Production of Electrical Energy

Courses In Electrical Engineering
Volume III ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS CHAPTER ONE: PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
By Jean-Paul NGOUNE DIPET I (Electrotechnics), DIPET II (Electrotechnics) DEA (Electrical Engineering) Teacher in the Electrical Department, GTHS KUMBO, Cameroon.
Electrical installations_Jean-Paul NGOUNE
Chapter One
PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

1.0 Specific objectives: At the end of this chapter, the student will be able to: Know conventional and non conventional methods of production of electrical energy; Know the principle of each of these methods; State the advantages and the disadvantages of each of these methods; Know about renewable energies and state their advantages and
disadvantages; Know Cameroon electrical power stations.
1.1 Generalities on the production of electricity and electrical network:
Our civilisation is widely based on the utilisation of energy. In fact, without energy, we cannot live comfortably in our houses, no food can be cooked, goods cannot be supplied, we cannot listen to the music (apart of that of birds), send an email or make a phone callSo, in almost all our activities, energy is involved. Electrical energy is one of the most used types of energy nowadays. The basic principle of electricity production comes from the conversion of other forms of energies (hydro energy, solar energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy, wind energy) to electrical energy. The following energy conversion chart gives an overview of various methods of production of electricity.
(a)
Chemical energy
Hydro energy
Nuclear energy
Wind energy
Solar energy
Nuclear fission
(b)
Heat
Mechanical energy
(c)
Electromechanical converter (alternator)
Solar cells
(d)
Electricity
(a): Primary sources; (b) Intermediate sources; (c): Converters; (d): Final energy (electricity).
Figure 1.1: Energy conversion chart.
The electrical energy is transported towards the consumer trough an electrical network. An electrical network is a set of equipments and materials put in place for the production, the transportation, the distribution and the utilisation of electrical energy, from the production centre to the furthest subscribers. An electrical network essentially comprises the following parts: The production infrastructures (power stations); The transportation network; The repartition network; The distribution network. The following figure presents the structure of a national electrical grid.
Water Hydropower station

Step up transformer
225 kV
90 kV
HV Subscriber
Coal, gas, fuel. Thermal power station
225 kV
Step up transformer Interconnection
MV Subscriber
30kV Uranium 225 kV Nuclear power station

Step up transformer
90 kV
230V/400V
LV Subscriber
Figure 1.2: Structure of an electrical network.
In the subject of electrical installations, we are going to study the production, the transportation and the distribution of electrical energy putting emphasis on the last aspect, which is the distribution of electricity. The focus of this first chapter will be the study of the principle of various conventional and non conventional methods of production of electricity, with a particular attention granted to hydro electricity which is the principal method of production of electricity in Cameroon.
1.2 Conventional methods of production of electricity: The conventional methods of production of electrical energy are methods which are commonly adopted by many countries of the world as main methods for electricity generation. They are preferred to other methods (said to be non conventional) because of their efficiency. However, they sometimes generate a lot of pollution, and also contribute to the global warm of the earth. The main conventional methods used for electricity generation are:
Hydro power generation, Thermal power generation ( Coal fired, gas fired, nuclear power station)
1.2.1 Hydro power generation: In an electrical diagram, a hydropower station is symbolised as follows.
Figure1.3: Schematic diagram of a hydro power station
a. Principle: The principle of a hydro power station is based on the fact that the potential energy of the water is transformed into kinetic energy as the as the water falls from a point of higher altitude to one of lower altitude. This kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical energy at the level of the turbine. The turbine drives an alternator which finally converts the mechanical energy to electricity. The following figure presents the chart of a hydro power station.
Edea: 90kV Song Loulou: 225kV Lagdo: 110kV
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Mechanical Energy
Electrical Energy
Dam
Turbine
Xn
Alternator
Step up transformer
Speed multiplicator (Gearbox)
Turbo-alternator group
Figure 1.4: Hydro power plant chart.
b. Types of hydro power stations: The type of hydro power station is determined by the height of the water falls. There are three types of hydro power stations, each using a particular type of turbine: High water fall hydro power station: H>200m. They use Pelton turbine.
Medium water fall hydro power station: 30m<H<200m. They use Francis turbine.
Low water fall hydro power station: H<30m. They use Kaplan turbine.
Figure 1.5: Pelton type hydraulic turbine
Figure 1.6: Francis type hydraulic turbine.
Figure 1.7: Tiger type hydraulic turbine (Can be adjusted to work as Kaplan turbine)
c. Structure of a hydro power plant: The following figure gives the general structure of a hydro power plant.
Figure 1.8: structure of a hydro power plant.
Dam: Most hydropower plants rely on a dam that holds back water, creating a large reservoir. Often, this reservoir is used as a recreational lake, such as Lagdo Lake at the Lagdo dam in the Nord Cameroon.
Intake: Gates on the dam open and gravity pulls the water through the penstock, a pipeline that leads to the turbine. Water builds up pressure as it flows through this pipe.
Turbine: The water strikes and turns the large blades of a turbine, which is attached to a generator above it by way of a shaft. The most common type of turbine for hydropower plants is the Francis Turbine, which looks like a big disc with curved blades. We also have the Pelton Turbine and the Kaplan Turbine.
Generator: As the turbine blades turn, so do a series of magnets inside the generator. Giant magnets rotate past copper coils, producing alternating current (AC) by moving electrons.
Transformer: The transformer inside the powerhouse takes the AC and converts it to higher-voltage current.
Power lines: Out of every power plant come four wires: the three phases of power being produced simultaneously plus a neutral or ground common to all three.
Outflow: Used water is carried through pipelines, called tailraces, and reenters the river downstream. The water in the reservoir is considered stored energy. When the gates open,
the water flowing through the penstock becomes kinetic energy because it's in motion. The amount of electricity that is generated is determined by several factors. Two of those factors are the volume of water flow and the amount of hydraulic head. The head refers to the distance between the water surface and the turbines. As the head and flow increase, so does the electricity generated. The head is usually dependent upon the amount of water in the reservoir. d. Calculation of the power of water falls: The potential energy of a water fall is given by the following expression:
W = Mgh
(1)
Where: W is the potential energy in Joules (J); M is the mass of water in the reservoir; g is the acceleration of the gravity, h is the height of the water fall. The power is given by the following formula:
P= W , Where W is the power in Watts, t is the time in seconds t
Mgh t .V .g.h = t V = . .g .h t = .Q.g .h =

P = .Q.g .h
, Where is the density of water ( =1000kg/m3), V is the volume of water in the reservoir, Q is the output of the water fall in m3/s.
(2)
This formula shows the power of a water fall depends mostly on two factors: The height of the water fall, The output of the water fall.
Remark 1.1: Generally, hydropower plants are made up of many turbo-alternator groups, each group being driven through its own penstock. All the penstock and turboalternator groups are identical. The following figure shows the disposition of turboalternator groups in a hydropower plant.
q
Q
T . . .
A
Transportation network Step up transformer
Q = n.q
(3)
Where n is the number of turbo alternator groups, and q is the pressure of water in one turbine in m3 per second.
Figure 1.9: Each alternator is supplied by one penstock. e. Number of pole of the alternator:
f p N f = 60 p N 2f = 60 p0 n= 120 f p0 = N
p0 = 120 f N
Where: f = frequency in Hz; p = number of pair of poles; p0 = number of poles; N = speed in rpm; n = speed in rps.
(4)
f. Advantages and disadvantages of hydropower stations:
Advantages:
1. Water is a renewable source of energy: 2. Low exploitation cost; 3. Water which is the primary source is cheap (almost free of charges) 4. Hydropower plant can be started and stopped very easily (in almost 2 seconds).
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Disadvantages:
1. High cost of construction work; 2. The site of a hydropower plant is imposed by the nature and it can be far away from where energy is needed. This implies the necessity of transportation network. 3. The power produced depends of the season (Water is much during rainy season and insufficient during dry season). 4. Large valleys are flooded due to the construction of the Dam. f. Application exercises: Exercise 1.1: A hydropower station has the following characteristics: Height of the water fall: 1200m; Number of turbo-alternator groups: 6 Penstock: Length = 1.3km; Diameter: 300cm. Pressure of water in each penstock: q = 600m3/min Turbine: Pelton type; efficiency: 0.9; speed: 125tr/min. Gearbox: multiplication factor k = 4. efficiency: 0.95 Alternator: Triphase type. Apparent power S = 88MVA; Power factor: cos =0.85; line voltage: U = 15kV. Transportation network f = 50Hz; Ut = 225kV. Acceleration of the gravity: g = 10m/s2.
1. Determine the speed at which the alternator rotates and the number of poles of the alternator; 2. Calculate the speed of the water throughout the penstock; 3. The power of the water fall; 4. the efficiency of one turbo alternator group; 5. the electrical power sent to the electrical network (transportation network) knowing that the step up transformer has an efficiency of o.98.
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Exercise 1.2:
Transportation network
C1
Step up transformer
1. Identify the type of power station; 2. The power station C1 has an height of 24m and an output of 5000m3/s. Give the type of water fall and the type of turbine suitable. 3. Assuming that the density of water is 1000m3/s and that the acceleration of the gravity is g = 10m/s2, calculate the power that drives the turbines. g. Solution to application exercises: Exercise 1.1: The hydropower chart can be drawn as follows:
Potential energy Kinetic energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Ut=225kV f=50Hz
Dam
Turbine
Xn
Alternator
Step up transformer
L=1.3km D=300cm q=600m3/min =10m3/s
Pelton type nT=0.9 Nt=125rpm
k=4 nM=0.95
S=88MVA U=15kV cosphi=0.85
nXfo=0.98
1.1 Speed at which the alternator rotates: N A = kNT N A = 4 125 N A = 500rpm = 8.33rps 1.2 Number of poles of the alternator:
p0 = 120 f 120 50 = = 12 poles NA 500
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2. Speed of water throughout the penstock:
Volume t Area Length = t L = A t q = A.S q q 4q S= = = 2 .D 2 A .r 10 S= = 1.415m.s 1 2 3.14 1.5 q=

3. Power of the water fall.
Where A is the cross sectional area of the penstock, L is the length of the penstock, S is the speed of the water throughout the penstock, t is the time.
Pw = 6 .q.g .h = 6 1000 10 10 1200 Pw = 720 MW 4. Efficiency of the turbo alternator:

Pe = nPw, With n = nT x nM x nA
Pw
Turbine Xn
Alternator
nT
nM
nA
Pe = Pw = = Pe Pw S cos 88 0.85 = = 0.623 pw 120

Electrical power sent to the network:
5.
Pu = 6 xfo Pe Pu = 6 0.98 88 085 Pu = 439 MW
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Exercise 1.2: 1. 2. It is hydropower station. h =24m < 30m. We deduce that it is a low water fall power station. The type of turbine suitable is Kaplan type. 3. Power that drives the turbine
Pw = .q.g .h Pw = 1000 5000 10 24 = 1200 MW 1.2.2 Thermal power station: Thermal power stations permit to transform chemical energy stored in a combustible (coal, gas) into electrical energy. Heat released by the combustion of the combustible produces steam in a boiler at elevated temperature and pressure. Steam is then passed through steam turbines which drive an alternator, the output of which is electrical energy.
Intermediate converter
Mechanical energy
Primary converter
(Fuel, coal, gas)
(Steam turbine)
Final converter
Combustuble
(Alternator)
Heat
Figure 1.10: Thermal station power chart.
Advantages of thermal power stations. 1. Less initial cost required; 2. They require less space; 3. As a combination of the two above points, the cost of a generating unit of electrical energy is less.
Disadvantages. 1. Atmospheric pollution is considerable; 2. Combustible may have to be transported over long distance; in some case, after some years, and then the energy cost may be quite high.
Electricity
(Boiler)
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1.2.3 Nuclear power stations A nuclear power station produces electricity from the energy liberated by a nuclear reaction. In a typical system, uranium 235 ( 235U ) is bombarded with neutrons. 92 As result, the nucleus is divided and heat energy is released. This process is known as nuclear fission.
Intermediate converter
Mechanical energy
Primary converter
(Nuclear fission)
(Steam turbine)
Final converter
(Uranium 235)
Combustuble
(Alternator)
Heat
Figure 1.11: Nuclear station power chart.
Advantages of nuclear power stations: 1. Quantity of fuel required is small for generating a given amount of electrical energy, compared to that with other fuels; 2. They are more reliable, cheaper for running cost, and are efficient when operated at rated capacity.
Disadvantages: 1. Fuel (Uranium) is expensive and not abundantly available everywhere. 2. They require high initial cost; 3. Maintenance charges are high; 4. Nuclear waste disposal is a problem.
1.2.4 Generating set: When fuel is burnt, it produces heat which is used to drive the shaft of an alternator thereby producing electricity. The advantage of this system is that it is portable and the disadvantage is that the energy produced is not much.
Electricity
15
1.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of conventional sources of electricity
Advantages: 1. Technologies for conventional methods of production of electricity (thermal and hydropower generation) are the most developed; 2. Conventional methods for production of electrical energy are efficient and economical.
Disadvantages: 1. The combustibles (Uranium, gas, coal) are likely to be depleted in near future, forcing us to conserve them and to find alternative resources; 2. Toxic, hazardous fumes and residues pollute the environment; 3. Generally they are located at remote places with respect to the main load centres, increasing the transmission costs and reducing the system efficiency; 4. Maintenance costs are high.
1.3 Non conventional energy resources: Non conventional energy resources are essentially renewable sources of energy. These are sources which are continuously produced in nature and are not exhaustible because they are naturally renewed. Examples of renewable resources are solar energy, wind energy, hydro-energy (conventional), biomass, biogas, geothermal energy, tidal energy, fuel cells Advantages of production of electrical energy using renewable resources are the following: Non polluting processes are used; Perpetuity and renewability of the main source; Virtually zero running cost. Inconvenient are the following: High initial cost; Uncertain availability of the source, depending on weather changes;
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1.3.1 Solar energy: Electrical energy can be produced using solar cells. When ionized solar radiation is incident on a semiconductor diode, energy conversion can take place with a voltage of o.5V to 1V and a current density of 20 40mA/cm2, depending on the quality of the material used and the conditions of sun light.
P-type material P-N junction N-type material

Figure 1.12: Principle of a solar cell Electrically, solar cells are connected in series and in parallel combination of cells so that rated voltage and current are obtained. Since the final form of electrical energy required is generally alternating current, it is obtained from DC using inverters.
Vf = 0.5 to 1V
Figure 1.13: Solar panels on BP Solar Company showcase.
Advantages: Low running cost; No pollution; The primary source, which is the sun, is perpetual.
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Disadvantages: High initial cost; Uncertaincy of the solar source, depending on weather conditions.
1.3.2 Wind energy:
Figure 1.14: Wind farm. Kinetic energy of wind is transformed into mechanical energy by wind turbines. A gearbox connected to the turbine permits to step up the speed such that it can drive an alternator which produces electricity.
Figure 1.15: Principle of wind generation.

Vent = wind, Systeme de stockage = storage device.
Advantages: Wind energy is plentiful and inexhaustible;
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Renewable and non polluting; Low running cost. Disadvantages: Wind energy is unreliable (depending on the weather); High initial cost.
1.3.3 Biogas Biogas is formed using biomass like animal excreta, vegetable waste and weeds through a process of decomposition in absence of oxygen in a biogas plant. Biogas is a good fuel and it can be used both for cooking and lighting.
Figure 1.16: Principle of a biogas plant.
Advantages: Relatively simple and can be produced easily; Burns without smoke and without living ash residues; Household wastes and bio wastes can be disposed of usefully and in a healthy manner;
The slurry from biogas is excellent manure. Disadvantages: Bad smell;
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Hygiene problems; Relatively high initial cost.
1.3.4 Fuel cells: Fuel cells produce electricity from an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
Figure 1.17: Principle of a fuel cell.
Advantages: high efficiency; Environmentally benign; Reliable for power generation; Stationary and portable power generation using fuel cells exist. Disadvantages: High initial cost; The fuel which is hydrogen is difficult to obtain.
1.3.5 Geothermal energy: Geothermal energy is thermal energy is thermal energy produced by the earth. The core of the earth is made up of magma having a very high temperature. That thermal energy can be accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a process similar to drilling for oil. Suitable areas for geothermal energy are volcanoes, hot springs and geysers.
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Figure 1.18: Modern Geothermal power plant. 1.3.6 Ocean energy: Ocean can produce two types of energy: Thermal energy from suns heat and mechanical energy from the tides and waves. Oceans cover more the 70% of the earths surface, making them the worlds largest solar collectors. The suns heat warms the surface water in such a way that it is hot more than the deep ocean water and this temperature difference creates thermal energy. Just a small portion of the heat trapped in the ocean could power the world. Tides and waves of the ocean are intermittent mechanical sources of energy. That mechanical energy can be transformed to electrical energy using an alternator. 1.4 Electrical energy versus other forms of energy:
Advantages of electrical energy: Easily transformed to other forms of energy; It is clean and it does not pollute the atmosphere; It can be instantly transported at long distance. It is very flexible (Frequency, amplitude of voltage and current can be easily varied).
Disadvantages: It requires permanent support for transportation (lines, cables, pylons)
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It cannot be stored in large quantity. This obliges electricity companies to produce just the amount of energy needed to meet demand and compensate for line losses at any instant. If this condition is not satisfied, the network becomes unstable and can stop.
1.5 Overview of electrical energy in Cameroon: Modern energy production in Cameroon is characterized by the dominant position of electricity. Electricity is generated from two sources: oil and hydro. The balance of electricity production and consumption in Cameroon shows a surplus of unused energy. This is mainly the result of under-consumption on the grid in the northern part of the country. Exporting this electricity to neighbouring countries is currently being considered. After the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroons hydroelectric potential is the second largest in Africa. There is 920-km long Sanaga River feeding two hydropower schemes: Song Loulou (384 MW) and Edea (264 MW) accounting for 97 percent of the countrys hydroelectric power. Cameroons natural generating potential has been evaluated at 294 TWh with a capacity of only 13,700 MW able to be developed due to, amongst other things, environmental factors. This hydroelectric potential is not sufficiently developed and is not backed up by adequate thermal generating capacity, exposing the country to the vagaries of the climate. This inadequate development of hydropower is explained by the environmental situation of most of the falls and rapids. More plants are planned in the short term, to increase generating capacity of the two facilities mentioned above (Edea and Song Loulou power plants), with building of the Lom Pangar storage dam (170 MW) and the development of hydroelectric schemes at Nachtigal (280 MW), Song-Dong (280 MW) and Mvembel (200MW). Start of the enhancement work on the Song Loulou and Edea dams was started on September 2008; it will raise capacity of the plants by 75 MW. The national operator, AES-Sonel, operates generating units under a concession regime, with a total capacity, in 2007, of 938 MW. This is based on three
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hydroelectric schemes ( Edea (264 MW), Song Loulou (384MW) and Lagdo (72MW) in the northern part of the country), And more than 40 thermal plants. In 2001, the generating capacity was 850 MW. Measures were introduced to increase this by building of a heavy-oil fired plant at Limb (85 MW), of a gas fired plant at Kribi (150 MW) and conversion of the Logbaba (17.6 MW), Oyomabang (35.5MW) and Bafoussam (14.4 MW) plants, as well as power factor management which has resulted in a gain of 20 MW. The following figure shows the locations of the thermal plants operating permanently.
Figure 1.19: Thermal plants operating permanently in Cameroon.
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The following table gives a summary of the main electricity power plant in Cameroon with their capacities. Table 1.1: Main electricity power plants in Cameroon. Song Loulou Edea Hydropower plants Lagdo H-O fired Limb Gas fired Kribi Logbaba Thermal power plant Oyomabang Bafoussam Bassa Mefou (Yaound) Djamboutou (Garoua) Lom Pangar storage dam (started) Hydropower plants in project Nachtigal Song Dong Mvembel 384 MW 264 MW 72 MW 85 MW 150 MW 17.6 MW 35.5 MW 14.4 MW 15 MW 10.9MW 20Mw 170 MW ( generating
30MW) 280 MW 280 MW 200 MW
1.6 Conclusion: This chapter has permitted us to make an overview of various methods of production of electrical energy, both conventional and non conventional, putting an emphasis on hydroelectricity which is the principal source of electricity in Cameroon. The concept of renewable energy has been introduced and discussed and various methods of production of electricity from renewable sources presented with their advantages and drawbacks. A summary on the situation of electricity generation in Cameroon has also been done and main electricity power plants in Cameroon presented, with their respective capacities. The focus of the following chapter will be
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the study of transport and distribution of electrical energy, putting an emphasis on the Cameroonian electrical network.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Exercise 1: (Bacc 2011, technology, GCEB). 1. Name three types of new and renewable energies used in the generation of
electrical energy. 2. Give the power in MW of the following generation stations: a. Hydroelectric generating station at Song Loulou; b. The coal fired thermal station at Oyomabang; c. The thermal generating station in Douala Bassa. 3. Give three advantages of hydroelectric station over nuclear station.
Exercise 2: (Bacc 1998, technology, OBC). In the Cameroons electrical network (South Interconnected Grid and North Interconnected Grid): 1. Give an example of medium water fall hydropower plant. 2. Give the name of an interconnection substation and state two advantages of this type of station. 3. Give the name of a 225kV transportation line. 4. Give reasons why the production of electricity in Cameroon is mostly based on hydroelectricity despite the high initial cost that the construction of an hydropower plant requires. 5. Give 4 elements (electrical devices) of a transportation line. 6. Why are Aluminum conductors (ACSR: Aluminum Cable Steel Reinforced) mostly used for the transportation of electricity in High Voltage.
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Exercise 3: Theoretical questions. 1. 2. 3. Give four examples of conventional sources of energy. Give four examples of non conventional sources of energy. Give advantages of conventional sources over non conventional sources of
energy. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is geothermal energy? Briefly explain about ocean energy. What is wind energy? Briefly explain a biogas plant. Describe the principle of solar cells. Give the principle of nuclear energy generation.
Exercise 4: (Bacc 2001, technology, OBC). The following figure represents the structure of an electrical network.
225 kV
Step up transformer
Water Hydropower station
90 kV
HV Subscriber
Coal, gas, fuel. Thermal power station
225 kV
Step up transformer Interconnection
MV Subscriber
30kV Uranium 225 kV Nuclear power station

Step up transformer
90 kV
230V/400V
LV Subscriber
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1. Give the nature of each of the three power stations. 2. The hydropower station on the figure is a low water fall power station: H= 20m, Q = 6000 m3/s, g =10 m/s2. a. Calculate the power of the water fall in MW. b. Which type of turbine is suitable? 3. Why should a nuclear power plant be handled with great precaution? 4. Which conditions should the three step-up transformers fulfill in order to be connected in parallel? 5. What are the meanings of HV, MV and LV? Give their rated values. 6. What are the meanings of HTB and HTA? Give their rated values. Exercise 5: 1. Cite three element of a hydropower plant. 2. Give the name of the most powerful hydroelectric plant in Cameroon. Give its power in MW and the type of turbine that it uses.
References: 1. A. K. Raja, Amit Prakash Srivastava, Manish Dwivedi, POWER PLANT ENNGINEERING, New age international publishers, 2006, 491 pages. 2. Emanuel Ngnikam, Elie Totale, Energy systems: Vulnerability Adaptation Resilience (VAR) 2009, Cameroon, Helio international report,
www.helio-international.org. 3. B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, S. G. Tharnekar, A Textbook of Electrical Technology, Introduction to Electrical Energy Generation, S. CHAND and Company LTD, 2005. 4. A. Bading, Cours dinstallation lectriques, ENSET de Douala, 2007.
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Annex: South Interconnected Grid Cameroon (SIG) Horizon 2009.

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
NGOUNE Jean-Paul was born in Forek-Dschang, Republic of Cameroon in 1984. He is a holder of a Master Degree in electrical engineering, obtained in 2010 in the Doctorate School of the University of Douala. He is also a holder of a DIPET II and a DIPET I respectively obtained in 2009 an 2007 in the Advance Teaching School for Technical Education (ENSET de Douala). He is currently a permanent teacher of Electrical Engineering at the Government Technical High School of Kumbo, North-West region, Cameroon. His domain of research concerns the improvement of energy
conversion techniques for an efficient generation of electrical energy from renewable sources (especially wind and solar energy, small and medium scale hydropower). The author is looking for a Ph.D program in his domain of research (he has not yet found it). Any suggestion for this issue will be warmly welcome.
NGOUNE Jean-Paul, P.O. Box: 102 NSO, Kumbo, Cameroon. Phone: (+237) 7506 2458. Email : jngoune@yahoo.fr Web site : www.scribd.com/jngoune
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Courses In Electrical Engineering

Volume III ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS CHAPTER ONE: PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Electrical installations_Jean-Paul NGOUNE