Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc

.
S n _ k u - 1 -
S gio dc & o to ngh an
Trng THPT din chu 4
............................................
ti sng kin kinh nghim
Nm hc 2006-2007
........................................
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc
v xy dng mt s bt ng thc.
Ngi vit: Sn _ Ku
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 2 -
I. L do chn ti
gii c mt bi ton th iu quan trng nht l chng ta phi la chn
c phng php gii bi ton .Cc bi ton c bit l cc bi ton v
bt ng thc rt a dng v phong ph v th cc phng php chng min h
bt ng thc rt nhiu;vic lc chn phng php chng minh mt bt
ng thc l rt kh khn. i vi hc sinh THPT a s cc em ngi khi gp
cc bi ton v bt ng thc nhng cc em hc kh,gii th li rt thch th
v say m vi cc bi ton v bt ng thc.Cc bi ton v bt ng thc
ging nh l khng th thiu trong cc thi i hc,cao ng, thi hc
sinh gii.
Bt ng thc l vn c rt nhiu ngi yu ton quan tm. Ti cng l
mt ngi yu ton v th Ti lun lun hc hi v tm kim cc phng php
chng minh bt ng thc.Sau khi chng minh c mt bt ng thc Ti
lun t ra cu hi : Ti sao li c bt ng thc ny;Liu t bt ng thc
ny c th xy dng c cc bt ng thc khc c lin quan hay khng?.
Sau khi cng vi hc sinh gii c mt bi ton c bit l bi ton bt ng
thc Ti lun khuyn khch v yu cu cc em xy dng cc bt ng thc
mi c lin quan vi bt ng thc . Cch lm ny gip cc em nhn nhn
bi ton mt cch su sc hn ng thi pht trin c t duy sng to
cho hc sinh.Vic ra cc ton l rt quan trng trong qu trnh ging dy
mn Ton.
V vy ti chn ti: Mt phng php chng minh bt ng
thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 3 -
II.Ni dung
chng minh A>B trong mt s trng hp ta c th ngh n phng php
sau:Tm C sau chng minh A >C v C>B .Nhng vn quan trng l
tm C. tm C nhiu khi ta phi m mm,d o n,da vo mt phng php
c bit,...Trong bi vit ny Ti s a ra mt kinh ngim tm C da vo
mt phng php c bit.
Sau khi chng minh c mt bt ng thc ta nn th xem liu c th xy
dng c mt s bt ng thc khc t bt ng thc hay khng hoc da
vo li gii ta c th xy dng cc bt ng thc khc hay khng?Sau y
ti mun minh ho nhng vn trn.
Trc ht ta chng minh cc b sau:
B 1. Trong 3 s bt k x
1
,x
2
,x
3
lun tn ti hai s x
i
,x
j
(i v j thuc
tp { ; 3 ; 2 ; 1 ) sao cho:

>
>
a x
a x
j
i
hoc

s
s
a x
a x
j
i
(a l s thc bt k)
Chng minh:Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s x
1
sx
2
sx
3
Nu x
2
sa th x
1
sa v x
2
sa,ta c iu phi chng minh.
Nu x
2
>a th x
2
>a v x
3
>a ,ta c iu phi chng minh.
B 2. Nu

>
>
a y
a x
hoc

s
s
a y
a x
th xy >a(x+y)-a
2
.
Chng minh:T gi thit ta c: (x-a)(y-a) >0 hay xy>a(x+y)-a
2
(pcm)
Vn dng hai b ny chng minh mt s bt ng
thc(Cc v d)
V d 1.Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng .Chng minh rng ta lun c
bt ng thc: xyz+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8 > 5(x+y+z).ng thc xy ra khi no.
(Bi I-3 ca chuyn mc Cho IMO 2007 t 1 ca Tp ch Ton hc v tui
tr s 357 thng 3 nm 2007)
Chng minh:
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
1
1
y
x
hoc

s
s
1
1
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c
xy>x+y-1 xyz >xz+yz-z (v z >0 )
xyz+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8>xz+yz-z+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8 (1)
Ta s chng minh: xz+yz-z+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8 > 5(x+y+z) (2)
Tht vy:
(2) :(y+z-2)
2
+(x+z-2)
2
+3(x-1)
2
+3(y-1)
2
+2(z-1)
2
>0 ,ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra: xyz+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8 > 5(x+y+z) (iu phi chng minh)
ng thc trong trng hp ny xy ra khi x=y=z=1.
Vy ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 4 -
Nhn xt.Ta c th chng minh (2) nh nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai
nh sau:
(2) :2z
2
+(x+y-6)z+2x
2
+2y
2
-5x-5y+8>0 (3)
Xem v tri ca (3) l tam thc bc hai n z c a=2>0 v
A
z
=(x+y-6)
2
-8(2x
2
+2y
2
-5x-5y+8)
A
z
=-15x
2
+2(y+14)x-15y
2
+28y-28
Xem A
z
l tam thc bc hai n x c a=-15<0 v
'
x
A =(y+14)
2
-(-15)(-15y
2
+28y-28)
=-224(y-1)
2
s0,vi mi y
Do A
z
s0,vi mi x,y
Vy (3) ng vi mi x,y,z (pcm)
Nhn xt 1. Trong v d trn A= xyz+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8; B=5(x+y+z);
C= xz+yz-z+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+8
Nhn xt 2.Sau khi gii c bi ton trn Ti th xem liu c th tm C
i vi bi ton sau (v d 2) bng cch tng t nh v d 1 c khng?
V d 2. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m.Chng minh rng ta lun
c bt ng thc: 5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+3xyz+9 >9(xy+yz+zx)
Chng minh:
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
1
1
y
x
hoc

s
s
1
1
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c
xy>x+y-1 3xyz >3xz+3yz-3z (v z >0 )
5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+3xyz+9 >5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+3xz+3yz-3z+9 (1)
Ta s chng minh: 5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+3xz+3yz-3z+9 >9(xy+yz+zx) (2)
Tht vy:
(2) : 5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+9 >9xy+6yz+6zx+3z
M theo bt ng thc C si ta c:
3z=3
3 3
1 . 1 . z s z
3
+1+1 (3)
3xz=3
3 3 3
1 . .z x s x
3
+z
3
+1 6xz s 2x
3
+2z
3
+2 (4)
3yz=3
3
3 3
1 . .z y s y
3
+z
3
+1 6yz s 2y
3
+2z
3
+2 (5)
3xy=3
3
3 3
1 . .y x s x
3
+y
3
+1 9xy s 3x
3
+3y
3
+3 (6)
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc cng chiu (3),(4),(5) v (6) ta c
5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+9 >9xy+6yz+6zx+3z.
T (1) v (2) suy ra 5(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+3xyz+9 >9(xy+yz+zx)(iu phi chng
minh)
Nhn xt 2.1.T hai v d trn ti nh hng xy dng cc bt ng
thc mi nh sau:
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 5 -
Hng 2.1. T v d 2 ta c Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m v vai
tr x,y,z bnh ng khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s :
xy>x+y-1 xyz >xz+yz-z (v z >0 )
Do xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) >xz+yz-z+ m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).T ta s c bt ng thc
dngNu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m th
xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p>n(x+y+z).ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1khi ta chn
c m,n,p sao cho bt ng thc:xz+yz-z+ m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p>n(x+y+z) (*)
ng vi mi x,y,z.ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1.
Sau y l cch chn m,n,p sao cho (*) ng vi mi x,y,z v ng thc xy ra
khi x=y=z=1.
Ta c: (*) :mz
2
+(x+y-n-1)z+mx
2
+my
2
-nx-ny+p>0
Da vo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai ta chn m,n,p sao cho
1
, , 0
2
1
0
=

e s A
+

>
R y x
m
n y x
m
z
khi x=y=1 :

e s A
+ =
>
R y x
m n
m
z
, , 0
1 2
0
Trong A
z
=(x+y-n-1)
2
-4m(mx
2
+my
2
-nx-ny+p)
Thay n=2m+1 vo A
z
v rt gn,ta c
A
z
=(1-4m
2
)x
2
+2(y+4m
2
-2)x+(1-4m
2
)y
2
+4(2m
2
-1)y+4(m+1)
2
-4mp
Suy ra
A
z
s0
:(1-4m
2
)x
2
+2(y+4m
2
-2)x+(1-4m
2
)y
2
+4(2m
2
-1)y+4(m+1)
2
-4mps0 (**)
Ta cn chn m,p sao cho (**) ng vi mi x,y v ng thc xy ra khi
x=y=1.Da vo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai ta chn m,p tho mn
1
, 0
) 4 1 ( 2
) 2 4 ( 2
0 4 1
'
2
2
2
=

e s A

+
<
R y
m
m y
m
x
khi y=1 :

e s A
<
R y
m
x
, 0
0 4 1
'
2
trong
'
x
A =(y+4m
2
-2)
2
-(1-4m
2
)[ (1-4m
2
)y
2
+4(2m
2
-1)y+4(m+1)
2
-4mp]
'
x
A s0
:2m
2
(1-2m
2
)y
2
-4m
2
(1-2m
2
)y+(2m
2
-1)
2
-(1-4m
2
)(m
2
+2m+1-mp) s0(***)
Ta cn chn m,p sao cho (***) ng vi mi y v ng thc xy ra khi y=1.
Da vo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai ta chn m,p tho mn

=
= A

<
1
0
) 2 1 ( 4
) 2 1 ( 4
0 ) 2 1 ( 2
'
2 2
2 2
2 2
y
m m
m m
m m
:

= A
<
0
0 2 1
'
2
y
m
trong
'
y
A =[2m
2
(1-2m
2
)]
2
-2m
2
(1-2m
2
)[(2m
2
-1)
2
-(1-4m
2
)(m
2
+2m+1-mp)]
=2m
3
(1-2m
2
)(1-4m
2
)(3m+2-p)
Suy ra:Nu 1-2m
2
<0 th
'
y
A =0:p=3m+2
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 6 -
Do (*) ng vi mi x,y,z nu m,n,p tho mn

+ =
<
<
+ =
>
2 3
0 2 1
0 4 1
1 2
0
2
2
m p
m
m
m n
m
:

+ =
+ =
>
2 3
1 2
2
2
m p
m n
m
Do ta c bt ng thc Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+3m+2 >(2m+1)(x+y+z).ng thc xy ra khi
x=y=z=1.Trong m l s thc cho trc v m>
2
2

Nhn xt 2.1.1. Khi m=

2
2
th bt ng thc Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng
m xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+3m+2 >(2m+1)(x+y+z) vn ng.
Vy ta c bt ng thc: Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+3m+2 >(2m+1)(x+y+z) (1.1)
trong m l s thc cho trc v m>
2
2

Hng 2.2.Chn m,n,p c bt ng thcNu x,y,z l cc s thc

khng m th xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p>n(xy+yz+zx) .ng thc xy ra khi
x=y=z=1.
T hng 2.1 nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m v vai tr x,y,z bnh ng
khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s: xyz >xz+yz-z
Suy ra : xyz+m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
) >xz+yz-z+ m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
).
Ta s chn m,n,p sao cho bt ng thc:
xz+yz-z+ m(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p>n(xy+yz+zx)(*) ng vi mi x,y,z. ng thc xy
ra khi x=y=z=1.
Ta chn m,n,p (bng cch lm tng t hng 2.1) nh sau:
Ta c: (*) :mz
2
+[(1-n)x+(1-n)y-1]z+mx
2
+my
2
-nxy+p>0
Chn m,n,p sao cho
1
, , 0
2
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
=

e s A
+

>
R y x
m
y n x n
m
z
khi x=y=1 :

e s A

=
>
R y x
n
m
m
z
, , 0
2
1 2
0
Trong A
z
=[(1-n)x+(1-n)y-1]
2
-4m(mx
2
+my
2
-nxy+p)
Thay m=
2
1 2 n
vo A
z
v rt gn,ta c
A
z
=n(2-3n)x
2
+2[(3n
2
-3n+1)y+n-1]x+n(2-3n)y
2
-2(1-n)y+1-2(2n-1)p
Chn n,p tho mn:
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 7 -
1
, 0
) 3 2 ( 2
] 1 ) 1 3 3 [( 2
0 ) 3 2 (
'
2
=

e s A

+ +

<
R y
n n
n y n n
n n
x
khi y=1 :

e s A
<
R y
n n
x
, 0
0 ) 3 2 (
'
trong
'
x
A =[(3n
2
-3n+1)y+n-1]
2
-n(2-3n)[n(2-3n)y
2
-2(1-n)y+1-2(2n-1)p]
=(1-n)(6n
2
-5n+1)y
2
-2(1-n)(6n
2
-5n+1)y+4n
2
-4n+1+2n(2-3n)(2n-1)p
Chn n,p tho mn

=
= A
+
+

< +
1
0
) 1 5 6 )( 1 ( 2
) 1 5 6 )( 1 ( 2
0 ) 1 5 6 )( 1 (
'
2
2
2
y
n n n
n n n
n n n
:

= A
< +
0
0 ) 1 5 6 )( 1 (
'
2
y
n n n
trong
'
y
A =[(1-n)(6n
2
-5n+1)]
2
-(1-n)(6n
2
-5n+1)[4n
2
-4n+1+2n(2-3n)(2n-1)p]
=n(1-n)(2-3n)(2n-1)(6n
2
-5n+1)(1-2p)
Suy ra:Nu m=
2
1 2 n
>0,n(2-3n)<0,(1-n)(6n
2
-5n+1)<0 th
'
y
A =0:p=
2
1
Do (*) ng vi mi x,y,z nu m,n,p tho mn

=
< +
<

=
>
2
1
0 ) 1 5 6 )( 1 (
0 ) 3 2 (
2
1 2
0
2
p
n n n
n n
n
m
m
:

=
>
2
1
2
1 2
1
p
n
m
n
Do ta c bt ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
xyz+
2
1 2 n
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+
2
1
>n(xy+yz+zx).ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1.Trong
n l s thc cho trc v n>1
Nhn xt 2.2.2.Khi n=1 th bt ng thc
Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
xyz+
2
1 2 n
(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+
2
1
>n(xy+yz+zx) vn ng.
Vy ta c bt ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
2xyz+(2n-1) (x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+1>2n(xy+yz+zx) (2.1).
Trong n l s thc cho trc v n>1
Hng 2.3.T (1.1) v (2.1) (Nhn hai v ca (1.1) vi p(p ) 0 > ,nhn hai
v ca (2.1) vi q(q 0 > ) ri cng theo v hai bt ng thc cng chiu va thu
c) suy ra bt ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
(p+2q)xyz+(mp+2nq-q)(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+3mp+2p+q
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 8 -
>(2mp+p)(x+y+z)+2nq(xy+yz+zx),trong m>
2
2
,n>1, 0 , 0 > > q p (3.1)
Nhn xt 2.3.1. Ta c bt ng thcNu t l s thc dng th t

+ -1> t,
trong l s thc v >1.ng thc xy ra khi t=1.
Chng minh:Xt hm s f(t)= 1 +

t t ,vi t ) ; 0 ( + e
f

(t)= ) 1 (
1 1
=

t t
f

(t)=0 1 0 1 0 ) 1 (
1 1
= : = : = :

t t t

Bng bin thin

T bng bin thin suy ra: 0 ) ( > t f vi mi t ) ; 0 ( + e
Hay t

+ -1> t,vi mi t ) ; 0 ( + e
ng thc xy ra khi t=1(iu phi chng minh).
p dng bt ng thc ny ta c:Nu x,y,z l cc s thc dng bt k th
2
x + -1> x
2
2
y + -1> y
2
2
z + -1> z
2
,trong l s thc v >1
Suy ra: x
2
+y
2
+z
2
s

3 3
2 2 2
+ + + z y x
, trong l s thc v >1 (*)
T (3.1) v (*) suy ra
Nu x,y,z l ba s thc dng th
(p+2q)xyz+(mp+2nq-q) (x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+2 (3mp+3nq+p-q)-
3(mp+2nq-q) > (2mp+p)(x+y+z)+2 nq(xy+yz+zx),trong m >
2
2
,n>1,
0 , 0 > > q p , >1. (3.2)
Nhn xt 2.3.2.c bit ho 3.1,chng hn chn m=p=q=1,n=
2
3
ta c bt
ng thc: Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
xyz+x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+2>x+y+z+xy+yz+zx
Nhn xt 2.3.3.c bit ho 3.2,chng hn chn m=n=p=1,q=0, =2 ta c bt
ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l ba s thc dng th 2xyz+x
4
+y
4
+z
4
+13>6(x+y+z)
Hng 2.4.
2.4.1.Tng t trn nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m v vai tr x,y,z bnh
ng khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 9 -
xyz > xz+yz-z :xyz+xy+z >xy+yz+zx
M theo bt ng thc Csi ta c:
x
2
+1>2 1 .
2
x =2x(V x >0)
y
2
+z
2
>2
2 2
z y =2yz (V y,z >0)
Suy ra
z + xy s
2
1
2
+ z
+
2
2 2
y x +
=
2
1
2 2 2
+ + + z y x
Do xyz+
2
1
2 2 2
+ + + z y x
> xyz+xy+z
Vy ta c bt ng thc: Nu x,y,z l ba s thc khng m th
2xyz+ x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+1>2(xy+yz+zx).ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1
2.4.2.Tng t trn nu x,y,z,t l cc s thc khng m v vai tr ca x,y,z,t
bnh ng th ta c th gi s
xy>x+y-1 xyzt >xzt+yzt-zt (V zt 0 > )
xyzt+zt +xyz+xyt >xzt+yzt+xyz+xyt
M theo bt ng thc C si ta c
z
3
+t
3
+1>3
3 3 3
t z =3zt
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
>3
3
3 3 3
z y x =3xyz
x
3
+y
3
+ t
3
>3
3
3 3 3
t y x =3xyt
Suy ra
zt +xyz+xyt s
3
1
3 3
+ + t z
+
3
3 3 3
z y x + +
+
3
3 3 3
t y x + +
=
3
1 ) ( 2
3 3 3 3
+ + + + t z y x
Do : xyzt +
3
1 ) ( 2
3 3 3 3
+ + + + t z y x
> xyzt+zt+xyz+xyt
Vy ta c bt ng thc
Nu x,y,z,t l cc s thc khng m th
3xyzt+2(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+t
2
)+1>3(xzt+yzt+xyz+xyt).ng thc xy ra khi
x=y=z=t=1
2.4.3.Bng cch lm tng t ta c bt ng thc
Nu x
1
,x
2
,x
n
l cc s thc khng m th
(n-1)
[
=
n
i
i
x
1
+(n-2)
_
=

n
i
n
i
x
1
1
+1>(n-1)
_ [
= = =
n
j
n
j i i
i
x
1 , 1
,neN,n>3 (4.1)
(Trong
[
=
n
i
i
x
1
=x
1
x
2
...x
n
;
[
= =
n
j i i
i
x
, 1
=x
1
...x
j-1
x
j+1
...x
n
)
Hng 2.5. Tng t trn nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m v vai tr
x,y,z bnh ng khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s
xy>x+y-1 xyz >xz+yz-z xyz+z+xy >xz+yz +xy
(xyz)
n
+z(xyz)
n-1
+xy(xyz)
n-1
> (xyz)
n-1
(xy+yz+zx),neN
*
M theo bt ng thc C si ta c
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 10
-
x
3n-1
+x
3n-1
+...+x
3n-1
+y
3n-1
+y
3n-1
+...+y
3n-1
+z
3n-1
+z
3n-1
+...+z
3n-1
+1
n-1 s hng n-1 s hng n s hng
>(3n-1)
1 3
1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
) ( ) ( ) (

n
n n n n n n
z y x =(3n-1)z(xyz)
n-1
x
3n-1
+x
3n-1
+...+x
3n-1
+y
3n-1
+y
3n-1
+...+y
3n-1
+z
3n-1
+z
3n-1
+...+z
3n-1
n s hng n s hng n-1 s hng
>(3n-1)
1 3
1 1 3 1 3 1 3
) ( ) ( ) (

n
n n n n n n
z y x =(3n-1)xy(xyz)
n-1
Suy ra
z(xyz)
n-1
+xy(xyz)
n-1
s
1 3
1 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 3 1 3 1 3

+ + +

n
nz y n x n
n n n
+
1 3
) 1 (
1 3 1 3 1 3

+ +

n
z n ny nx
n n n
=
1 3
1 ) )( 1 2 (
1 3 1 3 1 3

+ + +

n
z y x n
n n n
Do : (xyz)
n
+
1 3
1 ) )( 1 2 (
1 3 1 3 1 3

+ + +

n
z y x n
n n n
>(xyz)
n
+z(xyz)
n-1
+xy(xyz)
n-1
Vy ta c bt ng thc
Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m th
(3n-1)(xyz)
n
+(2n-1)(x
3n-1
+y
3n-1
+z
3n-1
) +1>(3n-1)(xyz)
n-1
(xy+yz+zx).ng
thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1(Trong neN
*
) (5.1)
Nhn xt 3.T hai v d trn,Ti vn dng phng php gii cc bi
ton sau (cc v d )
V d 3.Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1.Chng
minh rng: 4(xy+yz+zx) s 1+9xyz.ng thc xy ra khi no.
Chng minh
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
3
1
3
1
y
x
hoc

s
s
3
1
3
1
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c:
9xy>3x+3y-1 9xyz >3xz+3yz-z (v z >0 )
1+9xyz > 1+3xz+3yz-z (1)
Ta s chng minh: 1+3xz+3yz-z > 4(xy+yz+zx) (2)
Tht vy:
(2) :1> z+z(x+y)+4xy
:1> z+z(1-z)+4xy (V x+y+z=1)
: (1-z)
2
> 4xy
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 11
-
: (x+y)
2
> 4xy (V x+y+z=1)
: (x-y)
2
> 0 , ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra 4(xy+yz+zx) s 1+9xyz (iu phi chng minh)
Trong trng hp ny ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=
3
1
hoc x=y=
2
1
,z=0
Do ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=
3
1
hoc x=y=
2
1
,z=0 hoc x=z=
2
1
,y=0
hoc z=y=
2
1
,x=0.
Nhn xt 3.1.
3.1.1.Trong v d 3 thay x,y,z ln lt bi
k
c
k
b
k
a
, , (k l s thc dng),ta c
bt ng thc:Nu a,b,c l cc s thc khng m tho mn a+b+c=k th
4k(ab+bc+ca) sk
3
+ 9abc,trong k l s thc dng
3.1.2.Da vo V d 3 ta c th chng minh bt ng thc :
Nu a,b,c l cc s thc khng m th (a+b-c)(b+c-a)(c+a-b) s abc (1) nh
sau:D thy (1) ng khi a=b=c=0.
Nu mt trong ba s a,b,c dng th a+b+c=k > 0
t a=kx,b=ky,c=kz,ta c x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1
v (1) tr thnh (kx+ky-kz)(ky+kz-kx)(kz+kx-ky) skxkykz
:(x+y-z)(y+z-x)(z+x-y) sxyz (V k>0)
:(1-2z)(1-2x)(1-2y) sxyz (V x+y+z=1)
:4(xy+yz+zx) s 1+9xyz,ng (theo v d 3)
Vy (1) ng (iu phi chng minh)
3.1.3.L do ti dng v d 3 chng minh (1) l :trong cc ti liu th ngi
ta thng dng (1) chng minh v d 3.
Nhn xt 3.2.T v d 3 kt hp vi bt ng thc C si ta c th tm gi
tr ln nht,gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc
A=mxyz+xy+yz+zx, vi x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn x+y+z=1(m
l s thc cho trc) nh sau:
a.Theo v d 3 ta c:
xy+yz+zx-
4
9
xyz
4
1
s
Suy ra
A= xy+yz+zx-
4
9
xyz+(m+
4
9
)xyz
4
1
s +(m+
4
9
)xyz
Nu m+
4
9
>0 hay m
4
9
> th (m+
4
9
)xyz s(m+
4
9
)
3
3
|

'
+ + z y x
=
12
1
+
27
m
Do As
27
9 + m
.ng thc xy ra chng hn khi x=y=z=
3
1
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 12
-
Nu m+
4
9
<0 hay m<-
4
9
th (m+
4
9
)xyz s 0
Do A
4
1
s .ng thc xy ra chng hn khi x=y=
2
1
,z=0.
b.Theo bt ng thc C si ta c
xy+yz+zx=(x+y+z)(xy+yz+zx) >3
3
xyz 3
3
xyyzzx =9xyz
0 9 > + + xyz zx yz xy
Suy ra
A=xy+yz+zx-9xyz+(m+9)xyz >(m+9)xyz (V 0 9 > + + xyz zx yz xy )
Nu m+9>0 hay m>-9 th (m+9)xyz > 0
Do A>0.ng thc xy ra chng hn khi x=y=0,z=1.
Nu m+9<0 hay m<-9 th (m+9)xyz > (m+9)
3
3
|

'
+ + z y x
=
27
9 + m
.
Do A>
27
9 + m
.ng thc xy ra chng hn khi x=y=z=
3
1
Kt lun:
Nu m<-9 th gi tr ln nht ca A l
4
1
, gi tr nh nht ca A l
27
9 + m
.
Nu -9sm<-
4
9
th gi tr ln nht ca A l
4
1
, gi tr nh nht ca A l 0
Nu m
4
9
> th gi tr ln nht ca A l
27
9 + m
, gi tr nh nht ca A l 0
T ta c bt ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tha mn x+y+z=1 th
a)
27
9 + m
s mxyz+xy+yz+zx s
4
1
(Trong m l s thc cho trc v m< -9)
b) 0 smxyz+xy+yz+zx s
4
1
(Trong m l s thc cho trc v -9sm<
4
9
)
c)0smxyz+xy+yz+zx s
27
9 + m
(Trong m l s thc cho trc v m
4
9
> )
Nhn xt 3.3.Nu x+y+z=1 th
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
= (x+y+z)
2
-2(xy+yz+zx) =1-2(xy+yz+zx) (1)
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
-3xyz = (x+y+z)( x
2
+y
2
+z
2
- xy+yz+zx) = 1-3(xy+yz+zx)
Do x
3
+y
3
+z
3
= 1-3(xy+yz+zx)+3xyz (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
m(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+n(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p(xy+yz+zx)+qxyz
=m[1-3(xy+yz+zx)+3xyz] +n[1-2(xy+yz+zx)]+p (xy+yz+zx)+qxyz
=(3m+q)xyz+(p-3m-2n)(xy+yz+zx)+m+n (3)
Nhn xt 3.4.p dng nhn xt 3.2 v nhn xt 3.3 ta c th xy dng
cc bt ng thc bng cch sau:
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 13
-
3.4.1.Trong nhn xt 3.2 cho m=-2 ta c bt ng thc
Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1 th
0s xy+yz+zx-2xyz s
27
7

Do ta c bi ton:
Bi 3.1.Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1 chng minh
rng 0s xy+yz+zx-2xyz s
27
7
( thi IMO-1984)
3.4.2.Trong nhn xt 3.3 cho m=1,n=p=r=0,q=3 ta c
Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1 th
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+3xyz=6xyz-3(xy+yz+zx)+1=1-3(xy+yz+zx-2xyz) (4)
M theo 3.4.1 ta c 0s xy+yz+zx-2xyz s
27
7
Do ta c bt ng thc
Nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1 th
9
2
s x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+3xyz s1
Do ta c bi ton:
Bi 3.2.Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn x+y+z=1 chng minh
rng
9
2
s x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+3xyz s1
3.4.3.a. Nu x,y,z l di ba cnh ca tam gic c chu vi bng 1 th
(x+y-z)(y+z-x)(z+x-y) > 0 (*)
3.4.3.b. Nu >0 th tn ti tam gic c chu vi bng 1 sao cho
(x+y-z)(y+z-x)(z+x-y) s
Tht vy
i.Nu
27
1
> th chn tam gic c chu vi bng 1 c di c c cnh l x,y,z
trong x=y=z=
3
1
.Khi (x+y-z)(y+z-x)(z+x-y)= s
27
1
.
ii.Nu 0< <
27
1
th tn ti t
0
|

'

e
3
1
; 0 f(t
0
)= 0 2
2
0
3
0
= + t t .
(Xt hm s f(t)=2t
3
-t
2
+ .Hm s f(t) lin tc trn R.
V f(0)= >0;f
|

'

3
1
=
27
1
<0 nn f(0)f
|

'

3
1
<0.Suy ra tn ti t
0
|

'

e
3
1
; 0
f(t
0
)= 0 2
2
0
3
0
= + t t ).Khi chn tam gic c chu vi bng 1 c di cc cnh
l x,y,z trong
0
0
;
2
1
t z
t
y x =

= = ,ta c
(x+y-z)(y+z-x)(z+x-y) =
2
0
3
0
2 t t + = .
T 3.a v 3.b suy ra: Nu x,y,z l di ba cnh ca tam gic c chu vi bng 1
th (x+y-z)(y+z-x)(z+x-y) > 0;ng thi khng th thay 0 bi s thc >0.
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 14
-
M (*) :(1-2x)(1-2y)(1-2z)>0 (V x+y+z=1)
:xy+yz+zx-2xyz >
4
1
(Khng th thay
4
1
bi s thc >
4
1
)
T ta c bi ton :
Bi 3.3.Nu a,b,c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1 t h
4
1
<ab+bc+ca-2abc
27
7
s
T (4) v bi 3.3 ta c bi ton sau
Bi 3.4. Cho tam gic ABC c chu vi bng 1.Chng minh rng
9
2
sa
3
+b
3
+c
3
+3abc<
4
1
.
(Bi T
5 / 353
Tp ch Ton hc v tui tr thng 3 nm 2007)
3.4.4.Gi s x,y,z l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1 (theo
nhn xt 3.3),ta c:
A= m(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+n(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p(xy+yz+zx)+qxyz
=(3m+q)xyz+(p-3m-2n)(xy+yz+zx)+m+n
=(p-3m-2n)
|
|

'

+
+ + + xyz
n m p
q m
zx yz xy
2 3
3
+m+n ,khi p-3m-2n= 0
Chn m,n,p,q tho mn:

=

+
=
2
2 3
3
0 2 3
n m p
q m
n m p
:

+ =
=
p n m q
n m p
2 4 3
0 2 3
Khi
A= (p-3m-2n)(xy+yz+zx-2xyz)+m+n (5)
T bi 3.3 v (5) suy ra bt ng thc:
Cho x,y,z l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1.t
A= m(x
3
+y
3
+z
3
)+n(x
2
+y
2
+z
2
)+p(xy+yz+zx)+(3m+4n-2p)xyz.
a.Nu p-3m-2n>0 th:
n m
n m p
+ +

4
2 3
<A n m
n m p
+ +

s
27
) 2 3 ( 7
hay
4
2n m p + +
<A
27
13 6 7 n m p + +
s
b.Nu p-3m-2n<0 th:
s
+ +
27
13 6 7 n m p
A<
4
2n m p + +
(6)
3.4.5.c bit ho (6),chng hn chn m=n=p=1 ta c bt ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1 th
s
27
26
x
3
+y
3
+z
3
+x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+xy+yz+zx+5xyz<1
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 15
-
Nhn xt 3.5. Bng cch lm tng t 3.1.1,t cc nhn xt 3.2 v3.4 ta
c th xy dng cc bt ng thc mi.Chng hn t 3.4.4 cho m=p=0,n=1,ta
c bt ng thc:
Nu x,y,z l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic c chu vi bng 1 th
s
27
13
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+4xyz<
2
1

T bt ng thc ny(thay x,y,z ln lt bi

2
,
2
,
2
c b a
) ta c bi ton:
Bi 3.5. Cho tam gic ABC c chu vi bng 2.Chng minh rng
27
52
sa
2
+b
2
+c
2
+2abc<2
( thi hc sinh gii tnh lp 10 nm 2005-2006)
V d 4. Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn
xy+yz+zx+xyz=4 (*).Chng minh rng: x+y+z > xy+yz+zx.ng thc xy ra
khi no.
( thi hc sinh gii Quc gia nm 1996-Bng B hay thi hc sinh gii tnh
lp 10 nm 2000-2001)
Chng minh
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
1
1
y
x
hoc

s
s
1
1
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c
xy>x+y-1 xyz >xz+yz-z (v z >0 )
xy+yz+zx s xyz+z+xy (1)
Ta s chng minh: xyz+z+xy s x+y+z (2)
Tht vy:
(2) :4-xy-yz-zx+z+xy s x+y+z (V xy+yz+zx+xyz=4 )
:(x+y)(1+z) > 4 (3)
Nu x=y=0 th (*) tr thnh 0 =4 v l.Do x+y+xy > 0 v t (*) ta c:
z =
xy y x
xy
+ +
4
V th : (3) :(x+y)(1+
xy y x
xy
+ +
4
) > 4
:(x+y)(x+y+4) > 4(x+y+xy) (V x+y+xy >0 )
: (x-y)
2
> 0 , ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra x+y+z > xy+yz+zx (iu phi chng minh).
Trong trng hp ny ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1 hoc x=y=2,z=0.
Do ng thc xy ra khi x=y=z=1 hoc x=y=2,z=0 hoc x=z=2,y=0 hoc
z=y=2,x=0
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 16
-
V d 5.Chng minh rng nu x,y,z l cc s thc khng m tho mn
iu kin:x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+xyz=4 (*) th ta c 0sxy+yz+zx-xyz s 2
( thi USAMO-2001)
Chng minh:
a)Chng minh xy+yz+zx-xyz s 2
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
1
1
y
x
hoc

s
s
1
1
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c
xy>x+y-1 xyz >xz+yz-z (v z >0 )
xy+yz+zx-xyz s xy+yz+zx-( xz+yz-z)
xy+yz+zx-xyz s xy+z (1)
Ta s chng minh: xy+z s 2 (2)
Tht vy:
T (*) ta c x
2
s 4, y
2
s 4, xy s
2
2 2
y x +
s 4 v
(*) : z
2
+xyz+x
2
+y
2
-4=0 (**)
Xem (**) l phng trnh bc hai (n z) c
A = (xy)
2
-4(y
2
+z
2
-4) = (4-x
2
)(4-y
2
) >0 (V x
2
s 4, y
2
s 4)
Phng trnh (**) c hai nghim
z=
2
) 4 )( 4 (
2 2
y x xy +
v z=
2
) 4 )( 4 (
2 2
y x xy
V z > 0 nn z=
2
) 4 )( 4 (
2 2
y x xy +
Do (2) : xy+
2
) 4 )( 4 (
2 2
y x xy +
s 2
:4-xy > ) 4 )( 4 (
2 2
y x
:(4-xy)
2
> (4-x
2
)(4-y
2
) (V 4-x
2
0 > ,4-y
2
0 > ,4-xy 0 > )
: (x-y)
2
> 0 , ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra xy+yz+zx-xyz s 2 (iu phi chng minh).
b) Chng minh: 0 sxy+yz+zx-xyz
Nu c ba s x,y,z ln hn 1,d thy v tri ca (*) ln hn 4 (V l )
Do trong ba s x,y,z c t nht mt s chng hn l x sao cho x s1.
Suy ra xy+yz+zx-xyz=xy+zx+yz(1-x) >0 (iu phi chng minh)
V d 6.Cho x,y,ze(0;1),tho mn xyz=(1-x)(1-y)(1-z) (*).Chng
minh rng: x
2
+y
2
+z
2
>
4
3
(Bi 2(44) chuyn mc thi gii ton qua th -Tp ch Ton hc tui th 2
THCS s 44)
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 17
-
Chng minh
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
2
1
2
1
y
x
hoc

s
s
2
1
2
1
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c:
4xy>2x+2y-1 4xyz >2xz+2yz-z (v z >0 ) (**)
Mt khc t (*) ta c
2xyz+x+y+z= xy+yz+zx+1 : 4xyz+2x+2y+2z= 2xy+2yz+2zx+2 (***)
T (**) v (***) suy ra 2xy+2yz+2zx+2 >2xz+2yz-z+2x+2y+2z
2+2xy > 2x+2y+z
2(1-x)(1-y) > z
2(1-x)(1-y)(1-z) > z(1-z) (V ze(0;1) nn 1-z > 0 )
2xyz > z(1-z)
2xy > 1-z (V z > 0 )
z+2xy-
4
1
>
4
3
(1)
Ta s chng minh x
2
+y
2
+z
2
> z+2xy-
4
1
(2)
Tht vy:
(2) :4(x-y)
2
+ (2z-1)
2
>0 ,ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra x
2
+y
2
+z
2
>
4
3
(iu phi chng minh).
V d 7.Cho ba s thc x,y,z tho mn xyz=1.Chng minh rng
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 3 > 2(x+y+z)
Chng minh.
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
1
1
2
2
y
x
hoc

s
s
1
1
2
2
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c
x
2
y
2
>x
2
+ y
2
-1
x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 3 > x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 2 (1)
Ta s chng minh x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 2 > 2(x+y+z) (2)
Tht vy:
(2) : x
2
+ y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 2 -2x-2y-2zxyz > 0 ( V xyz =1 )
: (x-1)
2
+ (y-1)
2
+ (xz-yz)
2
> 0 ,ng.
T (1) v (2) suy ra x
2
y
2
+ y
2
z
2
+ z
2
x
2
+ 3 > 2(x+y+z) (iu phi
chng minh).
V d 8.Cho ba s thc bt k x,y,z.Chng minh rng
(x
2
+2) (y
2
+2) (z
2
+2) > 3(x+y+z)
2
Chng minh
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 18
-
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
1
1
2
2
y
x
hoc

s
s
1
1
2
2
y
x
.Khi theo B 2 ta c
x
2
y
2
>x
2
+ y
2
-1
x
2
y
2
+2x
2
+ 2y
2
+4 > 3(x
2
+ y
2
+1)
(x
2
+2) (y
2
+2) > 3(x
2
+ y
2
+1)
(x
2
+2) (y
2
+2) (z
2
+2) > 3(x
2
+ y
2
+1) (z
2
+2) (V z
2
+2 > 0 ) (1)
Ta s chng minh 3(x
2
+ y
2
+1) (z
2
+2) > 3(x+y+z)
2
(2)
Tht vy:
Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki ta c
(x
2
+ y
2
+1) (1+1+z
2
) > (x+y+z)
2
3(x
2
+ y
2
+1) (z
2
+2) > 3(x+y+z)
2
T (1) v (2) suy ra (x
2
+2) (y
2
+2) (z
2
+2) > 3(x+y+z)
2
(iu phi chng
minh).
Nhn xt 8.1.Bt ng thc ny cht hn bt ng thc sau
Cho ba s thc khng m x,y,z.Chng minh rng
(x
2
+2) (y
2
+2) (z
2
+2) > 9(xy+yz+zx) ( thi Chu Thi Bnh Dng-2000)
(V vi x,y,z bt k ta lun c 3(x+y+z)
2
> 9(xy+yz+zx))
Nhn xt 8.2.Tng t v d 8 ta c th gii bi ton sau:
Cho ba s thc bt k x,y,z.Chng minh rng
(x
2
+3) (y
2
+3) (z
2
+3) > 4(x+y+z+1)
2

Nhn xt 8.3.T v d 8 v bi ton trn Ti tm cch chng minh bi

ton tng qut sau
V d 9.Cho n s thc bt k x
1
,x
2
,...,x
n
.Chng minh rng
(x
2
1
+m) (x
2
2
+m)... (x
2
n
+m) > (m+1)
n-2
(x
1
+ x
2
+...+ x
n
+m-n+1)
2
Trong m,n l hai s t nhin tho mn m > n-1 v n > 2.
Chng minh
1) Khi m>2
Xt b 3. Cho s thc a bt k v bn s thc khng m b,x,y,z bt k.
t P
xyz
= (x+b)(y+b)(z+b), S
x
= (a+b)(y+z+b-a)(x+b),
S
y
= (a+b)(x+z+b-a)(y+b), S
z
= (a+b)(x+y+b-a)(z+b),
S
xyz
= min{ ;
z y x
S S S , , .
Chng minh rng P
xyz
> S
xyz

Chng minh b 3
Theo b 1 v vai tr x,y,z trong bi ton bnh ng nn khng mt tnh
tng qut ta c th gi s

>
>
a y
a x
hoc

s
s
a y
a x
. Khi theo B 2 ta c
xy>a(x+y)-a
2
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 19
-
xy+b(x+y) + b
2
> a(x+y)-a
2
+ b(x+y) + b
2
(x+b)(y+b) > (a+b)(x+y+b-a)
(x+b)(y+b)(z+b) > (a+b)(x+y+b-a)(z+b) ( V z+b >0 )
P
xyz
> S
z
P
xyz
> S
xyz
(iu phi chng minh)
Xt b 4. Cho hai s t nhin m,n sao cho m > n-1,m > 2, n > 2 v n s
thc khng m bt k x
1
,x
2
,..,x
n
.t S
n
= { ; n ;...; 2 ; 1 Khi tn ti tp A
n
gm
a
n
phn t sao cho A
n
c S
n
, a
n
> 1 v bt ng thc sau ng
P
n
= (x
1
+ m)( x
2
+m)...( x
n
+m)
> (m+1)
n-2
( m+1-a
n
+
_
e
n
A i
i
x )(m+1-n+a
n
+
_
e
n n
A S i
i
x
\
) (*)
Chng minh b 4 (bng phng php quy np)
Vi n=2 th (*) tr thnh:
P
2
= (x
1
+ m)( x
2
+m) > ( m+1-a
2
+
_
e
2
A i
i
x )(m-1+a
2
+
_
e
2 2
\ A S i
i
x )
Trong trng hp ny chn A
2
= { ; 1 ta c b 4 ng vi n=2
Gi s b 4 ng vi n=k, k > 2, ks m ngha l:
P
k
= (x
1
+ m)( x
2
+m)...( x
k
+m) >
(m+1)
k-2
( m+1-a
k
+
_
e
k
A i
i
x )(m+1-k+a
k
+
_
e
k k
A S i
i
x
\
)
Suy ra
P
k+1
= (x
k+1
+ m) P
k
>
(x
k+1
+ m) (m+1)
k-2
( m+1-a
k
+
_
e
k
A i
i
x )(m+1-k+a
k
+
_
e
k k
A S i
i
x
\
) (1)
t b
k
= max{ ;
k k
a k a ; , x=b
k
-a
k
+
_
e
k
A i
i
x
y=b
k
+a
k
-k+
_
e
k k
A S i
i
x
\
, z= x
k+1
+b
k
-1.
Khi :
(x
k+1
+ m) (m+1)
k-2
( m+1-a
k
+
_
e
k
A i
i
x )(m+1-k+a
k
+
_
e
k k
A S i
i
x
\
)
= (m+1)
k-2
(x+m+1-b
k
) (y+m+1-b
k
) (z+m+1-b
k
) (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-2
(x+m+1-b
k
) (y+m+1-b
k
) (z+m+1-b
k
)
D thy x,y,z > 0 v m+1-b
k
> 0.p dng b 3 cho a= b
k
; b=m+1-b
k
ta c
P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-2
S
xyz
Nu P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-2
S
z
hay P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-1
(x+y+m+1-2b
k
) (z+m+1-b
k
)
th chn A
k+1
= S
k
ta c b 4 ng vi n= k+1
Nu P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-2
S
y
hay P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-1
(x+z+m+1-2b
k
) (y+m+1-b
k
)
th chn A
k+1
= A
k
{ ; 1 + k ta c b 4 ng vi n= k+1
Nu P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-2
S
x
hay P
k+1
> (m+1)
k-1
(y+z+m+1-2b
k
) (x+m+1-b
k
)
th chn A
k+1
= (S
k
\A
k
) { ; 1 + k ta c b 4 ng vi n= k+1
Do b ng vi n=k+1
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 20
-
Vy b 4 c chng minh
Vn dng b 4 chng minh bi ton trong trng hp m > 2
p dng b 4 ta c
(x
2
1
+m) (x
2
2
+m)... (x
2
n
+m)
> (m+1)
n-2
( m+1-a
n
+
_
e
n
A i
i
x
2
)(m+1-n+a
n
+
_
e
n n
A S i
i
x
\
2
) (3)
(Trong S
n
= { ; n ;...; 2 ; 1 v tp A
n
gm a
n
phn t sao cho A
n
c S
n
, a
n
> 1)
Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacxpki ta c
( m+1-a
n
+
_
e
n
A i
i
x
2
)(m+1-n+a
n
+
_
e
n n
A S i
i
x
\
2
)
= ( 1 + 1 + ... + 1 +
_
e
n
A i
i
x
2
)(
_
e
n n
A S i
i
x
\
2
+ 1 + 1 +... + 1 )
m+1-a
n
s 1 m+1-n+a
n
s 1
> (
_
e
n n
A S i
i
x
\
+m+1-n+
_
e
n
A i
i
x )
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
+...+ x
n
+m-n+1)
2
(4)
T (3) v (4) suy ra
(x
2
1
+m) (x
2
2
+m)... (x
2
n
+m) > (m+1)
n-2
(x
1
+ x
2
+...+ x
n
+m-n+1)
2
(iu phi chng minh)
2) Khi m=1 th n=2 v bt ng thc tr thnh
(x
2
1
+1) (x
2
2
+1) > (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
.D thy bt ng thc ny ng.
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 21
-
III.Kt lun
Sau khi tm c mt phng php gii mt bi ton no ta cn ghi
nh phng php v th vn dng phng php gii cc bi ton
khc;ng thi ta nn th xem liu c th a ra cc bi ton khc lin quan
hay khng .Tt nhin khng c mt phng php vn nng gii mi bi
ton .Nhng nu chng ta bit vn dng linh hot mt phng php no th
chng ta c th vn gii c nhiu bi ton bng phng php .Ci kh
y l la chn phng php gii mt bi ton,vn ny ph thuc vo
kh nng ca ngi lm ton. Nu chng ta nm c cha kha ca bi ton
th chng ta c th ph ln mt lp bi du cha kha i ,t ta c
th xy dng cc bi ton mi.
V kinh nghim ging dy cn t,nng lc c hn nn Ti rt mong c s
ng gp ca cc ng nghip bi vit ny c hon thin hn.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n !
Mt phng php chng minh bt ng thc v xy dng mt s bt ng thc
.
S n _ k u - 22
-
Ngi vit:
Sn_ ku