CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

OVERVIEW:Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet).

Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from a web browser, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. In some cases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the computing resources are consolidated at a remote data center location; in other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based technologies such as AJAX. A style of computing where massively scalable (and elastic) IT-related capabilities are provided as a service to external customers using Internet technologies.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

EXAMPLE:Let's say you're an executive at a large corporation. Your particular responsibilities include making sure that all of your employees have the right hardware and software they need to do their jobs. Buying computers for everyone isn't enough -- you also have to purchase software or software licenses to give employees the tools they require. Whenever you have a new hire, you have to buy more software or make sure your current software license allows another user. It's so stressful that you find it difficult to go to sleep on your huge pile of money every night. Soon, there may be an alternative for executives like you. Instead of installing a suite of software for each computer, you'd only have to load one application. That application would allow workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs the user would need for his or her job. Remote machines owned by another company would run everything from e-mail to word processing to complex data analysis programs. It's called cloud computing, and it could change the entire computer industry.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

Clouds also support nongrid environments, such as a three-tier Web architecture running standard or Web 2.0 applications. A cloud is more than a collection of computer resources because a cloud provides a mechanism to manage those resources. Management includes provisioning, change requests, reimaging, workload rebalancing, deprovisioning, and monitoring.

Cloud computing is a term used to describe both a platform and type of application. A cloud computing platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Servers in the cloud can be physical machines or virtual machines. Advanced clouds

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY typically include other computing resources such as storage area networks (SANs), network equipment, firewall and other security devices.

Cloud computing environments support grid computing by quickly providing physical and virtual servers on which the grid applications can run. Cloud computing should not be confused with grid computing. Grid computing involves dividing a large task into many smaller tasks that run in parallel on separate servers. Grids require many computers, typically in the thousands, and commonly use servers, desktops, and laptops.

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models. Also cloud computing can be described as: A collection of independent computer systems working together as if a single system. Coupled through a scalable, high bandwidth, low latency interconnect. The nodes can exist in a single cabinet or be separated and connected via a network. Faster, closer connection than a network (LAN). Looser connection than a symmetric multiprocessor.

HISTORY:Enterprises strive to reduce computing costs. Many start by consolidating their IT operations and later introducing virtualization technologies. Cloud computing takes these steps to a new level and allows an organization to further reduce costs through improved utilization, reduced administration and infrastructure costs, and faster deployment cycles. The cloud is a next generation platform that provides dynamic resource pools, virtualization, and high availability.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

The term cloud computing was most probably derived from the diagrams of clouds used to represent the Internet in textbooks. The concept was derived from telecommunications companies who made a radical shift from point-to-point data circuits to Virtual Private Network (VPN) services in the 1990s. By optimizing resource utilization through load balancing, they could get their work done more efficiently and inexpensively. The first time the term was used in its current context was in a 1997 lecture by Ramnath Chellappa where he defined it as a new computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits alone.

One of the first movers in cloud computing was Salesforce.com, which in 1999 introduced the concept of delivering enterprise applications via a simple website. Amazon was next on the bandwagon, launching Amazon Web Service in 2002. Then came Google Docs in 2006 which really brought cloud computing to the forefront of public consciousness (See: Cloud Computing and Google Docs). 2006 also saw the introduction of Amazons Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) as a commercial web service that allowed small companies and individuals to rent computers on which to run their own computer applications.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

This was soon followed by an industry-wide collaboration in 2007 between Google, IBM and a number of universities across the United States. Next came Eucalyptus in 2008, the first open source AWS API compatible platform for deploying private clouds, followed by OpenNebula, the first open source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds. 2009 saw Microsofts entry into cloud computing with the launch of Windows Azure in November. Now, suddenly, there were major players jumping on to cloud computing from left, right and center.

WHY?
Performance of workstations and PCs is rapidly improving.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

Communications bandwidth between computers is increasing. Vast numbers of under-utilized workstations with a huge number of unused processor cycles. Organizations are reluctant to buy large, high performance computers, due to the high cost and short useful life span. Workstation clusters are thus a cheap and readily available approach to high performance computing. Clusters are easier to integrate into existing networks. Development tools for workstations are mature. Threads, PVM, MPI, DSM, C, C++, Java, etc. Use of clusters as a distributed compute resource is cost effective --- incremental growth of system!!! Individual node performance can be improved by adding additional resource (new memory blocks/disks). New nodes can be added or nodes can be removed. Clusters of Clusters and Metacomputing.

TYPES:-

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

Cloud Computing can be classified into 4 types on the basis of location where the cloud is hosted: Public Cloud: Computing infrastructure is hosted at the vendors premises. The customer has no visibility over the location of the cloud computing infrastructure. The computing infrastructure is shared between organizations. The services are delivered to the client via the Internet from a third party service provider. Example: Amazon

Private Cloud: Computing architecture is dedicated to the customer and is not shared with other organisations. They are expensive and are considered more

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

secure than Public Clouds. Private clouds may be externally hosted ones as well as in premise hosted clouds. These services are managed and provided within the organization. There are less restriction on network bandwidth, fewer security exposures and other legal requirements compared to the public Cloud. Example: HP Data Centers,ebay

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

ADVANTAGES: Harness the advantages of clouds for the enterprise. Cost-effective datacenter infrastructure. High Availability and Reliability in Software. Virtual application environment. Separation of processing and storage. On-demand Application Deployment. Greatly increases server utilization. Prioritization based on business requirements. Significantly improves average server utilization. Driving corresponding reductions in CAPEX and OPEX. Allows the use of low-cost server and software hardware. Reduces power consumption. Increases control over resource allocation. Improves application and data availability. Consistent mechanisms to deal with HW failure.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

Hybrid Cloud: Organisations host some critical, secure applications in private clouds. The not so critical applications are hosted in the public cloud. The combination is known as Hybrid Cloud. Cloud bursting is the term used to define a system where the organisation uses its own infrastructure for normal usage, but cloud is used for peak loads. There is a combination of services provided from public and private Clouds. Though public clouds allow enterprises to outsource parts of their infrastructure to cloud providers, they at the same time would lose control over the resources and the distribution /management of code and data. In some cases, this is not desired by the respective enterprise. Hybrid clouds consist of a mixed employment of private and public cloud infrastructures so as to achieve a maximum of cost reduction through outsourcing whilst maintaining the desired degree of control over e.g. sensitive data by employing local private clouds. There are not many hybrid clouds actually in use today, though initial initiatives such as the one by IBM and Juniper already introduce base technologies for their realization. Example: ERP in Private cloud. Sales & Email on public.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

Community Cloud: The cloud infrastructure is shared between the organizations of the same community. For example, all the government agencies in a city can share the same cloud but not the non government agencies.

Typically cloud systems are restricted to the local infrastructure, i.e. providers of public clouds offer their own infrastructure to customers. Though the provider could actually resell the infrastructure of another provider Community clouds can either aggregate public clouds or dedicated resource infrastructures.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING:To understand how does cloud computing work, imagine that the cloud consists of layers mostly the back-end layers and the front-end or user-end layers. The front-end layers are the ones you see and interact with. When you access your email on Gmail for example, you are using software running on the front-end of a cloud. The same is true when you access your Facebook account. The back-end consists of the hardware and the software architecture that fuels the interface you see on the front end. Because the computers are set up to work together, the applications can take advantage of all that computing power as if they were running on one particular machine. Cloud computing also allows for a lot of flexibility. Depending on the demand, you can increase how much of the cloud resources you use without the need for assigning specific hardware for the job, or just reduce the amount of resources assigned to you when they are not necessary.

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY

CLOUD COMPUTING BY RAJAN B UPADHYAY