Atoms and Elements

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Atomic Number
The atomic number is specific for each element. is the same for all atoms of an element. is equal to the number of protons in an atom. appears above the symbol of an element.

Atomic Number Symbol

11 Na
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Electrons in An Atom
An atom of an element is electrically neutral; the net charge of an atom is zero. has an equal number of protons and electrons. number of protons = number of electrons Aluminum has 13 protons and 13 electrons. The net charge is zero. 13 protons (13+) + 13 electrons (13 -) = 0

Mass Number
The mass number represents the number of particles in the nucleus. is equal to the number of protons + the number of neutrons.

Atomic Models

Atoms and Elements

The Atom

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Daltons Atomic Theory

In Daltons Atomic Theory, atoms

are tiny particles of matter. of an element are similar and

different from other elements. of two or more different elements combine to form compounds. are rearranged to form new combinations in a chemical reaction.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Subatomic Particles
Atoms contains subatomic particles,

protons have a positive (+) charge. electrons have a negative (-) charge. like charges repel and unlike charges
attract. neutrons are neutral.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rutherfords Gold-Foil Experiment

In Rutherfords gold-foil experiment, positively charged particles were aimed at atoms of gold. mostly went straight through the atoms. were deflected only occasionally. Conclusion: There must be a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the atom that deflects positive particles that come close.

Rutherfords Gold-Foil Experiment

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Structure of the Atom

An atom consists of a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons. of electrons in a large empty space around the nucleus.

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Atomic Mass Scale

On the atomic mass scale for subatomic particles,

1 atomic mass unit (amu) has a mass equal to 1/12 of

the mass of the carbon-12 atom.

a proton has a mass of about 1 (1.007) amu. a neutron has a mass of about 1 (1.008) amu. an electron has a very small mass, 0.000549 amu.

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Particles in the Atom

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Atoms and Elements

Isotopes and Atomic Mass

24Mg 12

25Mg 12

26Mg 12

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Isotopes
Isotopes

are atoms of the same element that have different

mass numbers.

have the same number of protons, but different

numbers of neutrons.

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Nuclear Symbol
A nuclear symbol

represents a particular atom of an element. gives the mass number in the upper left corner and
the atomic number in the lower left corner.

Example: An atom of sodium with atomic number 11 and a mass number 23 has the following atomic symbol: mass number 23

Na
atomic number 11
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Information from Nuclear Symbols

From the nuclear symbol, we can determine the number of protons (p+), neutrons, (n), and electrons (e-) in a particular atom.
16 8 31 65

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Zn

8 p+ 8n 8 e-

15 p+ 16 n 15 e-

30 p+ 35 n 30 e-

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Isotopes of Magnesium
In naturally occurring magnesium, there are three isotopes.
Isotopes of Mg

24Mg 12

25Mg 12

26Mg 12

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Isotopes of Sulfur
A sample of naturally occurring sulfur contains several isotopes with the following abundances Isotope % abundance 32S 95.02 33S 0.75 34S 4.21 36S 0.02

32S, 33S, 34S, 36S 16 16 16 16

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Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element

is listed below the symbol of each element

on the periodic table.

gives the mass of an average atom of

each element compared to 12C.

Na 22.99

is not the same as the mass number.

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Isotopes of Some Elements and Their Atomic Mass

Most elements have two or more isotopes that contribute to the atomic mass of that element.

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Atomic Mass for Cl

The atomic mass of chlorine is

due to all the Cl isotopes. not a whole number. the average of two isotopes:
35Cl

and 37Cl.

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Atoms and Elements

Electron Energy Levels

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Energy Levels
Energy levels are assigned numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and so on. increase in energy as the value of n increases. are like the rungs of a ladder with the lower energy levels nearer the ground.

n=4

n=3

n=2

n=1

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Energy Levels
Energy levels have a maximum number of electrons equal to 2n2. Energy level n=1 n=2 n=3 Maximum number of electrons 2(1)2 = 2(1) = 2 2(2)2 = 2(4) = 8 2(3)2 = 2(9) = 18

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Orbitals
An orbital is a three-dimensional space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found.

has a shape that represents electron density (not

a path the electron follows).

can hold up to 2 electrons.

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s Orbitals
An s orbital has a spherical shape around the nucleus. is found in each energy level.

n=3

n=2

n=1
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p Orbitals
A p orbital has a two-lobed shape. is one of three p orbitals in each energy level from n = 2.

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Electrons in Energy Levels n = 1- 4

Energy Level 1 2 3 Orbitals 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f Maximum No. of Electrons 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 Total Electrons 2 8 18

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Atoms and Elements

Periodic Trends

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Valence Electrons
The valence electrons determine the chemical properties of the elements. are the electrons in the highest energy level. are related to the group number of the element.

Example: Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons.

5 valence electrons

P Group 5A(15)

2, 8, 5

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Groups and Valence Electrons

All the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons. Example: Elements in group 2A(2) have two (2) valence electrons. Be 2, 2 Mg 2, 8, 2 Ca 2, 8, 8, 2 Sr 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

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Periodic Table and Valence Electrons

Representative Elements Group Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H 1

8 He 2 Ne 2,8
Ar 2,8,8
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Li 2,1

Be 2,2

Al 2,3

C 2,4

N 2,5
P 2,8,5

O 2,6

F 2,7

Li Mg 2,8,1 2,8,2

Ge Si 2,8,3 2,8,4

S Cl 2,8,6 2,8,7

Electron-Dot Symbols
An electron-dot symbol shows the valence electrons around the symbol of the element. for Mg has two valence electrons as single dots on the sides of the symbol Mg. . . Mg or Mg or Mg or Mg
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Writing Electron-Dot Symbols

Electron-dot symbols for groups 1A(1) to 4A(14) use single dots. Na Mg Al C

groups 5A(15) to 7A(17) use pairs and single dots.

P

: O

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Groups and Electron-Dot Symbols

In a group, all the electron-dot symbols have the same number of valence electrons (dots). Example: Atoms of elements in Group 2A(2) each have 2 valence electrons. Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
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Learning Check

A.

X is the electron-dot symbol for 1) Na

2) K

3) Al

B.

is the electron-dot symbol of

2) N 3) P

1) B

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Solution

A.

X is the electron-dot symbol for 1) Na

2) K

B.

is the electron-dot symbol of

3) P

2) N

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Atomic Size
Atomic size is described using the atomic radius; the distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons.

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Atomic Radius Within A Group

Atomic radius increases going down each group of representative elements.

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Atomic Radius Across a Period

Going across a period left to right, an increase in number of protons increases attraction for valence electrons. atomic radius decreases.

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Ionization Energy
Ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a valence electron. Na(g) + Energy (ionization) Na+(g) + e-

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Ionization Energy In a Group

Going up a group of representative elements, the distance decreases between nucleus and valence electrons.

the ionization energy

increases.

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Ionization Energy
Metals have
lower ionization energies. Nonmetals have higher ionization energies.

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Summary of Properties

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