ATOM

IDEA
matter.

- is the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction

LEUCIPPUS and DEMOCRITUS atomic theory They contributed IDEAS about the atoms. - ATOMISM it is the notion that all matter was composed of very tiny, individual, finite, and indivisible particles called ATOMS. Our English word atom comes from a Greek word atomos meaning the smallest unit of

Leucippus and Democritus, Greek philosophers of the late 5th century BC, taught that the smallest unit of matter, the atom, was irreducible and indestructible. They believed that everything in the universe was composed of atomsThere were an infinite number of atoms... Atoms differed as to their size, shape, and perhaps their weight.

>> DEMOCRITUS(460 BC- 370 BC) was a Greek philosopher and was among the first to suggest the existence of atoms. He believed that atoms were INDIVISIBLE and INDERSTRUCTIBLE. A VOID (empty space) exists between atoms Atoms are solid.

Postulated the theory of atoms and void; the universe is made up of empty space and a nearly infinite number or invisible particles differing in arrangement, form, and position. He stated that all all matter is composed of indivisible atoms He expanded and elaborated Leucippus idea of the smallest individual piece.

Sphere Model / Billiard Ball Model (1803-1805)

John Dalton

Billiard Ball Model

John Dalton is the Father of Modern Atomic Theory. He is an English chemist who proposed the Atomic Theory which stated that all matter was composed of small indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms. Dalton proposed a modern atomic model based on experimentation not on pure reason and the result was DALTONs ATOMIC THEORY which includes the ideas that (1) All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. (2) Atoms are indestructible. In chemical reactions, the atoms are rearrange but no new atoms are created and atoms themselves do not break apart (3) Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element.(4) Atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in simple whole-number ratios to form the compound. His ideas account for the law of conservation of mass (atoms are neither created nor destroyed) and the law of constant composition (elements combine in fixed ratios).

PLUM PUDDING ATOMIC MODEL (1897)

Joseph John Thomson(Cathode Ray Tube Experiment- discovery of electrons) In 1899 Joseph John Thomson studied the effects of ultraviolet light in a cathode tube. He proposed that the radiation of negatively charged particles, which he called corpuscles and today we call electrons. Thomson played with cathode rays. These are just beams of electrons (but cathode ray sounds cooler). By having the beam interact with electric and magnetic fields, Thomson was able to determine the mass to charge ratio for an electron. So, from that he knew that the electron came from the atom , it had a negative charge and a small mass.

Plum Pudding Model

Thomson took the idea of the atom and tried to incorporate the evidence for the electron. In this model, the electrons are the small things and the rest of the stuff is some positive matter. This is commonly called the plum pudding model because the electrons are like things in positive pudding. Joseph John Thomson proposed that the atom was a sphere of positive electricity (which was diffuse) with negative particles imbedded throughout after discovering the electron, a discovery for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1906.

NUCLEAR ATOMIC MODEL (1911)

Alpha Particle Scattering experiment (discovery of Nucleus) The model was proposed by ERNEST RUTHERFORD

conducted what is now a famous he bombarded gold foil with alpha nuclei). A source which undergoes placed in a lead box with a small hole alpha particles which hit the inside of stopped by the box. Only those through the opening are allowed to follow a straight line to the gold foil.

In 1909 Ernest Rutherford experiment where particles (Helium alpha decay is in it. Any of the the box are simply which pass escape, and they

Rutherford found that most of them went right through the foil. Some of them did bounce back. How could that be if the plum pudding model was correct? Rutherford's experiment prompted a change in the atomic model. If the positive alpha particles mostly passed The nucleus of the atom is extremely small and through the foil, but some bounced back. AND if they positively charged. The rest already knew that the electron was small and negative, of the atom is mostly empty then the atom must have a small positive nucleus with space and it contains the electrons around them.
electrons.

Rutherford's new model for the atom, based on the experimental results, had the new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and containing the bulk of the atomic mass(the nucleus of the atom). Rutherford received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1908 for his contributions into the structure of the atom.

PLANETARY MODEL OF THE ATOM

Niels Bohr further developed the emerging modern atomic model by proposing that electrons occupied fixed orbits around the nucleus, called electron shells. These shells were at set distances from the nucleus and these were the same for all elements. The shells become larger the further they away they are from the nucleus, similar to the layers of skin that make up an onion; the outermost layer is considerably larger than the ones closest to the core. Bohr said, "Here's some rules that seem impossible, but they describe the way atoms operate, so let's pretend they're correct and use them." Bohr came up with two rules which agreed with experiment: RULE 1: Electrons can orbit only at certain allowed distances from the nucleus. RULE 2: Atoms radiate energy when an electron jumps from a higher-energy orbit to a lowerenergy orbit. Also, an atom absorbs energy when an electron gets boosted from a low-energy orbit to a high-energy orbit. The electron can exist in only one of the orbits. (The diagram shows only five orbits, but any number of orbits can theoretically exist.) Light (photons) emit whenever an electron jumps from one orbit to another. The jumps seem to happen instantaneously without moving through a trajectory.

Electrons can only occupy certain energy levels around the positive nucleus.

In 1912 a Danish physicist, Niels Bohr came up with a theory that said the electrons do not spiral into the nucleus and came up with some rules for what does happen. (This began a new approach to science because for the first time rules had to fit the observation regardless of how they conflicted with the theories of the time.)

The examples above show only two possibilities from Rule 2. By the 1920s, further experiments showed that Bohr's model of the atom had some troubles. Bohr's atom seemed too simple to describe the heavier elements. In fact it only worked roughly in these cases. The spectral lines did not appear correct when a strong magnetic field influenced the atoms.

Bohr and a German physicist, Arnold Sommerfeld expanded the original Bohr model to explain these variations. According to the Bohr-Sommerfeld model, not only do electrons travel in certain orbits but the orbits have different shapes and the orbits could tilt in the presence of a magnetic field. Orbits can appear circular or elliptical, and they can even swing back and forth through the nucleus in a straight line. The orbit shapes and various angles to the magnetic field could only have certain shapes, similar to an electron in a certain orbit. As an example, the fourth orbit in a hydrogen atom can have only three possible shapes and seven possible traits. These added states allowed more possibilities for different spectral lines to appear. This brought the model of the atom into closer agreement with experimental data.

ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL 1922

Erwin Schrdinger was born on August 12, 1887, in Vienna and died on January 4th, 1961in Vienna. Erwin Schrdinger used Niehls Bohrs ideas, and built off of them, while taking them to the next level. He developed a probability function, which describes a region where electrons can be found. It is an educated guess, giving you a cloud of where it will be within. This cloud model shows where the electron has been and will be, and the locations specified by Schrdinger were where Bohr posted his electrons in the atom. Discovered that when you are given energy and momentum, you can use f for frequency, E for energy and y for wavelength and can find the wave frequencies. This also told him that the frequency of a wave depended on the atom or molecule is bound to an electron, like strings on a guitar, because depending on how tight or loose, you can only support certain frequencies. This supported the properties of waves in matter. Erwin Schrodinger was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933. The electron cloud model was introduced by Erwin Scrodinger. He developed a probability function, which describes a region where electrons can be found. It is an educated guess, giving you a cloud of where it will be within. This cloud model shows where the electron has been and will be, and the locations specified by Schrdinger were where Bohr posted his electrons in the atom.

The electron cloud model is a model of the atom wherein electrons are no longer depicted as particles moving around the nucleus in a fixed orbit. Instead, as a quantum mechanicallyinfluenced model, we shouldn't know exactly where they are, and hence describe their probable location around the nucleus only as an arbitrary 'cloud'. This atomic model was made of a positive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons, floating in their energy levels. According to the electron cloud model, electrons move rapidly in every direction around the nucleus.

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ATOMIC MODELS
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Submitted By: Almira Kaye F. Cuadra III- Amethyst Submitted To: Mrs. Melinda Esmama