-1LeKita

Fleming

BIO2525VG12 October 13, 2008

Study Guide for Heart and Blood Vessels

1.The components of the systemic system are veins, arteries, and capillaries. The arteries carry blood away from the heart. The veins carry blood to the heart. The blood feeds into the arterioles into the capillaries, the drain from the capillaries into the veins. 2. Arteries have the external & internal elastic lamina which aids in elasticity (elastic conducting arteries) 3.Arteries are under the most pressure. 4. Capillaries 5.The vascular shunt ( metarteriole-through fare channel) connects the arteriole & venule @ opposite ends of the capillary bed. This shunt is used to bypass the true capillaries & tissue cells. 6. Capillaries form to form venules & venules join to form veins which carry blood to the heart. 7. Several factors contribute to varicose veins including heredity & conditions that hinders venous return; prolonged standing in one position, obesity, or pregnancy. Pressure on the vessels cause restriction of blood return to the heart. The blood pools in the lower limbs & w/ time, the valves weaken & the venous walls stretch & become floppy. Superficial veins appear. Another cause of varicose is elevated venous pressure. 8. Blood pressure refers to systemic arterial blood pressure in the largest arteries near the heart.

9. 120/80 10. Represent the contraction of the heart. 11. Represent the relaxation of the heart. 12. Subtract, diastolic pressure from the systolic pressure. 13. A B/P is measure by ausculatory method. The blood pressure cuff, or sphymomanometer is wrapped snugly around the arm just superior to the elbow & inflated until the cuff pressure exceeds systolic pressure. Start to gradually reduce the blood pressure cuff and listen with a stetoscope for sounds in brachial artery. The B/P read point is when the first soft tapping sound is heard (systolic ) When the sound can no longer be heard. The pressure at which the sounds, first disappear is the diastolic pressure. 14.Viscosity is the internal resistance to flow that exists in all fluids & is the related to the thickness or stickiness easily molecules slide past one another & more difficult it is to get & keep the fluid moving. 15. The blood flow resistance becomes greater. 16. The blood flow increases. 17. The nervous system & blood borne chemicals, are the short-term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure. The renal mechanisms (kidneys) are the long-term mechanism for maintaining blood pressure. 18. Yes, If theres a fluid overload the B/P usually is low, if theres a fluid dehydration the B/P usually runs high trying to compensate. 19. The wrist; radial artery Inner forearm-brachial artery Neck-carotid artery Face-facial artery Head-temporal artery Groin-femoral artery Posterior knee-popiteal artery Side of ankle-posterior artery Top of foot- dorsalis pedis artery

20. Hypertension- elevated B/P concern for heart failure, vascular hypotension-renal decrease B/P -systolic pressure below 100mm/Hg-usually is not a concern. 21. During exercise, however, healthy all of the increased cardiac output flushes into the skeletal muscles & blood flow to the kidneys & digestive organs is reduced. Blood flow during exercise is higher than @ rest. 22.When blood vessels are inadequately filled & blood cannot circulate normally. Results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs. If circulatory shock persists, cells die & organ damage follows. Types of shock is hypovolemic shock, vascular shock, cardiogenic shock. * Vascular shock-anaphylactic shock, Neutrogena shock, & septic shock. 23. Deep pain to the sternum, adhesions in which the visceral & parietal pericardia stick together & impede heart activity. In sever cases excessive fluid compresses the heart & is call cardiac tamponade, literally heart plug. 24. Heart valves keep the blood flowing in one direction. 25. The blood flow will be interrupted to the ventricles wich will possibly cause a heart attack. 26.Pulmonary capillaries 27. Sinoatrial node 28.Tachycardia is the increased abnormal heart rate and Bradycardia is the decreased abnormal heart rate. 29. With the pacemaker potentials or propotentials 30. Irregular heart rhythm, often caused by defects in the intrinsic conduction system.