JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 109, 053901 (2011)

Magnetic field effects in artificial dielectrics with arrays of magnetic wires at microwaves
L. V. Panina,1,2,a) M. Ipatov,1 V. Zhukova,1 A. Zhukov,1 and J. Gonzalez1
Dpto. de Fisica de Materiales, Fac. Quimicas, Universidad del Pais Vasco, P.O. Box 1072, 20080, San Sebastian 20009, Spain 2 School of Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, PL4 AA, Plymouth, United Kingdom
1

(Received 10 August 2010; accepted 9 December 2010; published online 2 March 2011) A magnetic eld tunable electromagnetic response in periodic lattices of conducting magnetic wires is demonstrated. The wire medium having a negative permittivity in the lower frequency band is customarily investigated as an important component of so-called double negative metamaterials. Here we are interested in a strong dispersion of the permittivity in these structures and a possibility to alter it by changing the losses in magnetic wires with an external magnetic eld. The theoretical approach is based on calculating the relaxation parameter depending on the wire surface impedance, and hence, on the wire magnetic properties. Thus, in arrays of Co-based amorphous wires the application of a moderate magnetic eld (of about 12 kA/m) which causes the magnetization reorientation is capable of few fold permittivity change in the frequency range of 12 GHz. Such efcient tuning for certain structural and magnetic parameters was conrmed experimentally by measuring the transmission and reection spectra from lattices of Co66Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 glass-coated amorphous wires with a different wire cross-section and a different lattice period. The chosen wires are also conrmed to show a large magnetoimpedance effect at GHz frequencies, which constitutes the underlying mechanism of magnetic eld dependent C permittivity in wire media. V 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3548937]
I. INTRODUCTION

Thin conducting wire structures are commonly used as metamaterials with negative permittivity. Owing to this property, they are one of the basic components of the doublenegative medium characterized by a range of unusual properties. This generated a considerable interest in wire media and vast literature is devoted to the subject. Negative electrical response also suggests that the wire medium is characterized by a low frequency stop band from zero frequency to the cutoff frequency which is often referred to as plasma frequency. For the wire radius in micron scale, and lattice constant in mm scale, the plasma frequency is in the GHz range. In this frequency band, a strong dispersion of the effective permittivity may be used to engineer a specic electric response. Thus, originally the wire arrays were considered as articial dielectrics for beam shaping applications.1,2 It was also notated their resemblance with plasmonic systems. Recently, new effects of magnetic tunability and stress sensing in magnetic wire composites were put forward, which utilize the combination of permittivity dispersion and magnetoimpedance in individual wires.36 Applying external stimuli such as a moderate magnetic eld or stress to the whole wire-composite sample, it was possible to alter greatly the values of the effective permittivity and reection/transmission parameters. In particularly, these effects were rigorously investigated in short-cut wire composites having resonant dispersion of the effective permittivity.4,5 This paper provides detailed investigation of the effective permittivity of
a)

continuous magnetic wire arrays demonstrating that the losses are determined by the surface impedance depending on the wire magnetic properties. In this way, a change in the wire magnetic structure inuences the relaxation parameter of the effective permittivity and makes it possible to tune the electric response of the whole system at GHz frequencies. When using wire-arrays as a component of a double negative medium, the relaxation parameter is considered to be small and is typically neglected. Here we are interested in realizing the conditions when the losses may become relatively large. We will demonstrate that when the skin effect is essential the loss parameter is enhanced by the wire dynamic permeability. However, when the skin effect is too strong so that the wire radius is much larger than the penetration depth, the relaxation is indeed small and has little effect. Therefore, a condition of moderate skin effect is needed to realize an effective tuning. The experimental data for wires of different radius support the theoretical results.
II. EFFECTIVE PERMITTIVITY OF MAGNETIC WIRE ARRAYS

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: lpanina@plymouth.ac.uk.

Here we consider the dispersion properties of magnetic wire arrays placing emphasis on the role of relaxation due to losses in wires. When the wavelength k of the incident radiation is much longer than the intrinsic length-scales of the structure k ) b ) a, where b is the lattice period and a is the wire radius, it is very helpful to consider the wire medium as a homogeneous material with averaged constitutive material parameters. A number of quasistatic models of the effective permittivity eef are available.79 These models
C V 2011 American Institute of Physics

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Here the relaxation parameter c is proportional to the skin p depth d c= 2pxr; r is the wire conductivity. It follows from (4) that the losses in a lower frequency range when d/a ) 1 may be large. In general, for potential applications of metal mesostructures it is crucial to have small losses, which is possible only when the skin effect is strong. Therefore, the relaxation parameter for the wire medium has to be considered accounting for the skin effect in wires. A rigorous approach to the problem is based on the solution of the Maxwell equations in the elementary cell and consequent homogenization procedure to nd the averaged electric eld and displacement.13 The eld distribution inside the wires accounts for the skin effect. In this approach at high frequencies (d/a ( 1 ), for nonmagnetic wire arrays the relaxation parameter c can be written in the form: c 1 id=2a= lnb=a: (5)

FIG. 1. (Color online) Sketch of 1D wire medium.

demonstrate that the electromagnetic response from the wire medium imitates ideal (collisionless) electron plasma. For 1D wire lattice shown in Fig. 1, the effective permittivity has a tensor form with the component along the wires given by x2 p : (1) x2 The parameter xp plays the role of an equivalent plasma frequency, ed is the permittivity of the dielectric medium of the host isotropic matrix, and x is the angular frequency. If the wires are assumed to be very thin, so that their electrical polarization in the orthogonal direction can be neglected, the effective permittivity for the electric eld polarization orthogonal to the wires is ed. Different approaches to calculate eef give varying results for the plasma frequency, however, in the logarithmic approximation ( ln(b/a))1 ) this discrepancy is not greater than 10%. Customarily, xp is written as eef ed x2 p b2 2pc2 ; ln b=a (2)

This demonstrates that indeed choosing a suitable geometry to realize the condition of a strong skin effect at the frequencies of interest, the losses could be made small. It also shows that in a high frequency approximation the plasma frequency gets a contribution occurring due to nal conductivity of wires. We will further demonstrate that in the case of magnetic wires the loss factor strongly depends on the magnetic structure. It could be expected that for magnetic wire arrays the skin depth parameter in (5) should be simply replaced with that valid for a magnetic conductor. This would result in further decrease in c since the magnetic skin depth is inversely proportional to the wire circular permeability. Physically this does not sound correctly since an additional mechanism of relaxation should result in c increase. Accurate consideration shows that indeed the relaxation parameter increases with increasing the wire permeability. The eld distribution inside the wire and outside it is bounded by imposing the impedance boundary conditions at the wire surface: ez a 1zz h/ a: (6)

where c is the velocity of light (cgs units are used). Taking the geometric parameters a 10 lm and b 1 cm, the plasma frequency is fp xp/2p 4.8 GHz. A number of experimental and numerical studies conrmed validity of Eqs. (1) and (2) predicting a negative permittivity below the cutoff frequency in the GHz region.10,11 In this way, the wires are considered as ideally conductive and the losses in the system are ignored. This approximation would be valid for frequencies where the skin effect in wires is strong. In some cases (see, for example, Ref. 12) the resistive losses were accounted for by considering a uniform distribution of currents inside the wires, which corresponds to the opposite limit of a weak skin effect. In this approach, the permittivity is given by eef ed x2 p ; x2 1 ic (3) (4)

Here ez(a) and h a) are the longitudinal electric and circular magnetic elds at the wire surface, and fzz is the longitudinal component of the surface impedance. In the vicinity of wires the eld distribution has a cylindrical symmetry, but typically a square cell is considered to be able to set periodical boundary conditions. Such cell contains a wire in its center. In a logarithmic approximation (ln(b/a) ) 1), the electric eld in the cell and outside the wire has the following form   ixa r ln ez r ! a; r < b=2 ez a 1 c1zz a and involves the surface impedance of the wires. The effective permittivity is found by averaging over a unit cell the electrical eld and displacement he(r)ez(r) i eef h ez(r)i from the following condition: pec hez r ai 1 ped hez r > ai eef hez ri:

c d=a2 = lnb=a:

Here hi denotes spatial averaging, p pa2/b2 is the volume concentration of wires and ec i4pr/x is the

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permittivity of metal. The average eld inside the wire is expressed through the total induced current I cah/(a)=2, and consequently using (6), hez r ai I ez ac : 2r pa 21zz par

This yields the following equation for the effective permittivity:   2ic ixa r p 1 ped 1 hln i ax1zz c1zz a :  eef c ixa r p 1 p 1 hln i 2par1zz c1zz a For p ( 1, ln(pb/a) $ ln(b/a) p = 1, this can be further reduced to the form of (3) where the relaxation parameter takes the form: c ic1zz : xalnb=a (7)

FIG. 2. (Color online) Spectra of the circular permeability of a wire having a circumferential anisotropy with the axial eld as a parameter. The parameters used for calculations are: M0 500 G, HK 5 Oe, the anisotropy deviation from circular direction is 5 degrees.

The detailed analysis of the surface impedance in magnetic wires with a uniaxial anisotropy valid for any frequency has been developed in Ref. 14. The calculation of the impedance tensor is based on the solution of the Maxwell equations inside the wire together with the linearized equation of motion for the magnetization vector. Small coherent precessions of the magnetization around its static position M0 are typically considered and the domain wall motions are neglected since at high frequencies they are strongly damped. In the approximation of a strong skin effect, the wire longitudinal impedance is given by 1zz 1 i xd p 2 l cos h sin2 h: 2c (8)

Here l is the circular permeability with respect to the magnetization M0 and h is the angle between M0 and the wire axis. Substituting (8) into (7) shows that the relaxation parameter c increases as a square root of the permeability. It is also seen that c depends on the static magnetisation angle. For l 1 Eq. (8) reduces to that given by (5) for nonmagnetic wires. Therefore, we have demonstrated that the dispersion properties of the effective permittivity in magnetic wire arrays depend on the wire static magnetization and dynamic permeability. The underlying physical mechanism involves the magnetoimpedance (MI) effectthe dependence of high frequency impedance on magnetic properties. In certain magnetic wires MI can be very sensitive to the application of external magnetic eld or mechanical stress. Using these wires, it will be possible to realize magnetically tuneable wire structures.
III. FIELD DEPENDENT PERMITTIVITY IN ARRAYS OF CO-BASED AMORPHOUS WIRES

negative magnetostriction and tensile stress creates a unique circular anisotropy; then the impedance changes greatly (50 100%) in the presence of an axial magnetic eld, Hex. The characteristic eld of impedance change is in the order of the anisotropy eld HK which is needed to rotate the magnetization toward the axis. For certain compositions, HK can be made small in the range of 110 Oe, which ensures a high sensitivity of MI effect. In the presence of the eld, the wire impedance is also sensitive to the external stress.18 Therefore, at certain conditions the permittivity spectra of arrays of Co-rich microwires can be actively tuned by application of a small magnetic eld and a mechanical load. At microwave frequencies, the highest sensitivity is related with changing the magnetization direction whereas the permeability parameter is rather insensitive to moderate magnetic elds since at such frequencies the condition of the ferromagnetic resonance requires a much stronger magnetic eld. This conclusion is supported by the permeability spectra shown in Fig. 2 with the external eld as a parameter (normalized with the anisotropy eld). The calculation is done using the magnetic parameters typical of amorphous Co-based wires. It is seen that for frequencies higher than 2 GHz the value of permeability changes little in the presence of the eld Hex % HK. Therefore, for a sensitive impedance change a reorientation in the magnetization direction is

Further analysis will be related to arrays with soft magnetic amorphous wires showing large and sensitive MI up to frequencies of few GHz.1517 In these systems, the magnetic anisotropy is primarily of magnetostrictive origin. For Corich wires with a diameter of 10-70 lm, the combination of

FIG. 3. (Color online) Real part of the wire impedance as a function of the axial magnetic eld with a frequency f x/2p as a parameter. The wire magnetic parameters are the same as for Fig. 2, but the anisotropy axis deviation is 15 degrees (which is needed to t the experimental data), a 10 lm, r 1016s1. The impedance is normalized to its value at f 1 GHz, Hex 0.

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FIG. 4. (Color online) Effective permittivity spectra eef( f ) of magnetic wire arrays with the axial eld as a parameter. (a) and (b) are for real and imaginary parts, respectively. b 0.5 cm, a 10 lm.

essential. This is known as nonresonant low eld microwave absorption19 and is realized in magnetic wires with a circular anisotropy where the magnetization is rotated from circular to axial direction by applying an axial eld equal to the anisotropy eld. If the magnitude of the permeability is essentially greater than unity, the microwave impedance of the wire will be highly sensitive to relatively small elds Hex < HK, and much less sensitive to higher elds Hex > HK as shown in Fig. 3 . The permittivity spectra given in Fig. 4 are calculated using Eqs. (3), (7), (8), and the impedance data of Fig. 3. It is seen that the effect of the eld is strong in lower frequency band (lower than the plasma frequency). For a frequency of 1 GHz, the real part of the permittivity changes from 78 (no eld) to 23 when Hex 2HK and it changes little with further increase in the eld. In the presence of the eld there is also a large change in the imaginary part of the permittivity since the relaxation parameter increases. With increasing frequency toward the plasma frequency the relaxation parameter decreases, then, the effect of magnetic eld on the permittivity dispersion becomes small. The eld effect on the permittivity spectra will depend on the wire radius and geometrical parameters of the lattice as demonstrated in Fig. 5. The plasma frequency is higher for a smaller lattice period, b. Then, decreasing b it is possible to extend the frequency range where the magnetic eld causes substantial changes in permittivity toward higher frequencies (within, of course, the frequency range where the wire permeability still differs noticeably from unity). In this case the wire radius should be relatively decreased since the relaxation parameter will not depend on the wire magnetic properties if the skin effect is too strong (or too weak). Thus, for b 1 cm, a strong eld effect is seen below 1 GHz

with the optimal wire radius of about 20 microns, whereas for b 0.5 cm a signicant eld dependence exists at a frequency of 2 GHz but this requires a smaller wire radius (510 micron).
IV. EXPERIMENTAL A. Magnetic and impedance properties of individual wires

Wire arrays were fabricated using as-cast glass coated amorphous wires with a composition of Co66 Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 having a small negative magnetostriction of the order of 107. Typically, the wires with negative magnetostriction have a circumferential anisotropy in the outer shell and an axial anisotropy in the core. The surface anisotropy of a circumferential type is important to realize a large MI at GHz frequencies as discussed above. The magnetic hysteresis loops shown in Fig. 6 demonstrate that all the wires have a similar magnetic structure with distributed anisotropy axes and good soft magnetic properties. The wire circumferential anisotropy could be improved and extended into the central region by a specic stress annealing.20 This would be important for sensor applications operating at MHz frequencies. However, at GHz frequencies the MI effect depends on the magnetization in a thin surface layer where the anisotropy is predominantly circumferential for negative magnetostrictive wires with glass coating as the latter creates quite strong tensile stress. This was conrmed by measuring the impedance of individual wires. At lower frequencies, there is a large difference in MI plots of the three samples which becomes insignicant at frequencies above 700 MHz. The impedance Z 2fzzl/ca of a short wire sample with length l of 36 mm was obtained from S11-parameter

FIG. 5. (Color online) Demonstration of the magnetic eld effect on the permittivity spectra for different geometrical parameters. b 1 cm in (a) and b 0.5 cm in (b). Solid and dashed curves represent spectra for Hex 0 and Hex 2HK, respectively. The plots are labeled according to the insert tables.

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not explain quite sharp impedance peaks for higher elds at GHz frequencies. This could be related with calibration difculties since around the peak value the imaginary part of the impedance changes sign. There are some conicting results in literature on the MI behavior at GHz frequencies and this will require further investigations.1517,21,22 But it is interesting to notice here that the eld effect on the permittivity behavior obtained from the free space measurements is most essential at the eld range typical of the magnetization processes.
B. Scattering spectra and effective permittivity of magnetic wire arrays
FIG. 6. (Color online) Hysteresis loops of as-cast glass-coated amorphous wires of composition Co66 Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 with different metal core radius a, and glass thickness d: (1) a 36 lm, d 4 lm; (2) a 10 lm, d 2.4 lm; (3) a 20 lm, d 5 lm.

(forward reection) measured by means of Agilent N5230A network analyzer. The wire was placed in the holder as a central conductor of the short-circuited coaxial line. The calibration procedure is standard and consists of two stages. First, a 1-Port short-open-load-thru calibration sets the reference plane at the cable end. After completing the measurements, the serial and parallel parasitic impedances associated with the sample holder were removed from the measurements. These parasitic parameters were found from open and short circuited measurements of the empty sample holder. The impedance plots for the wire with a 10 lm versus Hex are shown in Fig. 7 for a number of frequencies from 10 MHz up to 4 GHz. It is seen that at 10 MHz the relative impedance change in the low-eld range is about 30%. This relatively small value is associated with the distribution of the anisotropy in the entire wire. With increasing a frequency, the impedance change ratio also increases becoming more than 150% at 1 GHz for elds smaller than 1 kA/m. At such high frequencies, it is also possible to distinguish the impedance change due to the static magnetization change which occurs at relatively small elds and due to the ac permeability change which would require much higher elds with increasing frequency. This is in agreement with the theoretical plots given in Fig. 3. However, the theory does

FIG. 7. (Color online) Real part of the impedance of Co66 Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 wire as a function of the magnetic eld for different frequencies. The wire parameters: a 10 lm, d 2.4 lm, l 3 mm.

The wires described above were used to prepare a onelayer lattice with in-plane size of 50 cm 50 cm suitable for free-space measurements. The wires were glued in a sheet of paper parallel to each other at a distance of 0.5 and 1 cm. To apply a magnetic eld, the sample was placed in a plane coil having 70 turns with a relatively large step of 1 cm, which is capable of producing a uniform magnetic eld in the central plane. A 35 A Agilent 6674A DC power supply is used to feed the coil creating the magnetic eld as high as 3000 A/m with resolution below 1 A/m. The coil turns are perpendicular to the wires and generate the magnetic eld along them. The electric eld of the microwave radiation has to be along the wires therefore the coil will not interact with this eld. The free-space experimental setup consists of an Agilent N5230A 20 GHz network analyzer with time domain option, a pair of broadband (0.8517.44 GHz, aperture 342 256 mm2) horn antennas and a compact anechoic chamber with dimensions 80 80 80 cm3 covered inside with a microwave absorber. The coil with the sample is placed in the middle of the chamber at a distance of 40 cm from each horn antennas, appearing in the radiating near-eld region in the whole range of the investigated frequencies 0.917 GHz. The Gated Reect Line free space calibration23,24 was carried out before the measurements. This relatively new technique based on Fourier transformation between frequency and time domains allows the errors from parasitic reections to be greatly reduced. During the calibration procedure with and without the metal plate placed in the middle of the chamber, the metal plate position (and therefore the position of the sample) and the required time gate span were dened in the time domain. Gating of 400 ps was applied to the measured data. In addition, Agilent 85071E Material Measurement Software was used for calculating the effective permittivity of the samples. In this calculation, the effective thickness of the sample was considered to be equal to the lattice period b.11 Figure 8 shows the effect of the external eld on the scattering spectra (reection and transmission) of the samples with spacing between the wires b 0.5 cm. The eld effect is stronger for arrays with thinner wires (a 10 lm) for which the reection coefcient decreases from 0.84 at zero eld to 0.72 for Hex 2 kA/m. This behavior is expected as the skin effect is much stronger for thicker wires with a 36 lm. The overall reection increases in this case and the effect of the magnetic properties of wires is less noticeable. It is also seen that the highest eld sensitivity

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FIG. 8. (Color online) Reection (a,c) and transmission (b,d) spectra of Co66 Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 wire arrays with the spacing between the wires b 0.5 cm. (a), (b): a 10 lm; (c), (d): a 36 lm.

occurs at lower eld range (less than 1 kA/m) where there is change in the magnetization direction. The scattering spectra were used to deduce the effective permittivity with the help of Agilent 85071E Material Measurement Software. The permittivity behavior for wire arrays with the scattering spectra shown in Fig. 8 are given in Fig. 9 Their dispersion is typical of a plasmonic type with negative values of the real part in a low frequency band and agrees well with theory. Without the eld the real part of the permittivity has the highest in magnitude values. When the magnetic eld is applied and the impedance is increased,

these values are decreased. Thus, for wires with a 10 lm and frequency 1 GHz, real part e0ef changes from 56 to 21 when the eld of 1 kA/m is applied. This is accompanied by a substantial increase in the imaginary part. With increasing frequency toward the plasma frequency, the losses are greatly reduced and the eld effect on the permittivity spectra becomes weak. In the case of a thicker wire with a 36 lm the value of e0ef at f 1 GHz changes from 82 to 54 when the eld is increased from zero to 1.5 kA/m Therefore, the eld effect is smaller than in the case of thinner wires due to a stronger skin effect. The theory quantitatively gives very

FIG. 9. (Color online) Effective permittivity spectra of Co66 Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 wire arrays deduced from the scattering spectra in Fig. 8 with the external magnetic eld as a parameter. b 0.5 cm; (a), (b): a 10 lm, (c), (d): a 36 lm.

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FIG. 10. (Color online) Effective permittivity spectra of Co66Fe3.5B16Si11Cr3.5 wire arrays with b 1 cm deduced from measured S-parameters for different magnetic elds. (a), (b): a 20 lm; (c), (d): a 36 lm.

similar results for the permittivity as can be seen by comparing plots in Figs. 5(a), 9(a) and 9(c). We also investigated electromagnetic response from composites with larger spacing and lower plasma frequency. In this case, the best eld effect at GHz frequencies is obtained for wires with a 20 lm. At 1GHz the real part of the permittivity changes from 11 to 4 when the eld of 0.5 kA/m is applied. For comparison, the spectra of wire array with b 1 cm and a 36 lm is also given. In the latter case, e0ef changes in the presence of the eld from 16 to 14 at 1GHz. These results also agree well with the theoretical data shown in Fig. 5(a).
V. CONCLUSIONS

This paper provides a detailed investigation into the electromagnetic response from magnetic wire media, i.e., periodic lattices of continuous ferromagnetic wires. The wire medium is characterized by a negative permittivity in the lower frequency band and has received much attention as a component of double negative (also known as left-handed) metamaterials. Here we are interested in another aspect of the wire media, namely, a strong dispersion of the effective permittivity. For the wire radius in micron scale, and lattice constant in mm scale, the plasma frequency which determines the frequency dispersion is in the GHz range. In this frequency band, the permittivity dispersion may be used to engineer a specic tuneable electric response. Using ferromagnetic wires makes it possible to alter the permittivity by changing the losses in the system with an external magnetic eld or a mechanical stress which produces a change in the wire magnetic conguration. The underlying physical mechanism involves a large magnetoimpedance (MI) effect. We demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally the efcient tuning of the permittivity and reection/transmission spectra in glass-coated CoFeBSiCr wire lattices in the

presence of a moderate magnetic eld (12 kA/m). The wires are in amorphous state and have excellent soft magnetic properties with a circumferential magnetic anisotropy in the surface layer. This is important to realize large MI at GHz frequencies, in the order of 100%. The extent of the eld tuning depends not only on MI but also on the geometrical parameters of the wires and lattices. Thus, for the lattice period of 0.5 cm and the wire radius of 10 lm, the real part of the permittivity changes from 56 (no eld) to 21 (1 kA/m) at 1 GHz as was deduced from the experimental scattering spectra obtained by a free-space measurement method. The theoretical results agree well with the experiment. The analysis is based on calculating the relaxation parameter within the effective medium theory, which depends on the wire MI. The magnetic wire media could nd various applications due to the tuneable properties discussed in this paper. They could be used as recongurable frequency selective surfaces and constitute novel methods of nondestructive test for structural health monitoring.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by EU ERA-NET program under project DEVMAGWIRTEC, Grant No. MANUNET2007-Basque-3; by the Basque Government under Saiotek08 METAMAT Project. One of the authors, L. V. Panina, also wishes to thank Ikerbasque Foundation for visiting professorship.
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