Anatomical landmarks mid-inguinal point the midpoint between anterior superior iliac spine ( ASIS ) and pubic symphysis.

. midpoint of the inguinal ligament the midpoint between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle. The inguinal ligament runs from the anterior superior iliac spine of the ilium to the pubic tubercle of the pubic bone. anterior superior iliac spine the first bony prominence you find while palpating cord like sensation of the inguinal ligament. pubic tubercle adductor longus muscle originates from this tubercle and that muscle is involved in flexion of the hip joint. deep inguinal ring 1.25 cm above the midinguinal point and is in fascia transversalis just lateral to the inferior epigastric artery. superficial inguinal ring 1.25 cm above the pubic tubercle and is in the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle. saphenous opening 4 cm below and lateral to the pubic tubercle. inguinal canal about 4 cm long and parallel to the medial half of the inguinal ligament, lateral part ends with deep ring, medial part ends with superficial ring, contains spermatic cord in male, round ligament in female and ilio-inguinal nerve in both sexes. Walls of the inguinal canal: anterior wall formed by aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle floor formed by the superior surface of inguinal ligament roof formed by arching fibers of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles ( these fibers arch medially and downward fusing to form the conjoint tendon ). posterior wall formed by fascia transversalis, reinforced medially by the conjoint tendon. Triangle of Hasselbach leteral border is formed by inferior epigastric artery, medial border is formed by lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle and inferior border is formed by inguinal ligament. ligament of Treitz duodeno-jejunal flexure ( means curved junction ) is marked by a fibromascular band ( peritoneal fold ) called lignamnt of Treitz.

vein of Mayo a constant vein which crosses the junction of pylorus with the duodenum. Waldeyers ring ring of lymphoid tissues comprising the nasopharyngeal tonsil.the palatine tonsils and the lymphoid nodules on the dorsum of the tongue.

lesser omentum peritoneal reflections pass from the porta hepatis to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part of the duodenum as lesser omentum.Free margin of the lesser omentum contains the bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein ( Portal Triad ).

Nerve of Latarjet fibers of the vagus nerve which innervates the gastric antrum. carotid sheath it contains common & internal carotid arteries, internal jegular vein and the vagus nerve.

duodenal cap first part of the duodenum becomes visible as triangular shadow in barium contrast x-rays and duodenal cap may be deformed in chronic duodenal ulcers.

subcostal plane it is the horizontal line that joins the most inferior points of the costal margin 10th rib and this plane normally passes through the superior part of LV3.

transtubercular plane this plane passing through the iliac crest ( body of LV5 ). midclavicular plane each line extends from midpoint of the clavicle to the midinguinal point. transpyloric plane a horizontal plane situated midway between the jugular notch and symphysis pubis and this plane passes through: tip of the 9th costal cartilage lower border of LV1 pylorus neck of the pancreas hila of the kidney end of the spinal cord duodeno-jejunal junction