Bio Study Guide Unit 1 (Chapters 1, 4-7)

Note: This is a study guide, which should be used to help summarize key points to study for exams and quizzes. Material that is emphasized on the study guide is likely to be emphasized on exams and quizzes. However, any material that is covered in the course may show up on exams, even if it is not in the study guide.

Chapter 1 Know the Scientific Method Variables: control and experimental Variables: dependant and independent (Which variables below are independent? How do you know? Which are dependent? How do you know?)

Levels of organization (p8) The 5 Theories (Page 5 has a good summary in a table) -Cell -Gene -Evolution -Homeostasis -Ecosystem Levels of classification (table 1.8), and the 3 Domains Be able to read an evolutionary tree (examples on pgs 13 and 14)

Be able to write scientific names in proper nomenclature Natural selection & adaptation. How do they work together? Pay attention to bolded terms, read the ch. Summary, and working the problems in the back of the chapter will not hurt either! Chapter 4 What are cells? How do we make more cells? Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What types of cells are in each of these catagories? Differences between plant and animal cells? Know these structures- where they are and what they do. (Figures 4.4A&B are good models) Mitochondria Nucleus DNA Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm Nuclear Envelope Cell Wall ER (smooth and rough) Ribosomes Lysosome Vacuole Golgi apparatus Chloroplasts What is a transport vesicle? What does it do? How do organelles of the endomembrane system work together? (4.12, pg 75) Why do we say that chloroplasts and mitochondria have opposite functions? (pg76) Oxygen + carbohydrate Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Respiration Photosynthesis Why is the above formula important? What are cilia and flagella, what do they do? Read Ch. Summary, pay attention to bolded words, and working the questions in the back will never hurt! Chapter 5 What is energy?

Differences between potential and kinetic energy What are the relationships between solar, potential, and kinetic energy? (Fig. 5.2) ATP & ADP, how do they give us energy, how are they made Enzymes! What are they and what do they do? Know the terms: enzyme, substrate, active site, allosteric site How do enzymes work? How are enzymes affected by situational conditions? (i.e., temperature, pH, etc) Non-competitive / competitive inhibition Plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Know the basic structures (i.e., cholesterols, hydrophiliic heads/hydrophobic tails, different proteins) Know basics of the different proteins Diffusion / Osmosis (what are they) What types of diffusion require energy? Which ones dont? (table 5.10) How do molecules move with a concentration gradient? Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic : what happens to cells in these solutions? (Figure 5.10c) Why do cells react the ways they do in certain solutions? Know Active and Bulk transport processes Extracellular structure: how do cells communicate with one another? Pay attention to bolded terms in the chapter. Read chapter summary. Doing the problems at the end will only help you on the exam!! Chapter 6 Know what photosynthesis is, and the basic formula used to describe it. Basic leaf anatomy (figure 6.2) How does oxygen and carbon dioxide get into the leaf? Into the chloroplasts? Know stomata, chloroplasts, chlorophyll, reduction, oxidation Main products of light reactions/Calvin cycle reactions Light spectrum Which color is most / least energetic? Why? Looking at Figure 6.4B, why does it make sense that leaves are green? Main outcome of the ETC Photosystems I and II How do we know that photosystem I evolved before photosystem II? (pg 112) Differences between C3, C4 and CAM plants, and characteristics of each Read ch. Summary, pay attention to bolded terms and latin prefixes / suffixes, and working through the problems in the back will give you a great advantage on the exam!! Chapter 7

What is ATP? Why is it a good energy source? Cellular respiration & the basic formula that describes it (notice any similarities between that one and photosynthesis?) Major products of cellular respiration Production of ATP takes place where? Glycolosis and its importance in respiration Differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration Major products of the Krebs cycle ATP synthase what is it and how does it make ATP? Major products of fermentation (aerobic respiration) Catabolism vs. anabolism Pay attention to bolded terms, read ch. Summary and work the problems in the back for maximum potential!