1.

INTRODUCTION In many developing countries, effective and efficient land use planning and management

is not well established. The most patent manifestation of this is the chaotic state of land use activities in the cities. The physical, economic and social conditions of the African city has been well documented (UNHABITAT, 2008). Rapid rates of urbanization have resulted in unplanned and unregulated growth. Millions of Africas urban dwellers live in poverty in sub standard housing and degraded environments. Much has been written highlighting the underlying factors to which this state of affairs can be attributed (Nwaka, 2005; Oyesiku 2009, Mabogunje, 2002). Urban land uses had been increasingly subjected to changes of different forms, sorts and types since urban explosion of the 1970s. People move to cities en-mass from the rural hinterland to the cities in anticipations to benefit from urban economy. However most Nigerian cities are not planned and thus are not prepared for the surge in urban explosion that resulted from the rural urban migration and the biological growth that made most Nigerian cities what they are today- a decadence of humanity (Fabiyi, 2006). Human use of land has altered the structure and functioning of the ecosystem (Vitonset et al. 1997). The most spatially and economically important human use of land globally includes cultivation in various ways, construction, reserves, protected lands and timber extraction (Turner et al, 1994). Recently settlements and sprawl development are becoming large active land use changes especially in the developing regions of the world. The pattern of land use can provide us insight into the factors that have caused the land cover to change. The driving forces behind the rapid urbanization in Africa today are the combination of rural-urban migration and natural increase within the towns and cities themselves. Nigeria has been regarded as the most populous nation in Africa with a teaming population of over 130 million crowded over a land area of about 923,000 square kilometers. It has over a hundred cities with population that passes for urban centres. Nigerian cities Notably Lagos, Kano and Ibadan are among the first one hundred largest cities in the world (World Gazetteer, 2005), which translates into pressures on land and thus high urban dynamics. Almost all African countries have a history of land use planning processes dating back to the respective periods of colonial rule. Land use planning has been described as a process aimed at achieving orderly physical development with the overall aim of evolving a functional and liveable environment where individual and common goals can be achieved. In urban centres, the

essence of land use planning is to ensure that urban activities are organized and developed in physical space with due consideration for the protection of the public interest which include health, safety, convenience, efficiency, energy conservation, environmental quality, social equity, social choice and amenity (Adeagbo, 1998; Nnah et al, 2007). The pressures on land orchestrated by increased rate of urbanization brought with it intractable urban problems, such as poor environmental sanitation, pollution, crime, unemployment and overcrowding among others. Many writers confirmed that Nigerian urban centres are faced with rapid growth and development, which contribute to land use change. The relationships between population increase, economic developments and land use pattern have generated research interest over two decades and half. While the trend in lateral growth, the pattern and direction of sprawl developments in many cities in Nigeria are limited by physical barrier such as lagoon, Rocky Mountains and other natural features, the influx of people into the cities complicated the urban condition through structural growth. The population increase naturally creates adjustment and readjustment of human and land use activities in space within urban systems thus causing lateral and structural changes. Lateral changes occur when the city expands in geographic boundaries leading to sprawl and peripheral developments while structural growth relates to increase in land use density within urban centres. The low-density areas gradually become subjected to intensive use and thus become high density or medium density use. Though land use changes are indirect consequence of national economic growth, it is important to evaluate land use changes in the regional and the local context in order to assist in anticipating the impacts associated with change and contribute to an understanding of productive environmental sustainability. This study focuses on the city of Ibadan, which comprises 11 local government councils, with 5 in the inner city and 6 in the outer areas. Since its foundation in the 1800s, the city has had rapid growth; in fact it was regarded as one of the pre-colonial urban centres in Nigeria. For the purpose of this study, the core area of Ibadan which constitutes the five local government councils listed below; 1. Ibadan north 2. Ibadan north-east 3. Ibadan north-west 4. Ibadan south-east

5. Ibadan south-west

Aim and objectives of the study This study attempts to examine the land use pattern of Ibadan metropolitan region in general with particular reference to public and institutional landuses. The specific objectives include: Examine the growth and development of Ibadan city; To identify the basic land uses present within the five local governments representing the core of the study area; To determine the extent and coverage of the Public and Institutional landuses within the local government; To identify the challenges and prospects of public and institutional landuses in the context of the Ibadan metropolitan area; and To provide suggestions and reasoned solutions to identified challenges.

Public Landuse

2.0

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA

2.1

Historical perspective Ibadan came into existence in 1829. According to local historians, Lagelu, the Jagun

(commander-in-chief) of Ife and Yoruba's generalissimo, left Ile Ife with a handful of people from Ife, Oyo and Ijebu to found a new city, Eba Odan, which literally means 'between the forest and plains.' The initial congregation of Ibadan after the occupation of the allied army of Ife, Ijebu and Oyo three major Yoruba city-state communities, was along ethnic lines in 1820. Ijebus lived in the South at Isale-Ijebu while the Egbas, led by Lamodi, moved far away from their conquerors and settled at Yiosa. Ife and Oyo settled at Ojaba (Areola, 1994). The settlement grew very rapidly under the protection of a series of warlords. Ibadan is the capital city of Oyo State and the third largest metropolitan area in Nigeria, after Lagos and Kano. Ibadan is also the largest metropolitan geographical area. At Nigerian independence, Ibadan was the largest and most populous city in the country and the third in Africa after Cairo and Johannesburg.

Ibadan Cityscape taken from Mapo Hill

Ibadan Street Scene 2.2 Geography Ibadan is located in southwestern Nigeria about 120 km east of the border with the Republic of Benin in the forest zone close to the boundary between the forest and the savanna. The city ranges in elevation from 150 m in the valley area, to 275 m above sea level on the major north-south ridge which crosses the central part of the city

2.3

Population growth

Until 1970, Ibadan was the largest city in sub-Saharan Africa (Lyold, 1967). In 1952, it was estimated that the total area of the city was approximately 103.8 km 2. However, only 36.2 km2 was built up. This meant that the remaining 67 km2 were devoted to non-urban uses, such as farmlands, river floodplains, forest reserves and water bodies. These non-urban land uses disappeared in the 1960s: an aerial photograph in 1973 revealed that the urban landscape had completely spread over about 100 km2. The land area increased from 136 km2 in 1981 to 210240 km2 in 1988-89 (Areola, 1994: 101). By the year 2000, it is estimated that Ibadan covered 400 km2 (Onibokun, 1995). The growth of the built-up area during the second half of the 20th century (from 40 km2 in the 1950s to 250 km2 in the 1990s) shows clearly that there has been an underestimation of the total growth of the city. In the 1980s, the Ibadan-Lagos expressway generated the greatest urban sprawl (east and north of the city), followed by the Eleiyele expressway (west of the city). Since then, Ibadan city has spread further into the neighbouring local government areas of Akinyele and Egbeda in particular. According to the National Population Census Report, population growth of Ibadan has been remarkable with a population of a 100,000 in 1851, to 175,000 in 1911 and 745,448 in 1952. The population rose to 1,141,677 in 1963 at a growth rate of 3.95% per annum. In 1991, the population rose to 1,829,300 and then to 2,550,593 million in 2006. The population growth rate has been on the increase, although census figures have been less than reliable. 2.4 Socio Economic Interaction An interesting phenomenon of Ibadan City is its urban-rural homogeneity, reflecting socio-economic ties. This accounts for a popular adage, Ibadan tile toko (Ibadan with homes in the urban area and farmsteads in the rural area). Ibadan City today, has incorporated former rural areas of Lalupon, Alakia, Olodo, Ogbere, Odo-Ona, Bode-Igbo and Moniya which lie at the urban periphery of the city. The phenomenon of homogeneity imposes movements on the people who are residents of the peripheral communities on a routine basis. They particularly troupe into the metropolis during days for business ventures. This often results in heavy traffic congestion in the central Ibadan city. Indeed, Ibadan is often known for its unusual traffic congestions in the city and especially around the surrounding open flea market areas

Literature Review and Theoretical Underpinning One of the foremost problems associated with industrialization and civilization is the urbanization and the consequent ills and fallouts. This is because industrialization and civilization are pull factor for the rural-urban migrants as well as cross-national migrants. In recent times most Nigerian cities especially Ibadan, Lagos and Kano have experienced tremendous planned and unplanned growth due to population explosion, which led to congestion, environmental degradation and urban socio-spatial upheavals. Planners and other urban gatekeepers manage urban space and residents for the purpose of efficient functioning and performance of urban systems. They however require the understanding of changed process in urban land use and the interactions with the changed agents in order to discharge their functions in urban space. In essence, managing and planning for towns require the understanding of the forces and processes operating in them and the factors that naturally sort people of different socio-economic status out in space. Information on the existing land use/land cover pattern, its spatial distribution and changed process is a pre-requisite for planning, utilization and formulation of policies and programme for making any micro and macro-level developmental; unfortunately they are not readily available (Adeniyi, 1981). Adeniyi (1981) observed that information on land use can now be more easily and reliably obtained from remotely sensed and imagery. The continuous process of change and development in the urban environment has assumed such dimensions that efficient and effective methods of collecting, analysing and storing reliable spatial data on the physical, social and economic features are indispensable for dealing with the manifold and complex problems of urban management and planning. Since the old laissez faire approach to regulating the growth of urban development is inadequate and no more relevant to the modern cities, there is a veritable need for an institutional control of urban development (Agbola, 1985). This in essence requires a sound knowledge of urban growth and a versatile tool for modelling and simulating such process in order to afford urban planners the necessary tool and skill for monitoring urban land use change. This study is concerned primarily with urban land use pattern, urban landuse change and urban growth, therefore the models of urban growth developed by Burgess (1925), modified by Homer Hoyt (1933) and Harris and Ullman (1945) are relevant in this study. Change process and change agent in urban Land use and land cover

Briassoulis (2000) review of literature enables her to infer that landcover conversion involves a change from one cover type to another while land cover modification involves alterations of the structure or function without a wholesale change from one type to another. Similarly Turner et al. also note that landuse change is likely to cause landcover change, but land cover may change even if the land use remains unaltered". Nigeria has complex land systems where chiefs, families, individuals and government own land. Traditional land tenure throughout Nigeria was based on customary laws under which land was considered community property, but the customary law did little or nothing to avail crisis emanating from the use and distribution of the land. In response to a potential crisis in land distribution, the Federal Military Government promulgated the Land Use Decree of March 1978, thus establishing a uniform tenure system for all of Nigeria with a view to opening the land to development by individuals, corporations, institutions and governments. The decree gave state and local governments authority to take over and assign any undeveloped land. Though this decree has been operational for the past three decades and half land is still mainly in the hands of individuals and families in most cities. The change process in Nigeria is heavily dependent on the land holdings and the socio economic capacities of urban residents. Dynamics of Urban Landuse Change Afolayan (2010) carried out a detailed spatial analysis of Ibadan landuse pattern. In his work, he classified Landsat satellite imageries of 1972, 1984 and 2006 using spectral signatures for Urban, Sub-Urban, Water and Vegetation. From the analysis in Table 1, it can be observed that the Land use of Ibadan has changed dynamically reflecting an expanding development into the former rural and mostly vegetation areas. The remarkable change between 1972 and 1984 can be attributed to the oil boom and the antecedent infrastructural development. The mass migration from rural to urban communities in a way prompted drastic utilization of land resources, especially in terms of building houses and erecting facilities for businesses. 1972
Land Use Urban Sub-Urban Water Rural / Vegetation %

1984
%

2006
%

5 19 13 63

14 52 8 26

15 53 5 17

This trend understandably poses a big challenge to physical planning activities. It is imperative that social and public amenities be made available to prevent Ibadan becoming a modern slum.

3.0 3.1

EXTENT AND COVERAGE OF THE PUBLIC/INSTITUTIONAL LANDUSE Landuse Classification There is no one ideal classification of land use and land cover, and it is unlikely that one

could ever be developed. There are different perspectives in the classification process, and the process itself tends to be subjective, even when an objective numerical approach is used. There is, in fact, no logical reason to expect that one detailed inventory should be adequate for more than a short time, since land use and land cover patterns change in keeping with demands for natural resources. Each classification is made to suit the needs of the user, and few users will be satisfied with an inventory that does not meet most of their needs. In attempting to develop a classification system for use with remote sensing techniques that will provide a framework to satisfy the needs of the majority of users, certain guidelines of criteria for evaluation must first be established. To begin with, there is considerable diversity of opinion about what constitutes land use, although present use of land is one of the characteristics that is widely recognized as significant for planning and management purposes. One concept that has much merit is that land use refers to, "man's activities on land which are directly related to the land" (Clawson and Stewart, 1965). Concepts concerning land use activity are closely related and in many cases have been used interchangeably. The purposes for which lands are being used commonly have associated types of cover, whether they are forest, agricultural, residential, recreational, commercial or industrial. Some activities of man, however, cannot be directly related to the type of land cover. For example, hunting is a very common and pervasive recreational use of land, but hunting usually occurs on land that would be classified as some type of forest, range, or agricultural land either during ground survey or image interpretation. Consequently, supplemental information is needed to identify lands used for hunting. Supplemental information such as land ownership maps also is necessary to determine the use of lands such as parks, game refuges, or water conservation districts, which may have land uses coincident with administrative boundaries not usually discernable by inventory using remote sensor data.

For these reasons, types of land use and land cover identifiable primarily are used as the basis for organizing this classification system. Agencies requiring more detailed land use information may need to employ more supplemental data. In almost any classification process, it is rare to find the clearly defined classes that one would like. The problem of inventorying and classifying multiple uses occurring on a single parcel of land will not be easily solved. Multiple uses may occur simultaneously, as in the instance of recreational land use (zoological garden) located within institutional landuse (University of Ibadan).

CONCLUSION A modern nation, as a modern business, must have adequate information on many complex interrelated aspects of its activities in order to make decisions. Land use is only one such aspect, but knowledge about land use and land cover has become increasingly important as the Nation plans to overcome the problems of haphazard, uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality, loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of important wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat. Land use data are needed in the analysis of environmental processes and problems that must be understood if living conditions and standards are to be improved or maintained at current levels. REFERNCES Areola, O. (1994) "The Spatial Growth of Ibadan City and its impact on the rural Hinterland" in M.O. Filani, F.O. Akintola and C.O. Ikporukpo edited Ibadan Region, Rex Charles Publication, Ibadan, page 99. Lyold, P.C (1967). The City of Ibadan. Cambridge University Press. Onibokun, P. and Faniran A. (1995), Urban research in Nigeria. IFRA and CASSAD, Ibadan. National Population Census Report: 1952, 1963, 1991, 2006 And Gazette No. 24 Vol. 94 Of 15th May, 2007, Lagos (FRN) And Gazette No.2 Abuja 2nd February, 2009 Vol. 96 Afolayan, David T. (2010) The Evolution of a Mega City: The Case of Ibadan, Nigeria. GISKonsult Limited, www.gisknigeria.com Adeniyi, P.O., 1981. Application of aerial photography to the estimation of the characteristics of Residential Buildings. The Nigeria Geographical Journal, 19: 189-200.

Agbola, T. (1985). The concept, evolution and role of development control and planning administration in Nigeria, paper presented at Workshop of Development Control and Planning Administration in Nigeria, jointly organized by N.I.S.E.R. and C.U.R.P. University of Ibadan. Onokerhoraye, A.G. and G.E.D. Omuta, (1986). Urban Systems and Planning, Goegraphy and Planning Series for African, Benin, University of Benin. Fabiyi, Seyi (2005). Colonial and post colonial architecture and urbanism in Nigerian urban history, past and present. Edited by Ibikunle H. University Press of America, pp: 141-164. Burgees. E.W. (1925). The growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project Publication of the American Sociological Society, No 18, 1924, pp: 85-97. Homer Hoyt, (1933). The Structure of Growth of residential neighbourhoods in American cities, Washington, D.C., Federal Housing Administration Harris, C.D., and E.L. Ullman, (1945). The nature of Cities; The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 242: 7-17. Nwafor, J.C., (1986). Physical Environment, Decision- making and Land-Use Development in Metropolitan Lagos. Geo Journal, 12: 433-442. Briassoulis, H., (2000). Analysis of Landuse change : Theoretical and modelling approaches. The Web book of Regional Science. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University. Vitonset, D.M. et al., 1997. Human Domination of Healths Ecosystems. Science 27: 494-499. Turner II, B.L., W.B. Mayer, and D.L. Skole, 1994. Global Landuse/Landcover Change towards an integrated study. Ambio, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 23: 91-95. Mabogunje, A. L. (2002) Re constructing the Nigerian City: The New Policy on Urban Development and Housing. A keynote address in Amole, D. et al. The City in Nigeria: Perspective, Issues, Challenges, Strategies. Proceedings of a National Conference. Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife, Nigeria, pp 1 9 Nwaka, G. I. (2005) The Urban Informal Sector in Nigeria: Towards Economic Development, Environmental Health, and Social Harmony. Global Urban Development Magazine, Vol. 1 Issue 1. pp 1 11 Oyesiku, O. K. (2009) City Live ability: Implications and Challenges. Lead Paper presented at the Commonwealth Association of Planners, West Africa Workshop. Lagos. Nov. 2009.

Clawson, Marion, and Stewart, Charles L., (1965), Land use information. A critical survey of U.S. statistics including possibilities for greater uniformity: Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins Press for Resources for the Future, Inc., 402 p.