Mathematical Modeling with RSM

Response Surface Methodology [RSM] is a simple and powerful method for modeling with
more than two variables. It results in a surface in a 3D
With RSM, You can also do optimisation with very little additional
Then why RSM has not been popular? Well, RSM has been
mountains of statistical methods very few people read or learn.
There are software modules in math packages to do RSM fast.!

Linear Models
In models , we have used two variables x and y, andand connect
use the
by function:
a function:
Y = f (X)
Now let us extend this to two factors or independent variables:
Z = f (X,Y)
Take a simple example: The yield of a chemical process (z) may depend on both
temperature (x) and time (t):
We write: Yield Z = f (x,y)

The simplest model we can have is th elinear

the linear
model:
model
Z=a+bX+CY [equation 1]
The example could be the process of baking cakes: the baking time would depend on the temperature for a given le
In this model equation, note that the effect of x and of y are "additive."
The two factors x and y do not interact , but act separately.
Take the simple anology: You add milk and sugar sugar
toatocup
a cup
of black
of black
coffee.
coffee.
the coffee, while sugar adds sweetness. We assume that milk does not add sweetness, and sugar does not
any creaminess. [In practice, milk can add vey small amount of
So we have two variables x and y affecting z, the output or response

Response Surfaces
A response surface shows the response or output ,here z.
We can plot z in th e vertical axis and x and y in then tow
the horizonatl
two horizontal
axis.The
axes.3D
will show the model, in this case a flat plane. For a given value of yield or z,
we get a line or point in the plane.

Experimental Design

We have to find the values of the three constants or

You may have to do experiments; or collect data from the field.
For this linear model, we can collect data for two temperatures and two different times an
FORM A SIMPLE TABLE: To illustrate:
T1= 40 DEG T2 = 50 DEG
t1= 10 minsy1 y3
t2= 40 min y2 y4

Now we can set up algebraic equations with three values of y1,y2 and y3
Solve them for a, b and c.
y1= a + b. 40 + 10 c
y2= a + b40 + 40 c
y3 = a + b 50 + 10 c
Solve for a , b and c.
We can use y4 as additional check.
Now we can plot the falt
latplane.
plane.

Quadratic Model
This model is mor epowerful and ,in fact, most RSM models are of this type.
To th elinear model [equation 1] , we can add "quadratic terms' ---that is,
x squared, y squared and x.y term.
The model equation beocmes:
Z = a + b x + ccyy + d x.x + e.y.y + f x.y [Equation 2]

We have added three terms: x.x, y.y and x.y

The third term is interesting: this term models the interaction between
the response or yield.
We can plot z in the vertical axis and X andy
and Yininthe
theehorizontal
horizontalaxis.
axis.
which may exhibit maximum or minumum points for yield.

Experimental Design
In this model equation,
equation 2, we have six constants or coefficients
We determine these by setting up experiments of collecting data from the
Specifically we can determine the yield z at three different temperatures
two different times at each temperature.
[Alternatively you can also do at two temperatures and three different times at each temperature.You do t
that is faster or that is cheaper or less energy consuming.--the choice is yours!]
Let us put the data ina tabular form: To illustrate:
t1=10 min t2= 40 mins
T1=40 deg y1 y4
T2= 50 degy2 y5
T3 = 60 degy3 y6
We set up the six equations for y1 ,y2….y6.
Then solve for the six constants: a,b,c,d,e,f
When we do this, we may find that some of the constants are
that we can ignore the terms. If d is close to zero, it means that x squared term does not operate.
Most important, look for the constant 'f'.If it is close to zero, it means that
between temp and time. The model equation reduces to:
f' =0 --> z= a + bx + cy + d x.x + e y.y
z = a + (bx + dx.x) + ( c y + e y.y)
We can separate out the model into two partsand treat as single vriablee variable
model
model
for a speicifed value of x
Response surface
With a ,b,c,d,e,f , you can plot the Response Surface.
helps you to do that in a few seconds. Study the curved surface.
a maximum point or min point. These points give th eoptimal
optimalmis
mix
of x and y to achieve ,in this c
high yield.

Advanced Models
1 Beyond quadtratic models, we can have models with three variables:
N = a + bx + cy + d z
To depict this in 3 D models, we pick a particular value of N and plot x,y,and z as a surface.
These are like level surfaces or contour lines in 2D maps.

2 The simple linear model can be used for more complex functions:
z = f( x,y) = a + bx + cy
Here, y need not be just the varaible ,but other functions.
 Thus, y = log (t)
then z = f( x,y) = a + bx + cy
z = a + bx + c log t
3 Another example: z= a+ b (exp x) + c (log y)
Applications
1 A brewer finds the following data for the alcohol yield in his brewing
Time 10 hours Time 100 hours
Temp 50 deg C 10 20
temp 60 deg C 40 52

Using the linear model find the constants a,b and c in the model:
z = a + bx + cy
10 = a + 50b + 10 C
40 = a + 60 b + 10 c
Subtracting: b=3
10 = a + 50b + 10 C
20 = a + 50 b +100 c
Subtracting; (-10 = -90 c)
c= 1/9
Now we find 'a': 10 = a + 50b + 10 C
10 = a + 150 + 10/9
a= -140-10/9
-141.11

Z = -141.111+3 x + y/9

Can we predict yield for temp = 60 deg and time= 100 hours
z= -141.11 + 3 x 60 + (1/9) 100
50 50
This value is close to what the brewer found. z=52%
So, our linear model is quite adequate.

2 A manager finds the following data between cost of a steel product

grades of steel {one ordinary low carbon steel, another free-machining steel]
the raw material cost and the labour cost.
material = 5 material 6
labor 2 20$ 35
labor 3 25$ 50

Use a model which is linear with labor cost ,but is a square of material cost:
z = a + b x.x + c y
20 = a +25b + 2c
25= a + 25b +3c
Subtract (-5 = -c)
c= 5 c= 5
20 = a+ 25b +10
35= a+ 36b + 10
Subtract 15 = 11b b= 15/11 1.36
Solve for a: 20 = a + 15/11 *25 +10
a= 20 -(15 * 25)/11 + 10
-24.09
 Thus: z = -24.1 + 1.36 x.x + 5 y

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ethod for modeling with
diagram, very easy to interpret.
effort.
buried under
It is getting popular,because:

cess (z) may depend on both

nd on the temperature for a given level of baking.

f black coffee. Milk adds creaminess to

add sweetness, and sugar does not add
sweetness, but let us ignore that.!]
separately.

It
a given value of yield or z,

coefficients a,b and c.

peratures and two different times and find 4 values of yiels.ields.

erms' ---that is,

x and y, towards

We will get a curved surface.

a to f , .
from the field.
temperatures [called 'levels' ] and

times at each temperature.You do the scheme

zero or very small

ared term does not operate.
there is no interaction

ariable model

Math software
Do you find
for

h three variables: N = f (x,y,z)

s a surface.

e complex functions:
 kettle.

t of a steel product with two different

--------------------------------------------