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Chapter 3 Nature Of Cells Objectives List the main points of the cell theory. Describe the chief structural features of the cell membrane. Describe the organelles of a typical cell. Explain the functions of the cell nucleus. Discuss the nature and importance of the genetic code. Summarize the process of protein synthesis.

CELLS: THE SMALLEST UNITS OF LIFE Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. Most cells are too small to see with naked eye - so how were they discovered??? 1665 - R. Hooke (Br) - named cells 1675 - von Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) - used microscope to view living cells Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 1838 Schleiden plants 1839 Schwann - animals 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of an organism 3. Cells are produced only from other living cells 1858 - Virchow Cell Diversity Cells come in a variety of sizes and shapes. Form follows function. Size variety Longest (giraffe) up to 2m Largest (birds) eggs Most - .2 50micrometers (microscope needed) Shape variety

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Most - .2 50micrometers (microscope needed) Shape variety Examples are: Nerve cells long web-like projections for communication Skin cells flat for covering What limits cells size? Cells are small because of limitations involving transport of materials. The surface area to volume ratio determines the efficiency with which materials and information are transported between the cells interior and exterior. However, as a cell increases in size, volume (length3) increases faster than surface area (length2) increases. Surface area-volume ratio As an object grows in size, the volume increases faster than the surface area increases Common Characteristics of Cells All cells share certain structural characteristics : cell (plasma) membrane- membrane surrounding cell cytoplasm- material inside cell (contains organelles in some cells) ribosomes-structures where protein is made DNA- genetic code, codes for protein All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

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Types of Cells Cells and organisms are divided into two groups based upon the presence or absence of a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles Prokaryotes Single celled organisms; ex. bacteria Lack true nucleus; circular DNA Reproduce asexually (binary fission) Lack internal organization Types of Cells Eukaryotes

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Types of Cells Eukaryotes true nucleus membrane-bound organelles paired chromosomes Parts of the Cell Cell Membrane The envelope that makes up the outer surface of a cell is called the plasma membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable which means that the membrane keeps out some molecules, but allows others to pass. Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers. The cell membrane has two major functions. forms a boundary between inside and outside of the cell controls passage of materials Structure of the Cell Membrane The membrane is made up of two main groups of organic molecules: phospholipids and proteins. This model of the cell membrane = fluid mosaic model. Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer in which there are polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions. Membrane Proteins Peripheral (extrinsic) Proteins Located inside membrane and outside cell Integral (intrinsic) Proteins Are embedded in membrane and are exposed on both sides of membrane proteins function as channels, receptors and markers. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc Organelles Organelles: internal membrane-bound structures with various functions necessary for the operation of the cell. Organelles are located in the cytoplasm

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are located in the cytoplasm Cytosol fluid portion of the cytoplasm; contains dissolved materials and organelles Mitochondria Mitochondria are the energy-releasing organelles. Two membranes Own set of DNA Cellular respiration Organelles Ribosomes Made of RNA and protein Found free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum. Not membrane - bound Site of protein synthesis Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) system of membranes transports materials within the cell there are two types: rough - contain ribosomes - make proteins smooth - little or no ribosomes - make lipids Organelles Golgi apparatus The packaging and distribution center of the cell. Works with ER to prepare materials for export out of the cell Golgi and ER Organelles Nucleus directs all cell activities and stores the cells DNA. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope DNA and protein organized into chromatin (during normal

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DNA and protein organized into chromatin (during normal periods) and into chromosomes (before cell division) DNA is rewritten as RNA which leaves through nuclear pores Ribosomes are assembled (in nucleolus) Organelles Peroxisomes neutralize potentially dangerous molecules within the cell. Lysosomes digest and recycle the cells used components.
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Organelles Cytoskeleton supports and shapes cell helps position and transport organelles provides strength assists in cell division aids in cell movement Microfilaments cell movement and muscle contraction Microtubules Form spindle fiber when cell divides provide support Flagella or Cilia Used for movement. Movement in single-celled organisms Line respiratory tract in mammals Sperm cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--NXZCX9VPA Plant cells Cell Wall Outside cell membrane Made of cellulose (only in plants)

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Made of cellulose (only in plants) Used for support Vacuoles Plant cells have a central vacuole to store wastes and water; also helps support plant. Plant cells Plastids Store starch or fats, or contain pigments Chloroplast Surrounded by double membrane and contain DNA enable algae and plants to capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make sugars. PLANT CELLS VS ANIMAL CELLS

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Multicellular Organization True multicellularity occurs only in eukaryotes Multicellularity implies that different cells are using different genes. In multicellular organisms, cells of common types are organized into tissues, which are organized into organs which are organized into systems Example Nerve Cellnerve tissuebrainnervous system Systems in an organism interact to perform all of the functions necessary to life DNA/Genetic Code Codes for proteins Codes for our characteristics/traits Protein Synthesis DNA RNA Protein RNA formation happens in the nucleus of the cell and is called transcription Protein formation occurs in the ribosomes and is called

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transcription Protein formation occurs in the ribosomes and is called translation. mRNA carries RNA out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes tRNA correctly aligns amino acids to form a protein. Has an anticodon that binds to a codon on the mRNA strand.
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Convert DNA strand to RNA ATTGCACG

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How many codons are in this RNA strand? UUAGCTAGC

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What are the amino acids coded for? UUAGCC

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9dhO0iCLww