresponding to

r = 0.74a0 /Z, 4.19a0 /Z, and 13.08a0 /Z

Comment. If numerical methods are to be used to locate the roots of the equation which locates
the extrema, then graphical/numerical methods might as well be used to locate the maxima directly.
That is, the student may simply have a spreadsheet compute P3s and examine or manipulate the
spreadsheet to locate the maxima.
E13.11(b) Orbital angular momentum is

L̂2 1/2 = h̄(l(l + 1))1/2

There are l angular nodes and n − l − 1 radial nodes

(a) n = 4, l = 2, so L̂2 1/2 = 61/2 h̄ = 2.45 × 10−34 J s 2 angular nodes 1 radial node

(b) n = 2, l = 1, so L̂2 1/2 = 21/2 h̄ = 1.49 × 10−34 J s 1 angular node 0 radial nodes

(c) n = 3, l = 1, so L̂2 1/2 = 21/2 h̄ = 1.49 × 10−34 J s 1 angular node 1 radial node
E13.12(b) For l > 0, j = l ± 1/2, so

(a) l = 1, so j = 1/2 or 3/2

(b) l = 5, so j = 9/2 or 11/2

E13.13(b) Use the Clebsch–Gordan series in the form

J = j1 + j2 , j1 + j2 − 1, . . . , |j1 − j2 |

Then, with j1 = 5 and j2 = 3

J = 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2
206 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

E13.14(b) The degeneracy g of a hydrogenic atom with principal quantum number n is g = n2 . The energy E
of hydrogenic atoms is

hcZ 2 RH hcZ 2 RH
E=− =−
n 2 g
so the degeneracy is

hcZ 2 RH
g=−
E
hc(2)2 RH
(a) g=− = 1
−4hcRH
hc(4)2 RH
(b) g=− = 64
− 41 hcRH
hc(5)2 RH
(c) g=− = 25
−hcRH
E13.15(b) The letter F indicates that the total orbital angular momentum quantum number L is 3; the superscript
3 is the multiplicity of the term, 2S + 1, related to the spin quantum number S = 1; and the subscript
4 indicates the total angular momentum quantum number J .
E13.16(b) The radial distribution function varies as
4
P = 4πr 2 ψ 2 = 3 r 2 e−2r/a0
a0

The maximum value of P occurs at r = a0 since

 
dP 2r 2 −2r/a0 4
∝ 2r − e = 0 at r = a0 and Pmax = e−2
dr a0 a0

P falls to a fraction f of its maximum given by

4r 2 −2r/a0
e
a03 r2
f = 4 −2
= 2 e2 e−2r/a0
a0 e a0

and hence we must solve for r in

f 1/2 r
= e−r/a0
e a0
(a) f = 0.50
r
0.260 = e−r/a0 solves to r = 2.08a0 = 110 pm and to r = 0.380a0 = 20.1 pm
a0
(b) f = 0.75
r
0.319 = e−r/a0 solves to r = 1.63a0 = 86 pm and to r = 0.555a0 = 29.4 pm
a0
In each case the equation is solved numerically (or graphically) with readily available personal
computer software. The solutions above are easily checked by substitution into the equation for f .
The radial distribution function is readily plotted and is shown in Fig. 13.1.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 207

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Figure 13.1

E13.17(b) (a) 5d → 2s is not an allowed transition, for .l = −2 (.l must equal ±1).
(b) 5p → 3s is allowed , since .l = −1.
(c) 5p → 3f is not allowed, for .l = +2 (.l must equal ±1).
E13.18(b) For each l, there are 2l + 1 values of ml and hence 2l + 1 orbitals—each of which can be occupied
by two electrons, so maximum occupancy is 2(2l + 1)

(a) 2s: l = 0; maximum occupancy = 2

(b) 4d: l = 2; maximum occupancy = 10
(c) 6f : l = 3; maximum occupancy = 14
(d) 6h: l = 5; maximum occupancy = 22

E13.19(b) V2+ : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 3 = [Ar]3d 3

The only unpaired electrons are those in the 3d subshell. There are three. S = 23 and 23 − 1 = 21 .

For S = 23 , MS = ± 21 and ± 23

for S = 21 , MS = ± 21

E13.20(b) (a) Possible values of S for four electrons in different orbitals are 2, 1, and 0 ; the multiplicity is
2S + 1, so multiplicities are 5, 3, and 1 respectively.
(b) Possible values of S for five electrons in different orbitals are 5/2, 3/2, and 1/2 ; the multiplicity
is 2S + 1, so multiplicities are 6, 4, and 2 respectively.
E13.21(b) The coupling of a p electron (l = 1) and a d electron (l = 2) gives rise to L = 3 (F), 2 (D), and 1 (P)
terms. Possible values of S include 0 and 1. Possible values of J (using Russell–Saunders coupling)
are 3, 2, and 1 (S = 0) and 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0 (S = 1). The term symbols are

1
F3 ; 3 F4 , 3 F3 , 3 F2 ; 1 D2 ; 3 D3 , 3 D2 , 3 D1 ; 1 P1 ; 3 P2 , 3 P1 , 3 P0 .

Hund’s rules state that the lowest energy level has maximum multiplicity. Consideration of spin–orbit
coupling says the lowest energy level has the lowest value of J (J + 1) − L(L + 1) − S(S + 1). So
the lowest energy level is 3 F2
208 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

E13.22(b) (a) 3 D has S = 1 and L = 2, so J = 3, 2, and 1 are present. J = 3 has 7 states, with MJ = 0,
±1, ±2, or ±3; J = 2 has 5 states, with MJ = 0, ±1, or ±2; J = 1 has 3 states, with
MJ = 0, or ±1.
(b) 4 D has S = 3/2 and L = 2, so J = 7/2, 5/2, 3/2, and 1/2 are present. J = 7/2 has 8
possible states, with MJ = ±7/2, ±5/2, ±3/2 or ±1/2; J = 5/2 has 6 possible states, with
MJ = ±5/2 ±3/2 or ±1/2; J = 3/2 has 4 possible states, with MJ = ±3/2 or ±1/2;
J = 1/2 has 2 possible states, with MJ = ±1/2.
(c) 2 G has S = 1/2 and L = 4, so J = 9/2 and 7/2 are present. J = 9/2 had 10 possible
states, with MJ = ±9/2, ±7/2, ±5/2, ±3/2 or ±1/2; J = 7/2 has 8 possible states, with
MJ = ±7/2, ±5/2, ±3/2 or ±1/2.
E13.23(b) Closed shells and subshells do not contribute to either L or S and thus are ignored in what follows.

(a) Sc[Ar]3d 1 4s 2 : S = 21 , L = 2; J = 25 , 23 , so the terms are 2 D5/2 and 2 D3/2

(b) Br[Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 5 . We treat the missing electron in the 4p subshell as equivalent to a single
“electron” with l = 1, s = 21 . Hence L = 1, S = 21 , and J = 23 , 21 , so the terms are
2
P3/2 and 2 P1/2

Solutions to problems
Solutions to numerical problems
P13.2 All lines in the hydrogen spectrum fit the Rydberg formula
 

1 1 1 1
= RH − 2 13.1, with ν̃ = RH = 109 677 cm−1
λ n21 n2 λ

Find n1 from the value of λmax , which arises from the transition n1 + 1 → n1
1 1 1 2n1 + 1
= 2− = 2
λmax RH n1 (n 1 + 1) 2 n1 (n1 + 1)2
n2 (n1 + 1)2
λmax RH = 1 = (656.46 × 10−9 m) × (109 677 × 102 m−1 ) = 7.20
2n1 + 1
and hence n1 = 2, as determined by trial and error substitution. Therefore, the transitions are given by
 
1 −1 1 1
ν̃ = = (109 677 cm ) × − , n2 = 3, 4, 5, 6
λ 4 n22

The next line has n2 = 7, and occurs at

 
1 1 1
ν̃ = = (109 677 cm−1 ) × − = 397.13 nm
λ 4 49
The energy required to ionize the atom is obtained by letting n2 → ∞. Then
 
1 −1 1
ν̃∞ = = (109 677 cm ) × − 0 = 27 419 cm−1 , or 3.40 eV
λ∞ 4
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 209

(The answer, 3.40 eV, is the ionization energy of an H atom that is already in an excited state, with
n = 2.)
Comment. The series with n1 = 2 is the Balmer series.
P13.4 The lowest possible value of n in 1s 2 nd 1 is 3; thus the series of 2 D terms correspond to 1s 2 3d, 1s 2 4d,
etc. Figure 13.2 is a description consistent with the data in the problem statement.

413 nm

610 nm
460 nm

I
670 nm

Figure 13.2

If we assume that the energies of the d orbitals are hydrogenic we may write
hcR
E(1s 2 nd 1 , 2 D) = − [n = 3, 4, 5, . . .]
n2
Then for the 2 D → 2 P transitions

1 |E(1s 2 2p 1 , 2 P)| R hc .E
ν̃ = = − 2 .E = hν = = hcν̃, ν̃ =
λ hc n λ hc
from which we can write

 1 R

 + (a)

 610.36 × 10−7 cm 9


|E(1s 2 2p 1 , 2 P)| 1 R 1 R
= + 2 = + (b)
hc λ n 
 460.29 × 10−7 cm 16



 1 R
 + (c)
413.23 × 10−7 cm 25

(b) − (a) solves to R = 109 886 cm−1
Then (a) − (c) solves to R = 109 910 cm−1 Mean = 109 920 cm−1

(b) − (c) solves to R = 109 963 cm−1
The binding energies are therefore
R
E(1s 2 3d 1 , 2 D) = = −12 213 cm−1
9
1
E(1s 2 2p, 2 P) = − − 12 213 cm−1 = −28 597 cm−1
610.36 × 10−7 cm
1
E(1s 2 2s 1 , 2 S) = − − 28 597 cm−1 = −43 505 cm−1
670.78 × 10−7 cm
210 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

Therefore, the ionization energy is

I (1s 2 2s 1 ,2 S) = 43 505 cm−1 , or 5.39 eV

P13.5 The 7p configuration has just one electron outside a closed subshell. That electron has l = 1, s = 1/2,
and j = 1/2 or 3/2, so the atom has L = 1, S = 1/2, and J = 1/2 or 3/2. The term symbols are
2
P1/2 and 2 P3/2 , of which the former has the lower energy. The 6d configuration also has just one
electron outside a closed subshell; that electron has l = 2, s = 1/2, and j = 3/2 or 5/2, so the atom
has L = 2, S = 1/2, and J = 3/2 or 5/2. The term symbols are 2 D3/2 and 2 D5/2 , of which the
former has the lower energy. According to the simple treatment of spin–orbit coupling, the energy is
given by

El,s,j = 21 hcA[j (j + 1) − l(l + 1) − s(s + 1)]

where A is the spin–orbit coupling constant. So

E(2 P1/2 ) = 21 hcA[ 21 (1/2 + 1) − 1(1 + 1) − 21 (1/2 + 1)] = −hcA

and E(2 D3/2 ) = 21 hcA[ 23 (3/2 + 1) − 2(2 + 1) − 21 (1/2 + 1)] = − 23 hcA

This approach would predict the ground state to be 2 D3/2

Comment. The computational study cited above finds the 2 P1/2 level to be lowest, but the authors
caution that the error of similar calculations on Y and Lu is comparable to the computed difference
between levels.
P13.7 RH = kµH , RD = kµD , R = kµ [18]
where R corresponds to an infinitely heavy nucleus, with µ = me .
me mN
Since µ = [N = p or d]
me + m N
kme R
RH = kµH = me = me
1+ m p
1 + mp

R
Likewise, RD = me where mp is the mass of the proton and md the mass of the deuteron. The
1+ m d
two lines in question lie at

1
 1

= RH 1 − 41 = 43 RH = RD 1 − 41 = 43 RD
λH λD
and hence
RH λD ν̃H
= =
RD λH ν̃D
Then, since
me
RH 1+ md me
= me , md =

RD 1+ mp 1+ me RH
−1
mp RD
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 211

and we can calculate md from

me me
md =
 =

me λD me ν̃H
1+ mp λH −1 1+ mp ν̃D −1

9.10939 × 10−31 kg
=

 = 3.3429 × 10−27 kg
9.10939×10−31 kg 82 259.098 cm−1
1 + 1.67262×10−27 kg × 82 281.476 cm−1 − 1

Since I = Rhc,

ID RD ν̃D 82 281.476 cm−1

= = = = 1.000 272
IH RH ν̃H 82 259.098 cm−1

P13.10 If we assume that the innermost electron is a hydrogen-like 1s orbital we may write
a0 52.92 pm
r∗ = [Example 13.3] = = 0.420 pm
Z 126

Solutions to theoretical problems

P13.12 Consider ψ2pz = ψ2,1,0 which extends along the z-axis. The most probable point along the z-axis
is where the radial function has its maximum value (for ψ 2 is also a maximum at that point). From
Table 13.1 we know that

R21 ∝ ρe−ρ/4
dR

and so = 1 − 41 ρ e−ρ/4 = 0 when ρ = 4.
dρ
2a0 2a0
Therefore, r ∗ = , and the point of maximum probability lies at z = ± = ±106 pm
Z Z
Comment. Since the radial portion of a 2p function is the same, the same result would have been
obtained for all of them. The direction of the most probable point would, however, be different.
P13.13 In each case we need to show that

ψ1∗ ψ2 dτ = 0
all space
 ∞  π  2π
?
(a) ψ1s ψ2s r 2 dr sin θ dθ dφ = 0
0 0 0
  1/2
ψ1s = R1,0 Y0,0 1
Y = [Table 12.3]
ψ2s = R2,0 Y0,0 0,0 4π
Since Y0,0 is a constant, the integral over the radial functions determines the orthogonality of
the functions.
 ∞
R1,0 R2,0 r 2 dr
0

2Zr
R1,0 ∝ e−ρ/2 = e−Zr/a0 ρ=
a0
 

−ρ/4 Zr −Zr/2a0 2Zr

R2,0 ∝ (2 − ρ/2)e = 2− e ρ=
a0 a0
212 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

 ∞  ∞  
Zr −Zr/2a0 2
R1,0 R2,0 r 2 dr ∝ e−Zr/a0 2 − e r dr
0 0 a0
 ∞  ∞
−(3/2)Zr/a0 2 Z −(3/2)Zr/a0 3
= 2e r dr − e r dr
0 0 a0
 
2 × 2! Z 3!
=
3 − ×
4 = 0
3 Z a0 3 Z
2 a0 2 a0

Hence, the functions are orthogonal.

(b) We use the px and py orbitals in the form given in Section 13.2(f ), eqn 25

px ∝ x, py ∝ y

Thus
  +∞  +∞  +∞
px py dx dy dz ∝ xy dx dy dz
all space −∞ −∞ −∞

This is an integral of an odd function of x and y over the entire range of variable from −∞ to
+∞, therefore, the integral is zero . More explicitly we may perform the integration using the
orbitals in the form (Section 13.2(f ), eqn 13.25)

px = f (r) sin θ cos φ py = f (r) sin θ sin φ

  ∞  π  2π
px py r 2 dr sin θ dθ dφ = f (r)2 r 2 dr sin2 θ dθ cos φ sin φ dφ
all space 0 0 0

π
The first factor is nonzero since the radial functions are normalized. The second factor is .
2
The third factor is zero. Therefore, the product of the integrals is zero and the functions are
orthogonal.
   
h̄2 d2 2 d
P13.14 − + + Veff R = ER [13.11] (1)
2µ dr 2 r dr
Ze2 l(l + 1)h̄2 Zh̄2 l(l + 1)h̄2
where Veff = − + =− +
4πε0 r 2µr 2 µa0 r 2µr 2
Using ρ = Zr/a0 , the derivative term of the Hamiltonian can be written in the form
 2  2 
d2 2 d Z d 2 d
+ = × + ≡ Dop (2)
dr 2 r dr a0 dρ 2 ρ dρ

To determine E2s and E2p , we will evaluate the left side of (1) and compare the result to the right side.

2s orbital. R2s = N2s (2 − ρ)e−ρ/2 where ρ ≡ Zr/a0 here

   
dR2s −ρ/2 ρ−4 ρ−4
1
= N2s −1 − 2 (2 − ρ) e = N2s e−ρ/2 = R2s
dρ 2 2(2 − ρ)
d2 R2s    ρ  −ρ/2 6−ρ
1 1 −ρ/2 3
= N 2s − (ρ − 4) e = N2s − e = R2s
dρ 2 2 4 2 4 4(2 − ρ)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 213

   2
h̄2 h̄2 6−ρ ρ−4 Z
− Dop R2s = − + × R2s
2µ 2µ 4(2 − ρ) ρ(2 − ρ) a0
     2
h̄2 ρ−8 Z
= − × × R2s
2µ 4ρ a0
 2  2 
Zh̄2 Z h̄ 1
Veff R2s = − R2s = − × R2s
µa0 r a0 µ ρ
   2    
h̄2 Z h̄2 ρ−8 2
− Dop + Veff R2s = × − × + R2s
2µ a0 2µ 4ρ ρ
 
Z 2 h̄2 1
=− R2s
2µa02 4

 
Z 2 h̄2
Therefore E2s = − 41 (3)
2µa02

2p orbital. R2p = N2p ρe−ρ/2 where ρ ≡ Zr/a0 here

dR2p  ρ  −ρ/2 2−ρ
= N2p 1 − e = R2p
dρ 2 2ρ
d2 R2p 
ρ  −ρ/2 ρ−4
1 1
= N 2p − 2 − 2 1 − e = R2p
dρ 2 2 4ρ
   2
h̄2 h̄2 ρ − 4 4 − 2ρ Z
− Dop R2p = − + × R2p
2µ 2µ 4ρ 2ρ 2 a0
   
h̄2 ρ 2 − 8ρ + 8 Z 2
=− × R2p
2µ 4ρ 2 a0
        2  2  
Zh̄2 h̄2 Z 2 h̄2 1 Z h̄ 1
Veff R2p = − + 2 R2p = − × + × R2p
µa0 r µr a0 µ ρ a0 µ ρ2
 2  

Z h̄2 2(ρ − 1)
= × − × R2p
a0 2µ ρ2
   2    
h̄2 Z h̄2 ρ 2 − 8ρ + 8 2(ρ − 1)
− Dop + Veff R2p = × − × + R2p
2µ a0 2µ 4ρ 2 ρ2
   
Z 2 h̄2 ρ 2 Z 2 h̄2 1
=− R 2p = − R2p
2µa02 4ρ 2 2µa02 4

 
Z 2 h̄2
Therefore E2p = − 41 (4)
2µa02

Comparison of eqns (3) and (4) reveals that E2s = E2p .

214 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL


P13.15 (a) We must show that |ψ3px |2 dτ = 1. The integrations are most easily performed in spherical
coordinate (Fig. 11).

 2ππ ∞
   
ψ3p 2 dτ = ψ3p 2 r 2 sin(θ ) dr dθ dφ
x x

0 0 0
2ππ ∞  2
 
= R31 (ρ) Y1−1√− Y11  r 2 sin(θ ) dr dθ dφ (Table 13.1, eqn 13.25)
 2 
0 0 0
where ρ = 2r/a0 , r = ρa0 /2, dr = (a0 /2) dρ.
 
2ππ ∞
a 3     3/2  
1 0  1 1 1 −ρ/6
=  4 − ρ ρe
2 2  27(6)1/2 a0 3
0 0 0
  2
3 1/2 

× 2 sin(θ ) cos(φ)  ρ 2 sin(θ ) dρ dθ dφ
8π 

2ππ ∞  2
1  
=  4 − 1 ρ ρe−ρ/6 sin(θ ) cos(φ) ρ 2 sin(θ ) dρ dθ dφ
46 656π  3 
0 0 0
2π π ∞ 
1 1 2
= 2
cos (φ) dφ 3
sin (θ ) dθ 4 − ρ ρ 4 e−ρ/3 dρ
46 656π 3
0 0 0
      
π 4/3 34992
=1 Thus, ψ3px is normalized to 1.

We must also show that ψ3px ψ3dxy dτ = 0
Using Tables 12.3 and 13.1, we find that
 3/2  
1 1 1
ψ3px = 4 − ρ ρe−ρ/6 sin(θ ) cos(φ)
54(2π)1/2 a0 3
 
Y22 − Y2−2
ψ3dxy = R32 √
2i
 3/2
1 1
= ρ 2 e−ρ/6 sin2 (θ ) sin(2φ)
32(2π)1/2 a0

where ρ = 2r/a0 , r = ρa0 /2, dr = (a0 /2)dρ.

 ∞ 2π π
5 −ρ/3
ψ3px ψ3dxy dτ = constant × ρ e dρ cos(φ) sin(2φ)dφ sin4 (θ )dθ
0 0 0
  
0

Since the integral equals zero, ψ3px and ψ3dxy are orthogonal.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 215

(b) Radial nodes are determined by finding the ρ values (ρ = 2r/a0 ) for which the radial wave-
function equals zero. These values are the roots of the polynomial portion of the wavefunction.
√ √
For the 3s orbital 6 − 6ρ + ρ 2 = 0 when ρnode = 3 + 3 and ρnode = 3 − 3 .
The 3s orbital has these two spherically symmetrical modes. There is no node at ρ = 0 so we
conclude that there is a finite probability of finding a 3s electron at the nucleus.
For the 3px orbital (4 − ρ)(ρ) = 0 when ρnode = 0 and ρnode = 4 .
There is a zero probability of finding a 3px electron at the nucleus.
For the 3dxy orbital ρnode = 0 is the only radial node.
 
(c) r3s = |R10 Y00 |2 r dτ = |R10 Y00 |2 r 3 sin(θ ) dr dθ dφ
∞ 2ππ
2 3
= R10 r dr |Y00 |2 sin(θ ) dθ dφ
0 0 0
  
1
∞
2
a0
= 6 − 2ρ + ρ 2 /9 ρ 3 e−ρ/3 dρ
3 888
0
  
52488
27a0
r3s =
2
(d) Radial distribution functions of atomic hydrogen
0.12

3dxy 3px
0.1

3s

0.08
r 2R2a0

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
r /a0 Figure 13.3(a)
The plot shows that the 3s orbital has larger values of the radial distribution function for r <
a0 . This penetration of inner core electrons of multi-electron atoms means that a 3s electron
216 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

experiences a larger effective nuclear charge and, consequently, has a lower energy than either a
3px or 3dxy electron. This reasoning also lead us to conclude that a 3px electron has less energy
than a 3dxy electron.

E3s < E3px < E3dxy .

(e) Polar plots with θ = 90◦

The s Orbital
90
120 60

150 30

180 0
00.20.40.60.8

210 330

240 300
270

The p Orbital
90
120 60

150 30

180 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

210 330

240 300
270

The d Orbital
90
120 60

150 30

180 0
0 0.2 0.4

210 330

240 300
270
Figure 13.3(b)
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 217

Boundary surface plots

s - Orbital boundary surface p - Orbital boundary surface

d - Orbital boundary surface f - Orbital boundary surface

Figure 13.3(c)

Ze2 1
P13.20 The attractive Coulomb force = ·
4π ε0 r 2
(angular momentum)2 (nh̄)2
The repulsive centrifugal force = = [postulated]
me r 3 me r 3
The two forces balance when
Ze2 1 n2 h̄2 4π n2 h̄2 ε0
× 2 = , implying that r=
4πε0 r me r 3 Ze2 me
The total energy is
(angular momentum)2 Ze2 1 n2 h̄2 Ze2
E = EK + V = − × = − [postulated]
2I 4π ε0 r 2me r 2 4π ε0 r
   2    
n2 h̄2 Ze2 me Ze2 Ze2 me Z 2 e 4 me 1
= × − × = − × 2
2me 4πn h̄ ε0
2 2 4π ε0 4π n h̄ ε0
2 2 32π ε0 h̄
2 2 2 n
218 INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

P13.21 (a) The trajectory is defined, which is not allowed according to quantum mechanics.
(b) The angular momentum of a three-dimensional system is given by {l(l + 1)}1/2 h̄, not by nh̄. In
the Bohr model, the ground state possesses orbital angular momentum (nh̄, with n = 1), but
the actual ground state has no angular momentum (l = 0). Moreover, the distribution of the
electron is quite different in the two cases. The two models can be distinguished experimentally
by (a) showing that there is zero orbital angular momentum in the ground state (by examining
its magnetic properties) and (b) examining the electron distribution (such as by showing that the
electron and the nucleus do come into contact, Chapter 18).
P13.25 Justification 13.5 noted that the transition dipole moment, µfi had to be non-zero for a transition to
be allowed. The Justification examined conditions that allowed the z component of this quantity to
be non-zero; now examine the x and y components.
 
µx,fi = −e 6f ∗ x6i dτ and µy,fi = −e 6f ∗ y6i dτ

As in the Justification, express the relevant Cartesian variables in terms of the spherical harmonics,
Yl,m . Start by expressing them in spherical polar coordinates:
x = r sin θ cos φ and y = r sin θ sin φ.
Note that Y1,1 and Y1,−1 have factors of sin θ . They also contain complex exponentials that can be
related to the sine and cosine of φ through the identities (eqns FI1.20 and FI1.21)
cos φ = 1/2(eiφ + e−iφ ) and sin φ =1/2i(eiφ −e−iφ ).
These relations motivate us to try linear combinations Y1,1 +Y1,−1 and Y1,1 +Y1,−1 (form Table 12.3;
note c here corresponds to the normalization constant in the table):
Y1,1 + Y1,−1 = −c sin θ (eiφ + e−iφ ) = −2c sin θ cos φ = −2cx/r,
so x = −(Y1,1 + Y1,−1 )r/2c;
Y1,1 − Y1,−1 = c sin θ (eiφ − e−iφ ) = 2ic sin θ sin φ = 2icy/r,
so y = (Y1,1 − Y1,−1 )r/2ic.
Now we can express the integrals in terms of radial wavefunctions Rn,l and spherical harmonics Yl,ml
∞ π 2π
e
µx,fi = 2
Rnf ,lf rRni ,li r dr Y ∗ lf ,mlf (Y1,1 + Y1,−1 )Yli ,mli sin θ dθ dφ.
2c
0 0 0

The angular integral can be broken into two, one of which contains Y1,1 and the other Y1,−1 . According
to the “triple integral” relation below Table 12.3, the integral
π 2π
Y ∗ lf ,mlf Y1,1 Yli ,mli sin θ dθ dφ
0 0

vanishes unless lf = li ± 1 and mf = mi ± 1. The integral that contains Y1,−1 introduces no further
constraints; it vanishes unless lf = li ± 1 and mlf = mli ± 1. Similarly, the y component introduces
no further constraints, for it involves the same spherical harmonics as the x component. The whole
set of selection rules, then, is that transitions are allowed only if

.l = ±1 and .ml = 0 or ± 1 .
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC SPECTRA 219

P13.26 (a) The speed distribution in the molecular beam is related to the speed distribution within the
chamber by a factor of v cos θ as shown in Fig. 13.4. Since an integration over all possible θ
must be performed, the cos θ factor may be absorbed into the constant of proportionality.

fbeam (v) = Cvfchamber (v) where C is to be determined

Molecular beam
Chamber

Figure 13.4

By normalization over the possible beam speeds (0 < vbeam < ∞)


fbeam = Cv v 2 e−(mv /2kT )
2

= Cv 3 e−(mv /2kT )
2

 ∞  ∞  
3 −(mv 2 /2kT ) 1
fbeam dv = 1 = C v e dv = C
v=0 v=0 2(m/2kT )2
2
C = 2(m/2kT )
 ∞ 
v fbeam (v) dv = C v 5 e−(mv /2kT ) dv
2 2 2
v  =
v=0
 
1 (m/2kT )2
=C = 2
(m/2kT )3 (m/2kT )3
4kT
=
m
 
m 2 m 4kT
EK  = v  = = 2kT
2 2 m
 
2µB L2 dB
(b) .x =
4EK dz
dB 4EK .x 4(2kT ).x
or = =
dz 2µB L 2 2µB L2
4kT .x
=
µ B L2
4(1.3807 × 10−23 J K−1 ) × (1000 K) × (1.00 × 10−3 m)
=
(9.27402 × 10−24 J T−1 ) × (50 × 10−2 m)2
dB
= 23.8 T m−1
dz