Plant Constituents Actions
Fever with moist skin (can be dry), strong pulse, flushed Dec BP and HR with long term use
Glucosides (asclepidine,
Asclepias tuberosa
asclepione)
(Pleurisy root)
Resins (galitoxin)
Aspidosperma quebracho Alkaloids (aspidosamine,
(Quebracho = breaking the quebrachine)
axe) Tannins
Glycosides (napthoquinone) Sedative (cough)
Drosera rotundifolia
Essential oils (small amount) Anti-spasmodic
(Sundew)
Flavonoids
Immune System - Cough
Arial: Alkaloids (ephedrine-
diuretic)
Ephedra sinica
Phytosterols
(Ma Huang)
Root: ephedrine, tannin,
saponin, flavone, oil
Eriodictyon californicum Resins
(Yerba Santa) Flavonoids (eriodictyol)
Volatile oils (eucalyptol)
Eucalyptus globules
Flavonoids (quercitin)
Essential oil (tremerol)
Flavonoids (quercitin,
Eupatorium perfoliatum eupatorin)
(boneset) Terpenoids (sesquiterpene
lactones)
Bitter glucosides
Indications Pharmacology/Toxicity
Short painful cough/hack that lasts for weeks Fresh plant more potent than dry
Diaphoretic
#1 herb for PLEURISY Galitoxin can irritate mucous mem
Expectorant (cathartic with
Patchy infiltrates or linear pattern on radiograph V high doses --> resp paralysis
higher dose)
<motion (as clip to chair) OD: N/V, GI upset, D, anorexia, death
Anti-tussive
Inflammation of serious membranes of thoracic cavity Tx: Emesis, gastric lavage, cathartics, hydration and
PNS stimulator
Usually unilateral electrolyte replacement
Wants to hold chest CI: preg. uterine stimulant.
Aids expectoration and improves expansion of lungs (lung pump!)
Dyspnea, pale face, cyanotic lips, anxious, soft small irregular Alkaloids: inc depth and rate of respiration - use only for
Expectorant
compressible pulse, palpitations with cough short term
Anti-tussive
Chronic heart and lung disease Resinous alkaloids: antimicrobial and aids expectoration,
Anti-periodic
Cardiac asthma, emphysema (tripod position) leads to mucosal irritation
Anti-microbial
Hemoptysis with TB Tannins: inc HR and BP
Low vitality
What a SPAZZ - laryngeal/bronchial/arterial spasm
Expectorant Dry irritating, persistant cough (spasmodic, explosive, expulsive)
Inc heart rate and elasticity
Dryness worse at night
Glycosides appear to work on microbes that cause
Patient hoarse, children anxious
periodontal disease
Anti-tussive Cough assoc with measles, whooping cough, TB, bronchitis, dry
High doses darken urine
Spasmolytic asthma
Arteriosclerosis, angina, chest pain
Used for weight loss (appetite supression)
Max dose in canada is 24mg/day
Relaxes bronchi smooth muscles and vasoconstricts skin
Used in TCM to treat asthma for > 5000 years
Arial Parts: Diaphoretic and ab viscera
Acute asthma, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, emphysema (helps break
Stimulant Increases BP, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic
up spasms)
Astringent Dilates pupils
Spasmodic conditions of the bronchi
Decongestant OD: N/V, sweat, vertigo, tremors, insomnia, palpitations,
Stimulates SNS
Expectorant convulsions, hypertensive crisis
Root used for sweat and diarrhea
Diuretic Tx: emesis, GI lavage, charcoal. Palpitations: B-blocker,
Root: Diaphoretic siezures: diazepam, V tach: Lidocaine, HT crisis:
Phentolamin or Nitroprusside
CI: MAO inhibitor (can lead to HT crisis). Yin deficiency,
anorexia, insomnia, preg, lactation, suicidal disposition
Eczema’s such as poison oak and ivy, dry irritated tissues such
as dermatitis - resins decrease pruritis and dec spread of irritation
Expectorant
Chronic cough with abundant secretions – throat may be dry, but
Sialogogue and Carminative
lungs are wet, pneumonia, phthisis (difficult to expectorate, sputum Essential oil - eriodictyol - irritates mucous membranes
(aids in digestion)
is deep)
Bitter tonic
Anorexia, impaired digestion, emanciation
Soothes dry, irritating persistent cough
Expectorant Cold extremities with cold perspiration, perspiration during chills Bug repellant
Anti-periodic Sense of weight and coldness in intestines Inhibits mast cell degranulation and cyt p450
Anti-septic/disinfectant Yellow mucopurulent discharges OD: dec BP, cold, pale, gastroenteritis, death
Anti-bacterial Wet asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, mycoplasma, malaria, Gleet Tx: nux-vomica (causing emesis), beladonna (slows
Rubifacient Externally for aching joints, sprains, congestion. Lymph congestion peristalsis), monitor 24 hr creatinine
Febrifuge and bruises. CI: hypotension, inflamed KI or GI tract
Flu with deep muscle and bone pain along the rib cage; feels bones
are broken - bone pain due to influenza
SOB and hard full pulse (like a bone)
Febrifuge Polysacc are immune stimulatory (inc phagocytosis)
Cough with measles, asthma, hoarseness, common cold
Emetic (high doses) Essential oil tremerol - drying dec concentration
Persistent embarrassed cough, chest pain and dyspnea, severe or
Anti-periodic OD: N/V, anorexia, thirst, constipation, muscle tremors,
periodic fever, muscle spasm, swollen, moist skin
Stomachic (bitter) rapid shallow resp, coma, death
Turbid urine, inc frequency
Bacteriostatic Tx: GI lavage, saline cathartic, electrolytes
Alcoholism (to stimulate digestion)
Intermittent headache (digestion related), GI/musc spasm
Tertiary syph - bone pain
Page 1 of 33
 Amino acids
Flavonoids
Glechoma hederaceae
Steroids
(Creeping Charlie)
Terpenoids (ursolic acid)
Volatile oils
Resin (grendolin)
Grindelia robusta Alkaloids (grendaline)
(Gum plant) EO (barenol, pinene)
High in selenium
Immune System - Cough
Glycosides (diosmine)
Volatile oils (limonen, B-
Hyssopus officinalis
pinene - both monoterpenes)
(Hyssop)
Resins
Tannins
Volatile oils (sesquiterpene
lactones, helenin, inula)
Inula helenium
CHO
(elecampagne)
Terpenoids
Alkaloids (piperidine -
Lobelia inflata
toxicity)
(Indian tobacco)
Bitter glycosides (lobelacrin) Dec CO2 threshold to inc resp
Diterpenes (marrubin)
Marrubium vulgare
Essential oils
(Hoarhound)
Vitamin C
Resin/oleoresin (salicin)
Populus balsamifera Mucilage
(Balm of gilead) Volatile oil
Caullophylloid
Prunasin (source of cyanide) Anti-tussive
Prunus serotina
Organic acids Mild sedative (specific to
(Wild black cherry)
Tannins, resins, VO respiratory tract)
Sesquiterpenes (petasin) Anti-spasmodic (asthma,
Petasites hybridus
Flavonoids cough, migraine, urinary tract)
(Butterburr)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Cholagogue
ough
Lead colic Ursolic acid: anti-viral (good for EBV), inhibits tumors
Headache with cough Essential oil irritates mucus mem in high doses
Expectorant
Deep lung cough with pectoral pain Tx: flush with water
GI and Mental Stimulant
Dry asthma with cough CI: essential oil: GI and oral ulcers, sensitive skin, dermatitis
Hypochondrial pain and distension
Expectorant
Phlegm can be heard but cannot be coughed out
Anti-spasmodic Dec HR - do not use in bradycardic patients
Non-productive/dry cough
Sialagogue Se and Mg overdose
Cough with cyanosis, dyspnea, arrhythmias
Respiratory stimulant Caution with chronic renal disease (resins)
Asthma, walking pneumonia
Diuretic
External for skin ulcers, burns, rashes, herpes zoster, poison
Vulnerary
oak
Cardiac tonic
GI catarrh where mucous --> congestion and poor digestion
Carminative
Sore throat assoc with cold and flu - gargle Muscle relaxant for Gi spasms (IBS)
Dypeptic
Tea for bronchitis and wet asthma Caution with GI bleeding and spongy KI due to volatile
Vulnerary
External for bruises, trauma, ulcers - not as good as Grindelia. oils
Expectorant (weak)
Soothing for eczema and psoriasis.
Chronic wet cough (especially in elderly) with substernal pain,
influenza, wet humid asthma, profuse secretions
Teasing, persistent wet cough Immunostimulant
Anti-tussive Female with thick catarrhal leukorrhea (douche) Sesqiterpene lactones - inh many cell lines (e.g. M.
Mild diaphoretic Anorexia & sluggish liver (hepatic torpor) tuberculae)
Ab atonia, relief by flatus, dyspepsia, weak digestive process Volatile oils irritate mucous membranes
Vermifuge
Sensation of suffocation, feeling of heaviness (like someone is
sitting on chest - angina/neuralgia), short laboured breathing Increases resistance to diptheria
Expectorant
(dyspnea); bronchial mucous; tachycardia Alkaloids - lower doses stim nicotinic receptors, in higher
Emetic (only large doses)
Rigid os & rheumatism doses they supress - (Stimulant to PNS in low doses and
Sialigogue
Acute asthma SNS in high doses)
Stimulant - SNS and PNS
Smoker’s cough - decreases nicotine cravings; croup, OD: esophageal burning, N/V, stupor, tremor, pinpoint
pneumonia, bronchitis (spasm) pupils, rapid pulse, sinus arrhythmia, death
Cathartic
Hypertension d/t over-stimulation Tx: GI lavage, emesis
Diuretic
Smooth muscle spasm CI: Heart problems, pregnancy
Chronic larynx and bronchial mucous mem irritation
Stimulant Cough and cold with chronic catarrh, generally chilly Volatile oils used for IBS
Tonic Asthma with copious amounts of mucous that is hard to expectorate Marubin - expectorant and inc bile flow
Expectorant - can hear but non-productive Anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive
Diuretic and purgative and high Dyspepsia Caution: high doses diuretic, v high doses purgative.
doses Laryngitis, hoarseness, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, smoker's CI preg: may stim uterus
cough with catarrh
Fever with URTI (common cold, sinusitis, hay fever, laryngitis)
Bronchial catarrh assoc with poor digestion
Expectorant Caullophyloid: anti-coagulant
Deep hoarse voice
Anti-pyretic Salicin only activated if right microflora is present, action via
Rheumatism (topical resins), ulcerations (EO probably
Anti-rheumatic COX-1 inhibition
antimicrobial)
Bitter tonic CI: allergy to poplar pollen, salicylates
Nephritis
Chronic persistant irritating cough, chronic smoker Prunasin aids with digestion
Bronchitis, whooping cough Prunasin can be made into cyanide
Expectorant for profuse mucopurulent discharge OD: difficult respiration, spasms, stupor, vocal cord
Heart pain due to coughing (palpitations, weak pulse, poor paralysis, twitching, convulsions, coma, death
circulation) Tx: IV diazepam (seizures), GI lavage, B12 counteracts
Dyspnea, anorexia (due to bitters) cyanide
External for wounds, ulcers, opthalmias CI: preg - cyanide is teratogenic
Historically for fevers due to Yersinia pestis Sesquiterpines - inti-inflammatory (inh lipoxygenase, down
Smooth muscle spasm regulates LT synthesis)
Smasmotic cough - asthma, whooping cough Migraine prophylaxis
Poor digestion with colic, obstructed bile flow Prevents SI ulcers, dec seasonal rhinitis
Obstructed urinary flow (especially from Gleet) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: unsaturated are hepatotoxic and
Menstrual colic carcinogenic. No studies on saturated.
Page 2 of 33

Immune System - Cough
Isoquinoline alkaloids -
Sanguinaria canadensis
berberine, sanguinarine
(Bloodroot)
Organic acids (citric, malic)
Resins
Thymus vulgaris
Tannins
(Thyme)
Volatile oils - thymol
Tylophora asthmatica Alkaloids (tylophorine)
(Indian ipecac) Steroid
Pyrolizidine alkaloids
Triterpenoids, Volatile oils,
Tussilago farfara
Bitter glucosides, Tannins,
(Coltsfoot)
Mucilage, Flavonoids,
Organic acids
Demulcent
Bio-flavonoids (hesperidin,
Anti-tussive
Verbascum thapus verbaside, accubin)
Expectorant
(Mullein) Essential oils, Saponins,
GU sedative, anodyne
Mucilage (leaf), resin
Diuretic (weak action)
Alkaloids (duboisine/
Symplocarpus foetidus
hyocyanine)
Immune System - Cough
(Skunk cabbage)
Gums, resins, tannic acid
Mucilage
Pulmonaria offcinalis Silicic acid, silicon
(Lungwort, Sticta) Minerals (K, Mg, Ca)
Saponins, Tannins
Tickling, dry, irritated throat & cough
Burning in air passages on inspiration, anxious
Expectorant
Red, irritated mucosa; cold extremities Isoquinoline alkaloids can cause gastric irritation, contact
Cholegogue
Stomach queasy and uneasy with nausea dermatitis
Sialogogue
Ulcerous skin lesions (eschariotic) OD: N/V/D, irregular pulse, cold extremeties, dilated pupils,
Emmenagogue
Amenorrhea (anemic and chilly, prone to headaches); vicarious glaucoma, severe HA, inc thirst, vertigo, shock, coma, death
Eschariotic
menses Tx: Charcoal and GI lavage, demulcent
Emetic (at high doses)
Hepatitis A (small doses) CI: preg, breast feeding
Haemostatic
Topical: Cervical dysplasia, anti-fungal (warts, scabies, ringworm) Cautions: acute angle glaucoma
Nervine
Snuff: Nasal polyps
Cold infusion: Dyspepsia with weak irritated stomach, food
Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, antioxidant
sensitivity, poor appetitie, IBS
Carminative Mosquito prophylaxis
Warm infusion: flatulence, HA, diaphoretic
Spasmolytic Volatile oil thymol - mucosal irritant
Tincture: Smasmolytic, sore throat, whooping cough
Anti-tussive OD: N/V, heat in stomach, perspiration then chill, stupor,
Oil inhalation: asthma, lung cancer, bronchial diseae, diptheria
Expectorant death
Topical: Antiseptic, anti-microbial. Putrid pus, neuralgia, reumatic
Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal Tx: flush with water, GI lavage
pain, dry cough
Vasodilator CI: pregnancy (b/c spasmolytic)
Encapsulated: anti-candida
Caution: dilute essential oils
Fomentation: directly on chest for cough, to warm and vasodilate
Allergic rhinitis and asthma
Alkaloids toxic to some cell lines
Emetic (large doses) Asthma - chew and swallow leaf (1/day)
Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial
Expectorant
Strong stimulation on adrenal glands - can produce cortisol
Chewing leaf can cause nausea - this is good!
Irritated mucosal membranes with cough (all types)
Spasmodic respiratory conditions: laryngitis, pharyngitis, whooping
cough, asthma
Anti-tussive GI catarrh, stimulates digestion because of bitters Stronger anti-tussive than expectorant. Anti-pyretic in animal
Expectorant Silicosis, chronic emphysema, scrofula studies.
HA with nasal obstruction and sinusitis. Vertigo from nasal
obstruction
Scoliosis related to pott's disease in TB
Internal: nervous bronchial irritation with dry hoarse cough,
hoarseness, < lying. Substitute for tobacco, for sore throats,
asthma. Irritated GU, cancer of the GU systems
Smoking in excess amounts with Datura stramonium and
External: anodyne for otitis, rheumatic joints, ulcers, tumors,
KNO3 may cause vertigo
tonsilitis, sore throat, mumps
Flowers (steeped in oil): for otitis and asthma
Tea: for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, lung CA
Influenza with perspiration, cold Burning in the mouth and throat if overused
Respiratory congestion, coughs OD of straight alkaloids: stumbling, sleepiness, dilated
Diaphoretic
Wet asthma pupils
Expectorant
Substitue for atropine in glaucoma or fundal disease OD of entire botanical: slurred speech, dilated pupils
Anti-spasmodic
Eclectics: antidote to mushroom poison (antagonizes muscarinic (impaired vision), loss of motor control, tired, loss of
action on heart) sphincter control, inc then dec in temperature, seizure
Smoker's cough, sharp pain on coughing
Aching pectorals < deep breathing/exertion/fever
Anti-tussive HA with sinusitis or hayfever, sneezing/ corrhyza with hayfever
Expectorant Pleurisy, acute bronchitis
Anti-rheumatic External: Mild burns and traumas, swelling, bruises,
haemorrhoids, elarged lymph nodes and thyroid
Page 3 of 33
Immune S
Sticta pulmonaria
Stictic acid
(Lungwort)
Cinnamyl acetic aldehyde
Cinnamomum cassia and ester, eugenol
(Cinnamon) Tannins, Lignans, fiber,
starch
Immune System - Infection
Resins (commiphoic acid)
Gum
Commiphora myrrh
Essential oil and bitter
(Myrrh)
(cresol)
Organic acids
Alkaloids, tannins, iridoid
Dipsacus spp. glycosides, saponins, organiz
acids, polysaccharides
Flavonoids (mytricitrin)
Myrica cerifera Tannins, terpenoids
(Bayberry) (myticadiol), gum, resin,
starch
Arabinogalactan: long
branched polysacc of
Larix occidentalis
glactose and arabinose
(Larch)
Trace of uronic acid
Tannins
Rumex acetosa Oxalic acid (binds iron-fatal)
(Green sorrel) Anthroquinones
Immune System - Infection
Rumex acetosella
Cough with pain in shoulders, extrinsic repiratory muscles - pain to
occiput - rheumatism
Soft, wiry pulse
Muscular pain. Pains < deep breath (soreness as if bruised)
Chills, fever, night sweats of TB
Cough: raspy, wheezing, dry, persistant, especially July-Aug,
hayfever, summer influenza
Bronchitis, laryngitis, whooping cough, croup, catarrhal asthma
La grippe - hot watery mucus, thick, yellow green, bloody
Internally: Uterine hemorrhage and profuse flow; pale with cold
Dilates blood vessels: inc circulation, acts as diaphoretic
extremities. Menorrhagia and post-partum hemorrhage
Anti-microbial and anti-pyretic.
Astringent GI UPSET
Analgesic for spasmodic pain in smooth muscle
Anti-spasmodic Hemoptysis
Internal toxicity: N/V, KI damage, coma
Carminative URTI: patient looks pale, cold, chilly and has trouble shaking
Tx: emesis, GI lavage, charcoal, monitor KI and LIV
Anti-microbial infections
enzymes.
Anti-diabetic Externally: fungal infections, over spine for coughs, over abdomen
External toxicity: redness, burning, dermatitis. Treat with
for babies with restless colic. Children for sleeping.
water.
Excess mucous or discharge - gleet, respiratory catarrh
Laryngitis, wet asthma, bronchitis, pharyngitis - conditions with Anti-inflamm, anti-pyretic, anti-fungal, antitussive,
profuse secretions. Mucous difficult to expectorate. expectorant
Expectorant
Leukorrhea or amenorrhea - dragging sensation in pelvis Schistomosiasis - eradication
Anti-septic
Dyspepsia with pale tongue and halitosis Non-irritating, non-sensitizing, non-phototoxic
Historically for vermifuge and
Apthous stomatitis, ulcerated throat and tonsils, gingivitis and CI: documented hypoglycemic effects, so may interfere
gangrenous ulcers
spongy gums with anti-diabetic therapy
External: gangrene ulcers, stomatitis, inflamed mucosa Caution on preg due to emmenagogue properties
Comparable to vit E in rats
Saponins cytotoxic in some CA lines, may benefit B-amyloid
Used in TCM - root is bitter, pungent & warming protein (Alzheimer's)
Used to treat infections, especially lyme disease (Borrelia) Organic acids prevent atherosclerosis
Muscle and tendon symptoms Polysaccharides are immune modulating: stimulate
phagocytes and lymphocytes
Terminates pregnancies
Profuse mucous discharge with poor circulation -
hypersecretion
Apthous stomatitis with halitosis, ulcers, foul stools
Myricitin has choleretic, bacteriocidal and spermatocidal
Dysentry, mucoenteritis, measles, typhoid, scarlet fever, malaria,
activity
Expectorant jaundice
Myricadiol has mineralcorticoid activity
Sialogogue Stimulates digestion if taken before meals
CI: large doses may interfere with existing hypertensive,
Astringent Stimulates blood production, nutrition in very weak (slow pulse,
hypotensive or steroid therapy
low temp, yellow tonge)
CI: preg (mineralcorticoid and carcinogenic)
Externally: for spongy, flabby, bleeding gums. Gargle for sore
throat or scarletina. Vaginal douche for muco-leukorrhea,
excess bleeding
Chronic non-responding GU infections
Chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, rhinitis, URTIs Anti-inflamm, anti-allergic, anti-complement
Immune stimulant
Purpura hemorrhage, passive hemorrhage Inc NK cell cytotixicity, inc phagocytosis
Chronic antibiotic use in children, otitis media
Fresh leaf: refrigerant, diuretic (eaten in salad) OD: N/V/D, mucosal irritation, renal damage
Infusion: fevers and inflammation Tx: induce emesis and then give milk or water to dilute,
Roasted leaf: wrapped around tumors, wens, boils to induce charcoal
suppuration IV Ca gluconate for tetany and hypocalcemia, maintain
Fresh juice: cutaneous tumors or injected into tumors fluids while monitoring BUN, Ca, 24hr creatinine
Used for treponema infections, scrofula and CA
Patients with difficulty urinating (destructive tissue process)
Page 4 of 33
Immune System - Infection
Alkaloids (stillingine)
Stillingia sylvatica
Alcohol (sylvacrol)
(Queen's root)
Gum, starch, oil
Uncaria tomentosa/
Alkaloids (rynchophylline,
guainensis Immunostimulant
hisutine)
(Cat's claw)
Bitter
Usnea barbata Organic acids (usnic acid,
Anti-microbial: anti-bacterial,
(Old Man's Beard) barbatic acid)
anti-fungal
Iridoid glycosides
(verbenanine)
Verbena hastata
Essential oil (limonene)
(Blue vervain)
Flavonoids (luteolin,
scutellarin)
Dry, irritated, red mucous membrances
Skin lesions that appear red moist and irritated
Alterative Blood dyscrasia (leukemia) with weakness
Toxicity due to sylvacrol (alcohol)
Cathartic Paroxysmal, hoarse, croupy cough, irritating, cough of cold
OD: GI burning, D/N/V, tachycardia, muscular weakness
Cholagogue winter
and prostration
Astringent Anti-syphilitic (tertiary) - cachexia of tertiary syphilis
Weak pale sick children with anemia, anoreia, GI and LIV atony,
otitis, debility and weakness
Historical use: daily as tea to ward off disease and "give life"; bone
Alkaloids inc Ig's in cancer patients
pain and wound healing; KI cleanser; recovery post childbirth;
Anti mutagenic, appears to need ST acid for effect
gonorrhea; dysentry; female urinary tract cancer
Rynchophylline decreases BP, HR, cholesterol,
Infections
vasodilates heart and central and peripheral BV's (inhibitis
Female urinary tract cancer; leukemia
SNS)
PMS
Hisutine is a diuretic, decreases bladder contractions
HIV/AIDS
Arthritis, bursitis, rhematism
Historically for disinfectant for cuts, infections, fungus, impetigo
Anti-viral: use for patients refractory to Echinacea spp. Usnic acid inhibits gram + bacteria. Antidotes tetanus and
Rheumatoid arthritis: jts that are < from Echniacea spp diptheria toxins. Smooth muscle relaxant.
Douche intravaginally for Trichomonas vaginalis
Native Americans used this for fever, GI colic and spasm, and as a
Diaphoretic
hemostatic. Epilepsy. Glycosides are toxic, have an analgesic effect
Diuretic
Fever and HA associated with cold or flu Verbanine: inc milk flow in lactation. Inhibits SNS
Expectorant
Throat and lung congestion, with spasm nerves of heart, blood vessels, intestines, salivary glands.
Anti-periodic
Liver dysfunction, worms, jaundice Promotes blood coagulation. Inc urinary output in
Emmenagogue
Irregular menses with dysmenorrhea Schistosomiasis.
Galactogogue
Topically: leaves in rheumatism, wound healing, ulcers

Historically: as tea for splenitis, anemia, dysentry.

GI and LIV disorders with englarged spleen and possible GI
Organic Acids (ceonothic) bleeding: more chronic congestion/inflammation like malaria,
Alterative
Ceanothus americanus Alkaloids (integerrin) thalasemia, sickle cell anemia, mono, TB, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Ceanothic acids inhibit bacteria that cause gingivitis
Astringent
(New Jersey Tea) Flavonoids Ciprofloxatine cased hepatosplenomegaly Useful for treatment of infections, cancer with splenomegaly
Hemostatic
Tannins Spleen hypertrophy with sallow, doughy skin and expressionless
face
Cough, bronchitis, dry cough, weak lungs

Historical: treat ulcers and nodular growths of the skin and

mucous membranes (on or under the skin)
Organic acid Lymphatic system tonic - lymphadenitis anywhere in the body
Immune System - Lymphatic System

Refrigerant
Galium aparine Iridoid glucosides Exanthem diseases (rubella, rubeola, varicella, roseola, fifth's) Decreases BP without decreasing HR
Diuretic
(Cleavers) (asperuloside) Treatment of UTI's associated with pain (anuria caused by stones, Anti-cancer for leukemia
Anti-nodular
Tannins KI and BL inflammation, gonorrhea)
External: psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus. Cancer nodules or
scrofula.
Historical use: secondary syphilis
Thyroid or Lymphatic enlargement More effective/stronger than taraxacum for Liv cleansing
GI/endocrine: bilious HA or fever with nausea <motion, vomiting, Toxicity - oleoresin (iricin).
and indigestion <fatty food. HA starts in occiput --> eyes and Topically: contact irritant. Tx: soap and water.
Oleoresins (iresin, iridin) Lymphatic alterative
forehead. Hepatitis with constipation, steatorrhea, jaundice. Acute Internally: increase salivation in very high doses (known as
Iris versicolor Organic acid (salicylic acid) Cholegogue
diarrhea/dysentry. Chronic pancreatitis especially with vegetable Hg). Tx: decrease dose.
(Blue flag) alpha-phytosterol, volatile oil, Laxative (with fresh root and/ or
splenomegaly: blanched or pale skin (anemia), dropsy (due to OD: Oral/GI/esophageal burning, N/V/D with heat in
gum, tannins higher doses)
stones and excessive alcohol consumption) rectum, GI colic, HA.
Reproductive system: uterine hypertrophy and enlarged ovary. Tx: flush with saline cathartic, emesis, GI lavage, monitor
Leukorrhea. Ulceration of cervical os (HPV). Spermatorrhea. hydration and electrolytes
Skin: greasy and oily. Eczema, acne, psoriasis, pigmentation

Page 5 of 33
Immu
Saponins (phytolaccagenin)
Lectins
Phytolacca americana
Formic acid, tannins,
(Poke root)
phytolaccotoxin
Alkaloid (phytolaccine)
GU System
Volatile oils
Agrimonia eupatoria Bitters
(Agrimony) Tannins
Coumarin (agrimol)
Saponins (laevulose, triticin)
Agropyron repens Organic acid (malic acid,
(Couch grass) silicic acid)
B carotene
Apis mellifica
(Honey Bee)
Genitourinary System
Glycosides: arbutin
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Flavonoid: quercitin
(Bearberry) Resins, Tannins, gallic and
ellagic acids
Volatile oils (diosphenol,
pulegone)
Barosma betulina Glycoside (diasmon)
(Buchu) Bioflavonoid (similar to
hesperidin)
Ethone, mucilage, Mn
Purgative: enhances peristalsis, may produce gastric pain
and severe diarrhea in large doses
Historical use: diptheria
Convulsive: increases resp and BP, after longer use
Hard, indurated, painful, glandular swellings (orchitis due to
Lymphatic respiration and HR decrease
mumps, mastitis, diptheria)
Anti-viral Diuretic: increase blood flow to KI
Oral: pale mucosa, ulcerations, cough, sore throat, SOB,
Emetic <10 berries fatal in thildren. <2g root.
diptheria, difficult respiration due to extent of illnees
Purgative, Laxative OD: N/V tingling throughout body, hypotension, resp failure,
External: conjunctivitis, mastitis, lymphadenopathy, ulcers/
plasmocytosis, death
hemorrhoids, blisters
Tx: emesis, GI lavage, monitor vitals, diazepam if
convulsing
Deep colicky lumbar pain with unseasy sensation from KI and
hips to umbilicus and genitals (tip of urethra)
Chronic GB problems with low ST acid
Urinary atony and decreased KI fxn leading to dropsy, dribbling
Genitourinary tonic with cough May cause photosensitivity and hypoglycemia
Astringent Cyctitis, incontinence, gonorrhea, catarrhal discharge Hypotensive in high doses
Bitter Urine has a muddy smell and look Hypertensive in low doses
UTI with dropsy
Chronic mucous discharge: leukorrhea, icterus/itchy skin, TB
HA on side of head
External: throat, mouth, tongue ulcers (gargle)
Frequent dysuria (irritable bladder) - pain extends to the back
Chronic cystitis, incipient nephritis (early stages)
Weak diuretic Discharge with urination, gonorrhea
Anti-irritant Enlarged prostate, chronic prostatitis - often with hematuria Non-toxic
Prostatic herb and Tonic Gravel/sediment in urine
Gout, rheumatism, joint pain
Europe: spring tonic to get KI working after long winter
Historical use: anuria
Anuria, urethral and cystic irriation, burning, stinging pain with
constant desire to urinate and little urine produced
Ascites, post-scarlatina ascites
Ovarian congestion, cyst with menorrhagia, amenorrhea, edema of
Urethral sedative external genitalia
Anaphylaxis in acutely allergic individuals, may develop from
Anti-histamine Swollen sore throat with edema, diff swallowing
repeated exposures.
Diuretic Urticaria, hives, injury with swelling
Injuries producing swelling/stinging/burning pains
Rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis - Apitherapy - allow a bee to
sting one joint, increase by one bee eact visit
Especially useful in autoimmune conditions
Angina, dropsy
Chronic urinary bladder irritation with a lot of pain, tenesmus,
catarrh, cystitis Increase anti-inflamm effect of prednisolone
Blood, mucus discharge from GU tract (gonorrhea/leukorrhea) Inhibits cell maturation of B lymphocytes
Genitourinary sedative
Weight, dragging or heaviness in loins/urinary tract/ perineal Arbutin and methylarbutin undergo enzymatic reaction in
Renal anti-septic
area, enlarged prostate alkaline environment
Not a diuretic
Sensation UB has lost muscle tone, sensation of a presence in Avoid long term use to tannins
prostate region Symptoms of long term use: GI irritation
GI infection: H. pylori CI: pregnancy (oxytocic)
Alkaline urine
Chronic inflammation of UB and urethral mucus membranes,
cystitis
Volatile oil diosphenol: may darken urine with brownish
Urethral irritation with copious mucopurulent discharge (gleet)
Renal anti-septic precipitate, may cause change in urine odor
Uric acid crystals
Diuretic (weak action) OD: Gastroenteritis, strangury/spasm
Acid urine, constant urgency but no relief with micturation
Carminative Volatile oil - pulegone: uterine stimulation and mucosal
Prostate incontinence
irritation in mice, therefore caution in pregnancy
For some people their urine will turn brown and may develop a
new odor
Page 6 of 33
 Irritation in the GU tract
Glycoside (arbutin) Alkaline urine
Arbutin: undergoes enzymatic reaction in alkaline
Organic acids (ursolic Catarrh of the bladder with offensive urine, mucus in urine,
Chimaphila umbellate Genitourinary anti-septic environment (kidneys) to become hydroquinone and glucose
acid) mucupurulent urine, hematuria, burning dysuria
(Pipsissewa) Kidney tonic Contact dermatitis from volatile oils in fresh plant
Methyl salicylate Chronic protatic irritation, prostatitis with discharge, gonorrhea
leaves
Tannin Scrofula associated with inguinal lymphadenopathy, with
prostatic/urinary tract symptoms
Thiaminase: causes B1 deficiency - caution for long
Internal: Dropsy and supression of urination with dysuria, irritation
term use
of UB. Dropsy of legs, <after menopause. Hematauria due to
Aconitic acid (highest in fresh plant)
gravel/stones. Nocturnal enuresis, chronic UTIs, gleet, Connective
Saponins Chronic deficiency: Beri-beri (wet is CHF, edema. Dry is
tissue weakness (hair, nails); tendon and ligament problems
Equisetum arvense Silica Diuretic neurological)
External: Sitz bath for female pelvis spasm, muscle tone
(Horsetail) Aconitic/equisetic acid, Astringent Tx: GI lavage, emesis, charcoal
changes in pelvis (PMS). Chilbains (frostbie with tingling, burning,
salicilic acid, mucilage CI: hypertension, CV conditions because it may
irritation, itching, chapping, damp cold exposure). Arthritis (RA/OA),
increase potassium excretion, in vitro it has increased
limb fracture. Weak tendons and ligaments, flat arches, eczema,
platelet coagulation
neruodermatitis. Post thrombotic swelling.
Caution CV drugs
Dissolves renal calculi
Edema/dropsy from renal insufficiency, post scarlatina dropsy
Dysuria with frequency, pain and weight from thighs to bladder,
Eupatorium purpureum Oleoresins (euparin, Diuretic milky urine, mucus urine
Euparin: diuretic, anti-lithic
(Gravel root) eupurpurin) Anti-lithic Hematuria from prostatitis
Incontinence from BL irritation in children and in pregnancy
Gout, rhematism
Chronic cough, chronic catarrh, asthma, whooping cough
Aids in the passage of stones
Pain of passing kidney calculus/gravel Does not dissolve stones but eases the irritation they cause
Glucoside (hydrangin)
Acute nephritis on passing
Hydrangea arborescens Acids (sulphuric, phosphoric) Renal sedative
Chronic gleet OD: vertigo, oppression of chest
(Seven barks) Saponins Litholithic
Urethral mucus irritation, especially in post menopausal females Tx: Decrease dose or stop use altogether, can also give
Mucilage
Hepatic pain or irritation white salts or crystals
Irritated bronchi (soothes mucous membranes)

Renal atonia with catarrh/mucus - increases GFR Volatile oils (thujone)

Diuretic Irritation of UB due to gleet, cystitis, pyelonephritis Acute symptoms: catharsis
Volatile oils (pinene,
Bacteriostatic Gout, arthritis with many neurological, muscle, and tendon sx Chronic symptoms: Albuminuria, nephrosis with
Juniperus communis cadinene, camphene)
Anti-septic Dropsy post scarlatina hematuria, oliguria, personality changes, convulsions
(Juniper) Sesquiterpene lactones
Other: urinary sedative, digestive Ascites in chilren Tx: Discontinue use, fluids, monitor electrolytes
(thujone)
aid (due to bitter) Gargle for cough, sore throat, colds; a gentle expectorant CI: pregnancy, lactation
Genitourinary System

Cutting pain Caution with weak kidneys

Dropsy, post-scarlatina dropsy

Oil antimicrobial for UTIs and may stimulate hepatic
Anuria, urinary retention
regenration
Diuretic Gonorrhea
Parsley oil Apiol: causes spasms in SI
Carminitive Diuretic for obesity, edema, dropsy, inc BP, night sweats from
Petroselinum sativum Volatile oil (apiol) OD: sense of body heat, vertigo, headache, tinnitus, visual
Nutrient vitamin A, C: Ca, Fe consumption, TB
(Parsley) Fatty oil change, scintillation (light flashes), N/V/D, urticaria, swollen
Emmenagogue (high doses) Amenorrhea due to ovarian inactivity, secondary amenorrhea
Vit A, C, Ca, Iron liver with icterus
Anti-microbial Carminative for gas/colic
Tx: discontinue use, GI lavage, monitor fluids
External for lice, insect bites/stings, englarged glands: lymph,
CI: preg (causes spasms), duodenal ulcers and crohns
thyroid, breasts
Difficult, scanty dark urine due to acute/chronic nephritis
Albuminuria, anuria, urinary obstruction: increases KI function
therefore decreases albumin output (does not dilute it; may be due
"Goldenrod rust" - coleosporin solidagenesis - avoid if
Volatile oil (pinene, Diuretic to flavonoids)
dark mold spots on leaves - can cause abortion,
Solidago odora candinene) Renal tonic Anuria/oligura in hemorrhagic nephritis
emanciate, or kill animals
(Goldenrod) Saponins Carminitive Flatulence, vomiting, due to stomach cramps/nausea
Volatile oils toxic in large doses
Flavonoids Expectorant Convalescence after cholera, dysentry, diarrhea (aids in gastric
Tx: cease or avoid use
function)
Respiratory expectorant for bronchitis and catarrh
Amenorrhea

Page 7 of 33

Volatile oils (thujone, alpha-
thujone, pinene)
Thuja occidentalis
Prinipicrin (bitter glycoside GU anti-septic
(Yellow cedar)
similar to quercetin)
Tannins
Essential oils (cineol, cymol,
pinene)
Turnera aphrodisiaca
Arbutin
(Damiana)
Hydrocyanic glycoside
Bitters, tannins, resins
Urinary incontinence, senile dribbling
Enuresis in children due to infection or irritation
Alpha-thujone (volatile oil) - irritant to CNS, HT stimulant
GU catarrh, gonorrhea
OD: GI irritant, convulsions (cerebral lesions), hypotension,
Diuretic Chronic prostatitis
coma, death
Fever, cough, bronchitis (aids expectoration)
Tx: emesis, GI lavage, cathartic, monitor heart, establish
Emmenagogue External for: anal fissures, anal/rectal prolapse, warts,
respiration, seizures (IV diazepam)
condylomata, syphilic chancre, leukorrhea, gonorrhea, trachoma,
CI: pregnancy (abortifacient)
gangrene, ulcers, bed sores, malignant growth, Bronchitis,
diptheria, coup
Irritations of GU mucus membranes
Chronic cystitis, renal catarrh and mucus in urine
Respiratory system: mucus, hypersecretion with cough from
irritation
Urinary nervine
Impotence or frigidity associated with sexual nervousness,
anxiety, depression, neurosis, excess sex or age
Irritation and burning in urinary tract or in colds and coughs when
the person has lots of mucus; as if drowing in the mucus

Uterine hemorrhage Formic acid: causes stinging and raised red irritation of the
Anti-hemorrhagic Poor milk production skin. Tx: avoid contact, water
Urtica urens
Formic acid Astringent Painful burning with cystitis CI: pregnancy - uterine contraction
(Dwarf stinging nettle)
Galactogogue Nettle juice: increases urine excretion Caution with diuretic meds so as not to exacerbate diuresis
Myocardial insufficiency to decrease load on heart Anti-dote: rumex spp, platago major

Excess mucous discharge: chronic cystitis, diarrhea/dysentry,

Genitourinary System

Symptom relief for BPH. Inhibits SHBG, inhibits prostate cell

gastric secretions with emesis/eructations, colonic mucous
metabolism and growth
discharge. Infant cholera.
Anti-inflammatory: decreses number of cytokines,
Astringent BPH (nocturia, dysuria, urinary retention - root preferred)
decreases acute phase proteins, asthma
Galactagogue Nutritive: anemia, recovery from chronic illness
Urtica dioica Formic acid (and lots of other Better than placebo for allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
Diuretic Decreased capillary fragility
(Stinging nettle) stuff!) MI, decreases BP, CNS depressant in high doses
Rubefacient Gout and rheumatism
Toxicity: contact dermatitis from formic acid. Tx: avoid
Counter-irritant (fresh herb) Deficient lactation in nursing mothers
contact and flush with water. Rumex spp to antidote and
Post traumatic swellings
cool skin.
External: rubifacient for eczema, neuraliga and rhematic pain:
Caution in preg.
lumbago, sciatica, tendonitis, sprain. Warts. Alopecia.

Dysuria - burning and cutting at close of urination

Inhibits E. coli from adhering to urinary tract cells -
Bitter glucosides (oxyoccin - Nagging tenderness in bladder and urethra; chronic cystitis
fructose inhibits adhesion and slows replication; lectins may
similar to arbutin) Urinary anti-septic Cloudy and bloody urine (+ leukocytes, nitrates)
Vaccinium macrocarpon attach to bacterial wall and cause lysis; proanthrocyanidins
Organic acids Anti-inflammatory Post menopausal women
(Cranberry) are antiox and maybe anti-carcinogenic
Anthrocyanins Prophylactic Gargles for tonsilitis, sore throat, scarlatina
Some efficacy in bladder CA
Fructose Topical: poultice for boils on nose, acne, and resistant
Non toxic
ulcerations, swollen cervical glands, malg ulcers, erisipelas

UT inflammation/irritation (UB/urethral tract), Chronic cystitis, Slight diuretic effect caused by NaCl secretion: may
Diuretic anura, gonorrhea. Bladder symptoms in children effect BP (hypotensive due to diuresis)
Zea mays Volatile oils
GU sedative (for spasm and Renal calculi, gravel, phosphate and uric acid crystals Decrease blood glucose - rabbits
(Corn silk) Organic acids, sugars, gums
irritation) Dropsy of KI or HT origin, tonic to circulatory system (heart and Increase secretion of bile
peripheral blood vessels) Increased platelet counts and PT

Page 8 of 33
 Plant Constituents Actions Indications Pharmacology/Toxicity

Atonia in tissue with lots of discharge

Water extracts: anti-inflammatory
Passive haemorrhage: hematuria, anal and uterine haemorrhoids
Volatile oils (trace of thujone) Alkaloids: hypotensive, antipyretic, antibacterial
Urinary irritation: painful cystitis
Lactones (achillin, milefin) Hemostatics Sesquiterpines: used in leukemia models
Achillea millefolium Menorrhagia with uterine spasm/pelvic pain
Bioflavinoids Stomachic (gastric bitter) Thujone is toxic: GI irritant and CNS stimulant. Acts as emmenagogue, abortifacent. May be lost
(Yarrow) Bitter: stomach, liver dysfunction, poor digestion
Bitters Anti-inflammatory in drying process. Other sx: convulsions.
URTI with fever.
Alkaloids Caution: when combining with H2 anatagonist, proton pump inhibitors because it inc HCl
External as a poutice for bleeding, trauma, leukorrhea
production. Anti-coagulant therapy, pregnancy.
Prostate bleeding, esp. post TURP

Historically used for post-partum hemorrhage

Volatile oils
Capsella bursa- Choline like constituence
pastoris Diosmin, Bioflavonoids,
(Sheppard's purse) Organic acids
Related to brassica family
Passive haemorrhage, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia
Haemorrhage due to uterine myomas
Contraction in non-intact uterus and intestines
Diuretic Frequent/chronic colourless vaginal leukorrhea
Bursic acid: hemostatic only with increased concentrations
Astringent Diarrhea and dysentry associated with bleeding haemorrhoids
Alcohol extracts given IV temporarly decrease BP
Anti-hemorrhagic Hematuria or urinary tract bleeding; pain assoc with renal stones
CI: pregnancy: emmenagogue and uterine stimulant properties
Works best with alkaline urine
Externally: bruises, traumas and rheumatic joints
Controls bleeding

Alkaloids (ergotamine)
Ergotic/ergotinic acid,
sclerotic
Claviceps purpurea
(Rye ergot)
Clavicititaceae family
Grows on rye, wheat,
barley
Delayed labour: feeble circulation with signs of edema in both feet and face;
weakness and coldness
Weak uterine contractions, no dilation of the os
Used in final stages of pregnancy, low doses in false labour pains with
sensation of weight in pelvis
Hemostatic Active haemorrhage; post-partum haemorrhage (DO NOT administer if
Motor excitant anything remains in the uterus)
Congestive headache with sense of venous fullness in head, vertigo,
tinnitus, hemiplegia
Chronic mania and epileptic mania
Feeble circulation with dilated pupils, palor and cold to touch
Hypotensive conditions: orthostatic hypotension, sclerosis
Ergotamine used as a drug for migraine headaches (with caffeine)
Alkaloids: cause contractions, especially in uterus
Acute OD: HA. N/V/D, dec temp, edema of head and extremities, miscarriage, muscular twitching,
convulsions, coma, death from respiratory and/or cardia paralysis
Chronic OD: develop gangrenous conditions, tingling, altered circulation, reddened or cyanotic
extremities, sanguinous fluits from vesicles/ulcers, tissue sloughs, cataracts
Chronic low dose: spasms, tremor, vertigo with convulsions, tinnitus, photophobia, HA, V/D, both
mental and physical depression
Tx: GI lavage or saline cathartic - may need heat and O2
CI: early preg and 1st and 2nd stages of labor but ok after placenta has been delivered

Capillary bleeding from various organs

Erigeron canadense Essential oils
(Canadian fleabane) Tannic and gallic acid
Hemostatic Herbs
Watery diarrhea: gushing/sudden, cholera
Epistaxis (leaves snuffed)
Passive haemorrhage: hematuria, hemoptosis, hematemesis,
Astringent
meno/metrorrhagia Volatile oil is oxytocic: CI pregnancy.
Hemostatic
Hyperurination associated with DM - acts on kidneys (KM, albuminuria,
inflammation of UB/uretrha, gonorrhea)

External: oil for hemorrhoids, small bleeding wounds, boils. Gargled for sore
throat. Topical for tympanitis.

Relaxed mucosal tissues with profuse discharge

Salivation from use of mercury
Galic acid Chronic mucusy diarrhea, D with constant urge to defecate; used for
Calcium oxalate dysentry as a milk infusion Robert's formula was to treat gastric ulcer bleed: Geranium, echinacea, hydrastis, althea.
Geranium maculatum Starches, sugars, pectin, Astringent Passive haemorrhage, epistaxis, bleeding from wounds Powdered and put in capsules. Patient took 2. Bastyr added baptisia. If in stomach he added
(Geranium) gum Hemostatic Particularly effective for gastric ulcers and GI bleeding powdered powedered stomach or in intestine, powdered duodenum. Hybiscus esculentus was also
Bioflavinoid quercitin Gargled for apthous ulcers or apthous stomatitis considered (ochra)
Phlobaphenetannin Leukorrhea and gleet
Hematuria and menorrhagie, bleeding haemorrhoids
Sore throat, swollen tonsils, ulcerated gums

Relaxed mucosal tissues with unhealthy discharge, chronic mucous.

Diarrhea with mucus, D with periodic fevers
Tannins Haemorrhoids
Hemostatic
Quercus alba Phlobatannin --> External: gargle for chronic cough, sore throat, tonsilitis. Leukorrhea
Anti-septic
(White/red oak) phlobaphene (douche). Apply to weeping eczema, leg ulcers. Compress for varicose
Astringent
Gallic acid veins or broken capillary bed, bleedin traumas. Rinse or wash for burns.
Compress for eye inflammation.
Note: make sure discharge is not part of the healing process.

Passive uterine haemorrhage, both meno and metrorrhagia, often due to

uterine myomas
Glycosides (trillin, trillarin) Hemostatic Hemoptosis, hematuria, epistaxis
Trillium pendulatum
Tannins Nervine Leukorrhea
(Trillium)
Starches Anti-spasmodic Diarrhea and dysentry (use boiled root)
Ulcers, tumors, swellings (boiled leaf in lard)
Poultice for bubos, insect bites, gangrene, anthrax

Alkaloid (ustilagine)
Ustilago segetum
Fixed oils (not volatile)
(Corn smut)
Rexins, wax, organic acids
Post-partum hemorrhage with prolonged lochial discharge
Late pregnancy with false labour pains or other unpleasant pelvic
sensations, "twinges" in the pelvic region
Hemostatic
Passive hemorrhage from lungs or bowels
Oxytocic OD: produces tonic convulsions, causing death by tetanus or exhaustion. Loose heair, hooves,
Improves cerebral blood circulation: imparted crebral circ with vertigo, HA in
Cerebralspinal stimulant - like teeth. Abortion.
vertex and disordered vision
Claviceps (claviceps more CI: pregnancy
Weak capillary and venous circulation
useful)
Prolapsed, boddy, flabby uterus
Dys/meno/metrorrhagia
Weak uterine contractions but used primarily after delivery

Glycoside lactones (aesculin)
Aesculus
Saponins (aescin = escin)
hippocastanum
Rutin and hesperidin for
(Horse Chestnut)
vascular fragility
Historically - Hemorrhoids due to dysentery/diarrhea.
Vascular engorgement: Leads to dull aching pain, throbbing sensation in
veins (not
arteries); general feeling of fullness & malaise
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI): Varicose veins (these people will tell
you their legs ache and/or are very tired
Vascular congestion (hemorrhoids; class II or III) in the rectum: Large,
Astringent
purple, don’t bleed, sense of fullness in rectum (patient feels like they
Vasoconstrictive
have to have a bowel movement); hemorrhoids from D
Expectorant (weak action)
Vascular wall fragility: Leading to edema or exudate; leg swelling
Visceral neuralgia
Edema of the urethral mucosa (varicosity of urethra)
Hepatic aching (aching pains over the liver)
External:Ointment, gel or oil: Apply morning and evening to varicose veins
or hemorrhoids;
also useful externally for painful night leg cramps
Aescin: Prevents alterations in vein wall, and inhibits adherence of (PMNs) to the wall of the vein
Varicose veins: ↓ capillary permeability
Chronic venous insufficiency: equal to compression therapy
Europe: Use IV for post-operative tissue swelling – especially concussions (and other edema
associated with trauma)
Toxicity - Fairly safe long term- 1 case of liver damage reported with IV
Aesculin: Mucous irritant, ↑ anti-thrombin activity ↑ bleeding time, nerve stimulation
Toxic/Fatal: A few nuts can cause severe symptoms and have been reported to be fatal to children.
Seed coat is neutralized by roasting
OD: Nausea, vomiting/emesis, diarrhea, vertigo, incoordination, paralysis, increased core
temperature (fever), visual changes (strabismus & amblyopia), opisthotonus (rigid supine arch;
uncommon), stupor, elevated state, coma, death from respiratory failure/paralysis, possible elation
Tx: Charcoal, emesis, gastrointestinal lavage, monitor fluids &
electrolytes, oxygen
Contact dermatitis from contact with seed or husk of seed (Tx: Flush
with water and drink lots of water)

Gastric ulcerations, indigestion Terpenoids, Volatile/Essential Oil’s and Flavonoids: Anti-inflammatory

Hepatic congestion Glycosides: Inhibit lipoxygenase activity (therefore anti-oxidant)
External/Topical: Polysaccharides: Immunostimulant
Gargle for gingivitis, stomatitis, oral ulcers Anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects
Flavonoids
Skin traumas: Cuts, scrapes, scalds, burns, acne, perineal lacerations during Animal studies: Reduces edema and inflammation and increases regeneration &
Terpenoids
delivery epithelialization of animals with surgical wounds
Carotenoid pigments (beta-
Skin disease: Ulcer, abscess, vaginitis, cervicitis, cervical erosion, diaper Clinically compared to indomethacin (NSAID): Equally effective antiinflammatory action (without
Calendula officinalis carotene, lycopene) Vulnerary
rash gastrointestinal side effects)
(Marigold) Bitters resins Anti-septic
Skin conditions: Psoriasis, eczema, pruritis Toxicity
Polysaccharides
In nostril for irritated nasal mucosa Fairly non-toxic but one reported case of anaphylaxis
(arabinogalactans)
Gonococcal leucorrhea (as a douche or rinse): via catherization Sx: Irritated skin, red, burning
Saponins
Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): Eyewash, poultice, compress of fresh flowers 35 yo female - cervical dysplasia - can substitute Hamamelis virginiana in this case
Suppurative conditions with a lot of purulent discharge 75 yo male after scratch to arm
Varicose veins Tx: Rinse with water and cease use
In eschariotic protocol for HPV - soothing afterwards Caution with individuals that are allergic to other plants in the Asteraceae family
Integumentary Herbs
Integumentary Herbs
Volatile oils (caryophyllene,
germacrene D, limonene, α
and β-pinene)
o The volatile oils have
Collinsonia canadensis vasodilatory, warming, and
(Stone root, horse anti-microbial effects
balm) o The volatile oils are also
released into the air giving
the plant its aroma
Organic acids, Mucilage,
Resins, Tannin, Saponins
Sense of constriction in larynx, anus, sense of weight (with or without
heat), venous engorgement (a.k.a. hemorrhoids)
Hemorrhoids from constipation; as if foreign body is lodged in the rectal vault
Spasms & contractions in rectum & peritoneum
Hemorrhoids are bluish (veins are blue)
Chronic/Acute laryngitis, pharyngitis: Larynx walls are relaxed with dark
discoloration of the pharyngeal wall, feeble capillary circulations; clergyman’s
throat (from overuse of voice)
Chronic bronchitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, chronic phthisis with irritating
cough
Mucous astringent Generally a safe herb
Follicular tonsillitis: Pus exuding from the folds (pus can be any color
Stomachic OD (excess amounts): Gastrointestinal irritation, colic, painful micturation, nausea, vertigo
and there is often a foul halitosis) - QUINSY
Circulatory tonic CI: Pregnancy, especially in the 3rd trimester
Varicosities of the legs; varicosities of vaginal wall and extremities
(commonly during pregnancy)
Heart tonic: Heart affected by chronic fevers (i.e. rheumatic fevers,
rheumatic inflammation), overstrain – strengthens heart and improves
circulation
Stomachic for feeble circulation, poor muscle tone, gastritis and catarrh:
Improves apetite, digestion & assimilation
External: Sitz bath/injection for piles (hemorrhoids)
Green leaves applied to poison ivy, poison oak, vesicular dermatitis
Injected into vagina for vaginal varicosities

Iridoid glycosides (acubin)
Euphrasia officinalis Volatile oil (caffeic acid) Mucosal constrictor
(Eyebright) Mannit, Sugar, Tannins, Vasoconstrictor
Bitter
Tannins (hamamelitannin -
10-12%)
Dextrose
Hamamelis virginiana
Wax (phytosterin)15
(Witch Hazel)
Flavonoids
Choline
Volatile oils (safrole)
Integumentary Herbs
Volatile oils - 2.5% (Thujone
- up to ½ of volatile oils,
salvene, pinene, camphor,
cineol, borneol)
Salvia officinalis
Salvene esthers (similar to
(Garden/Red sage)
volatile oils)
Tannins
Beta-carotene
Bitters
Ecclectic use: herpetic iritis - use opthalmic solution
Opthalmias: Catarrhal with redness, swelling and visual disturbances
Acute inflammations: Conjunctivitis, blepharitis, inflammation of blood
vessels
Profuse lacrimal discharge with pus or water mucus Caffeic acid: Bacteriostatic
Discharges from eye and nose are acrid with heat and pain in frontal Iridoid glycosides: Purgative in high doses
sinuses Tannins: Astringent properties
Eye trauma (bruise), Eye fatigue, Risk of corneal ulcer (herpes iritis) There is controversial research on its effectiveness with cataracts (internal and/or external use);
Fluent corrhyza’s: Profuse watery discharge, hoarseness, earache, cough, Acetyl-O-carnosine can also be used for cataracts topically because they permeate through the
headache cornea into the intra-ocular space acting as an anti-oxidant and causing tissue regeneration
Bronchitis Very safe
Gastric catarrh: 1 cup of infusion on empty stomach on rising and at bed OD (one case): Mental confusion, severe headache, lachrimation, sneezing, nausea,
time insomnia, polyuria, sweating
External: Eye conditions with fluent corrhyza; catarrhal ophthalmia with lots
of discharge
Hordeolum’s (Stye’s), Gargle for throat & oral irritations; use decoction for
inflammations of oral and throat mucosa
Ecclectic use: Post partum uterine hemorrhage - 1 tsp q 10min (ustilgo
more effective)
Historical use: Soak a towel and give to teething infants to chew on
(Syzygium aromaticum oil is another option for its anodyne effect)
Hemorrhoids, Passive hemorrhage (non traumatic): Hematemesis,
hemoptysis
Phthisis; Severe diarrhea/dysentery with lots of mucous & pale complexion,
relaxed (boggy) tissue
Varicose veins: Reddish color behind or underneath with relaxed feel to
veins
Safrole: Carcinogenic in high doses but only present in low doses in H. virginiana
Enlarged cervix: Mucousy leukorrhea or discharge where there is prolapse or
Tannins: Precipitate proteins, tighten superficial cells (useful for edematous or leaking capillaries,
bleeding
reduces inflammation & edema, shrinks the colloidal structures causing capillary constriction); high
Uterine hemorrhage: irritation of the urethral mucosa; irritating cystitis;
doses of tannins have been shown to increase risk of esophageal, nasal and liver cancers (i.e. tea
Astringent mucous urination; post partum hemorrhage
drinkers but would need 15-20 cups of tea/day)
Anti-inflammatory Bleeding from the eye (optic hemorrhage)
Witch hazel water produced by distillation has little tannins left – they add isopropyl alcohol for the
Hemostatic External: Best as a cold/cool compress
astringent property
Vaginal douche for leukorrhea & hemorrhage
Sx: Red, irritated skin, contact dermatitis
Hemorrhoids: Cream, sitz bath or retention enema, suppository (can add
Tx: Rinse avoid use
Vitamin A and E), better to use topically for hemorrhoids after each bowel
Prevention: 3 days on, 4 days off over 3-4 weeks37
movement or before bed.
Conjunctivitis, Tonsillitis, diptheria (gargle); nasal/sinus wash, Sore throat
Compress over sore abdominal muscles after childbirth
Topical: Burns, cuts, scrapes, abrasions, insect bites, itchy skin, sunburn,
irritated skin after shaving
Compress: Sore muscles, bruises, cold, flu
Irritated skin: Sun, shaving, over dilated capillaries on back of hand
Substitute for people sensitive to Calendula officinalis
Can also use in between nursing to “toughen up nipples”; mastitis
Teething: Have infant chew on towel soaked in Hamamelis to numb gums
Internal: Flatulence with gastric debility: Foods sits in the stomach and does S. plebeia & S. officinale: Anti-asthmatic effect, decrease histamine production in guinea pigs with
not digest induced asthma
Poor digestion and anorexia S. miltiorrhizae: Hypotensive effect, dilates peripheral blood vessels.
Very cold extremities; easily chilled – infusion helps to warm patient up S. plebeian, S. miltiorrhizae, S. officinalis: Inhibition of Staphylococcus spp., E. coli, Proteus, B.
Sore throats, ulceration or inflammation of the throat dysentery, B. Typhi
Astringent Peritonsillar abscess; tonsillar catarrh (gargle q 1-2 h) S. miltiorrhizae: Inhibition of M. tuberculosis reproduction
Anti-bacterial Stomatitis, gingivitis All species have fungostatic and virustatic properties
Cystitis where patient is weak and chilly ↓ Alzheimer’s disease symptoms
Post-lactation: To dry up milk production Toxicity OD (from Sage oil): Dry mouth, irritated mucosa, estlessness, tremor, tachycardia,
External: Gargle (q1-2h in acute stage) for laryngitis, pharyngitis, stomatitis, convulsions, Kidney damage Tx: Gastrointestinal lavage
gingivitis, glossitis tonsillar catarhh. CI Pregnancy (potential emmenagogue): May ↓ milk production (thujone)
Fresh crushed leaf on warts q 12 h Cautions Thujone: Possible teratogenic properties and reduces milk supply

Throughout plant:
• Volatile oils
• Quercitin
Sambucus canadensis • Rutin
(Elderberry) • Tannic acid
• Mucilage
In the berries, inner bard and
leaf: cyanogenic glycoside
Leaf: Mucilage, Tannins,
Allantoin
Unsaturated pyrolizidine
alkaloids/UPA’s (symhytine,
echimidine)
Rosmarinic acid
Symphytum officinale Root - Includes all of the
(Comfrey) constituents in the leaf plus Demulcent
the following: Inulin UPA's
(asparagine), >10 times the
UPA’s of the leaf, Saturated
pyrolizidine alkaloids
(sarrecind, platyphylline,
osmarinic acid)
Integumentary Herbs
S. canadensis Flower (Internal):
Nasal catarrh or obstruction, sinusitis, nasal obstruction in infants & children
Skin: Edematous, full, flabby, pitting; discharge of serum from skin and
mucous membranes, post scarlatina dropsy
Skin ulcers: Soft with soft edges, skin deterioration, mucous (diabetic S. nigra: Increases bronchial mucous secretions, soothing to mucous membranes, diuretic, anti-
or associated varicose veins) inflammatory, anti-viral
Colds, flus and chills: Warming infusion to bring perspiration, Scrofula S. formosana: Hepatoprotective effects (animal studies)
Flower (External): Rinse skin, burn, scalds, eczema, ulcer with soft edge; Toxicity S. canadensis:
rheumatism Edematous skin with serum discharge, Can be extracted in lard, Sambunigrin (cyanogenic glycoside): Found throughout plant (greater amounts in the bark),
Flower: Diaphoretic,
olive oils, for burns destroyed with heating
astringent
Berry: Rheumatism, especially wtih sciatica and other neuralgias OD: Headache, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, tachycardia,
Berry: Anti-rheumatic
Used to stimulate appetite convulsions
Bark: Purgative
Made into wine, 1 oz of berry juice can be purgative Tx: Gastrointestinal lavage then charcoal, IV diazepam for convulsions
Inner bark: Cathartic effects with doses of 15-30 ml of fresh juice; emetic in S. ebulus: Root:
large doses Contains slightly different cyanogenic gycosides than S. canadensis
S. nigra: Internal: OD: Vomiting, bloody diarrhea, headache, dizziness, unconsciousness, death
Bark: Constipation, helps with anuria or poor urinary output Fruit: Raw plant: Nausea (no side effects when cooked; ripe fruit OK too)
Flowers: Induce sweat during fevers
External: Flowers: Rinse for burns, scalds, eczema, ulcerations with soft
edges, compress for rheumatism, compress for 1st and 2nd degree burns (in
lard or olive oil)
Sarrecind and platyphylline: Reduces gastrointestinal ulcerations & hypermobility decreases spasm
and irritation
Allantoin: Binds cornified layers together, moistens & prevents drying; positive effect on keratin by
helping skin and keratin to hold water
Heavily used in WW1 for wounds infested by maggots: Healing is due to Increases epithelial growth of skin (burns and ulcers)
allantoin secretion Increases leukocyte infiltration, reduces necrotic tissue
Internal, Root: Increases granulation tissue in wounds
Dysentery or diarrhea, often bloody, Uterine, bowel, kidney bleeding Reduces inflammation in wounds (animal trauma studies)
Cough with hemoptysis or with pulmonary exudate of mucous & blood (TB, Rosmarinic acid: Anti-inflammatory, inhibits microvascular pulmonary injury
pneumonia - cough is persistent and difficult to stop) Ankle sprain, Psoriasis: Increases peeling of lesions without exasperating symptoms when applied
Root and/or leaf: Gastrointestinal ulcers especially in the stomach topically, Leg ulcers, Molluscum contagiosum (also responds to dec dairy in diet), Burns and scalds,
External, Fresh leaf: Parasitic eczema of hands and feet (with cracks), HPV of the hand, Pyoderma or boils, Epicondylitis:
Vulnerary
Poultice or compress on leg ulcers (decubitus and diabetic - only when there Reduced inflammation when used topically as a salve
is still healthy pink granulation tissue present; if gangrenous or necrotic Toxicity In Canada, not approved for internal use
tissue is present, it is necessary to use a debriding herb like Sanguinaria Symphtine, echimidine (UPA’s): Limit UPA intake to 100 mcg/year, for a maximum of 4-6 weeks per
canadensis first) year (some references suggest limiting UPA use to 10-100 цg/day)
Bruises, sprains, wounds, trauma – especially with suppuration or infection, Chronic exposure to UPA’s: Veno-occlusive disease leading to liver damage
thrombophlebitis Fresh leaf for ulcers: Toxicity is less of a concern when used topically (if internal limit to 2-3 weeks)
Compress for mastitis or trauma to breast Animals: Leaf was 0.8% of their diet or root - 1% of their diet, animals developed hepatocellular
Topically for fractures or osteomyelitis adenomas after 9-12 months (due to UPA’s)
Infusion of leaf: Gargle for gingivitis or pharyngitis Saturated PA’s are considered to be safe (Tussilago farfara, Inula helenium, Senecio spp.,
Echinacea purpurea)
Fatal dose: 40 mcg/kg/day for 2 years in humans (equivalent to 2 leaves/day for 2 years)
OD sx: Dull, dragging sensation on right side of abdomen; distension; hepatomegally; decreased
urinary output; elevated AST, ALT, GGT

Integumentary Herbs
Phenolic glycosides (trifoliin)
Flavonoids
Coumarin
Resin
Trifolium pratense
Fat
(Red clover)
Tannin
Isoflavoness (genistein,
daidzein, biochanin,
formononetin)
Leaf: Flavones. Hydroqinine,
Tannic acid
Berry: Ascorbic acid
Tannic acid, quinnic acid
Glycoside (myrtillin)
Vaccinium myrtillus
Anthocyanidin pigments
(Bilberry/Blueberry)
(found mostly in the skin but
also in the pulp of the berry -
gives the berry its blue color;
protects berry from sunlight)
Other flavonoids
Disulphides (allyl
propyldisulphide
propanethials oxide (ADPS),
Allium cepa s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide)
(onion) Phenolic acids (caffeic,
sinapic, p-coumaric)
Flavonoids (quercetin)
Sterols, saponins, pectin, oils
Cardiovascular Herbs
The focus of research on this herb is with respect to its estrogenic activity: Shown to affect plasma
estrogen and as a result is often discouraged with estrogen positive breast cancers, however recently
it has been shown to be safe for estrogen positive breast cancers
Isoflavones: Improve the systemic symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, etc.) without altering
Spasmodic coughs: Bronchitis, measles, laryngitis, TB, pertussis, asthma,
plasma estrogen levels
whooping cough
Promensil is a product made from the isoflavones isolated from T. pretense used to manage the side
Internal: Dry cough, often explosive (internally or as a gargle)
effects of menopause
Ulcerations, especially of the tibia
Biochanin A (isoflavone): Anti-carcinogenic activity in mice
Cancerous and apthous ulcers
Anti-bacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Burns or ulcerations with jagged edge & poor healing; consider for someone
Anti-spasmodic Coumarins: Anti-coagulant activity (in vitro) however, most coumarins when studied in-vivo (taken
with poor skin condition
Anti-tussive orally) have very little anti-coagulant effect (compared to in vitro)
Carcinomatous cachexia, cancer with Larrea tridentata
Anti-tumor CI: Coumarins: Caution with individuals with bleeding disorders, pre-surgery or pre-labor and in those
Acne or other skin eruptions (unhealthy skin)
already taking heparin, coumarin, warfarin, ASA, fish oil or vitamin E
TB or inflammatory lung conditions
Most plant coumarins do not cause bleeding in-vivo, as they do in-vitro but it is best not to combine
Gout, arthritis40
them with other anti-coagulant therapy.
External: Eczema, psoriasis – itchy, sore, inflamed skin
Minor estrogenic activity: Don’t use T. pretense with individuals with breast cancer or with
Cancerous growths
endometrial proliferative conditions
Sore eyes – compress from infusion
Cautions: Bleeding disorder, heparin therapy, presurgery, prelabor (coumarins), Anti-coagulant drugs
(coumarins)
Estrogenic activity: Breast cancer, endometrial proliferative disease
Skin rash may occur from topical use.
Anthocyanidins: Enters the cell wall of bacteria and slows the growth and reproduction
∴bacteriostatic
Leaf: Acute or chronic dysentery/summer diarrhea: Due to ingestion of bad
Reduces vascular permeability and redistributes microvascular blood flow in the back of the eye
water
especially in the retina (anastamosis formation) and aids in the formation of interstitial fluids providing
Mouth or throat ulcers, apthous ulcers: Gargle, take internally
a cushion in the back of the eye - changes in circulation
Cystitis with urgency and anuria or oliguria (better efficacy in alkaline pH)
Anti-oxidant, ↓ Diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy
Diabetes mellitus (glucose in urine, hyperglycemia): As a tea tid or as a
Dysmenorrhea, PMS: Reduces pelvic pain (spasms), reduces nausea, beneficial for breast
tincture
tenderness, and headache
Fresh berry: Constipation (Europe: puree with milk & sugar), Scurvy, Early
Single best herb to use for dry macular degeneration with slow leakage of blood and
Hypoglycemic myopia
occasionally floaters in the patients vision
Anti-diarrhea Retinopathies due to hypertension or diabetes, especially age-related (dry)
Dry macular degeneration has micro-bleeding as compared with wet macular degeneration which
Laxative macular degeneration
has frank bleeding at the back of the eye leading to blindness
Nutrient Night vision deficiencies
Wet macular degeneration: Green filter on ophthalmoscope shows bleeding, this is a medical
Astringent Dried berry: Diarrhea in infants and adults, Sig.: 1 tbs q few hour; also take
emergency; without laser repair as soon as possible, patient may go blind
for acute emesis
Decrease LDL oxidation (due to anthocyanidins in combination with other components)
Stomatitis, gingivitis, chronic pharyngitis, glossitis, peridontitis, smoker’s
NOTE: Prunus domestica (prunes) have greater anthocyanidin content (about 5x the amount).
cough: Infusion from the dried berry, gargle or consume internally
Dark cherries, dark grapes and blackberries also some anthocyanidin content
Degenerative retinal disease, atherosclerosis
Hydroquinone: Anti-septic properties in the kidney but long term use may cause kidney damage
Juice (succus of the fruit): Anti-diarrhea agent for summer
Myrtillin: Has insulin-like effect but is weaker than insulin
diarrhea/dysentery: In Europe V. myrtillus is mixed with Quark to make the
Shown to reduce blood glucose in de-pancreatized dogs (have no insulin), < toxic, can last days
anti-diarrhoeic
Toxicity: Not considered toxic but LT use of the leaf may cause KIdamage due to hydroquinones
LD50: >720 mg/kg (rat, mice over 6 months)
Active components (disulphides) give the tearing properties of onions
When heated, active components that we know about are destroyed; caramelized onions have no
more active components
ADPS: ↑ ½ life of insulin (due to competition at degradation sites), ↑ insulin secretion, ↑ hepatic
metabolism of glucose
Mostly used as a food
Inhibit bacterial reproduction (Staphylococcus spp.)
Internal: Can be roasted (slightly warmed)
Reduces platelet aggregation, Antioxidant for LDL cholesterol
Urinary infections: Urgency, pus, hematuria, stones
↓ leukotrienes (due to inhibition of cyclocxygenase & lipoxygenase)
Elevated cholesterol & platelet aggregation
In vitro: Cytotoxic to tumors; benefits cancerous lymphadenopathy; rate of tumor implantation in rats
Elevated BP (better than Allium sativum oil)
reduced
Hypoglycemic Inhibits cyclooxygenase & lipoxygenase therefore useful in inflammatory
A. ascalonicam: Beneficial for leukemia in mice (shallots)
Anti-microbials (bacteria, conditions
Toxicity Disulfides (30-60 mc), allyl alcohol:
fungi) Elevated blood glucose in type 2 DM: ADPS competes with insulin for
OD sxs: Gastroenteritis, leucocytosis, goitrogenic Tx: GI lavage, charcoal, cathartic
Carminitive degradation sites in liver
External sxs: Contact dermatitis, Tx: Wash with soap and water
Asthma, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis
CI: Hypothyroidism: Disulphides/allyl alcohols: Reduce iodine uptake by thyroid (goiterogenic); if you
External: Applied topically to skin for sore throats
eat lots of raw onions, need to take onion holidays otherwise
Tumors & lymphadenopathy
may interfere with iodine intake; cooked onions don’t have the goitrogenic effect
Topical: Otitis (diced, soaked in olive oil; lightly roasted), onion oil topically
Neurodepressive therefore could cause or aggrevate depression
for infection
Garlic and onions are one of the top 5 sensitivities in individuals with GB problems and nursing
mothers with colicky babies (along with Coffea spp., Brassica family and legumes (Fabaceae
family))
Cautions: Preg: Animal studies have shown A. cepa to be uterine stimulant; no human studies
Caution with use in bleeding disorders as A. cepa can ↑ clotting time
Cardiovascular Herbs
Disulphide compounds
(Allicin (via allinase)
Allium sativum alliin, diallyl disulphide)
(Garlic) CHO, Lipids, Mucilage,
Albumin
Vitamins A, B, C, E
Hypotensive
Slows heart rate
Flavonoids (rutin, d-catechin)
Apocynum venetum Chronotropic (+ive effect on
Cardiac glycoside
(Luobuma) heart rate ∴ ↑ or ↓ depending
(strophanthidin, cymarin)
on where you are starting
from), inotropic
Phenolics/capsaicinoids -
1.5% (Capsaicin - hydro,
norhydro, homodihydro
forms, homo)
Organic acids (cinnamic,
Capsicum frutescens coumaric, protocatechuic,
(Cayenne) caffeic)
Ascorbic acid, Ca, P, Fe, K,
B1, B2, B3, β-carotene
Capsanthin, capsorubin
(carotenoid - red color)
Saponin (capsicidin)
Cardiovascular Herbs
Kyolic: Japanese extract studied for its use as an anti-microbial in infections
Kwai: German extract with high allicin content studied for its use in cardiovascular disease
Infection: Antibacterial: Staph spp. associated with dysentery & pneumonia
Antifungal: Oral candidiasis, Antiprotozoal: Trichomonas vaginalis, GI parasites
Upper respiratory tract infections
Upper respiratory infections: Cough, catarrh, pertussis, otitis media, Cardiovascular: Prophylactic effect against cardiovascular disease (arteriosclerosis, elevated
hoarseness cholesterol, elevated lipids, mild-moderate hypertension (↑ aortic artery muscle tone): Reduces
Intestinal parasites: Worms cholesterol, lipids, elevates HDL
Candidiasis: Antifungal, enhances the growth of Lactobacillus, Acidophilus Shown to improve coronary & aortic elasticity in post menopausal women
Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication (platelet inhibition & lipoxygenase): ↑ blood flow via IL-6
Anti-microbial
Hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia Cancer: Toxic to various cancer cells lines (hamsters)
Hypotensive
Mild to moderate hypertension Garlic can ↓ toxicity of adriamycin in rats.
Hypolipidemic
A. cepa is better than A. sativum for mild hypertension and A. sativum is Toxicity Disulphides & iodine: Disulphides and allyl alcohols ↓ uptakes by thyroid at 30-60 mcl of
better than A. cepa for moderate hypertension. A. sativum has greater purified constituent
vasodilatory effects. clove of A. sativum is proportional to 1 bulb of A. cepa. Sx of OD: Goitrogenic, leucocytosis, gastroenteritis (may cause burning diarrhea), elevated clotting
DM, Syndrome X, NIDDM, IDDM time
External: Pneumonia (poultice), Otitis (ear oil) Tx of OD: Water, avoid use, gastric lavage, charcoal
External Sx of Contact: Contact dermatitis Tx of External Sx of Contact: Water, mild soap
Cautions: Pregnancy & uterine stimulation in animals, Emmenagogue, May cause infant colic in
lactating mothers ingesting garlic
Caution in bleeding disorders as may ↑ clotting time; caution with anticoagulant drugs
(i.e. warfarin) because of potentiation
Hypotensive especially in renal hypertension and post menopausal women with
palpitations (but has no direct effect on the kidneys) - animals
Tachycardia with nervousness
Very useful for calming a patient when used before bed
Clears fluid helps heart function/pump more effectively
Difficult sleeping from anxiety
Appears to have systemic activity, relaxes the arteries
Mild (NOT moderate) hypertension
Cynarin: Shown to have therapeutic effect in cardiac insufficiency (CHF) as an
isolated constituent in animals
Toxicity: Pretty safe but takes a while to have effect
Digestive stimulant that increases salivation and is protective to GI tract, some studies even show
this effect with ulcers but use on an individual basis.
Pepper juice as scurvy treatment in 1864 by Dr. Nikolic-Miskovicev, Army for
Lowered cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL:HDL ratio, may decrease absorption of lipids (rabbits) - ↓
military; due to ascorbic acid content discovered in 1928
LDL oxidation, due to β-carotene, capsanthin, capsorubin
Depression & debility of function
Prevents increased liver cholesterol by enhancing fecal excretion via bile (rats)
Atonic dyspepsia in alcoholics
Decreases platelet aggregation
Delirium tremens (withdrawal)
Reduces thromboxane B2 formation
Colic with abdominal distension & flatulence
Reduces erythrocyte hemolysis, perhaps via interference with activation of phospholipase A2
Congestion of sinuses with chills
Increases production of substance P which dilates arteries and reduces blood pressure, then ↓
General chilliness of the elderly: Blanched lips, chills, cold extremities, small
substance P ↓ pain transmission
Circulatory and vasomotor week pulse
Stimulates production of collagenase as an anti-inflammatory (OA, RA)
stimulant Capillary atony; chronic hemorrhoids due to circulatory atony
Protect stomach mucosa by decreasing muscular contraction and increasing mucus production,
Rubifacient/counterirritant Tongue dry, scanty salivation in fever
Effective against H. pylori
Gastric stimulant Stimulant addition to many formulas
5 g fresh cayenne: ↑ metabolic rate, ↓ glucose within 30 minutes of ingestion
External: Cold feet (sprinkle in socks!)
Low back pain: decreased pain in 42% in 67% vs. 31% in 49% placebo
Toothache, dental caries (1-2 gtt on cotton)
Toxicity: Capsaicin: Internal use, Action: Mucous irritant
OA, RA (if pain responds to heat), neuralgia’s, rheumatism (cream for
Sx: Salivation, perspiration, gastric flow, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, purging, pain and burning in
stiffness)
stomach and bowels, vertigo, decreased urination
Diabetic & post-herpetic neuralgia’s (via a ↓ in substance P)
Tx: GI lavage, avoid use, Capsaicin: External use
Psoriasis (improves circulation)
Sx: Contact dermatitis, blistering is rare, Tx: Rinse with water, avoid use
Chronic laryngitis
CI Pregnancy due to GI upset (reflux and irritation) and leaf and stem act as uterine stimulants
Cream for migraines (nasal mucosa) – depletes substance P
Cautions 1st generation ACE inhibitors because C. frutescens may exasperate the persistent dry
cough side effect of ACE inhibitors
 Elevated LDL
Hyperlipidemia
Inflammation: OA
Nodulocystic acne
Other info: Avena sativa can be used for maintenance once cholesterol
levels have been lowered ↑ up to 87% hepatic binding sites for LDL
The active part in the fiber is the β-glucan and it complexes with the Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in LV
cholesterol ↑ fecal excretion of bile acids, cholesterol
helping it to be excreted Hyperlipidemia IIb (familial combined hyperlipidemia), IV (familial prebetalipoproteinemia, familial
May not be effective for familial hyperlipidemia - does not ↑ hepatic binding combined hyperlipidemia): ↓ cholesterol 17-27%, ↓Tg 22-30% (does not work in all patients - more
Cardiovascular Herbs

sites; it binds bile acids and is better method (long term) lower cholesterol likely to work in Ayurvedic pictures that include coolness and dampness) - If Tg are elevated, ensure
Commiphora mukul
than with Commyphora mukul the reading was fasting
(Indian Bdellium, Guggolestrones E, Z Anti-cholesterol
Dose: At least 3 heaping tablespoons/day Does not appear to affect HDL in a negative fashion
Guggul lipid)
Commiphora myrrha: ↓ pain of OA in knee after 1 month
Body converts sugars and simple CHOs into Tg Guggul and phosphate and hyroxycitric acid and tyrosine and exercise: Modest
Even one glass of OJ can significantly ↑ Tg readings (Tg test is a 12-14hr weight loss
fasting test) Toxicity GI discomfort in some individuals
HIV/AIDS drugs can ↑ Tg by causing dyslipidemia (↑ obesity in some body Contraindications Inflammatory bowel disease
areas and ↓ in other areas) Cautions With propanolol, diltiazem: Single dose ↓ bioavailability of drugs
Most C. mukul is quite dilutes and is ∴ not high quality
Needs to taste resinous and sticky in order for it to be effective
Does not have effect for everyone
Does not appear to adversely affect HDL and most anti-cholesterol drugs
lower HDL

Cardiac arrhythmia of mechanical cause often with mitral insufficiency,

with palpitations
o Electrolyte (Na/K/Ca/Mg) imbalance leads to poor conduction which often
leads to cardiac arrhythmias -you may see pooling, stasis, ↓ blood flow to the
brain and periphery
o Drug of choice for arrhythmia: Amiodarone (class 2 anti-arrhythmic) - Works only on the heart (digitalis works on vagus nerve as well)
Blocks Na channels at rapid paching frequencies. Anti-sympathetic, Action is rapid without accumulation due to rapid elimination
lengthens cardiac action potential, blocks potassium channels. 75% of + inotropic, - chronotropic, - dronotropic (conduction), + bathmotropic (excitability)
Glycosides (convallatoxin)
patients have side effects at normal dose: Pulmonary fibrosis, aggravated Can dec L ventricular pressure as well as pathologically elevated venous pressure
Convallatoxin is 10%
arrhythmia, cirrhotic hepatitis, hypo/hyperthyroidism (hyper- is more rare), Diuretic, natriuretic, dese-dependent vasoconstrictive (animals)
absorbed and 50% action
corneal micro-deposits (in all Amiodarone patients after 6 mths). Cardiac glycosides: inc heart muscle contraction, noncumulative and rapid acting, dangerous
lost in 24 hours therefore
Cardiac Interactions: Cardiac glycosides (Cinchona --> ↑ quinidine), B6 - 25mg (↑ if heart rate is too high
Convallaria majalis less
Digitalis substitute neurotixicity) Non toxic because fast excretion
(Lily of the valley) likely to get side effects with
Diruetic Weak/feeble circulation, low arterial tension, dyspnea Toxic dose: 0.1 g = 12 digitalis units of potency
this herb and easier to
Feeble, rapid pulse with capillary obstruction OD: Oral and GI irritation, D/V, diuresis, arrythmia, hypertension, restlessness, trembling, confusion,
control the dose
Bradycardia - especially in patients sensitive to Digitalis spp. generalized weakness, depression, circulatory collapse, death
> 40 glycosides have been
Senile/elderly heart with weak heart and reasonable function at rest or when Tx: emesis, GI lavage, cathartic, atropine, monitor K+, glucose, insulin
identified, 8 flavonoids
not CI: digitalis spp. and caution with outher cardiac glycosides
stressed Cautions: berries and flowers are attractive to children. Calcium; glucocorticoids, diuretic
Cardiac dropsy from mild to medium heart failure (not for severe CHF) (anthroquinnone glycosides); quinine; tetracycline, macrolide antibiotics
Cardiac asthma (shortness of breath and cough due to heart)
Arteriosclerosis due to high flavonoid content, angina from arteriosclerosis,
arterial
hypertension, Arterial hypotension
Heart irritation from poor digestion, anorexia
 Historically used to prevent or treat complications and hypertension of CAD Noncumulative
Cardiac weakness with valvular murmurs, sighing respiration, dyspnea with Stabilizes collagen, prevents collagen destruction during inflammation by: cross linking fibers,
cardiac pain, especially with depression preventing free radical damage, prevents inflammatory compounds like histamine, PG, LTs,
Mitral regurgitation decreased atheroclerotic plaque formation
Rapid, feeble heart, deterioration or degeneration of the heart from age inc LDL binding in LIV, inc bile secretion, dec synthesis of Chol, dec GSH depletion
Anemia with heart irregularity Equal to ACE inhibitor in NY Heart Assoc metal analysis
Flavonoids (quercitin)
Cardiac hypertrophy Flavonoids: vasodilatory of coronary arteries - inc blood flow to heart. Inotropic agen: increases
Proanthycyanidins
Cratagus oxycanthus Cardiac tonic Heart strain from over exertion, poor coronary artery circulation contractility of the heart
Phosphatigyl choline
(Hawthorn) Nutritive (for the heart) Arrhythmia, especially extrasystole, paroxysmal tachycardia, other Mild diuretic - dec BP. Dec formation of angiotensin II.
liposomes
tachycardia (an IV bolus can stop such an attack) Less effective than digitalis but works synergistically with it. Can use cratagus to wean people off
Ascorbic acid, B1, K, Ca, Mg
Prevent or treat complications and hypertension of coronary artery disease digitalis.
Myocardium weakness after infection such as pneumonia, influenza, Dec acne when used topically
diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc… (TCM - Phlegm disturbs shen) "Safe"
Myocardium insufficiency requiring Digitalis spp. or Strophanthus kombe Not CI in angina like Digitalis because not nearly as strong.
Bradycardia of the elderly (preventative treatment for hypertension) If on Digitalis use 1/2 dose
Anti-oxidant: Protects the heart (pneumonia, flu, scarlet fever) Caution with B-blockers

Internal: Weak, rapid weak irregular heart with slightest excitement,

hypotension, poor compensation, tachycardia arrhythmia, tachycardiac heart
failure Cardiac glycosides compete with K+ for receptor sites of the a-subunit in the Na/K ATPase site in
Digitalis ↑ force of contraction, slow heart rate and ↓ conduction in cardiac (striated) muscle --> inhibits Na/K exchange
auriculoventricular bundle + inotropic, + chronotropic, + dronotropic
Dusky with dyspnea Increases circulation in the body --> inc excretion (diuretic)
Cough, jugular fullness Cardiac glycoside sensitivity varies person to person: This is due to the fact that 20%
Edema with scanty dark urine of the population does not have the proper gut flora to convert the cardiac glycosides
Cerebral arteriosclerosis (no sign of heart failure) to the active format. You can try to support these individuals with probiotics but there is not enough
Cardiac glycosides found
External: Moist compress for wound healing, indolent wounds with dirt still research to show that this will ↑ the effectiveness
Digitalis throught entire plant
Cardiac stimulant present, chronic ulcers Need to ensure patient is on inc K+ diet
purpurea/Digitalis (purpurea t1/2=7 days.
Diuretic Clinical use: Inc Ca will make you more sensitive to cardiac glycosides (so will dec Mg)
lunata Risky, use for rapid action;
Emetic (with high doses) The faster the heart rate the greater the digitalis requirement Monitor electrolytes and keep patient hydrated
(Foxglove) lanata t1/2=37 hours -->
Use smaller doses with bradycardia as this heart is most sensitive to Digitalis Sx: anorexia, N/V/D, cardiac flutter, bradycardia, premature beat, fibrillation, tachycardia, visual
safer, drug form)
spp. Bradycardia: Seen with extreme CHF where the heart muscle is weak disturbance, HA, stupor, objects appearing yellow or green, hypotension, gynecomastia
and ECG: heart block, depressed ST segment (indicating MI), lengthened P-R (indicating heart block)
has ↓ ability to respond Lab: elevated serum K+ in acute toxicity, lowered in chronic use
Not for angina: Digitalis spp. ↑ heart action and oxygen demand, something Tx: Stop immediately, external heat, atropine, O2 under pressure
arteriosclerosic coronary arteries cannot provide CI: partial heart block, sinus arrhythmia, or bradycardia, compensatory hypertropic, aortic stenosis,
Cardiovascular Herbs

Serious heart failure is the best use, tachycardia with heart failure heart muscle degeneration, aneurysm, angina
Use the smallest dose possible for 2-3 days Look at notes for interactions
Not for long term use except in rare cases
Larger dose required in thyrotoxicosis

Relaxes smooth muscles around blood vessels

In paralysis increases muscle tone; in spasm has a relaxant effect
Reduced cerebral vascular circulation, poor memory, cerebral Rapid absorption and accumulation in thyroid, adrenal, CNS
arteriosclerosis, Vascular free radical scavenging
vertigo from poor circulation, emotionally labile Tinnitus: best for postural, occlusion tinnitis
Flavone glycosides Alzheimer’s disease - G. biloba will only help your memory if you have Memory: inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (like caffeine), increasing neuronal activity,
Angio-activator
Bioglavonoids cerebral vascular insufficiency (i.e. Gingko biloba will not benefit Alzheimer’s increasing memory. Normalizes Ach and serotonin R. Inc NT levels: dopamine and NE. May aid in
Vasodilator (medium and
Gingko biloba Lactones disease due to heavy metal toxicity). Small doses of LI carbonate (2-3 regrowth of damaged neurons in CNS.
small arteries)
Diterpenes mg/day) might be beneficial, rubidium, B12/folic acid, vitamin D status Lipid metabolism: inhibits platelet activating factor decreasing platelet aggregation. Inhibits
Bronchodilator
Sesquiterpenes (bilobalides) Tire easily in the elderly cyclooxygenase and lipooxygenase --> dec PG and LT.
Intermittent claudication, Raynaud’s syndrome Bronchodilatory,
Vascular spasm, diabetic angiopathy, phlebitis Fruit, pulp and seed are toxic: Sx: severe allergic reaction, erythema, edema, vesicles, itching, rectal
Varicosities, post-thrombosis, leg ulcers, hemorrhoids burning, tenesmus, Gin-Nan syndrome. Tx: GI lavage.
Caution: HA may occur on commencing use. 5-10 reports of intracranial bleeding. Caution in people
taking blood thinners.

Alkaloids (helleborin) -
uterine tonics Circulatory stimulant
Helleborus niger
Cardiac steroidal glycosides Cathartic
(Christmas Rose)
(hellebrin) Emmenagogue
Glycosides (veratrine)
Alkaloids (stachydrine,
leonurine (ornithine derived
alkaloid)
Leonurus cardiaca
Cardiac glycosides (cardiac
(Motherwort)
tonic activity)
Volatile oils
Citric, mallic, tartaric acids
Coumarin (orthocoumaric
acid --> free coumarin (with
drying), hydrocoumaric acid,
Melilotus officinalis
dicoumarol (anti-coagulant
(Sweet/Yellow Clover)
with drying)
Volatile oils
Flavones
ardiovascular Herbs
Paracelsus created a formula “elixir for long life” based on the dried leaves, Milder thatn Digitalis spp.
well tolerated as lower dose cardiac glycoside in leaf than rhizome Saponins can irritate GI tract
Weak heart, hypotension, tachycardia, cardiac dropsy (increases heart Helloborin - purgative; Helleborein - narcotic; whole plant is toxic
contraction - +ive inotropic, slows pulse, increases arterial tension) Sx: GI irritation, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, exhaustion, delirium, rapid pulse, numb oral tissue, death
Renal atony from cardiac and respiratory failure
Jelly-like stool Tx: GI lavage, emesis, tannin, stimulants and diuretics (tea, coffee)
Amenorrhea with hot flashes, burning of thighs and buttocks and sensitive Papaver spp. quiets bowels, saline cathartic
pelvic External sx: Skin irritation
tissue Tx: Wash skin twice with soap and water
Very mild CHF (very early stages) - commonly used in Europe Caution in pregnancy due to emmenagogue action
Amenorrhea from cold, bearing down or pelvic and lumbar uneasiness or
pain
Suppressed lochia Hypotensive
Nervous, irritable, delirium tremens, typhoid with nervous excitability Sedative
Hypotensive Nervous debility or unrest, e.g. at menopause Antispasmodic: Uterus, blood vessels
Diuretic Hyperthryoidism Inhibit myocardial cell firing
Anti-spasmodic Cardiac autonomic imbalance (sedative effect similar to Valerian spp.) Improve mesenteric circulation
Palpitations (i.e. with anxiety), reduced coronary perfusion (mitigates spasm Increase coronary perfusionMowrey. 1986. Scientific validation of herbal med
of Toxicity >3 grams may cause GI upset, diarrhea, uterine bleeding (1 case)
coronary artery)
This herb can be calming but it takes a long time (up to several months)
T ½ = 2.5 days; duration = 2-5 days
Historical: cows eating hay with Melilotus were dying of edema and internal Topical use: ↓ inflammation, ↑ venous reflex response, ↑ flow of lymph (rats) in inflamed
hemorrhage. Then warfarin was introduced as a rat poison (inhibits vitamin K paw
clotting factors 30-50% II, VII, IX, X). Now: warfarin and coumadin are Sx: Large swellings, pitting edema, reduced blood prothrombin levels, death by
based on it! hemorrhage
Internal: Idiopathic, atonic headaches, headache from painful stomach Tx: Cease use, vitamin K, oxalic and malic acid as an antidote in dogs
Long standing neuralgia associated with debility - neuralgic headache CI: Anti-coagulant therapy
Neuralgias during cold or flu; Ovarian neuralgia (usually due to cysts) PT and INR should be monitored when taking Melilotus officinalis along with liver
Anti-thrombotic
Dysmenorrhea with lamness, soreness or sciatica enzymes.
Anti-coagulant (only if
Areas of pain are sore to touch, <cold and tender30 Anti-coagulant therapy:
fermented; non-fermented =
Painful colic with diarrhea, colic with diarrhea and flatulence The standard is Heparin, a sulfated mucopolysaccharide (which comes from the intestines of pigs)
analgesic activity)
Painful varicose veins, venous insufficiency (improves venous insufficiency Tobacco speeds up the elimination of heparin - other inhibitors include Ribes nigrum
due to anti-coagulant activity) Interacts with Brassica spp.: 400 g/day of brussel spouts for 2 weeks inhibited the
Thrombophlebitis (due to anti-thrombotic activity), hemorrhoids anti-coagulant activity
Lymphedema (congested lymph) Camellia sinensis: Decreases anti-coagulant activity at doses of 0.5-1.0 gallon
External: Varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, Lymphoedema, Neuralgic pains Allium sativum: INR doubled, increased fibrinolysis and decreased platelet aggregation
IV: Phlebitis, Chronic thrombophlebitis, Varicose veins, dec pain ↑ healing Gingko biloba: 2 months of use at doses of 120, 240 and 480 mg/day - intra-cerebral hemorrhage
rate CoQ10: 100 mg and Gingko biloba and coumadin - no significant changes in INR
Hypericum perforatum: INR was ↓ therefore the effect of M. officinalis was also ↓

Fruit:
Fatty oils (75% linoleic acid,
palmitic acid, stearic acid,
arachidic acids)
Phytosterin
Olea europaea
Bitter, lecithin
(Olive)
Leaf:
Glycoside (oleoside)
Bitter glucoside (oleuropein)
Monoterpenes (calcium
elenolate)
Cardiovascular Herbs
Indole alkaloids (>50
alkaloids identified, reserpine
- best known)
Anti-hypertensive alkaloids
(alseroxylone, corganthine,
voxinil, rescinamine)
Anti-arrhythmic alkaloids
Rauvolfia serpentina (ajmaline)
(Snake root) The whole plant is fairly safe Anti-hypertensive
and effect due to the
combination of different
alkaloids therefore there is a
greater tolerance for the
whole plant than for the
individual
alkaloids (e.g. reserpine)
Quinolizidine alkaloids
(sparteine to 1.5%)
Sarothamnus
Glycosides (tyramine,
scoparius
scoparoside)
(Irish/Scotch Broom)
Yellow flavone, tannin, bitter,
essential oil
Historically used in Mediterannean for weak babies --> increased vitality
Oil from fruit: Constipation with rectal fissures, ulcers - inject rectally
GI irritations, convulsion from GI irritation, wrong substance swallowed (take
several tablespoons orally or warm and inject rectally)
Leaf: Elevates phagocytosis, Bitter (olenolic acid)
Appendicitis: Take q few hours and keep the abdomen warm
↑ coronary blood flow, ↓ arrhythmia, ↓ GI spasm
Cholelithiasis: 25-50 mL and 8 oz grapefruit juice for 3 nights, repeat in 3
Bactericidal, Virucidal by altering amino acid production
weeks or
Olive leaf extract: Calcium elenolate (elenoic acid): Active ingredient that kills viruses (e.g.
180-360 mL tid-qid
Coxsackie, herpes, Newcastle, polio, parainfluenza 3); also has bacteriostatic effect (Staphylococcus
o Causes spasm of gall bladder to release stones, useful for sludge not large
aureus, Bacillus cereus)
stones. Stones that are released are saponification of olive oil (if they
Nutrient Oleuropein: Inhibits LDL oxidation and prevents loss of vitamin E; anti-oxidant free
dissolve at
Laxative radical scavenger
room temperature)
Emollient Toxicity Oil from fruit: Irritating to conjunctiva
Dysentery: Inject rectally or take orally
Demulcent Olive leaf extract: Extract is non-toxic in studies at doses “several hundred times the recommended
Poisoning from caustic substances, alkali substances: Take orally (several
dose”
tablespoons) to coat and protect the esophagus and stomach
Side effects: Herxheimer’s reaction (due to die off that can occur), cease use until
Topically for dry skin, cradle cap, bruises, sprains - apply as a warm
improved and then resume dose
compress and keep warm
Slight headache from detoxification
Heart disease risk: ↓ atherosclerosis, ↓ cholesterol, cardioprotective, ↑ HDL,
Contraindications Oil from fruit: Gall stones (pharmacists)
increases coronary artery blood flow, ↓ coronary artery spasm
Cautions Olive leaf extract: GI irritant ∴ take after meals
Preventative for breast cancer (studies of ↓ incidence with ↑ olive oil intake)
Leaf: HyperT (labile or moderate) - moderate effect in rats, exc in cats
Olive leaf extract: Malarial fever, chills, D, severe viral infx
with chills/fever
Historically used for snake bites, insect bites, fear, agitated psychosis,
insomnia, Slows HR, anti-arrhythmic (mild). Has the potential to induce euphoria
schizophrenia, vasospasm attacks, fever, abdominal pain, sedative Depletes catecholamines and serotonin stores--> dec BP (but may lead to inc migraines)
Gandhi took the tea at night if overstimulated by lecture or heated discussion Sedation - dec amine stores in CNS. CI if patient is depressed
Hypertension: Adequate reduction in ~40% of mild and 30% of medium- T1/2=11.5-16 days! All alkaliods excreted in urine but independent of KI function. If combined with
severe cardiac glycosides, dec dose by 1/2.
hypertension (not for severe hypertension) Sx of Toxicity: Bradycardia, hypotension, contracted pupils, ↑ GI peristalsis (diarrhea, ↑ GI
Main indication: Stress and anxiety related hypertension - Acts on secretions – ulcers/hemorrhage, flushing, hypothermia after tachycardia, vertigo, stupor, tremor,
diencephelon autonomic centers coma
Anti-arrhythmic
Head congestion, headache, vertigo, Restlessness, Fever Sx from overdose can persist for 3 hr to 7 days
Abdominal pain, Anxiety, fear, agitated psychosis (may allow you to handle Tx of Toxicity: Emesis, GI lavage
stressful situations better) If patient develops Parkinson-like symptoms or hyper GI symptoms: Atropine (alkaloid extracted from
Acute or severe schizophrenia (use higher doses) Atropa belladonna with a parasympathetic action dilate pupils and stop neuromuscular spasm).
Insomnia, vasospasm attacks Keep patient warm (for hypothermia) and maintain fluids (for hypotension)
Sedative: Calming to help ppl sleep at night CI: depression, peptic ulcer, Parkinson's, pregnancy (teratogen, abortifacient), avoid with Digitalis
Cardiac oppression (does not ↓ coronary circulation)41 because digitalis decreases HR
Dr. Paul Saunders reserves Rauvolfia for patients who have severe Cautions: There is a tendency to dizziness when taking Rauvolfia serpentina because there is ↓
hypertension and their medical doctor has given them 6 weeks to get their blood flow to the brain on rising.
blood pressure under control on their own before putting them on medication
Internal: Uterine hemorrhage (not as strong as Claviceps spp.), profuse
lochial discharge
Cardiac arrhythmia, especially with congestive heart failure and paroxysmal
atrial
Alkaloids: Small doses stimulate the heart, large doses suppress cardiac contractility
tachycardia: Slows accelerated stimuli in atrium - Arrhythmia with
and paralyse respiratory centres
menopause
Therapeutic dose: 5-15 grains, sparteine sulphate 1/20 - ½ grain
Reduces irritability in heart conduction system; regulates heart action and
Toxic dose: ??
improves venous return
Hemostatic Precaution: No more than 1/16 grain sparteine sulphate for initial dose
Has a little vasoconstrictive activity (oxytyramine, hydroxytyramine) - may
Anti-arrhythmic Sxs of toxicity: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, trembling, muscular
have some blood pressure effect similar to quinine, quinidine but much less
Oxytocic incoordination, vertigo, blurred vision, heavy limbs, cardiac arrhythmia, decreased pulse
dangerous
(two conditions for which this herb is indicated), tonic and clonic convulsions, paralysis of
Dropsy with myocarditis, lung disease, thorax dropsy: Increases urine flow
motor and respiratory centers, death by asphyxia
(acts as a diuretic)
Tx of toxicity: Emesis, GI lavage, activated charcoal, cathartic, CPR
Post infectious myocarditis with arrhythmia, Atrial and ventricular fibrillation
CI: Pregnancy: Oxytocic
(mild)
Extrasystole with long term use
Topical: Sore muscles, abscess, swelling
Rince to lighten, brighten hair (to yellow-blond)

Glycosides: Bufadienolides
(scillaren A (2/3), scillaren B
Scilla maritima (1/3) - look and act very
(Swuill, Sea Onion) similar
to cardiac glycosides),
proscillaridin
Phenylethyl amine alkaloids
(hordenine (cactine))
Nonsteroidal cardioactive
amines (betacyanin,
Selenicereus
isorhamnetine glucoside,
grandiflorus
narcissin, rutin, cacticine, heart and kidney
(Night-blooming
kaempferitrin, grandiflorine, Diuretic
Cereus)
isorhamnetine-rutinoside)
Mucilage
Tyramine (cardio amine -
non cumulative)
Cardiovascular Herbs
Steroidal glycosides:
Strophanthin-k (S.k): Milder
than strophanthin G
Strophanthus kombe
Strophanthin-g
(S.g/ouabain): Milder than
Digitalis spp.
Volatile oils (citral,
citronellal, citronellol,
eugenol, limonene)
Tilia cordata/europa Mucilage (kaempferol)
(Linden flowers) Tannin
Hesperidin (flavnoid -
quercitin)
Saponin, sugars
Pos inotropic, -ive chronotropic (↑ contractility but does not ↑ heart rate)
Poor GI absorption∴ < potent than Digitalis spp.
Chronic cough with tenacious expectorant
↓ left ventricular pressure (diastolic), ↓ venous pressure, Expectorant at low doses
Dropsy, generally asthenic (weak or debilitated)
NY Heart Association Stages I, II, III (i.e. physical activity fatigue)
Mild to medium heart failure (New York Heart Association 1, 2, 3) – activity
Sxs of toxicity: 2nd and 3rd degree heart block, hot dry skin with elevated pulse, fever, GI irritant,
loss is
Heart stimulant nausea, emesis, GI cramps (gastritis, diarrhea), hematuria, anuria, arrhythmia, stupor, paralysis,
25%/day, effective orally
Diuretic death 10-24 hours
Heart failure with kidney failure (anuria) – not accumulated in renal impaired
Tx of toxicity: Emesis, lavage, monitor K+, ECG
Better than Digitalis on elevated peripheral arterial tension with Crataegus
CI: Renal failure, renal inflammation (some authors disagree about the inflammation and renal
oxycanthus, Valeriana spp.
failure), pregnancy, lactation, hypertension, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block (also a sign of overdose),
Prefered to Digitalis for its action on peripheral vessels
ventricular tachycardia, aneurysm, GI ulcer (irritable)
Can potentiate Digitalis spp. for diuresis
Internal: Impaired heart function, rapid pulse with edema
Mitral regurgitation, Hypertrophy (enlargement of heart) ↓ pulse/heart frequent, dilate peripheral vessels
Angina, palpitations, chest pain, cardiac dyspnea, arrhythmia, tobacco heart ↑ renal discharge/output
(tobacco heart and/or arrhythmia), dz associated with heart including Tyramine: Strengthens heart muscle contraction
rheumatism Tyramine and MAOIs: Used historically to treat depression, fell out of favor
Prostatitis because of lack of expressions, too many side effects, too many (i.e. food)
Kidney congestion, Dropsy restrictions
Sympathetic stimulant to
Dysmenorrhea, menopause Stimulates spinal cord neurons
Bronchitis Non-cumulative (compare with cardiac glycosides which are cumulative
Goiter Sxs of Toxicity: Tachycardia, arrhythmia, cardiospasm, confusion, throbbing headache, vertigo,
Tinnitus amblyopia, GI upset, contriction in chest, melancholy, carditis, pericarditis, heart failure
Mental depression Cautions: Hordenine (acts like cardiac glycosides but are safer than plants with cardiac glycosides):
Hypochondria Sympathetic stimulant to heart plexus and circular myocardial fibers (positive inotropic activity)
Fear of death (** not uncommon in cardiac patients) MAOI due to tyramine (found also in cheese, red wine, chocolate, yogurt, other
Nervousness associated with heart headache of the vertex fermented foods, beer, sauerkraut, pickles, preserved meats, etc…)
Topical: Rheumatism (flowers)
Orally: Broken down quickly therefore can be given frequently.
IV: Rapid onset, altered pulse within minutes of delivery, done in Europe and Africa
Orally: Weak heart from muscular debility
Mechanism: Myogenic cardiac stimulant with rapid action (5-10 minutes) and rapid peak (30-120
Cardiac insufficiency
minutes)
Arteriosclerosis
Sx of Toxicity: GI irritant with emesis, diarrhea, weak muscles then twitching, rigor mortis (visual
Cardiotonic and sedative
color changes) of heart and body, brief rapid systole with elevated MBP, cessation of HT and LU -->
Rapid pulse, hypertension from weak heart muscle (not cumulative)
Cardiac stimulant death
Pre-cordial pain (angina), cardiac dyspnea, shortness of breath
Diuretic Tx of Toxicity: Emetics, epsom salt purge (giving Epsom salts (mg-sulph) until person vomits;
Mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis
drinking copious amounts of salty water will have a laxative effect too), CPR, atropine 0.6 mg IV for
IV: Dyspnea of cardiac origin
bradycardia, monitor K+, phenytoin for heart block or electric pacemaker
Leaves heart sooner than Digitalis ∴ less cumulative toxicity
CI: Pregnancy (because uterine stimulant in animals), myocardial degeneration, valve lesions,
Acute heart failure from infection, scarlet fever
arteriosclerosis (relative CI because with ↑ arterisclerosis the heart cannot respond to ↑ demands),
Cardiac insufficiency and associated angina
atheromas, aneurism (because cardiac glycosides ↑ contractive force that will put more pressure on
the heart), K+ depleting herbs (similar to Digitalis spp.), drugs, foods, etc…
Restlessness, migraines, nervous headache, nervous tension, hysteria
Helps recover after influenza. Anti-fungal.
Diaphoretic for infection, cold, influenza: May or may not develop sweat
P-coumaric and flavonoids --> antispasm (may explain effect on blood pressure). VO: sedative, anti-
Cold with catarrh, with fever or chills
Diaphoretic spasmodic. Terpenoids: diuretic
Hypertension from arteriosclerosis, nervous tension, palpitations with
Arteriosclerotic hypertension Tilia europa/platyphllos: Approved in USA to flavor alcoholic beverages
nervousness
Sx of Toxicty: Urticaria (on skin)
External: Bath or enema for nervous conditions, hypertension, rheumatism,
Tx of Toxicity: Water and soap
itchy skin, eczema
 V. viride: alkaloids inhibit Na ion channels esp those that regulate cardiac activity --> less Bp,
Used historically in witch craft, as arrow tip poison, inseticide.
bradycardia
V. album: Cholera: Gushing watery bowel discharge with abdominal
V. album: Protoveratrine A, B act as sensory nerve irritants. Inhibit activation of Na channels.
cramping, cold face, sunken eyes (dehydration assoc with cholera), body
Toxic: most potent in the spring, but seldom fatal as rapid vomiting ensues and poor absorption
covered with perspiration
Steroid alkaloids through GI irritation. Mechanism: afferent sympathetic stimulant; vagus reflex slows heart, lowers BP,
Gout, Hypertension
(protoveratrive A and B) dilates arterioles, large dose elevates BP by direct vasomotor center effect
Circulatory depressant Topical: Insecticide
Veratrum album Glycoside alkaloids Sxs of Toxicity: Oral burning, GI burning, severe emesis, diarrhea, weakness, mydriasis,
Anti-spasmodic V. viride: Rapid full pulse, bounding pulse, wiry
(White Hellebore) (veratrine, veratridine, pulse, <30, BP <50 systole (hypotensive), then rapid pulse, BP >200 systole, spasm,
Hypotensive Flushed skin, blood shot eyes
veratramine, veratrasive, sleepy, prostration, convulsion, A-V block, coma, deathly asphyxia rare - Chronic use causes
Hypertension
veratrin) tolerance to hypotensive effect
Fever, inflammation
Tx of Toxicity: Emesis, lavage, strong coffee, fresh air, keep warm, Atropine to ↓ BP and ↓
Convulsions, cerebral hyperemia
bradycardia, sympatholytics for elevated BP, IV diazepam for seizures
Occasionally eaten by cattle drinking milk from these cows cause milk
CI: Pregnancy - teratogenic (specifically V. californicum, V. eschscholtizii), lactation,
sickness (fever and prostration)
conception, absorbed through skin, GI irritation

Historically used as an anti-hemorrhagic treatment, especially in

Entire plant contains alkaloids (leaf, root, twigs - very potent):
menorrhagia (likely due to tannins)
Vincamine: Hypotensive
Headache, vertigo (due to hypotensive effect), restlessness, hypertension
Vinpocetine (brand name Intellectol) is a drug derived from (in a semisynthetic format) vincamine and
headache
used for Alzheimer’s disease Post stroke: Increases cerebral circulation and oxygen deliver (Gingko
Poor memory, behavior and emotional disorders (aggression, confusion,
biloba - vasodilates and ↑ perfusion). Leukocytopenia, Lymphocytopenia. ↓ α-1, α-2, γ-globulin levels
restlessness, irritable)
due to immune suppression
Circulatory stimulant Cerebral arteriosclerosis, post stroke: ↑ cerebral circulation, ↑ cerebral
Vinca major/minor Indole alkaloids (vincamine, Vincristine: Cytotoxic chemotherapy drug - Vincristine and vinblastine are found mostly in
(increases blood flow to the oxygen
(Greater/lessor cinblastine) Madagascar periwinkle(Catharanthus roseus) and are used in chemotherapy as they block mitosis
brain) Defective hearing of CNS origin
periwinkle) Tannins (not found in V. major or minor spp.)
Hypotensive Visual disturbances due to alterations in blood flow to retina (related to
Toxicity Mechanism: Produces granulocytopenia, bone marrow suppression (leukemias, Hodgkins),
hypertension)
blocks metaphase mitosis (vincristine, vinblastine)
Cytostatic: Hodgkins disease, leukemia, solid tumors, blocks metaphase in
Sxs of Toxicity: Drowsy, blurred vision, dry mouth, nausea, ataxia, psychosis, convulsions, alopecia,
mitosis - Higher doses lead to alteration in rapid cell division --> loss of
↓ blood pressure, death
achilles tendon reflex, paresthesia (will return but takes months)
Tx of Toxicity: GI lavage, emesis, charcoal, monitor CNS and Liv enzymes, IV diazepam
Note: Vinca major/minor has no effect with cancer. Madascar periwinkle is
CI: pregnancy (teratogen because its effect on rapidly dividng cells). V. eracta is abortifacient.
the only species that has effect with cancer.

Kissing under the mistletoe!!

Headache, vertigo, decreased energy, irritability from elevated blood
Fatal: 1-2 berries in child (white berries are extremely poisonous)
pressure
Sxs of Toxicity: Emesis, bloody diarrhea, convulsions, mydriasis, CV collapse, coma, death in 10 hr,
Moderate to mildly severe hypertension (160/100)
post injestion
Well tolerated long term but generally used to get hypertension down and
Tx of Toxicity: Emesis, GI lavage, fluids and electrolytes, monitor for ↑ K+, monitor EKG or heart
Cardiovascular Herbs

Cardioactive polypeptide transfer to another herb (i.e. Veratrum spp., Rauvolfia serpentina)
block and collapse
CHO (β-phenylamines, Flushed face, congestive headache
Caution with MAOIs because of tyramine content and caution in pregnancy because tyramine is a
choline, tyramine, viscotoxin) Hypotensive Epilepsy, hysteria, nervousness – unable to lie down due to heart symptoms
Viscum album uterine stimulant
Oleanolic acids Cerebral circulatory stimulant Tearing, neuralgic or rheumatic pains
(Mistletoe) Caution with Migraine headache
Histamine Tumor inhibition (injection) Weak, irregular heart with hypertrophy, shortness of breath, valvular
Iscador toxicity: derivative of V. album used in treatment of cancer - from apple, pine, oak & elm
Alkaloid (content varies with insufficiency
CI: Fever, intracranial, intraspinal tumor - increased risk of ↑ pressure, pregnancy, known allergy
host tree) Nervous tachycardia
Sxs of Toxicity (IV): Fever, chills, headache, angina
Tumor inhibition due to special protein or lectin – not cytotoxic; Iscador
Effect: Red, swelling up to 5 mm, fever to 38°C
shown good in clinical trial given IV SC Does not need to be injected near
Induction: Start at 0.01 mg (or lower) and gradually increase dose
tumor, can be injected in abdomen like insulin (sub Q). Injections appear to
Progression: Inject q2d for 14 injections, rest 2 weeks, ↑ dose [] with each series
be safe in pregnancy and lactation/ Cancers include mainly difficult to treat
cancers: Ovarian cancer, leiomas

Isoquinoline alkaloids
(chelerythrine, magnoflorine)
Benzo. alkaloids (nitidin,
Xanthoxylum
lauriflorine, asarinin
americanum
Bioflavonoids (diosmin,
(Prickly ash)
hesperidin)
Avicannin
Coumarin
Aconitine
CNS Herbs
Benzaconine
Aconitum napellus Tropane alkaloids
(benzoylaconine)
Gum, sugar
Atropine (dl-hyoscyamine), L-
scopalomine (tropane
alkaloid) (0.6%)
(Atropine is converted to L-
hyoscyamine by an enzyme
Atropa belladonna
when the plant is dry,
therefore the plant is more
active when dry)
Starch, sugar, mucilage
Ca, Mg, K+, CO3
CNS Herbs
Bark: Nervous atony and despondent bleeding
Sluggish circulation: ↑ heart output, slow pulse ( ↑ pulse and cardiac output
slightly), mild diuretic
Intermittent claudication, Raynaud’s
Capillary engorgement in infected tissue (especially in legs) X. clava-hervulis:
Dried root, bark: Tympanic GI with low gastric secretions, bowel spasm, gastric catarrh Nitidin: ↓ blood pressure, anti-leukemia effect, lowers liver enzymes
Anti-spasmodic Uterine cramps, neuralgia, dysmenorrhea with neuralgia (commonly due to Chelerythrine: Affects GM+ bacteria, potentiates barbituates
Heart stimulant ovarian cysts) Asarinin: Anti-TB
Sialogogue Dry oral mucosa (moistens and helps with expectoration) Alkaloids in general: Neuromuscular block (death in fish, cattle & chickens)
Berry: Excess mucus and sputum, increases GI secretion without irritating stomach Relative CI: Acute GI inflammation or ulceration (increases HCl production); effect on GI tract is due
Carminative Chronic rheumatism and sluggishness, ↓ peripheral circulation (increases to volatile oils and resins
Mucous peripheral blood flow to musculoskeletal system) Potential CI: Pregnancy
Toothache Caution with liver disease --> monitor liver enzymes
Berry: Main indication: Sluggish circulation (with capillary engorgement) with
chronic rheumatism
Painful bowels, Cramps, Circulatory stimulant
Pulse: Slow and weak; weak heart, Capillary engorgement
Decoction increased heart circulation
Analgesic
Oral doses reduces inflammation – antiphlogistic
Internal uses:
Stimulates adrenal-pituitary axis: reduces ascorbic acid in adrenal glands, increases 17-ketosteroid
Small frequent pulse
excretion in urine
Fever or chills – temperature elevated or depressed, not for sepsis but for
Low dose stimulates CNS, peripheral motor system general awareness, pulse rate
early
Large doses: paralyzes, reduces heart contraction → arrhythmia → cardiac arrest
fever, skin hot and dry
Alkaloids stimulate and then depress the heart, skeletal muscles, CNS, and peripheral nerves; mind
Sensory and motor Early fever with or without restlessness: scarletina, measles use with Atropa
is clear during poisoning
depressant belladonna
Toxic: 10 gtt, Fatal: 5mL tincture, 1g plant, 2 mg aconitine
Sedative Heart dilation, poor vessel tone: increased power of the heart contraction
Sxs of OD: numb mouth, throat and hands; dizzy, restlessness, loss of speech control, headache,
Anti-pyretic and
pinpoint pupils, arrhythmia, chest pains, ventricular fibrillation in 1-6 hr, sweat and hypothermia,
vessel tone
anxiety, diarrhea, convulsion, death from respiratory/cardiac paralysis within 4-5 hrs of overdose
Neuralgia: trigeminal, intercostals, facial
Labs: ECG suggests MI due to T-wave depression
Arthritic or gout pains especially with neuralgia, with Colchicum autumnale
Tx of OD: Activated charcoal to absorb then GI lavage or emetic and cathartic, CPR, O2, recumbent
External Uses
with head below feet, stimulants (coffee, Strychnos nuxvomica), digitalis for the heart, atropine for
Topical ointment over neuralgia – use small quantity
slow heart
CI:Pregnancy, lactation
Historical Use: Part of European sorcery in Middle Ages, Topically used to
make unconscious for surgery, Atropine is mydriatic for ophthamology
Smooth muscle relaxant – throughout body (lungs, GI)
Dull expressionless face, dilated or immobile pupils, drowsy without sleep,
Increases effect of anti-cholinergics, anti-histamines, phenothiazines, quinidine & tri-cyclic anti-
dusky or red-blue face and extremities, sluggish soft circulation
depressants
Involuntary muscle spasm, cold, slow respiration
Can be used to counteract side effects of opium (constipation)
GI spasm, acute-chronic entercolitis, biliary dyskinesia (gallstones), gastritis,
Alkaloids
ulcers, hyperacidity, chronic constipation, mucous colitis, spasm,
Competitive antagonist to acetylcholine at peripheral nerves
fermentative dyspepsia, lead pipe colon, colic, rectal spasm, pain, spastic
o Scopolamine is a CNS depressant
Antispasmodic constipation
o Atropine is a CNS stimulant but in large doses has the reverse action
Parasympathetic depressant Sore throat, red, raw, swollen, < swallowing, dryness, with or without fever –
Tx dose: 0.03% atropine; 1-15gtt of Φ (up to 2mg hyooscyamine)
Vasocontrictor quincy, tonsillitis with Aconite
Fatal: 3 berries in children; 10mg alkaloid (adults)
Smooth muscle inhibitor Stimulant in typhoid fever
Precaution: Only use acutely in children, avoid long term use in large doses
Bronchodilator Pneumonia: sustains respiration
Sxs of OD: Dry mouth, hot skin, mydriasis, ↑ respiration, fever, ↑ pulse, ↑ BP, incoordination,
Congestion: throbbing headache, drowsy
disoriented, dysphagia, restless, hallucination, psychosis, convulsions;
Cerebral congestion, dullness, coma, dizzy, drowsy, threatened apoplexy
Later: ↓ temperature, stupor, circulatory collapse, ↓ BP, coma, death from respiratory paralysis,
Fever of measles, chickenpox, scarlet fever
hyperreflexia, positive Babinski reflex
Parkinsonism, encephalitis, tremors: for abnormal increase in motor
Tx of OD: IV physostigmine 2mg; antacids ↓ absorption, keep warm and moving
functions
CIs: Narrow-angle glaucoma, Tachycardia, Prostate cancer with urinary retention, Lung edema, GI
1918 flu epidemics
stenosis, Megacolon
Pain of acute cystitis, enuresis in children, poor perineal circulation, much
urine

CNS Herbs
Starch 59%
Saccharo-mucilaginous 11%
Albumen 4%
Fiber and moisture 24%
Avenin-nitrogenous Nutritive Nervine
Avena sativa
compound soluble in EtOH3 Mild sedative
Gramine (indole alkaloid)
Oat straw has pectin and
silica41
Triterpenoid saponins
(asiaticoside, brahmoside)
Nervine
Centalla asiatica Brahmic acid, centelose,
Anti-pyretic
carotenoids, madecassoside
Sesquiterpene lactones
(0.6-0.7% parthenolide,
artermarin, chrysanthemonin
Pyrethrin
Used as an organic
pesticide; white powder; has
been around for a long time;
used on gardens b/c acts on
insects), pyrethrotoxic acid
Chrysanthemum
Volatile oils (Essential oils
parthenium
of camphor, terpene,
borneol)
Bioflavonoids
(eudesmanolides,
guacanolides)
If there are parthenolides,
then only little
eudesmanolides and vice
versa
CNS Herbs
Nervous exhaustion, debility
Cardiac weakness from nervous depression, debility
Relapsing cardiac rheumatism
Nervous headache from overwork, depression
Nervous debility from convalescence
Opium, morphine withdrawal
Nicotine withdrawal
Spermatorrhea from debility, long disease
Spasm of the neck of the bladder
May antagonize analgesia of morphine, hypertension of nicotine
Habitual constipation – as a gruel
β-glucan (oat gum) (↑ food viscocity, peak post-prandial glucose, ↑ stool weight and stool fat
Nutritive gruel – 30 g in 2 L water, boil down to 1 L, then season
excretion →↑ bile exretion, ↓ blood lipids)
Nutritive gruel: salted, seasoned, with fruit pulp (prunes, raisins) for
convalescence from acute disease, puerperal state, chronic disease
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, and irritable stomach: make
oatmeal into a cake with water, bake until browned, then pulverize and make
into coffee or infusion
External: Anodyne for irritated skin, eczema: soak rolled oats in cold water,
squeeze and strain through stocking, add to bath water (ie. Aveeno), or
apply to skin
Inflammed skin, seborrhea
Soothing foot bath
Internal: Nervous insomnia, nervousness, disturbed emotions → poor
Tranquilizing and sedative on rats, mice; may increase serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol
memory, epilepsy
Water extract of the bud is anti-bacterial
Infections: Sore throat, tonsillitis, cystitis, measles, hepatitis, venereal
Asiaticoside effective on dermal ulcers, obstinate wounds, dermal tuberculosis, leprosy (large doses)
disease
Asiaticoside increases serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol; decreases urea nitrogen, acid
Leprosy, eczema, scrofula, ulcers, secondary syphilis, rheumatism
phosphatase; increase vital capacity
Venous insuffiency
Sxs of OD: Headache, dizziness, increased blood pressure, bloody stools, itching skin,
Calms the mind for medication, yoga (Ayurvedic)
photosensitivity
Type O blood
Tx of OD: GI lavage
External: Inflammed skin, ulcers, psoriasis, scleroderma
External: Contact dermatitis
Snake bite poultice
General: Antimicrobial: Gram+, fungi, dermatophytes, some Gram – as well
Inhibits inflammation and fevers
o Equal or better than ASA by inhibiting PG and AA
Pyrethrotoxic acid - a cardiac depressant
Migraines: Reduces secretion of inflammatory particles from WBC’s and platelets; release of
serotonin from platelets may cause headache and is inhibited
Internal:
Migraine relief is associated with the release of serotonin from platelets that cause vasoconstriction
Digestive problems: increase appetite, increase secretions, increase
Inhibits blood vessel motor control: dilation, hypotension; therefore use for vasoconstrictive
digestion
headache, fever, rheumatoid arthritis
Cold, flu, fever
Reduces the number, severity, and vomiting symptoms
Migraine headache, especially with internal heat
Does not reduce the duration of attack – once they have a headache, it will progress; does not treat
Carminitive o Long term use 50mg qd for prophylactically
the migraine once started
Febrifuge o Have to take 4-6 weeks before effect is noticed 0.1-0.2 (125-150
Inhibits B12-binding proteins from PMN’s leukocytes. Due to its effects on PMNs, it may also be
Anti-pyretic mg/day see results within 4-6 weeks) and after 6 months can drop
beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis and fevers
Antiseptic down to 50 mg/day and this will be the maintenance dose
Inhibits platelet aggregation; inhibits activation of protein kinase C; ↓ production of HETE
Insecticide History of use for rheumatoid arthritis (long term use – 50 mg qd may reduce
Inhibits IL-1 in synovial cells
RA), irregular menstruation
In rabbits with damage to aorta: reduces the damage to aorta from re-perfusion injury after ischemia
External:
Sxs of overdose: Oral ulceration (chewed leaf), GI pain/upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Topical antiseptic, anodyne for toothache (chewing on the leaf or flower
Post-feverfew syndrome: This will occur in people who have been taken feverfew for extended
head)
periods of time and then stop for what ever reason.
Pyrethrin: natural insecticide used by organic gardeners
Symptoms include: Nervousness, tension, tension HA insomnia w great tiredness, joint pain
Topically: Dermatitis
Contraindications: Pregnancy: high doses cause uterine contractions in cows ,May
antagonize analgesia of morphine, hypertension of nicotine, Asteraceae pollen allergy
Cautions:May have blood thinning effect ∴ caution with coumadin or warfarin

CNS Herbs
Caffeine:purine alkaloid
Trigonelline, FA Oil
Volatile oil (caffeol)
Citric acid, caffeotannic acid,
caffeic acid
CHO, Protein
Palmitic, acetic & carbonic
acids
When roasted, releases
caffeol, furfurol, valerianic
acid, phenol, pyridine
Caffeine contents: Decaf: 5-
10 mg, Instant: 100 mg,
Coffea arabica
perked: (6-8 oz cup) 150 mg,
“No-doze/wake-up’s” 100-
300mg, Shot of espresso: 40
mg, Tea: higher than coffee
but contains l-theonine--
>relaxant so counteracts the
jittery effect
Decaffination: Caffeine can
be extracted by 2 methods
water-processed or using
propylene glycol or methyl
chloride; cand get OD if you
work in these factories
Glycoside, quinones
Volatile oil and acids
Nervine
Cyripedum pubescens Organic acids (gallic acid,
Nerve stimulant
(Lady's Slipper) tannic acid)
Anti-spasmodic
Ca, K, Mg
Oleoresin (cypripedin)
Internal:
Constipation: stimulates peristalsis because it is an irritant, and a bitter;
stimulates liver function
Dyspepia, poor biliary flow, weak peristalsis, gastric atony
Sense of heaviness or fullness after eating
Headache with cerebral hyperemia or congestion: sometimes found in
headache medication along with analgesics
Drowsiness or stupor assoc. with poisoning (antidote)
Sense of exhaustion
Antidote to morphine, opium, alcohol related delirium tremens, strychnine
and opium poisoning
Cerebro-spinal stimulant
Cardiac dropsy & feeble circulation
Diuretic
Cardiac failure: 5g q2h
Stomatic
Typhoid fever, pneumonia, flu (La Grippe) where there is ↓ cardiac output
that leads to dropsy – given to stimulate heart function for recovery
Retarded urination & renal torpur
o Historically more effective when combined with wine to enhance the effect
Room deodorizer: used as a bean or as charcoal
Syrup for whooping cough, hiccup, spasmodic asthma
Gout, urinary gravel, post-partum hemorrhage, metrorrhagia
Un-roasted, green bean (or berry) to relax, stupefy
External: Carbon form: ulcerated mucosa, gangrenous ulcers, foul ulcers,
diarrhea; festering wound, inflammation of oral mucosa
Coffee retention enema: enhances peristalsis, bile release
Nervous insomnia, nervous irritability, neuralgia, delirium from atony without
organic disease
Hysteria, chorea, nervous headache, wakefulness, prostration from low-
grade fever, epilepsy, nervousness, hypochondria, mental depression due to
poor digestion in females
Mood changes leading to depression (peri-menstruation or peri-menopause)
Irregular menses with despondency, dementia at menopause, depression
from sexual abuse
Joint pains from scarlet fever
Rapidly & completely absorbed from GI – enhanced by grapefruit juice -->increases caffeine
absorption, metabolized by CYP1A2
Crosses BBB & elevates brain serotonin, Increases catecholamine levels which leveled after 7days
of 250mg oral caffeine
500 mg activates adrenal/pituitary axis, ↑ β-endorphin secretion, cortisol & ACTH
500 mg IV ↓ growth hormone secretion, ↑ secretion of Ca & Mg
Enhances norepinephrine synthesis & turnover at nerve terminals
Crosses into breast milk and is common cause of infant insomnia & restlessness; Along with onion
and garlic, 3 most common causes of infant colic in breast fed infants
Enters pregnant uterus – human fetus liver requires 24-36 hrs to metabolize 1 cup of coffee drank by
its mother leads to agitation of fetus
Insomnia study: with one cup of coffee/day rate of breakdown of coffee was significantly slower
than those who don’t have insomnia (18+ hours)
o >450 mL coffee/day in 22 pregnant women - ↓ infant hemoglobin, hematocrit
o Fast Metabolizers: coffee is metabolized in 8-10 hours
o Slow Metabolizers: coffee is metabolized in 13-17 hours
Enhances lipolysis, gluconeogenesis; causes the liver to dump glucose; bigger effect in women
than in men), metabolic rate, cardiac rate, mental alertness
Chronic use leads to tolerance, habituation; Dependence – occurs at 500 mg caffeine/day
Relaxes pyloric & anal sphincter after a meal when full enhances emptying relief
Excretion: 300 mg caffeine: <1% is excreted unchanged;
Demethylation occurs in liver – slower in patient with cirrhosis & hepatitis
Coffee is highly correlated w fibrocystic breasts; de-caffeinated studies also show fibrocystic breast
problem
Toxicity: Solubility and absorption increased by citric acid, sodium benzoate, bromides, and
salicylates; 150 mg percolated, 100 mg instant, 8mg decaffeinated caffeine
Sxs of overdose: Strong doses are CNS, HT & KI stimulants, can induce headache, agitation, gastric
distress, acid stomach, gastric ulceration
Long term use causes diarrhea, elevated pulse, blood pressure and respiration rate, frequent
urination, nervousness, palpitations
Headache and insomnia occur commonly from withdrawal
↓ iron absorption > 450 ml coffee/day in 22 pregnant women → decreased infant hemoglobin,
hematocrit
Drugs to avoid: Ephedrine/ephedra, MAOI ↓ adenosine, ↓ clozapine, ↓ phenobarbitol, ↓
benzodiazepines, ↓beta-blocker propanalol and metoprolol, phenylpropanolomine, ↓lithium, ↓
phenothiaziune, ↑ ASA
Contraindications:Acute nephritis, fibrocystic breast disease, uterine fibroids, prostatitis, BPH
(exacerbates), gallstones, hyperthyroidism, seizure, high blood pressure, glaucoma, panic disorders,
GI ulcers, menopausal hot flashes, insomnia, >300 mg caffeine in pregnancy
Avoid use with ephedrine/Ephedra, MAOI
Government: Do not exceed 300 mg caffeine/day during pregnancy, Cautions: Arrhythmias
External: Skin contact with leaves can cause dermatitis in some individuals
Tx: Wash with soap and water
Sx of OD: Hallucinations, giddy, restless headache (only with large doses)
Tx for overdose: Avoidance, no long term effect on GABA receptors; no need for
hospitalization
 Internal: Furiously delirious, enraged (violent) delirium tremens with tendency
to injure or destroy
Epilepsy with or followed by mania, cerebral irritation
Opium addiction Toxicity: Tropane alkaloids
Face congested, red, bloated o Action: Anti-cholinergic by inhibition of acetylcholine at neuroceptor sites
Loquacious, restless, fearful, sexual irritation o Toxic: 5 grains powder (300 mg)
Spasmodic cough, asthma, dyspnea of non-cardiac cause o Fatal: 4-5 gm leaf in children, 15-100 g leaf adult, 15-25 g seed (~100 mg
Smoked for asthma (gharbhah) historically: Datura leaf with Pimpinella atropine)
anisum seed and KNO3; mix and smoke with inhalation Sxs: Nausea, thirst, mydriasis, impaired vision (CI in glaucoma), dry mucosa, vertigo, rapid weak
Datura stramonium Tropane alkaloids (daturine, Smoke Datura leaf with Salvia officinalis in pipe until slight nausea develops pulse, anuria (due to hyperspasm , CI in BPH), hallucination, delirium with laughter, loquacity,
Sedative
(Jimson Weed, atropine, hyoscine) Whooping cough with epistaxis, hemoptysis; pertussis violence, coma, circulatory collapse and coma
Anti-spasmodic
Thorn-apple) Malic acid External: Poultice made of fresh leaves bruised, or dried leaves soaked in Lab: Elevated liver enzymes, alters prothrombin time
hot water Tx: Emesis or GI lavage, physostigmine (for eye sx - 0.5-2 mg IV prn), CPR, warm, catheterize to
Fresh leaves and tops are covered with boiling mutton tallow and kept just prevent reabsorption, arrhythmia – propanolol, convulsions (give IV diazepam); if allergic reaction
below boiling for 2 hours, strain through a flannel give benedryl (anti-histamine)
Apply to hemorrhoids, pruritus ani, peritonitis, pleurisy Contraindications Glaucoma, pregnancy (absolute CI), anti-cholinergic drugs, tricyclic anti-
Perineum for painful bladder conditions, enlarged prostate needing depressants
catheterization, spasmodic urethral stricture Cautions Tachycardia, arrhythmia, BPH, pyloric stenosis
Painful ulcers, acute opthalmia (caution re: mydriasis), orchitis, partitis,
glandular induration, swollen breasts, vulvar inflammation, inflammation
rheumatism

Hyperemia, fever, heat, nervous unrest, irritable, insomnia leading to

exhaustion
Alkaloids, stimulate then depress neural function, especially in medulla
Pain over the whole head (significant headache)
oblongata and spinal ganglia, also have analgesic effect
Convulsions
CNS Herbs

Toxic: Tasting flower nectar, eating honey from flowers, 0.5 g/child, 2-3 g/adult
Bight eyes with miosis
Sx of overdose: Prostration, lax muscles, visual disturbances (diplopia, ptosis; visual disturbances
Arterial throbbing with ↑ sensibility to light and noise
can persist up to a couple of weeks), slowed respiration, hypotension, hypothermia, ↓ pulse
Indole alkaloids (Gelsemine, Migraine headache (does not necessarily have to be a migraine but a
o Slowed rate and force of contraction, drowsy, loss of sensations,
gelsemicine, gelsemoidine, headache
Stimulates then depresses death from respiratory and cardiac paralysis
Gelsemium gelsidine, gelseverine, with severe/significant debility)
neural function o In non-fatal doses visual disturbances may last for several days
sempervirens sempervirine) Extrasystoles, functional heart disease, depresses excessive reactivity in
Antispasmodic Tx of overdose: GI lavage, strong tea or coffee, oxygen and artificial respiration when needed,
(Yellow Jasmine) B-methyl aesculetin, vascular system
Cardiosedative atropine 2 mg SC q 4 hr, seizures IV diazepam
Pentatriacontane, Mono- Neuralgic pains (Aconitum napellus is better): Trigeminal neuralgia
Strychnos nux vomica q2h8
methyl ether or emodin Severe fever, chilliness (see homeopathic picture) when moving body, ok if
External toxicity: Contact dermatitis
they are sitting still
Tx: Rinse with cold water
Nervousness hysteria
CI: Hypotension, myasthenia gravis, pregnancy (uterine stimulant in animals), respiratory or cardiac
Reduced sympathetic and parasympathic irritation
disease/deficiency, weak vital force
Severe dysmenorrhea
May potentiate aspirin, phenacetin
Rigid os (delivery), rigid dry os (delivery)
Asthma

Lupulinum (historically used): Delirium tremens, Nervous insomnia,

anxiety, worry, Dyspepsia with restlessness, tendency to brood, fermentation
and acid eructations after food, Genitourinary irritations, bladder irritations,
Sexual neuroses (spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation), chordee,
Dysmenorrhea (1:1 with Matricaria, 30-60 gtt q 3-4 hours), Debilitating
headache with cerebral hyperemia
Delerium tremens with restlessness, sleeplessness (with nervousness and
1-3% volatile oil restlessness)
Resin Restless leg syndrome
Bitter principle (lupamric acid Dyspepsia with eructations, restlessness and brooding In vitro antispasmodic activity on the uterus
(humulone) and lupulinic acid Sedative nervine Nervous stomach, Nervous irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, excitable; N HA Cautions In susceptible individuals the odor (Humulus, Lupulinum) can produce a sick
Humulus lupulus (lupulone) which convert to Digestive bitter Genitourinary irritation, bladder irritation headache with nausea, prostration
(Hops) isovaleric acid on storage) Cholagogue Sleep aid: To get into REM sleep without leaving a feeling foggy or hung Caution: Barbiturates, alcohol; Humulus lupulus has estrogenic tendency
Picric acid, tannin, choline, Mild laxative over sensation the next morning Allergy: Fresh plant, plant dust
asparagines Sexual neuroses – spermatorrhea, premature ejaculation (estrogen effect; Contraindications: Depression: Sedative effect may accentuate symptoms, Pregnancy
Essential oil (β-humulene, many contain anti-androgens), chordee (aka peyronies use 2-3x normal)
caryophyllene) ↑ lactation, milk let down: estrogenic and relaxing effects of beer
External: Fomentation – alone or with Eupatorium perforliatum or bitter
herbs for pneumonia, pleurisy gastritis, enteritis applied to painful area,
swellings, tumor
Ointment – boil 2 parts Datura leaf, 1 part Humulus strobiles in oil
(Olive, lard, mutton tallow) for eczema, ulcers, painful swellings
Pillow stuffed with Humulus catkin (or strobilaceous fruit of the hop)
for insomia

Scopolamine (hyoscyamine)
Hypscyamus niger Tropane alkaloid (butyrin)
(Henbane) Glucoside (hyospicrin)
Starch, gum, oil
Volatile oils with mono and
sesquiterpenes
Dianthrone derivatives:
Hypericum perforatum hypericin, hyperforin,
(St. John's Wort) pseudohypericin
Flavonols: quercitin, rutin,
catechin
Xanthones, coumarins
CNS Herbs
Lactucic acid (bitterness)
Lactucin, lactuco-picrin,
Lactuca virosa lacytuycone
(Lettuce) Alkaloids, traces of mydriatic
alkaloid
Gum, sugar/CHO, KNO3
Internal: Nervous irritability, unrest, insomnia, mydriasis, flushed face
Delirium, muttering, singing, loquacity, amusing hallucinations, illusions <
fevers Cautions • Anti-histamines, tricyclic anti-depressants, narrow angle glaucoma, megacolon
Spasm: Renal, uterine, urethra, hepatic, colic, asthma, gout, rheumatism, Toxicity: Tropane alkaloids:
chronic cough Action: Parasympatholytic by acting as a competitive antagonist (relaxes GI muscles) with
Cough: Short, dry, explosive, <lying, choking acetycholine at nerve endings, anticholinergic and parasympathetic effect, strongest on iris, secretory
Sedative
Pneumonia: Cough, fever, delirium glands, CNS but little on blood vessels
Hypnotic
Pain: Herpes zoster, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, urethra, ovaries, Sx of toxicity: Acute: dryness, nausea, rapid pulse and tachycardia, vertigo, mydriasis, spasm,
Mydriatic
incontinence delirium, hallucinations, coma, salivation, death by asphyxiation
Anti-spasmodic
Epilepsy, chorea, senile tremor, insanity, mania, nymphomania after Chronic: macular rash, dry, itching
childbirth (delirium), puerperal/lochia mania Tx: GI lavage, KMNO4, pilocarpine HCl, caffeine, physostigmaine IV 0.5-2.0 mg, propanolol for
Morphine addiction (due to delirium tremens) tachycardia-arrhythmia, IV diazepam for convulsions
External: Fresh leaves bruised or in linseed oil: scar tissue Contraindications: Exhaustion, depression, feeble pulse
Hemorrhoids, cancer, eyes, and glandular swelling pains; begin with small
doses
Anti-bacterial
Dose dependent inhibition of reuptake for NE and serotonin at presynaptic axon membrane (not due
to hypericin or hyperforin alone). May have reserpine-like effect (deplete storage vesicles)
Internal: Spinal injury, shock, concussion
Hyperforin – may ↑ serotonin, lower cortisol, act on GABA receptors
Lacerations, puncture wound with excruciating pain
Hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin are not stable in light or clear capsule, > in orange, red, white,
Throbbing body without fever
or amber capsule
Climacteric depression with anxiety and restlessness
Hyperforin not stable with slightest heat
Mild to moderate depression (up to 4-6 weeks for effect); less effect in
Suppresses inflammation, leukocyte infiltration of wounds
severe depression, Neurotic depression
Interactions Research: Any drug that works at/via CYP 450 3A4 may be affected/interact with
Alterative Frequent bed-wetting in older children, adult
Hypericum. Hypericum may work at GABA A and B receptors, therefore may effect same
Anti-depressant External: Oil for pain of gastric ulcer, gastritis – effect my be due to flavonoid
target as benzodiazepines. Hypericum has been used to wean patients off of MAOIs, but Hypericum
Vulnerary content
may also have an SSRI effect
Inflamed colon – retention enema of warmed oil
Hypericin – phototoxic, during use humans and animals should avoid bright sun, common in animals
Inflamed hemorrhoids
(dermatitis, hair loss), humans only at high doses (0.5-8 mg hypericin extract/day)
Combined with linseed oil in psoriasis, oil for tattoo trauma, burns, myalgia:
Doses of 0.5-8 mg to HIV males over 12 weeks caused mild diarrhea,
Soothes skin, pain relief
indigestion, itchy rash, fatigue, depression, reversible elevated hepatic
Varicose veins prone to leg ulcers:soothing, pain relief; DOES NOT CURE
transminases; 2.0 mg qd considered safe (may be related to anti-retroviral use; see interactions
Cleans cuts, wounds; traumatic bruise/injury
below)
Interactions: BCP, digitalis, anti-retroviral (Indinavir is the most common antiretroviral drug
that is most strongly affected), cyclosporine
Insomnia from mental overwork
Used a lot in children: Restlessness / excitability, anxious, insomnia
Cough in restless children
Dysmenorrhea / cramping – esp. younger females Lactucarium:
Sedative Muscular / joint pain Sx of toxicity: When injected into dog intravenously induces sleep, coma,
Anodyne Chronic cough associated with TB, emphysema, pertussis – as a syrup (not death
Anti-spasmodic for No reports in humans
severe acute cough) Generally safe herb for long-term use
Substitute for opium & codeine but no equal to them nor
addictive(considerable
use in WWII when codeine was not available)

Azulenes (chamazulene,
prochamazulene)
Volatile oils (α-bisabolol,
spiroether)
Flavonoids (apigenin,
Matricaria chamomilla quercitin, luteolin)
(German Chamomile) Coumarins (umbelliferone,
herniarin)
Polysaccharides
Tannin
Organic acids (anthemic
acid, malic acid, anthemidin)
Tannins (labiatic acid)
Volatile oils of terpene
Melissa officinalis
aldehydes (citral, citronella,
(Lemon Balm)
geraniol, linalool)
Gum
Volative oils: citronellol,
geraniol, citrol; Organic acid:
nepetalic acid
Nepeta cataria Cis-trans-nepetelactone
(Cat nip) (compound that affects cats
– similar to valpotriates in
Valerian)
Bitter, tannin
CNS Herbs
Internal:
Nervous, irritable of sensory & motor nerves, nervous tension,
Restless, irritable, impatient, discontent, peevish
Azulenes are anti-inflammatory & anti-allergic – cause cortisol release by acting on pituitary-adrenal
Dentition, susceptibility to pain – earache, rheumatism, nose, eye, neuralgia
axis prevents histamine release
– where apprehension is out of proportion to actual pain
α-bisabolol: anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory; decreases stomach ulcer healing time and prevents
Children are only appeased when they are carried
their formation from ASA, alcohol and stress; equal to papaverine
Summer diarrhea from GI irritation: stools fetid, excoriate anus, watery,
Coumarins and flavonoids: relaxes smooth muscle affecting acetylcholine, bradykinin
green, slimy “like chopped eggs & greens”
Polysacharides – stimulate B-lymphocyte and macrophage activity
Congested liver or right hypochondrial pains
Topical: ↓ skin inflammation > hydrocortisone 0.25%, > bufexamac 5% over 3-4 weeks
Sore, swollen breast in infants & adults
Reduces time for topical wounds to heal compared to placebo
Nervine Flatulence, colic with distension, gastrointestinal ulcers – especially with
Increased healing of tattoo wounds when used topically.
Stomachic nerve pain involved
Study: Combined w/ apple pectin for diarrhea in children better than placebo & less anxiety in rats
Anuria or poor urinary output (relaxation effect)
Anti-micorbial to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, polio virus, HSV-1
Amenorrhea (secondary) w/ weight or heaviness in uterus, bloated abdomen
Anti-fungal
and irritable sudden temper during menopause
Apigenin – active at benzodiazapine receptor sites
Severe dysmenorrhea, labour-like pain, pain of passing clots
Relaxes smooth muscles, including uterus
External: Infusion as a wash for leukorrhea, mammary abscess, mastitis,
Cautions:Volatile oils: α-bisabolol in high doses causes vomiting (Tx: cease use)
ulcerating bubo, leg ulcers, catarrhal conjunctivitis, skin irritation, relief for
Allergic dermatitis may occur but often due to Anthemis cotula mixed in with Matricaria
eczema
CI:Anticoagulant, benzodiazepines, alcohol, sedative drugs due to their additive effect
Mouthwash for stomatitis, mucosal infection.
Inhaled: Essential oil or strong infusion – fumes inhaled to treat respiratory
infections or inflammation
Internal:
Nervous stomach associated with anxiety and depression; relieves spasm,
colic, dyspepsia, stomach sedative, GI sedative
Combines well with Mentha X piperita for IBS (1:1)
Limbic sedative
Dyspepsia, from anxiety, depression
Anti-spasmodic
Insomnia from nervous stomach, flatulence, vegetative dystonia
Carminative
Herbal tranquilizer – autonomic nervous problems; acts on limbic system
Cardiac problems associated with nervousness & depression (tachycardia,
palpitations, reactive heart)
External: Cream & bath helps for skin irritations
Internal:
Nervousness with insomnia, headache, or cold with upset stomach
Animal study where mice were given catnip oil and hexobarbitol: Cats first
Leaves can be rolled and smoked for colds with spastic respiratory coughs
become stimulated, and secondarily euphoric and relaxed.
i.e.
Sedative Excellent mosquito repellent, one of the best except it will attract all types of cats
bronchitis
Carminative including big ones like mountain lions, etc.
Respiratory problems with associated nervousness
Anti-spasmodic Toxicity: Emmenagogue
Leaf can produce “happy intoxication”
Diaphoretic Irritating to mucous membranes
Delayed menstruation
Side effects: Headache, malaise – from tea, smoked
External:
Hexobarbitol with catnip oil - increases sleep time in mice
Hemorrhoids (crushed leaves applied directly or sitz bath from leaves)
Poultice for swelling – bruises or other injuries
 Morphine, narcotine, codeine – sedative, analgesic
Anti-tussive: lower excitation of CNS and inhibits cough reflex
Internal:
Anti-diarrhea: inhibits GI peristalsis to prevent diarrhea
Depression – difficult, persistent hypochondriac (only in low doses,
Toxicity: Alkaloids lower CNS excitation, inhibit cough reflex, inhibits peristalsis
contraindicated in higher doses (i.e. morphine) because it may aggravate)
Therapeutic: Codeine 15-60 mg
Lots of melancholy & feelings of guilt with depression, menopausal
CNS Herbs

Toxic (codeine): 1 mg/kg children

depression
Fatal (codeine): 5 mg/kg children, 7-14 mg/kg adults
Mood change in the elderly (caused by arteriosclerosis in the brain) – ill
Side effect: CONSTIPATION
tempered & irritability that is out of character for the individual
Alkaloids (>20 - narcotine, Tx: Rheum spp., Cassia spp., Rhamnus spp. with bulking agents(Avena sativum, psyllium) & lots of
Stomach cancer with nausea and vomit
morphine, codeine, water
Painful fever, spasm and inflammation, soft pulse, moist skin, pale face,
rhoeadine, narcerine, To treat opium addiction: Valeriana (to help to withdraw)
dilated pupils, expressionless face – typhoid fever, asthma, cholera, passage
Papaver somniferum thebaine, Sedative Morphine – possible side effects include: Whole body itchy rash; hallucinations;
of renal or biliary calculi with Ipecac
(Opium Poppy) papaverine) Nervine depression
Increased chronic discharges – nasal mucous, oral salivation, uterine
Sulphuric acid, meconic acid Overdose sxs: Constipation (nerve plexus ceases to function), pinpoint pupils,
hemorrhage, other hemorrhage
Erythritol, myoinositol; D- pale /clammy skin, prostration, cyanosis, shallow irregular breathing,
Chronic cough, incessant cough
mannoheptulose bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, shock or coma, (hallucinations if
Antidote to Atropine, Atropa, Physostigma, Datura, and strychnine
conscious), pupils dilate, severe sweat, then death (respiratory shut-down)
Addiction can be treated with Valeriana
Tx of overdose: Maintain respiration, CPR, GI lavage, KMnO4, stimulants,
Constipating effect can be treated with Rheum palmatum
catheterization (to prevent reabsorption of the metabolites), heart stimulants,
Severe spastic pain
keep them awake & moving
Severe diarrhea, dysentery
CI: Acute pancreatitis, biliary colic
External: Linament, ointment & plaster: very painful inflammation
Depression, in higher doses
Pain, inflammation, erysipelatous inflammation, eye inflammation
Cautions: Decreased respiratory reserve, pregnancy, lactation

Internal:
May bind benzodiazepine receptors (apigenin)
Spasmodic disorders: worms in children; chorea, especially in girls
Decreases amphetamine induced hypermotility, aggressiveness, restlessness
approaching first menstruation
Alkaloids (passiflorine, Increase pain threshold
Restlessness, wakefulness from exhaustion or debility from nervous
harmitol, harmine, harman, Alkaloids may act via monoamineoxidase mechanism
excitement
harmaline, harmin) Passicol – antibacterial, antifungal
Insomnia from worry, infants, elderly, mental overwork, fever
Cyanogenic glycoside, Decreased dyspnea in New York Heart Association II cardiac insufficiency with
Nervous from menstrual disturbances, prolonged illness
Passiflora incarnata / passicol Nervine Crataegus spp.
Sleep induced is peaceful, patient awakes quiet and refreshed
coerulea Flavonoids (vitexin, Sedative Decreases anxiety
Convulsive movements, tetanus
(Passion Flower) isovitexin, vitexin 4-0- Anti-spasmodic Anticonvulsant (animal)
At the first warning of an epileptic attack
rhansmoside, rutin, Toxicity: Harmaline has marked CNS effects - 200 mg is considered toxic
Nervous headache, headache of debility or cerebral fullness
quercetin, Some sources suggest herb is non-toxic
Palpitations from excitement, shock, nervousness
apigenin) Sxs of overdose: Convulsion, motor paralysis, CNS depression, hypothermia, hypotension,
Nervous tachycardia
Calcium oxalate bradycardia, ↓ myocardial strength, ↓ respiration
Spasmodic asthma
CI:Pregnancy, uterine stimulant (harmane, harmaline)
Usually not strong enough on its own, works well with other nerviness
Cautions:SSRIs, MAOIs, tyramine containing foods and may potentiate barbiturates, sedatives
External: Soothing bath, hemorrhoids, burns, inflammation

Acts on reticular formation in brain stem

Anesthetic on bladder mucosa, specifically for irritating cystitis
Eliminated by the kidneys
Study: compared to benzodiazepines/oxazepam - no side-effects, improved memory and recognition
rates, no drowsiness, “safe to operate machinery
Antagonist to strychnine and tetanus poisoning; Anticonvulsant; Dopamine antagonist
Organic acids (benzoic, cinnamic acid) have a local anesthetic effect; Antifungal effects
Internal 8 week study: Showed a decrease in anxiety and phobias; with no dependency, no withdrawl
Neuralgia, especially facial, trigeminal neuralgia, toothache, earache, eye symptoms
neuralgia Inhibits platelet monoamine oxidase beta (kavapyrones); Anti-thrombotic (kavain)
Anxiety, despondency Animal study: induced brain ischemia, animals had less brain damage w/ kava
Kavalactones (kava pyrones Anorexia, GI cattarrh kava than those without it (protects brain during ischemia) may be good for high risk stroke patient
- kavaine, dihydrokavine, Vertigo, despondent, anxious, insomnia Cases in literature: southern Germany & Switzerland – all had history alcohol use & some sort of liver
methysticin, Urinary catarrh due to gonorrhea, edema with scanty micturition, cystitis of disease some of them needed a transplant (may have been taking higher than normal doses; may
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Piper methysticum dihydromethysticin, the bladder neck, neurogenic bladder have been a special extract; could have been a bad batch)
Anti-spasmodic
(Kava kava) yangonin) Renal colic; swelling of the prostate due to prostatitis 20-30 cases of Hepatoxicity (might be as high as 100), however few of the studies indicate dose
Sedative
Yangonoic acid, cinnamic Bronchitis (relieves cough) of Kava, other drugs being used, length of use, alcohol or other illicit drug use. Root leaves and
acid, yangano, benzoic acid Gout, rheumatic pains shoots were also being used in some preparations and alcohol and acetone were used to extract
Starch (49%) External constituents. Acetone is hepatotoxic. Some people are genetically predestined to have hepatic
Leprosy (rinse or paste over skin) failure.
Otitis type pain Looking at regulating it for use again in the U.K., Germany
Abscesses or other skin problems 3 recent trials have demonstrated clinical efficacy - highly effective at relieving anxiety w/ no side
Vaginal douche (for infections) effects and at treatment dosage not addictive.
Toxicity:Dihydromethysticin:Causes exfoliative dermatitis, ulcers (external, internal),
inflammation of the eyes
Treatment: Discontinue use, wash with soap and water
Resins: Can accumulate in spinal column, liver, kidney. Generally considered safe until recently
Signs of overdose: Vomiting, unconscious (infusion)
Caution: Kavalactones enter breast milk. May potentiate alprazolam, EtOH, benzodiazepenes

Glycosides (piscidin)
Isoflavonoids (ichythynone,
sumatrol)
CNS Herbs
Piscidia erythrina
Rotenones (lisetin,
(Jamaican Dogwood)
piscerythrone, piscidone)
Resin, fat, wax, calcium
oxalate
Saponin
Nervine
Pulsatilla vulgaris Alkaloids (Anemonin →
Sedative
(Pulsatilla) protoanemonin (also known
Emmenagogue
as ranunculin)
Volatile oil
Tannin
Scutellaria lateriflora Gum sugar
(Skullcap) Bitter
Flavonoid (scutellarin
crystals)
Insomnia from neuralgia, nervous tension
Rotenones: toxic to insects (neurotoxin)
Nervous unrest, hysterical insomnia, delirium tremens
Animal studies: rontenone in high doses is carcinogenic
Pain: Toothache, burns, scalds, hemorrhoids, oral abscess, neuralgia,
Piscidin affects the CNS
sciatica, eyeball neuralgia (if Papaver somniferum not tolerated),
Sedative Not considered dangerous by Oregon poison control
suprarorbital neuralgia, otitis pain
Analgesic Sxs of overdose: decreased sensation, salivation, sweating, hyporeflexia, bradycardia, mydriasis,
Headache: migraine headache, especially with neuralgias; reduces pain but
Anodyne weakness, reduced respiration and volume, dyspnea, paralysis, death from respiratory failure
is not prophylactic
Treatment: establish respiration, emesis or GI lavage, charcoal, cathartic fluids for hypotension,
Spasm: dysmenorrhea, false labor pains or threatened abortion with
convulsion-IV diazepam.
Viburnum spp.
Caution May potentiate sleep aids
Reflex cough, chronic bronchitis, cough of consumption
Nervous restlessness, imagines impending disease or danger
Gloomy and depressed; weepy
Mind tends to wander; wandering can cause it to become unsettled,
hysterical or anxious
Unpleasant dreams
Pulse: weak soft, except when discharging
Amenorrhea from uterine atony, nervous shock, anemia or from getting
chilled
Leukorrhea tends to be thick, yellowish-white and bland
Urine: clear and copious; dysuria during pregnancy; increased micturition
during cold. Nervousness during cold
Epididymitis and orchitis (mumps, gonorrhea), spermatorrhea and
prostatorrhea; varicoceles Alkaloids are mucous irritants, toxicity reduced with drying
Improves sexual function and reduces morbid sexual excitement (ie. nervous CNS stimulation, then paralysis
sexual excitement) Irritates the kidney and urinary tract in high doses
Headache: menstrual, nasal catarrh + nervousness, biliousness, chilliness, Sxs of overdose: Burning in mouth & throat, salivation, nausea and vomiting, colic, bloody diarrhea,
nausea cardiac arrhythmia, SOB, lose control of sensory & motor functions; convulsions
Upper respiratory tract infections: thick mucous, yellow and bland Treatment of overdose: Emesis/lavage, charcoal; demulcents such as Ulmus spp., Althea spp.
Asthma in pregnancy with profuse mucous, or suppressed menses Sxs externally: Dermatitis with vesiculation
Coryza or lacrimation from measles or cough of measles Tx: Water and soap
Constipation in hysterical females (anxious), with dyspepsia, indigestion, and
greasy taste; constipation alternating with diarrhea
Prone to indigestion; greasy/fatty taste in the mouth (bitter qualities so works
for indigestion).
IBS: Alternating constipation & diarrhea
Ear aches or otitis from cold-wet wind otitis produces a thick, yellow, bland
discharge
Cataracts, iritis, glaucoma, hordeolum/stye; Lacrimation in the wind
Eye discharges (eye gum on waking) thick, yellow, bland; use in
dilute form as a topical eyewash
Rheumatism; > cold, < warmth; pains move about & change location
Toothache with abscess, yellow pus
Nervousness - from illness; mental or physical exhaustion
Teething in children (trouble sleeping, anxious) good substitute for
chamomile but not as pleasant. S. baicalensis:
Delerium tremens (infusion at dinner, bed time), can with Piscidia Less of a nervine than S. lateriflora
Seizure remedy for petit and grand mal, Chorea or other tremors, neuralgia Inhibits antibody release, therefore preventing allergy, asthma or dermatitis reactions
Insomnia, restless-type – can’t get to sleep – more from mental exhaustion, Increase bile secretion in rabbits and dogs
overwork Induces diuresis in animals
Heart disease assocociated wtih nervousness, Irregular arrhythmias or IV or IM to cats, dogs and rats to reduce BP (by causing vasodilation)
Nervine tonic intermittent pulses Anti-fungal, Anti-bacterial
Anti-spasmodic Muscular fasciculations (e.g. Eye twitches - striated muscles) – especially Inhibits mouse cerebrum and cortex (therefore decreases cerebral function) and has relaxing/calming
Anti-convulsant when nervous; may have difficulty controlling even major muscles in affect
exhausted state Lowers fever in rabbits induced with fever – not seen in other animal models
Female remedy: Uterine problems due to nervousness or excitability + Has anti-inflammatory effect and therefore potential benefits for inflammatory types of cancer
muscular spasm Seizure induced in rats with lithium and pilocarpine were controled with Scutellaria lateriflora, Datura,
Insomnia Gelsemium
Circulatory problems (stroke, emboli, thrombi), used for paralysis or Toxicity Scutellarin: Giddy, stupor, limb twitching, seizure, intermittent pulse
insomnia associated with stroke. Overdose: Tremors; causes liver toxicity due to be adulteration with other plants.
o May not rectify a stroke as Gingko biloba
Exhaustion associated with chronic disease (severe influenza or pneumonia)

Volatile oil (iso-valerianic
acid, borneol)
Isovaltrate, valtrate, vale-
potriates, valeranone
assumed to have effect
Organic acids (Malic acid
combined with Mg to ↑
Valeriana officinalis
absorption (useful in
(Valerian)
fibromyalgia - Mg malate))
Starch, gum resin, tannin
iridoid
Monoterpenes – similar
compounds to Napeta
CNS Herbs
caterius which cause cat
ecstacy
Indole alkaloids (strychnine
Strychnos ignatia (2-3%), brucine (1-1.5%))
(Ignatia) Tannic acid (igasuric acid)
Glycosides (loganin)
Stomachic
Indole alkaloids: strychnine, Synergist
Strychnos nux vomica brucine, vomicine Stimulant (for nervous
(Nux vomica) Glycosides: loganine exhaustion and atonic states Bilious intermittent fever, bilious headache with nausea, umbilical pain,
Caffeotannic acid leading stimulant for the NS forehead
- as a nerve tonic)
Valepotriates may inhibit thymidine synthesis in DNA, cancer cultures
↑ GABA - ↓ CNS activity – valerenic acid inhibits enzymes that breaks down GABA
Vasodilation of smooth muscle - ↓ BP: Isovaltrate, valtrate, valeranone
Insomnia - ↓ wakefulness, AM awakening without hangover (an adv over benzodiazepines).
Internal:
benzodiazepine withdrawal
Despondent
If pt is on 1 mg/day of lorazepam wean to ½ to ¼ over several weeks (expect some rebound
Mental depression, hypochondria, especially if cold
insomnia in the process)
Irritable, pain, nervous excitement
Improved mood after 2-4 weeks, improved sleep in ~<2 weeks
Depression with nervousness
A fairly safe herb:
Insomnia from nervousness; Insomnia from grief or lossPRS; Insomnia with
Need to give the herb 1-2 weeks duration of use to see if effect occurs
depression
Sedative Caution: Can prolong thiopental, phenobarbital, induced sleep with alcohol, sedative drugs
o Insomnia is the indication with the most clinical studies
Anodyne Binds central GABA-A receptors along with benzadiazepine, and barbiturate
Nervous headache – hemicranium
Inhibits breakdown of GABA (therefore more GABA survives; same action as benzodiazepines but
Decreased cerebral circulation
less side effects)
Epilepsy, spasmodic movements
Sx: Headache, vertigo, altered vision, restlessness, agitation, insomnia, nausea, motility and reflex
Nervous palpitations
excitability, central paralysis (at ~20x normal dose)
Elevated BP (has never been tested)
Note: With some people this does not induce sleep and they get wired (too much liver heat -
External:
occurs about 5% of cases)
Add to bath for sleeplessness
Sedative mechanism unknown – not volatile oil or valpotriates
Avoid use with alcohol (may potentiate) – may potentiate anesthetics, thiopental, phenobarbital
Caution with centrally acting drugs i.e. benzodiazepines, barbiturates, epileptic drugs (dilantin; side
effect of long term dilantin use is osteopenia, osteoporosis irrespective of sex)
Anti-fungal stomachic
Similar to S. nux vomica but milder in action - More energetic than S. nux
Alkaloids, acid, glycoside: CNS stimulation by selective block of motor inhibitors at postsynaptic
vomica
membrane in ventral horns of spinal column,
Atony, nervous debility
Rapidly absorbed in GI tract (high % absorption), metabolized in 24 hours by the liver, excreted in
Amenorrhea, chlorosis (anemia)
urine;
Dysmenorrhea with colic pains and heaviness in uterus, ovaries, pains in
Strychnine (indole alkaloid): Accumulates with chronic use, causing liver damage
lumbar (used acutely or day before onset of pain)
Brucine: 1/20th the potency of strychnine (similar effects)
Right hypochondrium pains
Fatal: Strychnine 30-90 mg (adult), 15 mg (child)/ 30-50 mg bean ~ 5 mg strychnine
Menopause with coldness of extremities
Sx: Prodrome (sense of doom), muscle cramps and spasm, stiffness, agitation, extreme convulsions
Brain anemia with hysterical, choreic, epileptoid, melancholic
in 15-60 minutes (5 minutes if inhaled), lactic academia, spasm, opisthotonos, depressed respiration,
Neuromuscular stimulant hypochondriacal behavior from nervousness, muscular debility, facial
death d/t hypoxia; ↑ SGOT, LDH, CPK, leukocytosis
Tonic twitching
Tx: Immediate emesis or lavage but not if tetany has begun; keep quiet, recumbent, protected from
Disposition to grieve, nervous depression
draft in dark room; diluted KmnO4 or I, charcoal or tannin then remove from stomach; monitor arterial
Atonic dyspepsia, chronic catarrh of ST
blood gases, IV NaHCO3 for acidemia, IV diazepam for seizure, curare (found in frogs, some plants
Sick congestive h/a
and helps to completely sedate the patient with respect to to muscular
Sexual coldness – impotence in male, sterility or frigidity in female
movement or to paralyze heart function in certain surgeries) for refractory convulsions,
Visual atonia, sensation of dust in the eye, eyelid twitching
mechanical ventilation
Tinnitus (also indication for selenicereus grandiflorus, gingko biloba) and
Patient has to be kept quiet because stimulation (i.e. talking, light, touching them) exacerbates
impaired hearing from atony
the poisoning
Epilepsy
CI: Strychnine accumulates in the liver, spinal cord but not in the CSF therefore CI with
Anti-fungal
hepatitis where there would be difficulties with metabolism. Pregnancy
Nausea, vomiting from GI irritability, nervous stomach, anorexia
Congested liver, spleen, portal circulation – right hypochondrial pain to side
CNS stimulant (strychnine) in small doses; excites CNS, ↑ blood circulation, ↑
or
respiration, LBP (in India), male stimulant (to improve erectile dysfunction) key =
shoulder, yellow face, eyes, tongue coating; liver/gallbladder problems
dose (in India)
radiation to right shoulder
Brucine is weaker
Small amounts cause tetany of all body muscles
Aqueus extract – anti fungal
pain – dysentery
Bitter stomachic – increased peristalsis
Constipation, diarrhea, menstrual colic – from atony, liver or or functional GI
peristalsis paralysis – pain (not a nerve tonic for children, elderly)
 Bone marrow model: Does not ↑ inflammatory cytokines
o IL-12, TNFα, IL-1β were the cytokines studied
o Laccase (enzyme) is inhibited above 40°C; inhibited above pH 3-7 (therefore needs acidic
environment)
o Also inhibited by NaCl
Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model: 2 separate extracts A1 (sodium pyroglutamate) and A2 were
studied
o Used multiple doses (30, 100, 300mg/kg) and the A1 extract proved to be more effective than the
A2 extract at ↓ tumor metastasis, tumor growth and for its anti-angiogenic effect
Erchlich tumor mouse model: ↑ NK activity
o Different types of extractions were tested (none of which were water) and hexane extract was the
most effective followed by methanol (from wood alcohol - poisonous to humans)
Beta-glucans
Chinese hamster lung model (V79): Demonstrated that it was not genotoxic
Laccase (enzyme) to help Eaten as a regular part of the diet but also eaten for medicinal purposes
Agaricus blazei o Above 60°C - extractions were not affected and were still effective against mutagenicity
digest wood Anti-cancer Anti-cancer
(Sun Mushroom) o Usually boiled and/or simmered
Sodium-pyroglutamate Therapeutic dose: >1g/day
Mouse model: Inoculated with Hepatitis B - some were given Agaricus blazei and some were not
Benzaldehyde
o In the mice that got Agaricus blazei, there was an Ab and T-cell response to the hepatitis B Male
Wistar Mouse - treated with diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) at 200 mg/kg to assess liver function using
glutathione-s-transferase as a marker
o At a dose of 11.5 mg/mL (the highest dose given), there was significant reduction in liver damage
and
↑ levels of glutathione function
Sarcoma 180: ↓ growth and metastasis in the mice that received this mushroom
Human study: 100 females with cervical, ovarian or endometrial cancer
o Agaricus blazei group: ↑ NK activity, no significant effect on lymphokine or monocyte activity,
significant ↓ in side effects of chemotherapy (better appetite, less alopecia, greater energy or
strength,
less emotional lability)
Medicinal Mushrooms

Lumbago Inhibits Sarcoma 180 in mice – 100%;

Knee pain Inhibits Erlich ascites (mouse tumor model that produces abdominal ascites) - 90%
Boletus edulis Polysaccharides A, B
Limb numbness Polysaccharide A (glucan), B (glucogalactammannan) – inhibit inflammatory mediators
(King bolete) 8 amino acids
Muscle tetany Increased peripheral eosinophils, neutrophils at 10, 25 mg/kg in rats
9 g tid, in soup, stew, stir fry (water extraction) Decreased lymphocytes in pleural fluid in lung carcinoma

PSK Inhibits sarcoma 180, ↑ liver function, normal spleen in irradiated mice, ↑
phagocytosis of macrophages
↑ NK against lethal CMV, prolong anti-bacterial anti-biotic effects
Anti-tumor to animals with adenosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, plasma cytoma, melanoma, sarcoma,
breast, lung, colon cancer
Injection into tumors (in animal models) ↓ metastasis
Increased therapeutic effect if used with radiation, chemotherapy
Stop HIV binding to lymphocytes, ↑ interferon in viral infections
Humans: 25% of Japan anti-cancer expenditures (1987)
Beta-sitosterol 3 g/day - ↑ INF, free radical scavenger; > with chemotherapy agents than alone
Triterpenoid (ergosta 7, 22 > with radiation for cervical cancer stage III (3-6 g/day): ↑ lifespan, 36% had no cancer cells after
dien 3B – ol (sterol), ergost – Mexico - impetigo, ringworm treatment
Coriolus versicolor/ 7-en-3-β-ol, ergosterol) Benefits (PSK): Glomerulonephritis, sarcoidosis, idiopathic nephritic Therefore cancer deaths – 21% with PSK, 52% without PSK
Trametes versicolor Polysaccharide (PSK syndrome, SLE, PSP: Oral, IP injection: ↑ T cell #, ↑ interferon, ↑ IL-2, ↓ thymus atrophy in mice with tumors and ↑ IgG
(Turkey tail) (Krestin with β-1,4 glucan), RA, sclerosis, Bechet’s disease (can also give Lactobacillus acidophilus, L-glutamine to ↑ IgG)
PSP (polysaccharide – PSK: ↓ cholesterol, ↓ LDL 3 g/day orally with radiation and chemotherapy in esophagus, stomach, lung: ↓ side effects of
peptide), tiredness, weakness, dry mouth and throat
coriolan) Individuals gained weight (not weight loss as in controls) also ↑ T cell, NK cell activity, IL-2 vs.
controls↑ 1 year survival by 11% (↑ T cell, NK cell, complement C3)
Breast CA: Stabilized and prevented ↓ WBC with 4’ epidoxorubicin, cyclophosphamide
Ergosterols: Control tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cytotoxic to hepatoma
Toxicity LD50 of PSP = 10 mg/kg (mice)
Negative on Ames and chromosome distortion tests (Ames test is a test to determine if a
substance causes DNA mutations)
Cautions May ↓ acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity
Aside: Canadians are #1 in the world for the following drugs: Codeine, NSAIDS (per
capita) and our level of side effects from NSAIDS are among the highest in the world.
 C. sinensis:
↑ erythroid in mice bone marrow during chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, harringtonine)
↓ bone marrow suppression in mice undergoing chemotherapy (↓ RBC and ↓ WBC were the main
values used to assess bone marrow suppression)
C. ophioglossides: C. ophioglossoides:
Ideally this fungi would be standard with all treatments with these chemotherapy drugs, however it is
Ophiocordin (antibiotic) Stimulate blood circulation
very expensive
Polysaccharides (CO-N, SN- Regulates menstruation
↑ phagocytes, macrophages, ↑ mice lifespan with lymphoma
C, CO-1) - anti-tumor activity C. sinensis:
4 g/kg immunosuppressive = cyclosporine A in mice: Caused 80% survival 60 days following Ehrlich
C. sinensis: Anti-asthma (relaxes smooth muscles)
ascites carcinoma of mice
Cordyceps sinensis Unsaturated fatty acids Anti-cancer
Sedative: Glutamine, tyrosine, l-tryptophan
(Caterpillar fungus) (82%) Potentiates epinephrine
Inhibit monoamine oxidase from brain
Oleic acid (31%) Excessive tiredness
↑ platelet formation
Linoleic fatty acids (68%) Persistent cough (↓ excess phlegm)
Humans: 64% improvement in sexual hypofunctioning
Amino acids Impotence, debility, seminal emissions with weak knees
↑ 17-hydroxycorticosteroid, ↑ 17-ketosteroids (adrenal function)
Adenosine, adenine, uracil, Anemia (builds bone marrow)
↓ cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, ↑ HDL
uridine Hemostatic in phthisis
Arrhythmia: 77% improvement (0.25 g tid for 3 weeks)
Chronic renal failure: 54% at 3-5 g/day ; ↑ renal function, ↑ immune function
Tinnitus due to fluid in the ear: 34% cured, 39% saw improvement
Toxicity LD50 = 27 g/kg IP (intraperitoneal) in mice

Sterols/Fats (Linolenic acid, Internally:

arachidonic acid, ergosterol, Bladder problems (UTI)
Fomes fomentarius fungisterol, isoergosterone, Digestive stasis (to increase absorption)
Anti-hemorrhagic
(Polyporus ergosta) Esophageal (high rate of recurrence in 1st year), gastric, and uterine cancer Slowed sarcoma 180 growth in mice by 80%
Anti-cancer
fomentarius) Lignins Topically:
Polysaccharides (not well Rheumatism: Grind up and place on skin over affected area(s)
characterized) Hemostatic (ground up with spider webs to stop bleeding)

Agaricic acid, agaricinic acid,

ricinolic, e-buricolic acid, Greeks/Romans: Used as a poison antidote (Pliny) with vinegar and ginger Inhibits sarcoma 180 by 80% in mice
accinic acid, malic acid Bitter tonic for bronchial asthma Laxative effect (agaricinic acid)
Fomitopsis officinalis
Ergosterol (sterol) Anti-fever (malaria, TB) TB night sweats Purgative (agaric acid)
(Quinine cork, Agaric)
Wax Anhidrotic (decreases sweat) Toxicity: Bowel irritation (laxative, purgative)
Medicinal Mushrooms

Gum Malarial fever (1/2 oz - 4 drachm φ, 2 doses 3 hr apart) Large amounts: Skeletal muscle weakness, CNS depression (animals)
CHO

Adenosine: Inhibit platelet aggregation

Triterpenes: Anti-allergenic, especially Ganoderan C
Ganoderan B, D: Antihypertensive
Oleic acid: Inhibits histamine release-decreases allergy and inflammation
β-D glucan: Anti-sarcoma 180
Whole reshi extract: Decreased blood pressure, greater than captopril (25 mg tid), nimodipine (20 mg
Triterpenes (ganodermic tid), reshi 55 mg tid for 4 weeks
acids, ganoderic acids) Hepatitis ↓ platelet aggregation to 17% (healthy), 31% (atherosclerotic) at 1 g tid
Polysaccharides (ganoderan Hypertension 1 g tid for 4 months, ↓ LDL in 68%, ↓ arrhythmia in 60%, ↓ insomnia in 78%, ↓ angina
Ganoderma lucidum
A, B, C, β-D-glucans, D-6 Insomnia ↓ NK (mice), ↑ IL-1, ↑ IL-2
(Reishi)
glucans) Gastric ulcer Does not effect B monoamine oxidase
Fatty Acids (oleic acid) Protect against ionizing radiation if given before or after
Adenosine Increased WBC, hematoglobin in mice periphery, Chronic bronchitis: 60%
↓ high altitude sickness: ↑ O2 in blood at 4-5000 m, begin 10-14 days before climb
Myotonia dystrophica: ↓ muscular atrophy of face, head, neck, larynx & endocrine glands
↑ mice (B6C3F1) survival to radiation, significant ↑ in survival at 5% of diet
Toxicity Oral use for 3-6 months: Dry mucosa, itchy skin, upset stomach, bloody diarrhea
Diarrhea in cancer patients at 9 g/d; > with vitamin C at 6-12 g/day
Allergy to spores

Rats: Decreased blood pressure without changing cholesterol, effect is rapid, short lived, and dose-
dependent
NIDDM: Decreased glucose
Increased water in stool ~ 120%
Mice: Increased NK, cytoxic T-cells, 86% tumor growth inhibition in tumor bearing mice
Polysaccharides (β-1,3
Fraction D: ↑ IL-1, ↑ delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
glucan, β-1,6 glucan, β,D- Cancer prevention
Anti-tumor in mice with implanted tumors, slowed metastasis of existing cancer
glucan, α glucan) Support during chemotherapy
Grifolia frondosa Inhibit sarcoma 180 by 90% with treatment on day of innoculation
Grifolan, grifolin-LE, LELFD, Diabetes
(Maitake) Inhibit tumor growth rate 43%: Breast, prostate, liver
grifolan NMF-5N Hypertension
Humans: Anti-cancer effect in lung, stomach, hepatocellular, leukemia, breast, prostate, liver (China)
N-acetylgalactasamine- Food: Soups
over 3 months
specific lectin
Beneficial in karposi sarcoma and AIDS
Decreased blood pressure (systolic 7% & diastolic 9%) 1500 mg bid
Chronic hepatitis B: 72% recovered vs. 57% placebo
44% vs. 13% (placebo) converted from hepatitis B positive to hepatitis B neg
Toxicity None known
 Increased stamina, circulation
Diabetes, arthritis, colds, preserve health

Pharmacology started:
LEM: Slowed rate liver cancer progression, ↑ antibodies to hepatitis B
Mice: Lentinan: Inc T-helper cells after 1 month, to normal T-helper after 8
Other: Polysaccharides: ↑ phagocytoxic activity
week without lentinan (mice)
10% of diet ↓ sarcoma 180, MM-46 by 40%, not B-16 melanoma, Lewis lung
Lentinan effects serotonin, 5-HT, histamine, catecholamines; synergistic with
JLS (polysaccharides) blocks release of herpes simplex I in animals
IL-2 in cancer
EP3, EPS4 (polysaccharides): Antiviral Herpes I, II; equine encephalitis,
Ergosterol ( vitamin D in Used with cyclophosphamide (chemotherapeutic drug) to increase survival
polio, measles, mumps, HIV
sunlight) time, e.g. stomach cancer, ↑ cytotoxic T cells in spleen (Japan)
Eritadenine: 0.005% of rat diet ↓ cholesterol 25% in 1 week
LEM (lentinula mycelium ↑ complement C3 C3a + C3b macrophage activation; ↑ tumor specific
Eyrosinose: ↓ blood pressure, Inc lipids in liver and thus dec lipid in circulation
extract) antigen; ↑ complement C3, ceruloplasmin, NK, T-helper, IL-1a, IL-1b, TNF-α;
Humans: Lentinan: Increased survival time in stomach cancer
Polysaccharides (lentinan, 11 ↑ Ig, peripheral interferon, IL-6, produce cytokines to ↑ PMN bacteriocidal
Lentinan with chemo > chemo alone or lentinan alone in patients with stomach cancer; best protocol
Lentinus edodes other identified effect
- lentinan then chemotherapy
(Shitake) polysaccharides) Lentinan: Action ↓ by thyroxin, hydrocortisone
Lentinan: Injected in malignant peritoneal effusion, 80% of lesions responded
Minerals Lentinan is used in Japan for run down, cancer prone, elderly, low NK cell
LEM: Hepatitis B: LEM helped 25% seroconvert, drug R TB
Lignin (~CFS)
Animal: Antibacterial: Antifungal:
Eritadenine, peptidomannan, Lentinen IM produces improvement in patients with drug resistant M.
Toxicity: Shitake dermatitis, Antibodies to spores, among those who work in grow operations, Chronic
bisdisulfide tuberculosis; wards off toxic shock from bacterial endotoxins
Medicinal Mushrooms

use may ↓ coagulation

Adenine, choline Improved SGPT, SGOT (AST, ALT) in mice with toxic hepatitis
LEM at 50 mg/day IV for 1 week: Diarrhea which disappeared within days as adapted to dose
LEM > lentinan for viruses, Lentinan in mice: Mice vesicular stomatitis virus,
LEM: Nausea, vomiting, heavy chest, face flushing, heavy head, ↑ blood pressure
adenovirus type 12, gave complete protection from LD75 dose of virulent
LD50 > 100 mg/kg mice, rat, dog, monkey
influenza
No problems of infertility in men; normal litters in animals
virus, prolonged survival at LD 100 viral dose given IV, IL-6 before it induced
CI: Lentinan: Action ↓ by thyroxin, hydrocortisone
by virus
Inhibit HIV cell infection, potentiates AZT

Polysaccharides, glycoproteins increase interferon induction, ↑ IL-2

Polysaccharides (A, B, C)
Sterol (ergosterol, erosta 5,
7 dien 3);
Fatty Acids (undecanoic
Tramella fuciformis
acid, lauric acid, tridecenoic Immune support
(Snow fungus)
acid, myristic acid,
pentadecanoic acid, palmitic,
stearic, oleic & linoleic acid)
Phosphatidylcholine, glycerol
Increased phagocytosis, ↑ macrophage #
During radiation increased NK activity, cell mediated cytotoxicity
Polysaccharides BI-BV anti-tumor against HeLa cervical cancer cells
Polysaccharides A, B, C: Anti-tumor in mice, ↑ survival time
Decreased cholesterol
↑ SOD of liver, brain, inhibiting monoamine oxidase B
Preventive for arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, clotting tendency
↓ LDL in rats fed butter, sugar, egg yolk that were 30% > than other rats
Chronic infections: Respiratory, to increase immune function
Polysaccharides A, B: Treatment for leukopenia in cancer patients caused by chemotherapy or
Augment immunity during chemotherapy, radiation
radiation
↑ macrophage phagocytosis: ↑ resistance to bronchitis in humans
45 patients with chronic hepatitis, 1 g/day for 3 months, 32 of 45 had ↓ in hepatitis symptoms
10 patients who were HBsAg + converted to HBsAgo 13 patients had ↓ in HBsAg + levels
14 patients became free of HBs symptoms