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1.(a)(1) X is / helium nucleus/ alpha particle, charge = +2, mass = 4 amu [1m]
Y is / fast moving electron/ beta particle, charge = -1, mass = 0 amu [1m]
(2) The path of alpha and beta particles are deflected / bent by a magnetic field but they are deflected in
opposite directions [1m + 1m]
OR: [diagram showing the bent motion and correct directions: 2m]
(b)(i)
[2m]
(ii)
[2m]
(c)(i) Step 3. It is the intermediate step with highest activation energy.
Therefore It is the slowest step [2m]
(ii) Exothermic
Since the potential energy of the products is lower than that of the reactant. i.e. ∆H is negative. [1m]
(Exothermic Since ∆H is negative 1m only)
+ - 2+
(d)(i) 2MnO2(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H (aq) (or à) 2MnO4 (aq) + 3Pb (aq) + 2H2O(l) [1.5m]
- - 2-
(ii) 3H2O2(aq) + 2Cr(OH)4 + 2OH (aq) 2CrO4 (aq) + 8H2O(l) [1.5m]
(e)
Cl- en Cr
en Cr Cl-
en
Cl
Cl Cl
(d) Alcohol molecules are held together by H-bond (or intermolecular force). [1/2m]
Or In alcohols
[1.5m]
(ii)
Br
CH3 - CHCH2CO2H Br2 | HCl*
excess
| CH3 - CHCHCO2H Valine
CH3 P | NH3
CH3 [1/2m]
[1/2m] [1/2m] [1/2m]
Correct structure
(iii)(1) Under acidic conditions:
+ .
NH3-CH2COOH or HOOCCH2NH2 HCl [1m]
(Must show an ammonium salt in some way)
(2) Under basic conditions:
-
H2NCH2CO2 or H2NCH2COONa etc. [1m]
+ -
(Must show a carboxylic acid salt in some way, zero mark for NH3-CH2-CO2 in both cases.)
(f)(i) Acidity depends on the equilibrium
+ -
HB(aq) H (aq) + B (aq) [1/2m]
Both compounds have PHENOL functional group which can be involved in above equilibrium. [1/2m]
In case of phenols, equilibrium proceeds to right due to resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion:
[1/2m]
i.e.
[1/2m]
(ii) Y is the stronger acid [1/2m]
This is because the electron withdrawing >C=O group further stabilize the phenoxide ion
or show by [1.5m]
4.(a)
[Preparation of chlorine: 2m
Drying + Reaction of Cl/S: 1m + 1m
Collection (condenser or ice water): 1m
Disposal of excess chlorine (fume cupboard or inverted funnel in NaOH): 1m]
(b) If heated too strongly, the products may decompose back to sulphur and chlorine. [1m]
(c) Distillation / Fractional distillation [1m]
2-
(d) One of the hydrolysis product is S which is oxidised to SO4 by nitric acid [1m]
Yellow precipitate (Sulphur) is formed.
(e) (1) Transfer a known volume of the test solution to a conical flask using a pipette. [1m]
(2) Add to the conical flask excess CaCO3(s) to neutralise HNO3 present. [1m]
3
(3) Add approximately 1 cm K2CrO4(aq) as indicator.
(4) Titrate the chloride solution using standard silver nitrate [1m]
(5) Red coloration occurs at the end-point. [1m]
(6) Repeat the titration to obtain 2-3 consistent sets of data [1m]
+ -
(f) No. of moles of Ag required to react with all the Cl presnet in the hydrolysed product
-3
= 0.1 x 31.25 x 10 x 10
-2
= 3.125 x 10
-2
No. of moles of Cl present = 3.125 x 10 [1m]
No. of moles of S used = 0.8 / 32.06 = 0.025 [1m]
No. of moles of S : No. of moles of Cl
-2 -2
= 2.5 x 10 : 3.125 x 10 [1m]
= 1 : 1.25
Empirical formula of Binary Compound is SCl1.25 or S4Cl5 [1m]
(If SCl: 0m ; the product is a mixture of S2Cl2 and SCl2)
2.
1. Chemical knowledge
1. Electron configuration(I mark)
From Ti-Cu, they form ions an incomplete d-electron subshell
2+
e.g. Cu (Ar)
2. Atomic properties(2 marks)
The variation of the atomic radius (I.E., electronegativity) from one member to another is small
Nuclear increases from Ti to Cu, but electron is added to the inner d-subshell. This gives better shield of
outer electrons form the increasing nuclear charge and consequently the atomic radius decreases but less
rapidly than in Na to Ar
3. Physical properties(2 marks)
Strong metallic bonds through close-packed structure and small atomic radius, therefore high melting points:
boiling points: densities anf heat of fusion and vaporization than main group metals
High tensile strength and good mechanic properties
Thus used as constructional material.
4. Chemical properties( 1 mark)
Most of these metals react slowly with dil. Acids owing to protection by a thin impervious and unreactive oxide
layer. Ions of these metals have a high charge/radius ratio. Thus there is highly polarsing which results in
(compared with s-block elements):
(1) Oxides and hydroxides in oxidation state +2, +3 are less basic and less soluble
(2) Salts less ionic and less thermally stable
(3) Salts and aquesous ions more hydrated and more readily hydrolysed forming acid salts
(4)ions more easily reduced
5. Other properties of the transition metals/transition metal ions(4 marks)
(1) Variable oxidation state
-Exhibit more than 1 oxidation state since energy difference is small for 3d and 4s levels
-Common oxidation states: +2, .+3
-Up to Mn, max oxidation number = electrons outside Ar core
-Highest oxidation state occurs in compound of O and F.
-Ti, V, Cr, Mn, never form simple ions in highest oxidation state since ions of extremely high charge density
will result, these compounds exhibit highest oxidation state either covalently bonded TiO2, V2O5 or complex
- -
ions VO3 ,MnO4
-Stability of ion related to 1/2 filled shell:
2+ 3+
Mn and Fe more stable.
(2) Complex ion formation
–High charge density on central metal ion helps formation of complex where co-ordination no. is often 6.
Hydrated complexes dissociate
3+ 2+ +
Fe(H2O)6 = (Fe(H2O)3OH) + H
Hence aq. Solution are acidic.
2- -
For oxidation state. +3, oxo-anions formed, thus CrO4 , MnO4
- If C.N = 6- complex is octahedral arrangement
- C.N=4- complex is usually tetrahedral arrangement /square planar
- Isomerism- structural, geometric, optical, examples
(3) Colored compounds
- Energy level splitting in d-blocks is small and absorption falls in the visible region of the spectrum
therefore salts are colored.
(4) Catalytic properties
-Explained in terms of the ability to exist in variable oxidation state or co-ordination compound formation
1. Mark for each property
*
G * n
G G G G
CF 2 CF 2
G=CO2Me Perspex, others Teflon(from ), Natural Rubber (from= )
CO Polymers\
Similar to above but with 2 different monomers.
Condensation polymers
Formed from intermolecular reactions in which sub-units joined through elimination of small molecules e.g.
H2O, ROH
Examples: Polyamides
Though some examples given in the original marking scheme are out of the syllabus.
Thus the following will just include the name of it.(they are in syllabus)
1. Equations of Nylon
2. equations of formation of terylene
Mechanisms of their formation
Addition polymers: Mechanisms are generally
Chain reaction involving initiation, propagation, termination.
Addition may occur via the following
1. Radical polymerization
2. Cationic polymerization (Out AL)
3. Anionic polymerization (Out AL)
Condensation Polymer mechanisms: nucleophilic addition followed Elimination
CH2 CH2
Sources: - cracking of petroleum
CH2CHCl HC CH from petroleum source
- addition of HCl to
OH OH
Nylon
terephthalic
Aromatic compound-
All from petroleum sources
This could be elaborated with reactions
Suggested allocations of marks