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CHAPTER 14
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1)
Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio propagation.
Free-space
2)
Electromagnetic wave
3)
The orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the surface of the Earth.
Polarization
4)
5)
6)
Polarization vector rotates 360 as the wave moves one wave-length through the space and the field strength is equal at all angles of polarization.
Circular Polarization
7)
Elliptical Polarization of
8)
direction
Rays
9)
Formed when two points of equal phase on rays propagated from the same source are joined together. A single location from which rays propagate equally in all directions.
Wavefront
10)
Point source
11)
Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a conductor when current is flowing through.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ
Magnetic Field
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12)
Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a conductor is expressed mathematically as:
13)
Invisible force fields produced by a difference in voltage potential between two conductors.
Electric fields
14)
15)
Permittivity
16)
17)
The rate at which energy passes through a given surface area in free space.
Power density
18)
Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave propagating in free space.
Field intensity
P = H W/m2
20)
The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission medium is equal to the square root of the ratio of its magnetic permeability to its electric permittivity.
Zs = (o
0)
1/2
21)
Point source that radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all directions.
Isotropic radiator
22)
Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ
87
23)
Propagation medium.
Isotropic medium
24)
Waves propagate through free space, they spread out, resulting in a reduction in power density.
Attenuation
25)
Reduction of Power.
Absorption Loss
26)
Wave attenuation
27)
Space attenuation
28)
Homogeneous medium
29)
Absorption coefficient varies considerably with location, thus creating a difficult problem for radio systems engineers.
Inhomogeneous medium
30)
31)
Refraction
32)
33)
K = (1- 81N/f2)1/2
34)
Plane
88
35)
Normal
36)
Angle formed between the incident wave and the normal. Angle formed between the refracted wave and the normal. Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a given material.
Angle of Incidence
37)
Angle of Refraction
38)
Refractive Index
39)
Density gradient
40)
Reflect
42)
Reflection Coefficient
43)
44)
Absorption coefficient
45)
Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is randomly scattered in many directions.
Diffuse reflection
46)
47)
Semirough surfaces
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48)
Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth surface whenever the cosine of the angle of incidence is greater than /8d, where d is the depth of the surface irregularity and is the wavelength of the incident wave.
49)
Modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront when it passes near the edge of an opaque object.
Diffraction
51)
Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle, which allows secondary waves to sneak around the corner of the obstacle. States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in space is the sum of the individual wave vectors.
Shadow zone
54)
Linear Superposition
52)
Electromagnetic atmosphere.
waves
travelling
within
Earths
Terrestial waves
53)
54)
Sky waves
55)
Earth guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the surface of earth.
Surface Seawater Flat, loamy soil Large bodies of freshwater Rocky terrain Desert Jungle
Surface wave
Relative Conductivity Good Fair Fair Poor Poor Unusable
56)
90
57)
1. Ground waves require a relatively transmission power. 2. Ground waves are limited to very low, low, and medium frequencies. 3. Requiring large antennas. 4. Ground losses vary considerably with surface material and composition.
58)
1. Given enough transmit power, ground waves can be used to communicate between any two locations in the world. 2. Ground waves are relatively unaffected by changing atmospheric conditions.
59)
Travel essentially in a straight line between the transmit and receive antennas.
Direct waves
60)
61)
Radio Horizon
62)
Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such that electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and Earths surface.
Duct propagation
63)
Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located approximately between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km to 100 km) above Earths surface.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ
D Layer
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64)
Located approximately between 60 miles and 85 miles (100 km to 140 km) above Earths surface.
E Layer
65)
Sporadic E layer
66)
F Layer
67)
Highest frequency that can be propagated directly upward and still be returned to Earth by the ionosphere.
Critical frequency
68)
Maximum vertical angle at which it can be propagated and still be refracted back by the ionosphere.
Critical Angle
69)
Ionospheric Sounding
70)
Height above the Earths surface from which a refracted wave appears to have been reflected.
Virtual Height
71)
Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave propagation between two specific points on Earths surface.
72)
Secant law.
73)
74)
Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky wave at a given frequency will be returned to Earth.
Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ
Skip distance
92
75)
The area between where the surface waves are completely dissipated and the point where the first sky wave returns to Earth.
76)
Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky waves to travel higher before being returned to Earth. Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic waves as it propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
Ceiling
77)
78)
Spreading loss
79)
Fading
80)
To accommodate temporary fading, an additional loss is added to the normal path loss
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