Chapter 9 Study Guide

Vikram Mamak

Period 5

1. Contrast gylcolysis with chemiosmosis, citing such factors as locale, oxygen use, energy yields and type of phosphorylation used. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of all living cells, while chemiosmosis occurs in the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrik. Glycolysis requires oxygen while chemiosmosis does not. Glycolysis produces more energy yields and uses substrate level phosphorylation. Chemiosmosis produces less energy and uses oxidative phosphorylation.

2. Briefly describe the two means by which ATP is phosphorylated (substrate level v. oxidative). Oxidative phosphorylation is the manufacturing of ATP using energy from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. The substratelevel phosphorylation is the development of ATP by transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. 3. How does glycolysis differ from fermentation? Glycolysis requires the presence of oxygen while fermentation requires the absence of oxygen. 4. What is the purpose of NAD+ in glycolysis? Why must it be constantly recycled? NAD+ is a coenzyme in all cells that helps enzymes transmits electrons through the redox reactions of metabolism. In glycolysis it is needed to form NADH which occurs when NAD+ is combined with H+ and two energy rich electrons. 5. Suggest a reason for the phosphorylation of glucose at the start of glycolysis. Glucose is phosphorylated since the phosphate group needs to be added on to result in a greater energy output when the glucose is converted into ATP. 6. What is the net gain in ATP during glycolysis? The net gain of ATP is 2 during glycolysis.

7. Why does pyruvate need to be reduced? A pyruvate needs to be reduced since much less ATP is made from a fermentation reaction. 8. Describe what is meant by the term facultative anaerobe and cite an example. A facultative anaerobe is an organism, typically a bacterium that creates ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is available, but is also able to switching to fermentation. 9. In which organelles mentioned is lactate a waste product? Lactate is a waste product of mitochondria; it is transported to the liver to be converted back to pyruvate. 10. Explain how an oxygen debt arises and how it is paid off. An oxygen debt arises when vigorous exercises are done; it is paid off by consuming increased amounts of oxygen. 11. Summarize the reactions of the transition reaction. Transition reactions convert the two molecules of pyruvate from glycolysis into two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A. 12. What is the overall purpose of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)? The purpose of the Krebs cycle is to complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. 13. What is the total yield of NADH and FADH2 in the Krebs cycle? The total yield of NADH and FADH2 in the Krebs cycle is 3 NADH and 1 FADH2. 14. How much ATP is generated by the Krebs cycle? Twenty-four ATP are generated by the Krebs cycle.

15. Briefly describe the organization of the inner membrane components of the mitochondria. The mitochondria is composed of the outer membrane (plasma membrane of mitochondria), intermembrane space (area between inner and outer membranes), inner membrane (second membrane (has folds)), matrix (has fluid material inside inner membrane). 16. Describe the path of electrons and protons from the NADH as they cross the cristae membrane. Where do they start and end? How many protons cross the membrane in each episode? The electron transport chain, consisting of a series of protein complexes, removes electrons from NADH and transports H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. Several protons cross the membrane in each episode. 17. Compare the proton pumping capabilities of FADH2 and NADH. Why is there a difference? NADH has higher pumping capabilities than FADH2 because greater energy means more pumping of protons. NADH has a more negative reduction potential than FADH2 meaning that the NADH has greater energy. 18. What is the ultimate fate of all electrons passing through the electron transport chain (ETC) of the mitochondrion? The electrons are removed and sent to the inner membrane. 19. Describe the chemiosmotic differential in the mitochondrion. Where do the protons accumulate within the mitochondrion? The protons accumulate in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. 20. Describe the events surrounding the phosphorylation of ADP via oxidative phosphorylation.

Electrons are transferred to the ADP turning it into ATP and H2O by the electron transport chain.