E R - Model

The Entity-Relationship Model { E-R MODEL }
DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa
Overview
Database Design: The E-R Model Entities

Attributes Relationships
Overview
Data Model:
A set of concepts to describe the structure of a database, and certain constraints that the database should obey
Schemas versus Instances
Database Schema: The description of a database. Includes descriptions of the database structure and the constraints that should hold on the database. Schema Diagram: A diagrammatic display of (some aspects of) a database schema. Schema Construct: A component of the schema or an object within the schema, e.g., STUDENT, COURSE. Database Instance: The actual data stored in a database at a particular moment in time. Also called database state (or occurrence).
Example ER Diagram
FIGURE 2.1 Schema diagram for the database
Database Design
External View
Pilot
(Order Entry)
Engineer
(A/C Receivable)
Passenger
(Inventory)
Conceptual Model (ERD)
General Design
(Comprehensive Data Model)
Logical Model (Relational)
Blueprint
(Database Schema)
Physical Reality (DBMS)
Aircraft (Database)
The Entity Relationship Diagram

An E-R diagram is a graphical representation of an organizations data Such data includes the people, places, objects, events, or concepts (along with their characteristics and relationships) that are relevant to an organization
Entities
Person, place, object, event, or concept about which the organization wishes to collect and maintain data Nouns are used to describe entities Examples: Employee, Student, Nurse City, State, Country Sale, Registration, Account Entity Type versus Entity Instance
Types of Entities
Strong Entity: can exist independently EMPLOYEE
Weak Entity: cannot exist without the owner entity (with which it has an identifying relationship) Has a primary key that is derived from the owner entity in the relationship
EMPLOYEE
DEPENDENT
has
Attributes
Properties or characteristics of entities (or relationships) Provide the actual data that describe entities (or relationships)
EMPLOYEE
E_ID E_Name E_Address

Unique Attributes
Candidate keys are ALL attributes that uniquely define an instance of an entity
A primary key is the candidate key that is chosen as the most unique of them all!
Composite Attributes
Attributes that are not atomic (or simple), i.e., those attributes that can (and need to) be broken down further
EMPLOYEE
E_ID E_Name E_Address (E_Street,

E_City, E-Zip)
Multi-valued Attributes
Some attributes may have multiple values ...

EMPLOYEE {E_Skill}
but they may need to be fixed before proceeding

EMPLOYEE has SKILL
S_Code S_Name
Derived Attributes
Those attributes whose values can be calculated from the values of other attributes (either in the database or in the system) Value is not stored in the database (since it does not take up any space) E.g., Age can be calculated, where date-of-birth is stored
Relationships
Refer to the associations (or links) between entities Use verbs to describe the links May have attributes (in some cases) Are directional
STUDENT
Lives in
DORMITORY
EMPLOYEE
Works in
STORE
Associative Entities
A (many-to-many) relationship that is better represented as an entity because it: contains attributes from the entities it links and has its own attributes
CUSTOMER
Orders
PRODUCT
CUSTOMER
ORDER
PRODUCT
The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

ER model forms the basis of an ER diagram
ERD represents the conceptual database as viewed by end user Main Components Entities In E-R models an entity refers to the entity set. An entity is represented by a rectangle containing the entitys name.
Attributes Attributes are represented by ovals and are connected to the entity with a line. Each oval contains the name of the attribute it represents. Attributes have a domain -- the attributes set of possible values. Attributes may share a domain. Relationships
The Attributes of the STUDENT Entity
Primary Keys Underlined in the ER diagram
Key attributes are also underlined in frequently used table structure shorthand
Ideally composed of only a single attribute Possible to use a composite key: Primary key composed of more than one attribute
Purpose of E-R Model
Facilitates database design Express logical properties of mini-world of interest within enterprise - Universe of Discourse Conceptual level model Not limited to any particular DBMS E-R diagrams used as design tools A semantic model captures meanings
Symbols used in E-R Diagram
Entity rectangle Attribute oval Relationship diamond Link - line
E-R Diagram descript ion

Student: stuId, lastName, firstName, major, credits
Each student has a unique id and has at most one major
Department: deptCode, deptName, office

Each department has a unique code and a unique name, and that each department ahs one office designated as the departmental office
Faculty: facId, lastName, firstName, rank

facId is unique and that every faculty member must belong to department. One faculty member in each department is the chairperson.
Class: classNumber, sched, room

classNumber consists of deptCode, courseNumber, section
Textb ook: isbn, author, title, publisher

A book can have multiple authors
Evaluation: date, rater, rating

Evaluation is a weak entity, dependent on Faculty

Classes of Attributes
A simple attribute cannot be subdivided. Examples: Age, Sex, and Marital status A composite attribute can be further subdivided to yield additional attributes.
Examples:
ADDRESS Street, City, State, Zip PHONE NUMBER Area code, Exchange number

Classes of Attributes A single-valued attribute can have only a single value. Examples: A person can have only one social security number. A manufactured part can have only one serial number.
Multivalued attributes can have many values. Examples: A person may have several college degrees. A household may have several phones with different numbers Multivalued attributes are shown by a double line connecting to the entity.
Multivalued attributes in an Entity
Splitting the Multivalued Attribute into New Attributes
A New Entity Set Composed of Multivalued Attributes Components
A derived attribute may be calculated (derived) from other attributes Need not be physically stored within the database Can be derived by using an algorithm
Example: AGE can be derived from the data of birth and the current date.
Depiction of a Derived Attribute

Relationships A relationship is an association between entities. Relationships are represented by diamondshaped symbols.

Connectivity The term connectivity is used to describe the relationship classification (e.g., one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-tomany).
Cardinality Cardinality expresses the specific number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity. The minimum and maximum number of entity occurrences
Connectivity and Cardinality in an ERD
Entity Relationship Models
Mandatory Relationships Optional Relationships Many-to-Many Relationships One-to-Many Relationships One-to-One Relationships Recursive Relationships
Mandatory, Many-to-Many
INSTRUCTOR
STUDENT
INSTRUCTOR
STUDENT
Optional, Many-to-Many
DEPARTMENT
STUDENT
DEPARTMENT
STUDENT
Optional/Mandatory, Many-to-Many
INSTRUCTOR
SKILL
INSTRUCTOR
SKILL
Optional/Mandatory, One-to-Many
PRODUCT
VENDOR
PRODUCT
VENDOR
Mandatory, One-to-One
AUTOMOBILE
ENGINE
AUTOMOBILE
ENGINE
Recursive
EMPLOYEE
supervises
is supervised by
Entity Relationship Models
Mandatory Relationships Optional Relationships Many-to-Many Relationships One-to-Many Relationships One-to-One Relationships Recursive Relationships
A Comparison of ER Modeling Symbols
SUMMARY
A Generalization Hierarchy with Overlapping Subtypes
Overlapping relationships are indicated by Gs

Multivalued Attribute in Relational DBMS The relational DBMS cannot implement multivalued attributes. Possible courses of action for the designer Within the original entity, create several new attributes, one for each of the original multivalued attributes components ( Figure 4.4). Create a new entity composed of the original multivalued attributes components ( Figure 4.5).
The Entity-Relationship Model { E-R MODEL }
Er. Kanwalvir Singh Dhindsa Department of CSE & IT

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The Entity-Relationship Model { E-R MODEL }

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Database Design: The E-R Model Entities

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Schemas versus Instances

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

FIGURE 2.1 Schema diagram for the database

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Conceptual Model (ERD)

Logical Model (Relational)

Physical Reality (DBMS)

The Entity Relationship Diagram

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

E_ID E_Name E_Address

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

E_ID E_Name E_Address (E_Street,

Some attributes may have multiple values ...

but they may need to be fixed before proceeding

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

The Attributes of the STUDENT Entity

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Primary Keys Underlined in the ER diagram

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Purpose of E-R Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Symbols used in E-R Diagram

Entity rectangle Attribute oval Relationship diamond Link - line

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

E-R Diagram descript ion

Department: deptCode, deptName, office

Faculty: facId, lastName, firstName, rank

Class: classNumber, sched, room

Textb ook: isbn, author, title, publisher

Evaluation: date, rater, rating

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Multivalued attributes in an Entity

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Splitting the Multivalued Attribute into New Attributes

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

A New Entity Set Composed of Multivalued Attributes Components

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Depiction of a Derived Attribute

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

The Entity Relationship (E-R) Model

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Connectivity and Cardinality in an ERD

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

Entity Relationship Models

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa

DBMS by Er. K.S.Dhindsa