Mathematical Symbols

List of all mathematical symbols and signs - meaning and examples.

Basic math symbols Geometry symbols Algebra symbols Probability & statistics symbols Set theory symbols Logic symbols Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek symbols Roman numerals

Basic math symbols

Symbol Symbol Name Meaning / Example definition

= > < () []

equals sign

equality

5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*( 1+5)] = 18

not equal sign inequality strict greater inequality than strict inequality less than greater than or inequality equal to less than or equal inequality to calculate expressio parenthes n inside es first calculate expressio n inside first

brackets

plus sign

addition

subtractio minus sign n both plus and minus plus operation minus s both minus and plus operation s multiplicat ion

1+1= 2 21= 1

35= 8 and -2

* /
mod

minus plus

35= -2 and 8 2*3=6 23= 6

asterisk

multiplicat times sign ion

multiplicat multiplicat ion ion dot 23=6 division 62= sign / division obelus 3 division division slash horizontal division / fraction line
remainder calculatio n decimal point, decimal separator exponent

6/2=3

modulo

7 mod 2 =1 2.56 = 2+56/10 0 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8

. a
b

period power

a^b a
3

caret square root cube root

exponent

a a =a 9 = 3
3

8 = 2

a a %

forth root

n-th root (radical)

1% = percent 1/100 1 = 1/1000 per-mille = 0.1%

16 = 2 for n =3, n 8 = 2 10% 30 = 3

4

10 30 = 0.3

ppm

permillion

ppb

per-billion

ppt Geometry symbols

Symbol

per-trillion

1ppm = 10ppm 1/10000 30 = 00 0.0003 1ppb = 10ppb 1/10000 30 = 00000 310-7 10ppb 1ppb = 30 = 10-12 310-10
Meaning / Example definition

Symbol Name

angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute

formed by two rays

ABC = 30 ABC = 30 AOB = 30

arcsecond

= 90 = 90 1 turn = 360 = 60 = 1 = 60 6059' = 6059'59 1 = 60 ''

AB

line

line from point A to point B line that start from point A

ray

| ||

perpendic ular lines perpendic (90 ular angle) parallel parallel lines equivalen ce of geometric congruent shapes to and size same shapes, not same size

AC | BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x -y | = 5

~ | x -y |

similarity

triangle

triangle shape distance between points x and y

distance

= 3.14159 2654...
is the ratio between the circumferen ce and diameter of a circle

rad

pi constant

c = d = 2 r 360 = 2 rad

radians

radians angle unit

grad Algebra symbols

Symbol

grads

grads angle unit

360 = 400 grad

Symbol Name

Meaning / Example definition

x := ~ () [] {}

unknown value to x variable find equivalen ce equal by definition equal by definition identical to equal by definition equal by definition

when 2x = 4, then x =2

approxim weak ately approxim equal ation approxim ately approxim equal ation proportion proportion al to al to

11 ~ 10 sin (0.01 ) 0.01 f (x ) g (x )

lemniscat infinity e symbol

much less than much greater than

much less than much greater than calculate expressio parenthes n inside es first calculate expressio n inside first set

1 1000000 1000000 1 2* (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*( 1+5)] = 18

brackets braces

x x x! |x | f (x )

floor brackets

rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer

4.3= 4 4.3= 5 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x ) = 3x +5

ceiling brackets

exclamati on mark factorial single vertical absolute bar value function of x maps values of x to f(x)

(f g )

function compositi on

(a ,b )

open interval

[a ,b ]

closed interval

(f g ) (x ) = f (g (x )) (a ,b ) {x | a <x < b} [a ,b ] {x | a x b}
change / difference

f (x )=3x , g (x )=x 1 (f g )(x )= 3(x -1)

x (2,6)

x [2,6] t = t 1 t0

delta discrimina nt

= b2 4ac

sigma

summatio n - sum of all values in range of series double summatio n product product of all values in range of series

xi= x 1+x 2+ ...+x n

sigma

capital pi

x i =x 1x 2...x n

e constant / Euler's number

e = lim e = 2.71828 (1+1/x )x 1828... , x

Symbol

EulerMaschero = 0.52772 ni constant 1566...

golden ratio golden ratio constant

Linear Algebra Symbols

Symbol Name Meaning / Example definition

A B [] ()

dot

scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B

a b a b A B

cross

tensor product inner product

matrix of brackets numbers parenthes matrix of es numbers

|A | det(A ) || x ||

determina determina nt of nt matrix A determina determina nt of nt matrix A double vertical bars

norm

matrix transpose transpose

matrix Hermitian conjugate matrix transpose

A A

matrix Hermitian conjugate matrix transpose inverse matrix matrix rank

(A T)ij = (A )ji (A )ij = (A )ji (A )ij = (A )ji

*

-1

A A -1 = I rank(A ) =3 rank(U ) =3

rank(A )

dim(U ) Probability and statistics symbols

Symbol Symbol Name

rank of matrix A dimension of matrix dimension A

Meaning / Example definition

P (A )

probability probability of event function A probability of events intersectio n probability that of events A and B

P (A ) = 0.5

P (A B ) P (A B )

P (A B ) = 0.5 P (A B ) = 0.5

probability probability that of of events events A union or B

P (A | B )

probability conditiona of event l A given probability event B function occured probability density function (pdf) cumulativ e distributio n function (cdf)

P (A | B ) = 0.3

f (x )

P (a x b) =f (x ) dx

F (x )

F (x ) = P (X x)

mean of population population mean values expected value of expectatio random variable X n value expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values

= 10

E (X )

E (X ) = 10

E (X | Y )

conditiona l expectatio n

E (X | Y=2 ) = 5

var (X )

variance

var (X ) =4

variance

2 = 4

std (X )

standard deviation of standard random deviation variable X

std (X ) =2

standard deviation value of standard random deviation variable X middle value of random variable x

X = 2

median

cov (X ,Y )

covarianc e of random covarianc variables e X and Y correlatio n of random correlatio variables n X and Y correlatio n of random correlatio variables n X and Y summatio n - sum of all values in summatio range of n series double double summatio summatio n n

cov (X,Y )=4

corr (X ,Y )

corr (X, Y) = 3

X ,Y

X ,Y = 3

Mo

mode

value that occurs most frequently in population

MR

mid-range

MR = (x max +x min )/2

Md

sample median

half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value 50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value

Q1

lower / first quartile

Q2

median / second quartile

Q3

upper / third quartile

sample mean

average / arithmetic mean

x = (2+5+9) /3= 5.333

sample variance

population samples variance estimator

=4

s zx

population samples sample standard standard deviation deviation estimator standard score

s =2

z x = (x x) / sx

X ~
N ( , 2)

distributio n of distributio random variable X n of X

X ~ N (0,3)

normal gaussian distributio distributio X ~ n n N (0,3)

equal uniform probability distributio in range n a,b exponenti f (x ) = al -x , distributio e n x 0

U (a ,b )

X ~ U (0,3)

exp ()

gamma (c , )

gamma distributio n

f (x ) = c x c1 -x e / (c ), x 0 f (x ) = k /2-1 x e x /2 /( 2k/2 (k /2) )

2(k ) F (k 1, k 2)

chisquare distributio n F distributio n

f (k ) = nCk Bin (n ,p )
binomial distributio n Poisson distributio n geometric

p k (1n-k p) f (k ) = k e - / k! f (k ) = p (1-p )

Poisson ()

Geom (p )

distributio k n

hypergeometric distributio n Bernoulli distributio n

HG (N ,K ,n )

Bern (p ) Combinatorics Symbols

Symbol

Symbol Name

Meaning / Example definition

n!

factorial

n! = 5! = 123... 1234 n 5 = 120

5P 3

nPk

permutati on

= 5! / (53)! = 60
5C 3

nCk

combinati on

= 5!/[3!(53)!]=10
Meaning / Example definition

Set theory symbols

Symbol Symbol Name

{}

set

a collection of elements

A={3,7, 9,14}, B={9,14 ,28}

AB

objects that belong to intersectio set A and n set B objects that belong to set A or set B

AB

union

AB = {9,14} AB = {3,7,9,1 4,28}

AB

subset proper subset / strict subset

subset has less elements or equal to the set subset has less elements than the set

AB

AB

left set not a subset of not subset right set set A has more elements or equal to the set B

{9,14,28 } {9,14,28 } {9,14} {9,14,28 } {9,66} {9,14,28 } {9,14,28 } {9,14,28 }

AB

superset

AB AB 2
A

proper superset / strict superset

set A has more elements than set B set A is not a superset of set B

{9,14,28 } {9,14} {9,14,28 } {9,66}

not superset

all subsets power set of A all subsets power set of A

(A)

A=B

equality

both sets have the same members

A={3,9, 14}, B={3,9, 14}, A=B

Ac

all the objects that do not complem belong to ent set A

A\B

objects that relative belong to complem A and not ent to B

A-B

objects that relative belong to complem A and not ent to B objects that belong to A or B but not to symmetric their intersectio difference n objects that belong to A or B but not to symmetric their intersectio difference n set members hip no set members hip collection of 2 elements

A={3,9, 14}, B={1,2, 3}, AB={9,14 } A={3,9, 14}, B={1,2, 3}, AB={9,14 } A={3,9, 14}, B={1,2, 3}, A B={1,2, 9,14} A={3,9, 14}, B={1,2, 3}, A B={1,2, 9,14} A={3,9, 14}, 3 A A={3,9, 14}, 1 A

AB

AB a A x A (a ,b )

element of not element of ordered pair

AB

set of all ordered pairs cartesian from A product and B the number of elements cardinality of set A the number of elements cardinality of set A infinite cardinality

|A|

A={3,9, 14}, |A|=3 A={3,9, 14}, #A=3

#A U

aleph empty set

= { } C = {}

set of all universal possible set values natural numbers set (with zero) natural numbers set (without zero)

= {0,1,2,3, 4,...} 0
0

= {1,2,3,4, 5,...} 6
1

integer numbers set

= {...3,-2,1,0,1,2,3 ,...} -6 = {x | x =a /b , a ,b } 2/6

rational numbers set

real numbers set

Logic symbols
Symbol

complex numbers set

= {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a +bi , <a <, <b < }

6.34343 4

6+2i

Symbol Name

Meaning / Example definition

^ & + | x' x ! ~

and

and

x y x ^y x &y x +y x y x |y x' x x !x x y ~x

caret / circumflex and ampersan d and plus reversed caret vertical line single quote or or

or not negation not bar negation not not negation exclamati not on mark negation circled plus / oplus tilde implies if and equivalent only if for all exclusive or - xor negation


Symbol

there exists there does not exists therefore because / since

Calculus & analysis symbols

Symbol Name Meaning / Example definition

limit

limit value of a function

epsilon

represent s a very small number, near zero

e y ' y '' y
(n )

e constant / Euler's number

e = lim e = 2.71828 (1+1/x )x 1828... , x (3x 3)' = 9x 2 (3x 3)'' = 18x (3x 3)(3) = 18 d (3x 3)/ dx = 9x 2

derivative Leibniz's derivative notation derivative second of derivative derivative nth n times derivative derivation derivative Lagrange' derivative s notation

derivative second of derivative derivative nth n times derivative derivation derivative by time time Newton derivative notation time derivative second of derivative derivative

d (3x )/ 2 dx = 18x

partial derivative opposite to derivation integratio n of function of 2 variables integratio n of function of 3 variables

(x 2+y 2 )/x = 2x

integral

double integral

triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral

[a ,b ]

closed interval

[a ,b ] = {x | a x b}

(a ,b ) i

open interval imaginary unit

(a ,b ) = {x | a <x < b} i -1 z = a +bi z *=a -bi z = a +bi z = a -bi z =3+ 2i

z*

complex conjugate

z* = 3 + 2i

complex conjugate

z =3+ 2i

gradient / divergenc nabla / del e operator vector unit vector

f (x ,y ,z )

x *y
Numeral symbols
Name zero one two three four

y (t ) = convolutio x (t ) * n h (t ) F (s ) = Laplace transform {f (t )}

Fourier transform delta function

X ( ) = {f (t )}

European Roman

Hindu Arabic

Hebrew

0 1 2 3 4

I II III IV

five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Greek Symbol

V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C
Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa

Greek alphabet letters

Upper Case Lower Case English Pronunci Equivale ation nt a b g d e z h th i k al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa


Roman numerals
Number

Roman numeral

Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o

lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-cron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM M V X L C D M

See also
Algebra symbols Geometry symbols Statistical symbols Logic symbols Set theory symbols Calculus & analysis symbols Number symbols Greek alphabet symbols Roman numerals Math calculators 2006-2011 RapidTables.com