INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted to the Department of Electronics Engineering Mohammad Ali Jinnah University (BSEE) FALL, 2011

By MALIK REHAN AHMAD (EE-073029)

Acknowledgment
First of all, I wish to convey my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to almighty Allah to Complete the Internship successfully & than I would like to thank and express my gratitude to Mr.Munawar Iqbal (Project Manager) Hydl Section, PPIB (Private power infrastructure board), Ministry of water and power, for giving me opportunity to do Internship at PPIB. I would also like to thank Mr. Omer Anwar (Internship coordinator) for his generous assistance. I am also very grateful to all of my teachers and fellow friends for their encouragement and cooperation throughout my academic life. Finally, I am forever grateful to my parents for their patience and love.

Introduction

The Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) was created in 1994 as "One Window Facilitator" to promote private sector participation in the power sector of Pakistan. PPIB facilitates investors in establishing private power projects and related infrastructure, executes Implementation Agreement (IA) with Project Sponsors and issues sovereign guarantees on behalf of Government of Pakistan. (Ministry of water and power). I do my work during internship in the hydro power section of the PPIB.which facilitates investors to invest in private hydro power projects. This organization has the record of feasibility reports of all the private sector power projects., through these reports investors would realize about the technicalities involve in these projects, which helps them in making decisions to invest.

Objective

The main objective of my internship is to understand what are hydro power projects & their technicalities, by studying feasibility reports of different hydro power projects, and than making a excel sheet for the comparison of different hydro power projects according to their technical specifications. There are also other ways to generate power, like coal, wind mills & by nuclear power plants, but as I was working in hydro power section. I was only concentrate on hydro power feasibility reports studying & making comparison sheet on Microsoft Excel. The other objective was that the sheet must have all the basic technical specifications comparisons related to power plants. This will helps the organization as they may show this sheet to investors to tell them about the different power projects working now a days & their comparison.

Comparison Between different hydro power projects

Work done: As I was working in a office, not in a field area. The task given to me by my supervisor is to make an excel sheet, which has the comparison of different hydro power projects. (Documentation work). The hydro power projects, uses water power to move turbines and generate electricity. Therefore a lot of technical specifications are involved in making these projects like turbine parameters, dam structure, transmission line parameters, capacity etc. and different hydro projects has different parameters. Due to the above fact feasibility reports are made by the consultants of the projects before the implementation of projects. These feasibility reports have all the information includes technical specification and expected cost of the project. The task done by me is that I study available feasibility reports of different hydro power projects and than make a excel sheet having comparison of technical specifications like turbine parameters, dam structure, transmission line parameters, capacity,etc, of different hydro power projects working now a days. Which will help the organization in evaluating different hydro projects?

Technical specifications involved in power plants

Capacity of power plants:

The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the watt, typically megawatts (106 watts) or gigawatts (109 watts). Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical, geographical and economic factors. In Pakistan the largest capacity power plant is kapco power plant having capacity of 1600MW, situated in kot addu.

Types of Hydropower Turbine:

There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of hydropower turbine selected for a project is based on the height of standing water referred to as "head" and the flow, or volume of water, at the site. Other deciding factors include how deep the turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost.

1) Impulse Turbine: The impulse turbine generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure. The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. There is no suction on the down side of the turbine, and the water flows out the bottom of the turbine housing after hitting the runner. An impulse turbine is generally suitable for high head, low flow applications. 1.1) Pelton A pelton wheel has one or more free jets discharging water into an aerated space and impinging on the buckets of a runner. Draft tubes are not required for impulse turbine since the runner must be located above the maximum tailwater to permit operation at atmospheric pressure. 1.2) Cross-Flow

A cross-flow turbine is drum-shaped and uses an elongated, rectangular-section nozzle directed against curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped runner. It resembles a "squirrel cage" blower. The cross-flow turbine allows the water to flow through the blades twice. The first pass is when the water flows from the outside of the blades to the inside; the second pass is from the inside back out. A guide vane at the entrance to the turbine directs the flow to a limited portion of the runner. The cross-flow was developed to accommodate larger water flows and lower heads than the Pelton. 2) Reaction Turbine: A reaction turbine develops power from the combined action of pressure and moving water. The runner is placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each individually. Reaction turbines are generally used for sites with lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines. 2.1) Kaplan: Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable, allowing for a wider range of operation. 2.2) Francis: A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets (vanes), usually nine or more. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls through, causing it to spin. Besides the runner, the other major components are the scroll case, wicket gates, and draft tube. 2.3) Kinetic Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing water rather than the potential energy from the head. The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway. They do not require the diversion of water through manmade channels, riverbeds, or pipes, although they might have applications in such conduits. Kinetic systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing structures such as bridges, tailraces and channels. Different Parameters Involved in Dam Structure: Dam type: Crest elevation: Crest length: Max height:

SPILLWAY

Sill elevation: Spillway Design Discharge:

Conclusion

As our country faces energy crises now days, the private investors are interested to invest in power sector. The organization in which I was worked during internship (PPIB) helps the investors as working a coordinator between government and these investors. My task (comparison sheet) may helps the organization in taking decision for the further enhancements in existing power projects.(by changing parameters of existing projects). So that they can be able to meet power (electricity) requirements of the country.