Secondary 2 Biology Sexual Reproduction in Humans (Part I)

- The Physiological Aspect Content: Purpose of Sexual Reproduction Puberty Physiology of Male and Female Reproductive Systems Sexual Intercourse and Fertilization The Menstrual Cycle Development of Fetus

Why sexual reproduction? Apart from having offspring, SR ensure genetic variation in the population, i.e. different individuals have (a slightly) different genetic makeup. This caused by the mixing of genes during SR. This can ensure the survival of a population. For example, resistance to certain pathogens is inheritable. If all individuals have a similar resistance to a certain pathogen, a single mutation in the pathogen can wipe out the entire population.

Puberty and its signs Puberty occurs at around 11 for girls and 14 for boys. During this phase, they undergo both physiological and psychological changes controlled by factors such as hormones and nutrition. Primary Sex Characteristics: Refers to sex organs, used to differentiate males and females. Secondary Sex Characteristics: Develop during puberty, similarities and differences between males and females: Male Hair growth: Body, pubic, facial, armpit, etc. Muscle growth and development; Chest broadens Oily skin and pimples Sexual arousal Voice breaks Female Hair growth in pubic regions Hips widen Oily skin and pimples Sexual arousal Breast development + Milk glands Mood swings

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Menstruation

Male reproductive system

Structure TestesFunction Epididymis Scrotum Production of male gamete: Sperms/Spermatozoa and hormone Testosterone Storage of sperms

Seminal Vesicle (Leaf like)Sac that Product seminal fluid* contains testes; Protection from physical damage and lower temperature Prostate Gland (Nig chunk of gland) Product seminal fluid* Cowpers Gland/ Bulborethral Gland (Below both SV and PG) S *Seminal Fluid e c r e t e a l k a li Page | 2

n e m i x t u r e : N e u t r a li z e a c i d i n c e n v ir o n m e n t o f v a g i n a S e c Page | 3

r e t e a n ti c o a g u l a n t CUrethra o n t a i n s w a t e r a n d n u t ri e n t li k e f r u c t o Page | 4

s e P Penis a t h w h e r e u ri n e i s e x p e ll e d a n d s e m e n i s e j a c u l a t e d f r o Page | 5

m h e b o d y . F Penis Erectile Muscle il l s w it h b l o o d a n d e r e c t f o r e j a c u l a ti o n Cavenosal Spaces: Filled with blood supplied from the Cavernosal ArteryNot so related to the SR: Ureter: Connects the Kidney to the Bladder. Page | 6

Bladder: Storage of Urine Kidney: Urine production

Female reproductive system

F Structure u n ct io Uterine Lining n C er vi x Vulva N ar ro w n e ck of ut er u s V a gi n a T h e bi rt h c a n al . R e Page | 7

Function

Uterus

c e pt a cl e of th e p e ni s d ur in g se x u al in te rc o ur c e. Ut er u s D e v el o p m e nt of th e fe tu s. Ut er in e Li ni n Page | 8

g/ E n d o m et ri u m T h e i m pl a nt at io n of th e fe rti liz e d e g g (Z y g ot e) o cc ur s h er e. Pr o d u ct io n of fe m Page | 9

al e g a m et e: O v u m /E g g a n d h or m o n es O es tr o g e n a n d Pr o g es te ro n e F al lo pi a n T u b es / O vi Page | 10

d u ct s C o nt ai n s cil ia to pr o p el o v u m to w ar d s th e ut er u s. (N ot e: S p er m is m o bi le , n ot o v u m ) S e Page | 11

x u al In t e rc o u rs e T h e gl a n s of th e p e ni s, th e m os t se n si ti v e p ar t, ru b s a g ai n Page | 12

st th e fe m al e s v a gi n al w al l a n d cli to ri s (F e m al e s m os t se n si ti v e p ar t) a n d se n d Page | 13

s si g n al s to th e br ai n to c a u se ej a c ul at io n. F e rt ili z a ti o n ( N o n e e d t o d e t ai Page | 14

l) T h e s p er m tr a v el s to w ar d s th e e g g a n d o nl y 1 c a n fe rti liz e it. T h e y tr a v el Page | 15

to w ar d s it vi a c h e m ot a xi s, w h er e th e y ar e at tr a ct e d b y c h e m ic al s (P ro b a bl y se Page | 16

cr et e d b y th e o v u m ). T h e s p er m h e a d re le as e d c h e m ic al s to br e a k d o w n th e Page | 17

w al l ar o u n d th e o v u m . A cr os o m al v es icl es re le as e a cr os o m es th at di g es t th e je ll y c Page | 18

o at , or th e zo n e p el lu ci d a. W h e n fu si o n o cc ur s, th e c or ti c al gr a n ul es in th e e g g re le Page | 19

as e C a2
+

io n s to m o di fy th e zo n e p el lu ci d a, h ar d e ni n g it a n d n ot le tti n g ot h er s Page | 20

p er m s to fe rti liz e th e e g g.

M e n st r u al C y cl e ( G e t r e a d y fo r d a t a s p a Page | 21

m m a g e) T h e M e n st ur al C yc le ( M C) is ty pi c al ly ar o u n d 2 8 d a ys lo n g, wi th 4( + 1) m ai Page | 22

n p h as es : M R O R P * A F E P T

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 C T F D L B * C a n y o u r e a s o n t h e li n k b e t Page | 24

w e e n e a c h p h a s e o f t h e o v a ri a n c y c l e a n d t h e h o r m o n e s e c r e Page | 25

t e d d u ri n g it ? C

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 H o r m o n e r e g Page | 36

u l a t i o n i n t h e O v a r i a n a n d U t e r i n e C y c l e : I g n o r e p a r Page | 37

t ( a )

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 S t r u c t Page | 40

Amnion

u r e o f d e v e l o p i n g f e t u s

D e vAmniotic Fluid el o p in to th e pl a c e nt a w Page | 41

hi c h m ai n fu n ct io n is tr a n s p or t of n ut ri e nt b et w e e n fe tu s a n d m ot h er . M u sc le c o nt ra ct io n (P Page | 42

er is ta lsi s) to p u s h o v u m . F er til is at io n o cc ur s h er e, n ot th e ut er u s. O Placenta v ar ie s

Regulate exchange of nutrient and gases between mother and fetus. Protect fetus from antibodies from mothers body and fluctuation in blood pressure. Secrete hormones that maintain uterine wall as corpus luteum will degenerate. Possible: A cushion for mechanical shock?

Umbilical Cord

Transfer of soluble products between mother and fetus by blood vessels it contains. Connection between both bodies.

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Amnion M Amniotic Fluid e m br a n e th at c o nt ai n s a m ni ot ic fl ui d. Protects the fetus from mechanical shock, drying out and temperature fluctuations.

Material exchange/ Structure of Umbilical Cord:

The umbilical cord consists of 2 arteries (Carrying deoxygenated blood away from the fetus) and 1 vein, doing the opposite. Mother and fetus blood are not intact. They exchange via the process of diffusion across the placenta. Adaptations in this process: The umbilical cord branches out into placental villi which increases the surface area of material exchange. The maternal and fetal blood vessels travel in opposite directions: This creates a counter-current system where the greatest concentration gradient of products is created, again enhancing diffusion.

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Countercurrent System:

Fetal blood low in oxygen content encounters maternal blood high in oxygen content. This mechanism where blood flows in opposite direction enhances diffusion.

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