PD6695 2

PD 6695-2:2008
Recommendations Ior
the design oI bridges to
BS EN 1993
ICS 91.100.01; 93.040
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PEBMISSION EXCEPT AS PEBMITTED BY COPYBIGHT LAW
PUBLISHED DOCUMENT
Incorporating
Corrigendum No. 1
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PubIishing and copyright inIormation
The BSI copyiight notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.
BSI 2010
ISBN 9?8 0 580 6
The lollowing BSI ieleiences ielate to the woik on this standaid:
Committee ieleience B/525/10
PubIication history
Iiist published 1uly 2008
Amendments issued since pubIication
Amd. no. Date Tet aIIected
PD 6695-2:2008
9?40 1
C1 See loiewoid 1anuaiy 2010
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BSI 20 i
PD 6695-2:2008
Contents
Ioiewoid iii
1 Scope 1
2 Noimative ieleiences 1
3 Teims and delinitions 1
4 Global analysis ?
5 Non-dimensional slendeiness loi beam segments between
ellective lateial iestiaints J
6 Non-dimensional slendeiness loi beams without inteimediate
iestiaints between suppoit positions 7
? Non-dimensional slendeiness loi cantilevei beams without
inteimediate lateial iestiaints 10
8 Non-dimensional slendeiness loi beams with inteimediate
toisional iestiaints 1?
9 Simplilied method loi veiilication ol lateial buckling ol tiuss
choids and llanges in compiession 17
10 Bestiaints at suppoits ~ ellects due to iestiaint ol main
beams 18
11 Inteimediate iestiaints ~ ellects due to iestiaint ol main
beams ?5
12 Buckling iesistance ol plates with out ol plane loading ?7
13 Besistance ol membeis with llanges cuived out ol plane ?9
14 Design ol llanges and webs with laige openings J1
15 Design ol inteimediate tiansveise web stilleneis J1
16 Design ol beaiing stilleneis J?
1? Connections ~ design ol beam splices J5
18 Connections ~ design ol gusset plates J7
19 Bolted connections J8
20 Welded connections J8
21 Cioss beams and othei tiansveise membeis in llanges 0
22 Shape limitations loi stillenei outstands 1
23 Box giideis ~ the ellects ol toision and distoition J
24 Box giideis ~ the design ol plated diaphiagms 51
25 Box giideis ~ the design ol inteinal cioss liames 8J
26 Web bieathing 85
Bibliogiaphy 86
List oI Iigures
Iiguie 1 ~ Slendeiness lactoi loi vaiiation in bending moment 6
Iiguie 2 ~ Ellective length paiametei /
l
~ ellect ol iotational end
iestiaint 9
Iiguie 3 ~ Ellective length paiametei loi beams with disciete toisional
iestiaints 15
Iiguie 4 ~ Botations ol paiied beams sub}ect to unit toiques 15
Iiguie 5 ~ Bestiaint loices ~ continuous beams ??
Iiguie 6 ~ Bestiaint ol compiession llange by U-liames oi deck oi end
toisional iestiaint ?J
Iiguie ? ~ Gusset plates J8
Iiguie 8 ~ Welds with packings J9
Iiguie 9 ~ Notation loi angles and tees ?
Iiguie 10 ~ Distiibution ol toisional waiping stiesses
Iiguie 11 ~ Longitudinal stiesses due to distoitional waiping 6
Iiguie 12 ~ System ol diagonal loices 8
10
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PD 6695-2:2008
ii BSI 2010
Iiguie 13 ~ Tiansveise distoitional moments 50
Iiguie 14 ~ Geometiic notation loi diaphiagms 5?
Iiguie 15a ~ Openings in stillened diaphiagms ~ twin beaiings 55
Iiguie 15b ~ Openings in stillened diaphiagms ~ single cential beaiing
and positioning ol beaiings 55
Iiguie 16 ~ Coellicient K
c
loi plate panels undei diiect
compiession 60
Iiguie 1? ~ Beleience point and notation loi unstillened
diaphiagms 61
Iiguie 18 ~ Load ellects and notation loi stillened diaphiagms 67
Iiguie 19 ~ Paiameteis loi the design ol stilleneis 7?
Iiguie 20 ~ Stiesses on panels 80
Iiguie 21a ~ Buckling coellicients K
1
, K
2
, K
q
and K
b
81
Iiguie 21b ~ Values ol K
q
8?
Iiguie 21c ~ Values ol K
b
8J
List oI tabIes
Table 1 ~ Diaphiagm stillness, S 9
Summary oI pages
This document compiises a liont covei, an inside liont covei,
pages i to iv, pages 1 to 86, an inside back covei and a back covei.
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BSI 2010 iii
PD 6695-2:2008
Foreword
PubIishing inIormation
This Published Document is published by BSI and came into ellect
on 31 1uly 2008. It was piepaied by Technical Committee B/525/10,
BriJqcs, Woiking Gioup 3. A list ol oiganizations iepiesented on this
committee can be obtained on iequest to its secietaiy.
ReIationship with other pubIications
This Published Document gives iecommended non-contiadictoiy
complimentaiy inloimation" (NCCI) that may be ol assistance in the
design ol steel oi steel/conciete biidges to BS EN 1993 and
BS EN 1994.
InIormation about this document
The document has diawn upon mateiial contained in BS 5400-3:2000,
in paiticulai upon the iules that do not have a similai detailed tieatment
in BS EN 1993. The guidance mateiials aie piimaiily new aspects ol
biidge design not adequately coveied in BS EN 1993 and have been
piesented in a loimat that should lacilitate its complementaiy use with
the iules in BS EN 1993. Nothing in this document should be used in
any way that contiadicts the piinciples oi application iules ol
Euiocodes.
Ioi guidance on latigue and thiough thickness piopeities ol steel the
designeis should consult the ielevant standaids and the accompanying
National Annex.
ContractuaI and IegaI considerations
This publication does not puipoit to include all the necessaiy piovisions
ol a contiact. Useis aie iesponsible loi its coiiect application.
This PubIished Document is not to be regarded as a British
Standard.
The stait and linish ol text intioduced oi alteied by
Coiiigendum No. 1 is indicated in the text by tags . PQ
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iv BSI 2010 This poqc Jcli/cro/cl lcf/ /lou/
PD 6695-2:2008
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BSI 2010 1
PD 6695-2:2008
1 Scope
This Published Document contains non contiadictoiy complementaiy
inloimation and additional guidance loi use in the UK with
BS EN 1993-2, BS EN 1993-1-5, BS EN 1993-1-?, BS EN 1993-1-8 and
theii UK National Annexes in the design ol components ol steel biidges.
This document only coveis biidges which aie executed in accoidance
with BS EN 1090-2.
The inloimation in this document ielates only to static design ol steel
biidges coveiing slendeiness paiameteis, buckling and bending
iesistance ol diaphiagms, biidge iestiaints and a lew othei selected
topics. In some ciicumstances it may also be appiopiiate to the steel
elements ol composite biidges but such use needs to take lull account
ol BS EN 1994.
This Published Document does not covei the detailing ol components
loi seismic design oi the design ol paiapets, salety lences and othei
ancillaiy items. It also does not lully covei cable-suppoited biidges in
iespect ol stiength and stillness ol cables, testing, etc., loi which
designeis can ielei to BS EN 1993-1-11. Guidance on latigue and biittle
liactuie iesistance on these can be obtained liom PD 6695-1-9 and
PD 6695-1-10 iespectively.
2 Normative reIerences
The lollowing ieleienced documents aie indispensable loi the
application. Ioi dated ieleiences, only the edition cited applies. Ioi
undated ieleiences, the latest edition ol the ieleienced document
(including any amendments) applies.
BS EN 1090-2, L+ccv/iou of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs ouJ olvuiuivu
s/rvc/vrcs ~ Por/ ?. Tcchuicol rcqvircucu/s for s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs
BS EN 1990, LvrocoJc ~ Bosis of s/rvc/vrol Jcsiqu
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, LvrocoJc J ~ Dcsiqu of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs ~
Por/ 1.1. Gcucrol rvlcs ouJ rvlcs for /vilJiuqs
Por/ 1-5. Plo/cJ s/rvc/vrol clcucu/s
BS EN 1993-1-?, LvrocoJc J ~ Dcsiqu of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs ~
Por/ 1-7. Plo/cJ s/rvc/vrcs sv/jcc/ /o ov/ of plouc looJiuq
Por/ 1-8. Dcsiqu of joiu/s
BS EN 1993-2:2006, LvrocoJc J ~ Dcsiqu of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs ~
Por/ ?. S/ccl /riJqcs
3 Terms and deIinitions
Ioi the puiposes ol this Published Document, the teims and delinitions
given in BS EN 1990 apply.
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PD 6695-2:2008
2 BSI 20
4 GIobaI anaIysis
4.1 GeneraI
This Published Document gives guidance to complement the
iequiiements ol BS EN 1993-2 loi global analysis with iespect to the
modelling ol }oints and impeilections. Guidance on analysis loi latigue
is given in PD 6695-1-9.
4.2 Joint modeIIing
Semi-iigid }oints should not be used loi biidges that aie sub}ected to
cyclic loadings.
4.3 Truss connections
The global load ellects loi tiusses should be calculated in accoidance
with elastic theoiy, based on the assumption that all membeis aie
stiaight, and, pioviding }oints aie not semi-continuous as delined in
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, Clause 5, that eithei:
a) all membeis aie pin }ointed and each }oint lies at the inteisection
ol the centioidal axes ol the ielevant membeis and all loads,
including the sell-weight ol membeis, aie applied at the }oints; oi
b) the }oints aie still.
When consideiing the limit state ol seiviceability, eithei method b)
should be used, oi method a), modilied by the inclusion ol llexuial
stiesses due to axial deloimation, sell-weight ol the membeis and the
stillness ol }oints. Il, at a }oint, the centioidal axes ol the ad}acent
membeis do not meet at a single point, the iesulting llexuial stiesses in
the membeis should be taken into account.
Ioi membeis with loads not applied at tiuss }oints, account should be
taken ol the lollowing:
a) the iesulting stiesses when a load is applied to a membei in the
plane ol a tiuss othei than at a }oint;
b) toision and lateial llexuie ellects when the applied load is not in
the plane ol the tiuss. Wheie the load is applied to a cioss
membei, the ellect ol inteiaction between the cioss membei so
loaded and the tiuss and ad}acent cioss membeis should be taken
into account.
The stillnesses in BS EN 1993-2:2006, Table D.3, make no allowance
loi }oint llexibility in semi-continuous }oints in U-liame constiuction. In
such cases, the llexibility ol the }oints should be included in the
calculation ol the stillness C in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-8.
Supplementaiy guidance on the assessment ol latigue ol biidges has
been given in PD 6695-1-9.
10
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BSI 2010 3
PD 6695-2:2008
4.4 Main beam spIices and bracing member
connections
Slip ol bolts need not be consideied at main beam splices in global
analysis, but slip at connections ol biacing systems should be
consideied in the design unless all connections aie Categoiy C, in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-8.
4.5 ImperIections
Impeilections in common planaiity ol beaiings should be allowed loi in
the analysis ol toisional moments and ieactions loi toisionally still
supeistiuctuies, and should be compatible with toleiances, which the
designei should specily, and the constiuction method and sequence
used.
Wheie iestiaint loices aie to be tiansmitted to end suppoits by a
combination ol plan biacing and disciete toisional biacing, the plan
biacing system should also be designed to iesist the loices I
Ed
in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(5) liom each toisional
iestiaint within a length equal to the hall wavelength ol buckling.
5 Non-dimensionaI sIenderness Ior
beam segments between eIIective
IateraI restraints
5.1 GeneraI
BS EN 1993-1-1 iequiies that a ieduction lactoi (
LT
) be applied to the
moment iesistance ol the cioss-section to give the lateial toisional
buckling moment iesistance (M
b,Bd
).
LT
is deteimined liom a lactoi
(d
LT
) and the non-dimensional slendeiness lactoi ( ). The
expiession given loi is:
;
wheie:
W
y
f
y
is the moment iesistance loi the section;
M
ci
is the elastic ciitical moment loi lateial toisional buckling used as
the basis loi the methods given in design codes loi deteimining the
slendeiness ol a section;
This section piesents a method loi deteimining without explicit
deteimination ol M
ci
loi segments ol beams that aie ol uniloim section
between ellective lateial iestiaints. The method takes account ol
section geometiy and bending moment distiibution.
The method is appiopiiate only to steel beams that aie uniestiained
ovei the length ol the segment; i.e. wheie theie is no connection to a
deck oi othei lateial iestiaint, eithei continuous oi disciete, at any level
in the cioss-section ovei the length ol the segment.
LT
i
LT
i
y y
LT
ci
W f
M
i
LT
i
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PD 6695-2:2008
4 BSI 20
5.2 SIenderness
Ioi stiaight segments ol beams with ellective lateial iestiaints to the
compiession llange at both ends ol the segment, the value ol
iequiied by BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.2.2 may be taken as:
;
wheie:
C
1
is a paiametei dependent on the shape ol the bending moment
diagiam, such that the value ol M
ci
loi the segment with the actual
bending moment diagiam is equal to C
1
times that loi the same segment
with a uniloim bending moment along its lull length. Values ol 1/
aie given in Iiguie 1. Bigoious analysis may be used to obtain C
1
;
D is a paiametei to allow loi the destabilizing ellect ol the applied
loading. D 1,2 il the load is applied to the top llange and both the
llange and the load aie liee to move lateially. Otheiwise D 1,0;
U is a paiametei dependent on the section geometiy. Conseivatively,
U may be taken as 1,0 oi, loi doubly symmetiic hot iolled sections,
U 0,9;
\ is a paiametei ielated to the slendeiness and section geometiy, given
by:
in which:
a
2o 1 when I
z,c
< I
z,t
and
a
0,8 (2o 1) when I
z,c
U I
z,t
;
i
I
;
h is the depth ol the cioss-section;
L is the distance between points ol iestiaint to the compiession llange
(the length ol the segment);
/
l
is the mean thickness ol the two llanges ol an I oi channel section, oi
the mean thickness ol the table ol a tee, oi leg ol an angle section;
I
z,c
, I
z,t
aie the second moments ol aiea ol the compiession and tension
llanges, iespectively, about theii Z~Z axis;
o ;
i
z
, in which:
i
z
is the iadius ol gyiation ol the gioss cioss-section ol the beam about
the Z~Z axis;
w
;
LT
i
z
LT
w
1 1
1
U\D
C
i
i
i
1
C
( )

0,5
0,5
2 2
I a a
4 1 0,05 \ = o o i

+ + +

l
z
L /
i h
z,c
z,c z,t
I
I I
+
z
L
i
y
pl,y
W
W
10
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BSI 2010 5
PD 6695-2:2008
W
y
is the modulus used to calculate M
b,Bd
:
loi Class 1 and 2 sections W
y
W
pl,y
;
loi Class 3 sections W
y
W
el,y
;
y
W
ell,y
;
i
1
, in which f
y
is the yield stiength appiopiiate to the thickness
ol the steel.
5.3 EIIective restraints
A disciete lateial iestiaint, oi a plan biacing system, may be taken as
lully ellective piovided that it has a stillness such that o
B
< L
3
/(40 LI
z,c
)
wheie L and I
z,c
aie as delined in 5.2 and o
B
is the displacement ol the
iestiaint due to a unit loice acting lateially to the beam. Wheie iestiaint
is piovided by a plan biacing system between two beams, two unit
loices should be applied, one to each beam, in such diiections as to give
the gieatest value ol o
B
. Wheie a plan biacing system iestiains seveial
positions along a beam, the displacement should be deteimined ielative
to the ad}acent iestiaint positions.
y
L
f
r
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PD 6695-2:2008
6 BSI 20
Iiguie 1 SIenderness Iactor Ior variation in bending moment
a) Applied loading substantially concentiated within the
middle lilth ol the hall wavelength ol buckling.
b) Applied loading othei than loi a).
NOTL 1 Thc proccJvrc for vsiuq Iiqvrc 1 is os follous.
o) oll hoqqiuq uoucu/s shovlJ /c cousiJcrcJ posi/iic,
/) /hc cuJs A ouJ B shovlJ /c choscu svch /ho/ M
A
U M
B
rcqorJlcss of siqu,
c) M
M
is /hc uiJ-spou uoucu/ ou o siupl svppor/cJ spou cqvol /o /hc holf uoiclcuq/h of /vc/liuq.
NOTL ? L+ouplcs of /hc vsc of Iiqvrc 1 orc os follous.
,5
,55
,6
,65
,7
,75
,8
,85
,
,5
1,
-1, -,5 ,5 1,
/
1
H
^
H
H
H
B
H
^
1
1,
-
-
5
,5
-,25
-
,5
-
5
-
,
6
-
2
.
-
1
,
5 -
,
7
-
,
8
-
-
1
,
-
1
,
2
5
-
1
,
2
5
-
1
,
,
8
-
1
,
5
-
5
-
2
,
,5
,/5
,55
,6
,65
,7
,75
,8
,85
,
,5
1,
-1, -,5 ,5 1,
/
1
H
B
H
^
H
^
H
H
1
1,
,5
-,25
-,5
-
,
6
-
,
7
-
-
5
-
2
,
,
8
-
-
1
,
-
5
-
1
,
5
-
1
,
-
1
,
2
5
-
1
,
2
5
-
1
,
5
-
2
,
-
5
10
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beams without intermediate
restraints between support positions
6.1 GeneraI
The method outlined in 6.2 takes account ol section geometiy and
bending moment distiibution and ol toisional llexibility at the suppoits.
In biidges, uniestiained beams aie usually lound duiing the
constiuction stage, beloie the deck ol the biidge has been lixed oi cast.
6.2 SIenderness
Ioi a stiaight uniloim beam with ellective lateial and toisional
iestiaints at both ends ol the span, the value ol iequiied by
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.2.2 may be taken as:
;
wheie:
C
1
, D, U, \, h, /
l
aie as delined in 5.2. Howevei in the deiivation ol \,
i
I
should be delined as lollows:
i
I
;
EampIe 1. Use Iiguie 1a. EampIe 3. Use Iiguie 1a oi b.
EampIe 2. Use Iiguie 1a. EampIe 4. Use Iiguie 1b.
Iiguie 1 SIenderness Iactor Ior variation in bending moment (cou/iuvcJ)
H
^
H
B
-H
H
Hol wovelengfh
o buckling
H
^ H
B
Hol wovelengfh
o buckling
H
H
- 1
Spon
1
H
B
-H
^
H
H
Hol wovelengfh
o buckling
H
^
H
B -H
H
Hol wovelengfh
o buckling
LT
i
z
LT
w
1 1
1
U\D
C
i
i
i
l
z
/ /L
h
i
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8 BSI 20
wheie:
L is the span ol the beam;
/
l,
h, i
z
is as delined in 5.2;
i
z
, in which:
/ is an ellective length paiametei, given by 6.3;
w
;
W
y
b,Bd
:
y
W
pl,y
;
y
W
el,y
;
y
W
ell,y
;
i
1
, in which f
y
ol the steel.
6.3 EIIective Iength parameter
6.3.1 With a haII waveIength over the span
The value ol the ellective length paiametei / is the pioduct ol two
paiameteis:
/ /
l
/
e
;
wheie:
/
l
is a paiametei that allows loi the in-plane iestiaint ol the
compiession llange at the suppoits; and
/
e
is a paiametei that allows loi the toisional llexibility ol the iestiaints
at the suppoits.
The paiametei /
l
may conseivatively be taken as 1,0 oi a moie accuiate
value, allowing loi the degiee ol iestiaint in plan, may be obtained liom
Iiguie 2.
z
/L
i
y
pl,y
W
W
y
L
f
r
10
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The paiametei /
e
is given by:
;
wheie:
/
lmax
is the maximum thickness ol the compiession llange in the span;
o
t
is the laigei ielative lateial dellection at a suppoit, at eithei end ol the
span undei consideiation, ol the centioid ol one llange ol the beam with
iespect to the centioid ol the othei llange which would occui when
equal and opposite unit loices act lateially on the toisional iestiaint at
a suppoit only at the same levels as shown in Iiguie 6. Wheie the end
iestiaint to two oi moie beams is piovided by a common lateial membei
inteiconnecting theii ends, the value ol o
t
should be calculated loi equal
and opposite unit loices applied at the end ol each beam applied in
diiections to pioduce the gieatest value ol o
t
at the end ol any ol the
beams;
is 1,0 loi a simply suppoited beam, oi loi an inteinal suppoit to a
continuous beam without iestiaint in plan to the compiession llange at
the suppoit; oi 2,0 loi an inteinal suppoit to a continuous beam with
iestiaint in plan at that suppoit;
W is the total veitical load on the span;
R
v
is the veitical ieaction at the suppoit undei consideiation;
Iiguie 2 EIIective Iength parameter k
I
~ eIIect oI rotationaI end restraint
wheie:
/
o
is the smallei value, at eithei end, ol the iotational stillness to lateial bending
ol the compiession llange, due to tiansveise beams oi biacing systems;
I
z,c
is as delined in 6.3.2.
,/
,5
,6
,7
,8
,
1
5 1 15 2 25
/
ll
Z,C
l
e
t lmax v
3
4
z
1
1
=
/
60L/ R
L
W
\
i

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\ is the value ol \ calculated in accoidance with 6.2, which may be
deiived using / 1,0 in calculating i
I
;
i
z
is as delined in 5.2.
NOTL 1 /
c
shovlJ /c /o/cu os /hc qrco/cr of /hc iolvcs o//oiucJ for ci/hcr
svppor/.
NOTL ? Thc rcs/roiu/ shovlJ /c svch /ho/ /hc Jcuouiuo/or hos o posi/iic
siqu.
6.3.2 With a haII waveIength over two spans
Wheie spans aie continuous and the llexibility ol the toisional iestiaints
at the suppoits is ielatively high, a gieatei ellective length and a lowei
oveiall slendeiness may occui when the mode ol buckling is such that
the hall wavelength extends ovei two spans. Ioi buckling in this mode,
the ellective length /L to be used in the calculation ol i
I
in 6.2 is given
by:
/L ;
wheie:
/
l
is as delined in 6.3.1;
ZL is the sum ol the two ad}acent spans;
I
z,c
is the second moment ol aiea ol the compiession llange about its
centioidal axis paiallel to the web ol the beam at the point ol maximum
bending moment;
o
i
is the value ol o
t
(as delined in 6.3.1) loi middle suppoit;
o
e
is the aveiage value ol o
t
(as delined in 6.3.1) loi the suppoits at the
opposite ends ol the ad}acent spans.
NOTL Whcu /his uoJc is /ciuq cousiJcrcJ, /hc iolvc of /hc porouc/cr C
1
iu 6.3 shovlJ /c /o/cu os 1,0, irrcspcc/iic of /hc shopc of /hc /cuJiuq
uoucu/ Jioqrou.
? Non-dimensionaI sIenderness Ior
cantiIever beams without
intermediate IateraI restraints
?.1 GeneraI
The method takes account ol section geometiy and iestiaint conditions
at the suppoit and at the cantilevei tip. Uniestiained cantilevei beams
may occui duiing constiuction, beloie the deck is lixed oi cast, but may
also occui as a peimanent detail, suppoiting othei stiuctuial elements
ol the biidge. The tip ol the cantilevei may oi may not be iestiained
lateially, in eithei case.
( )
l
3
e 4
i z,c
1
1 2
2
/ L
L
LI
o
r o
Z
Z
+

+

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?.2 SIenderness
Ioi stiaight segments ol cantilevei beams, the value ol iequiied by
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.2.2, may be taken as:
;
wheie:
U, \ is as delined in 5.2;
o ;
i
I
;
L is the length ol the cantilevei;
/
l
the mean thickness ol the table ol a tee oi leg ol an angle section;
I
z,c
, I
z,t
i
z
, in which:
/
c
is an ellective length paiametei (see ?.3);
w
;
W
y
b,Bd
:
y
W
pl,y
;
y
W
el,y
;
y
W
ell,y
;
i
1
, in which f
y
ol the steel.
?.3 EIIective Iength parameter
The value ol the ellective length paiametei /
c
is dependent on the
iestiaint conditions at suppoits and the tip ol the cantilevei as well as
the position ol the load, i.e. whethei on tension llange wheie theie is no
lateial iestiaint to load oi llange oi any othei location in the section ol
the beam. The value should be obtained liom specialist liteiatuie oi text
books.
LT
i
z
LT
w
1
U\
i
i
i
z,c
z,c z,t
I
+
I I
l c
z
/ / L
h
i
c
z
/ L
i
y
pl,y
W
W
y
L
f
r
1
L
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beams with intermediate torsionaI
restraints
8.1 GeneraI
The method takes account ol section geometiy and bending moment
distiibution. Such toisional iestiaint noimally only occuis duiing the
constiuction stage, beloie the deck is lixed oi cast, when beams aie
iestiained by paiiing them togethei with channel" oi tiiangulated"
biacing at inteivals along the span.
8.2 SIenderness
Ioi stiaight uniloim beams with equally spaced toisional iestiaints but
without lateial iestiaints, the value ol iequiied by
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.2.2, may be taken as:
;
wheie:
C
1
is as pieviously delined in 5.2 except that it ielates to the hall
wavelength ol buckling;
NOTL Couscrio/iicl, C
1
uo /c /o/cu os 1,0.
U, \ pieviously delined in 5.2;
o ;
i
I
;
L
w
is the hall wavelength ol buckling (see 8.3);
/
l
the mean thickness ol the Table ol a tee oi leg ol an angle section;
I
z,c
, I
z,t
i
z
, in which:
/
t
is an ellective length paiametei, given by 8.5;
w
;
W
y
b,Bd
:
y
W
pl,y
;
y
W
el,y
;
y
W
ell,y
;
i
1
, in which f
y
ol the steel.
LT
i
z
LT
w
1 1
1
U\D
C
i
i
i
z,c
z,c z,t
I
+
I I
l w
z
/ L
h
i
t w
z
/ L
i
y
pl,y
W
W
y
L
f
r
P Q
P Q , D aie as
L
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8.3 HaII waveIength oI buckIing
With the loim ol iestiaint desciibed in Clause 8, the mode ol buckling
is usually with a single hall wave ovei the span. Howevei, in some
ciicumstances the paiticulai combination ol llexibility ol the toisional
iestiaints and theii spacing may mean that a highei mode, with two oi
moie hall waves, may have a lowei elastic ciitical moment. The beam
should theieloie be veiilied loi at least the liist two modes.
Thus L
w
L, L/2, L/3, depending on the mode, wheie L is the span ol
the beam.
8.4 EIIective Iength parameter
When a beam without lateial iestiaints is piovided with a cential
toisional iestiaint oi a numbei ol equally spaced toisional iestiaints ol
the same stillness in a span, the ellective length paiametei /
t
may be
deiived liom Iiguie 3 as appiopiiate, using the iestiaint paiametei:
;
but loi beams with multiple iestiaints, /
t
should not be less than:
;
wheie:
J
l
is the veitical distance between the centioid ol the compiession and
tension llanges iespectively at the position ol the toisional iestiaint;
L
w
is the hall wavelength ol buckling (see 8.3);
B
is the gieatest value ol the iotation ol a iestiaint about the
longitudinal axis ol the beam, due to a toique equal to a unit toique
multiplied by 1/u, applied to each iestiaint. When iestiaint is piovided
by uniloim diaphiagms inteiconnecting beams, the value ol
B
should
be taken as
B1
+
B2
wheie:

B1
is the iotation due to the llexibility ol the diaphiagm calculated
as the gieatest iotation about the longitudinal axis ol a beam at a
connection between the diaphiagm and the beam undei unit
moments in the plane ol the diaphiagm multiplied by 1/u, applied
to each connection, in the same sense on each beam
(see Iiguie 3);

B2
is the gieatest value ol iotation ol a beam at the middle ol a
hall wavelength ol buckling due to the veitical dellections ol the
beams. A unit toique multiplied by 1/u should be applied to each
beam at each diaphiagm connection, the diaphiagms being
assumed to be iigid loi this calculation, in diiections ol opposite
sense in consecutive waves and the same sense on each beam
(see Iiguie 3);
u is the numbei ol disciete iestiaints in the hall wavelength ol buckling
( 1,0 loi a single iestiaint at the centie ol a hall wavelength);
4 3
eq w
2
z,c B l
(1 )
\ L
LI J o
eq i
w
(1,? 0,? ) \ L
L
L
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\
eq
is a paiametei that takes account ol waiping piopeities ol the
section and is calculated as lollows:
a) loi sections symmetiical about both theii ma}oi and minoi axis,
\
eq
\ wheie the value ol \ is deteimined in accoidance with 8.2;
b) loi sections symmetiical about theii minoi axis only;
\
eq
;
wheie:
t ;
o and
i
aie as delined in 5.2;
;
I
z
is the second moment ol aiea ol the beam about its minoi axis;
I
T
is the St Venant toisional constant.
When such iestiaint is piovided by diaphiagms inteiconnecting two oi
moie beams the iotations should be calculated assuming the above
toique to be applied in the same iotational diiection by equal and
opposite hoiizontal loices on the diaphiagms. In such cases the
iestiaining toiques must be iesisted by equal and opposite veitical
loices on the connected beams, equal to the value ol the toique divided
by the beam spacing, and account should be taken ol the dellections ol
the beams due to all the iestiaining toiques, u
B
being taken as that at
the iestiaint wheie theie is the gieatest total iotation.
L
i
is the spacing ol the toisional iestiaints ( L/(1 + u));
I
z,c
is the second moment ol aiea ol the compiession llange about the
z~z axis.
NOTL 1 Thc cffcc/iic lcuq/h rclo/iouships iu Iiqvrc J Jo uo/ oppl uhcu
cousiJcriuq /vc/liuq ui/h o holf-uoiclcuq/h cqvol /o L
r
. Iu svch o cosc, /hc
slcuJcrucss shovlJ /c Jc/cruiucJ ossvuiuq /ho/ /hcrc is fvll cffcc/iic
iu/crucJio/c lo/crol rcs/roiu/.
NOTL ? Ior /cous ui/h o siuqlc ccu/rol rcs/roiu/, L
u
shovlJ /c /o/cu os
cqvol /o L, vulcss /hc rcs/roiu/ porouc/cr JcriicJ frou /ho/ iolvc is svch
/ho/ i/ is /o /hc riqh/ of /hc Jioqouol orrou ou /hc opproprio/c cvric for /hc
iolvc of \
cq
, iu uhich cosc ci/hcr.
o) /
/
L ouJ L
u
shovlJ /c /o/cu os L,?,
or
/) L
u
shovlJ /c /o/cu os L ouJ /
/
shovlJ /c JcriicJ frou Iiqvrc J,
uhichcicr qiics /hc loucr uoucu/ of rcsis/oucc.
NOTL J Whcrc, for uvl/iplc rcs/roiu/s, /hc iolvc of
\
cq
L
u
J
,jLI
c,c
R
J
f
?
(1 o)] c+cccJs /hc uo+iuvu iolvc shouu iu Iiqvrc J,
/hc proccJvrc qiicu iu S. uo /c vscJ /o Jcriic /hc opproprio/c iolvc
of /
/
.
NOTL Whcu oul poirs of /cous orc iu/crcouucc/cJ / Jiophroqus,
R?
uo /c /o/cu os (u + 1)L
u
J
,?uLI
B
?
uhcrc I
is /hc sccouJ uoucu/ of

orco of coch /cou o/ov/ i/s uojor o+is, B is /hc spociuq of /hc /cous.
( )
0.25
2
i
2
4
o
t

+ +

( )
2
a
4 1 o o +
2 2
l z
2
T w
J LI
GI L
L
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8.5 Equations Ior deriving k
t
8.5.1 ReIationship Ior muItipIe torsionaI restraints
The value ol /
t
is given by:
;
wheie the paiameteis aie as delined in 8.4.
Iiguie 3 EIIective Iength parameter Ior beams with discrete torsionaI
restraints
Iiguie 4 Rotations oI paired beams subject to unit torques
NOTL Uui/ /orqvc iu /hc souc scusc.
,/
,5
,6
,7
,8
,
1
5 1 1 5 2 2 5
/ 2 J
R
ll
z,c
c
/
w
/ |1 - a}
A
f
eq
Cenfrol resfroinfs \ - ,5
0isfribufed resfroinfs |oll volues o \ } - 1,
eq
- ,75 \
eq
eq
\
eq
\
2
R
1
R
( )
0,25
4 3
eq
t
4 2
z,c l B
1
1
u
\ L
/
LI J o

+

L
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d

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,

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2
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8.5.2 ReIationship Ior singIe centraI torsionaI restraint
The ielationships /
t
, \
eq
and \
eq
4
L
w
3
/[LI
z,c
B
J
l
2
(1o)| can be deiived
liom the lollowing equation:
;
wheie:
and
, in which:
o loi \
eq
s 0.999 oi otheiwise 25;
c ;
;
and the othei paiameteis aie as delined in 8.4.
These expiessions may be used diiectly to deiive the iestiaint stillness
paiametei /
t
iequiied to achieve a given ellective length loi buckling
with a hall wavelength equal to L.
The value ol the ellective length at which the ciitical buckling moment
loi a beam with a cential iestiaint and a hall wavelength equal to L
equals that loi buckling in the second mode with a hall wavelength
equal to L/2 is given by:
.
The values ol /
t
loi thiee values ol \
eq
(0,5, 0,8 and 1,0) aie shown on
Iiguie 3.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
4 3
eq w 2 4
eq
2
B z,c l
2 cosh cos
2 2
2 1
1
sin 2 sinh
2 2
uL uL
uL uL
\ L
\
uL uL
LI J o
o

+

( )
2 2 2
2
1
1 1
2
4
c
uL
r r o
o o
o
+
+ +
( )
2 2 2
2
1
1 1
2
4
c
uL
r r o
o o
o
+
+ +
( )
4
eq
2 4
eq
1
\
\ r
t
1
/
cos
2
2 cosh
2
uL
uL
uL
uL

( )
0.25
2
t
2
1
4 1 4
/
o
o

+

+

L
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9 SimpIiIied method Ior veriIication oI
IateraI buckIing oI truss chords and
IIanges in compression
Additional guidance is given on the use ol BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2,
loi cases wheie theie aie llexible inteimediate iestiaints. It also
piovides guidance on design wheie theie aie llexible end iestiaints,
which is not specilically coveied by BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2, othei
than thiough diiect global analysis ol the stiuctuie.
Wheie the connections aie semi-continuous" in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-1-8, the stillness ol the }oint should be calculated in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-8 oi deteimined by tests and included
in the calculation ol spiing stillness C
d
. The spiing stillness may be
deteimined liom:
C
d
1/o
B
;
wheie:
o
B
is equal to the lateial dellection which would occui in any
inteimediate U-liame at the level ol the centioid ol the llange being
consideied, when a unit loice acts lateially to the U-liame only at this
point and simultaneously at each coiiesponding point on the othei
llange oi llanges connecting to the same U-liame. The diiection ol each
unit loice should be such as to pioduce the maximum aggiegate value
ol o
B
. The U-liame dellection should be calculated allowing loi }oint
llexibility between the cioss membei and the veiticals as iequiied
above.
In the absence ol specilic calculation ol }oint stillness, the lollowing
}oint iotational llexibilities, f, between the cioss membei and the
veiticals ol the U-liame may be used, expiessed in iadians pei unit
moment:
a) 0,5 10
~10
iad/Nmm when the cioss membei is bolted oi iiveted
thiough unstillened end-plates oi cleats; oi
b) 0,2 10
~10
iad/Nmm when the cioss membei is bolted oi iiveted
thiough stillened end plates; oi
c) 0,1 10
~10
iad/Nmm when the cioss membei is welded iight iound
its cioss-section oi the connection is by bolting oi iiveting
between stillened end-plates on the cioss membei and a stillened
pait ol the veitical.
The above values aie geneially conseivative as they weie deiived liom
studies ol shallow membeis.
The ellects on U-liame stilleneis and main beam compiession llanges
caused by local loading on cioss membeis should be consideied. A
method loi calculating these ellects is piovided in Clause 11.
Il the end suppoits delining the length L as delined in
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(6) aie not lully iigid in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2, expiession (6.5), eithei the
slendeiness should be deteimined in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(3), oi the delinition ol u as iequiied in
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(6), may be modilied as lollows:
L
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s
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d

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C
a
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a

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d
,

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5
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/
2
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18 BSI 2010
u ;
with X and C
e
is the stillness ol the end suppoit
deteimined in the same way as the stillness ol inteimediate suppoits,
C
d
, othei teims aie as delined in BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2.
Il a deck slab in steel-conciete composite constiuction is assumed to
contiibute to c (as delined in BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2), the main
beam web, sheai studs and deck slab should be checked loi the
moments and loices commensuiate with this assumption.
10 Restraints at supports ~ eIIects due
to restraint oI main beams
10.1 GeneraI
Simplilied guidance on toisional iestiaints at suppoits is piovided
because BS EN 1993 does not covei the sub}ect othei than thiough the
caiiying out second oidei analysis ol the biacing system with modelled
impeilections. In undeitaking this method designeis should use the
ciitical distiibution ol impeilections.
The design ol iestiaints piovided to beams to pievent lateial toisional
buckling should be compatible with the assumptions made in the beam
buckling veiilication.
All beams, including cantilevei beams, should be iestiained against
iotation about theii own axes at each suppoit in accoidance with the
appiopiiate piovisions and 10.2 and 10.3.
10.2 Restraining Iorces
10.2.1 GeneraI
The iestiaining system should be capable ol iesisting, in addition to the
co-existent ellects ol wind, liictional and othei applied loices, two
equal and opposite loices I
s
applied noimal to the beam and in the
planes ol its two llanges.
Wheie two oi moie beams aie iestiained by a common lateial membei
inteiconnecting theii ends, paiis ol such loices, liom the beam being
consideied and liom one ad}acent beam, should be taken at the end ol
each beam, applied such as to pioduce the most seveie ellect in the
iestiaining membei.
The value ol each loice I
s
in a diiection noimal to the longitudinal axis
ol the beam should be taken as lollows:
I
s
I
s1
+ I
s2
+ I
s3
+ I
s4
wheie:
I
s1
, I
s2
, I
s3
and I
s4
aie as given by 10.2.2 to 10.2.4 below.
2
0,69
0,5 2 X
y
r
+

+

0,25
3
e
3
d
2
C l
C LI

L
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d

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BSI 2010 19
PD 6695-2:2008
10.2.2 Force due to bow oI compression IIange
The loice I
s1
on a suppoit due to the end toique on the beam iesulting
liom the initial bow ol the compiession llange may be taken as:
I
s1
.
10.2.3 Force due to non verticaIity oI web at supports
The loice I
s2
on the suppoit due to magnilication iesulting liom
compiessive loice in the llange ol the initial depaituie liom veiticality
ol the suppoits may be taken as:
.
10.2.4 Force due to eccentricity oI bearing reaction
The loice I
s3
at a suppoit due to the eccentiicity ol the lateial location
ol the centie ol the applied loading ielative to the centie ol beaiing
ieaction iesulting liom initial out ol veiticality ol the suppoit combined
with that due to change in slope ol an end ol a beam beaiing on a skew
may be taken as:
.
10.2.5 Force due to twist at skew supports
The loice I
s4
at a suppoit due to twisting ol a beam without
inteimediate iestiaints caused by changes in longitudinal slope ol the
beam on beaiings aligned with skew suppoits may be taken as lollows:
a) Ioi a simply suppoited non composite beam:
I
s4
.
b) Ioi an end suppoit to a two span continuous non-composite beam
without inteimediate iestiaints oi one side ol a suppoit ad}acent to
an inteinal suppoit in a multi span non-composite continuous
beam without inteimediate iestiaints,
eithei:
I
s4
;
oi
I
s4
.
NOTL 1 Thc /uo c+prcssious for I
s
qiic /hc souc iolvcs ouJ ci/hcr uo
/c vscJ.
o
o

2
lc
l
ciit
0, 006
1
M
J
( )
e1 e2
lc
ciit lc
( ) o
o o o
+
A A

[ ]
L L
tan RJ D
D
o A +
o o

+
+
LA LB
T A B
T
l
2
l
( tan tan )
(1 )
GI
GI
J L
AJ
o o

+
+
LA LB z,c l A B
T 3
2
l
( tan tan )
(1 )
KLI J
GI
L
AJ
o o +
+
T LA A LB B
T
l
2
l
( tan tan )
(1 )
CGI
GI
J L
AJ
L
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PD 6695-2:2008
20 BSI 2010
c) Ioi beams iigidly attached to a composite deck by sheai
connectois the loice to be iesisted by an end suppoit due to skew
suppoit should be taken as:
I
s4
.
When the llanges not connected to the composite deck aie iestiained
against plan iotation, the value ol I
s4
should be doubled.
NOTL ? Whcu /hcrc is o flc+i/lc iu/crucJio/c rcs/roiu/ oul o/ uiJspou,
/hc rcs/roiu/ shovlJ /c iquorcJ for /hc pvrposcs of Jcriiiuq /hc iolvc of I
S
occorJiuq /o /hc qiicu c+prcssiou.
d) Ioi an inteinal suppoit in a continuous beam I
s4
is the algebiaic
dilleience between the values ol I
s4
on each side ol the suppoit,
wheie:
A loi a simply suppoited beam; oi
A loi a continuous beam;
A is the initial lateial dellection ol the compiession llange ielative to the
tension llange at the suppoit, which should be taken as D/200 oi to
BS EN 1090-2;
A
e1
, A
e2
aie the values ol A in opposite diiections at the suppoits at each
end ol a simply suppoited span oi at the end and inteinal suppoits oi
iestiaints iespectively loi a continuous beam;
o
e1
, o
e2
aie the values ol o
e
loi an end suppoit oi loi an inteinal suppoit,
as appiopiiate, as delined in 6.3.2;
Zo o
t1
+o
t2
loi a simply suppoited span;
o
e
+2o
i
loi a continuous beam;
L is the distance between the suppoit consideied and eithei the suppoit
at the othei end ol the span consideied oi any ellective inteimediate
toisional iestiaint within that span, whichevei is the lessei;
J
L
is the veitical distance between the levels ol the beaiing suppoit and
the applied loads iespectively. Ioi composite beams the levels ol the
applied loads should be taken as those ol the tops ol the steel beams.
Ioi cambeied beams J
L
should be taken as the sum ol the individual
applied loads multiplied by theii ielevant values ol J
L
, divided by the
total applied loads;
G is the sheai modulus;
I
T
is the St Venant toision constant loi the beam;
I
z,c
M is the laigest bending moment occuiiing at a suppoit oi within
lengths L
w
eithei side ol it, whethei hogging oi sagging;
o
lc
is the maximum compiessive stiess in the llange, aveiaged ovei the
whole llange width, eithei at the suppoit undei consideiation oi in the
span eithei side ol it;
o
t1
, o
t2
aie the values ol o
t
loi an end suppoit at each end ol a simply
suppoited beam as delined in 6.3.1;
o
io
LA A
B
tan
'
D
e1 e2
( )
L
o o +
i e
(2 )
L
o o +
L
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d

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a

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BSI 2010 21
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o
e
, o
i
aie the values loi an end suppoit and inteinal suppoit iespectively
loi a continuous beam as delined in 6.3.2;
o
ciit
is as delined in Clause 11;
D is the oveiall depth ol the beam at the suppoit;
J
l
R is the beaiing ieaction;
1 loi an end suppoit;
2 loi an inteinal suppoit oi iestiaint in continuous beams with
lateial iestiaints;
L
is the change in longitudinal slope ol the beam ad}acent to a suppoit;
LA
,
LB
aie the coincident changes in the longitudinal slopes ol the
beam ad}acent to the suppoits in the span consideied, taken as positive
when in a sagging diiection away liom the ielevant suppoit, and with
LA
taken as the slope change ad}acent to the suppoit being consideied
and
LB
as that at the opposite end ol the span;
C, K aie obtained liom Iiguie 5;
NOTL Ior o /uo spou /cou /hc iolvcs of C ouJ K orc rclo/cJ /o
(J
f
,L)(I
c,c
,I
T
)
0,5
. Ior ou iu/cruol svppor/ iu o uvl/i spou cou/iuvovs /cou
/hc orc o//oiucJ frou Iiqvrc 5 / rcplociuq (J
f
,L)(I
c,c
,I
T
)
0,5
/
(?J
f
,L)(I
c,c
,I
T
)
0,5
.
o is the angle ol skew, i.e. between the noimal to the longitudinal axis
ol the beam and the axis ol the suppoit in plan loi a skewed biidge;
o
A
is the value ol o at the suppoit being consideied;
o
B
is the value ol o at the othei end ol the span being consideied;
i ;
I
I
is the lateial second moment ol aiea ol the bottom llange;
o
B
is the value ol o
B
l;
l is the spacing ol U-liames.
Ioi beams with inteimediate U-liame iestiaints o
B
is delined in
Clause 9.
Ioi beams without inteimediate iestiaints and which aie iestiained
by the deck slab only, o
B
may be obtained liom
BS EN 1994-2:2005, 6.4.3.2, and BS EN 1993-2:2006, D.2.4, oi, in
cases wheie the deck and webs ol the beam aie ol constant thickness
thioughout the span, and the beam is ol constant depth, it may be
assumed that:
o
B
;
wheie:
J
1
is the distance liom the centioid ol the compiession llange to the
neaiest suilace ol the stiuctuial deck (see Iiguie 6);
0,25
B I
1
4 LI o

+
3 2
1 2
1 2
3
J vBJ
LI LI
L
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PD 6695-2:2008
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J
2
is the distance liom the centioid ol the compiession llange to the
centioidal axis ol the deck (see Iiguie 6);
I
1
;
/
w
is the thickness ol the web ol the beam;
I
2
is the second moment ol aiea ol the deck pei unit length, about its
axis ol bending, neglecting conciete in tension but including
ieinloicement;
v 0,5 loi an outei beam; oi
0,33 loi an innei beam, il theie aie thiee oi moie beams
inteiconnected by U-liames;
B is the distance between centies ol consecutive beams, oi the
maximum distance when the beams aie not exactly paiallel.
3
w
12
/
Iiguie 5 Restraint Iorces ~ continuous beams
2
/
6
8
1
12
1/
16
18
2
22
2
1,5
/
6
8
1
12
1/
16
18
2
22
,2 ,/ ,6 ,8 1 1,2 1,/
1
1,6 1,8 2
A
A
/
/
,5
|c
l} / |l
z,c
/l }
l
L
i
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s
e
d

c
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10.2.6 AdditionaI Iorce due to cross members in U-Irames
subjected to verticaI Ioading
When the compiession llange ol a beam is iestiained lateially between
points ol suppoit by a system ol U-liames with cioss membeis sub}ect
to veitical loading, a loice I
L
should be added to I
S
as delined above
wheie I
L
may be taken as lollows:
I
L
;
wheie:
I
c
is as delined in Clause 11 and deiived loi each loaded U-liame within
a length L
w
ad}acent to the suppoit consideied;
+ is the distance ol the loaded liame liom the suppoit;
L
w
is the hall wavelength ol buckling. Wheie inteimediate lateial oi
U-liame iestiaints aie piovided which aie not lully ellective, L
w
should
be deteimined by taking L,L
u
as the next integei below L,l
c
but not less
than unity;
Z denotes summation loi all loaded liames.
Iiguie 6 Restraint oI compression IIange by U-Irames or deck or end
torsionaI restraint
a) Main beams iestiained by U-liames b) Main beams continuously iestiained by deck
c) Composite deck main beams continuously iestiained by
deck
d) End toisional iestiaint
c
2
c
1

c
2
c
1
Corpression
longe o beor
Sfrucfurol connecfion
befween web ond deck
unif
orce
unif
orce
f f
c
2
c
1
unif
orce
unif
orce
w
c
w
( ) +
L
I
L
L
i
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n
s
e
d

c
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a

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I
L
may alteinatively be taken as:
loi an end suppoit to a beam with seveial inteinal
U-liames;
loi a suppoit to a beam with a single inteinal U-liame;
loi an inteinal suppoit;
wheie:
is as delined in Clause 11 and is to be calculated loi most adveise
distiibution on cioss beams as lollows:
a) Ioi beams with multiple U-liames in a span: the dilleience
between the iotation ol the U-liame ad}acent to an end suppoit
and the mean ol the iotations at the end suppoit and the second
U-liame liom the suppoit iespectively.
b) Ioi a beam with only one inteinal U-liame: the dilleience between
the iotation ol the inteinal liame and the mean ol the iotations at
the suppoits at each end ol the span.
c) Ioi an inteinal suppoit: the dilleience between the iotation at the
suppoit and the mean ol the coincident iotations at the U-liames
on each side ol the suppoit.
d) Wheie the suppoit is not in the loim ol a U-liame, should be
taken as zeio.
J
2
is delined in 10.2.5;
o
B
is delined in Clause 9;
l is the spacing ol U-liames;
o
e
is delined in 6.3.2;
I
z,c
centioidal axis paiallel to the web ol the beam at the point ol the
maximum bending moment.
10.3 StiIIness
The stillness ol iestiaints at suppoits against iotation about the
longitudinal axis ol a beam should be such that the values o
t
, calculated
as delined in 6.3.1, do not exceed the values adopted in deteimining the
ellective length ol the compiession llange.
Wheie beaiing stilleneis aie used to piovide the sole toisional iestiaint
they should meet the above stillness ciiteiion in addition to the ciiteiia
ol Clause 16 ielevant to theii lunction as beaiing stilleneis.
2
3
e
B
z,c
2,5
2 3
J
l
LI
o
o + +
2
3
B e
z,c
2
3
J
l
LI
o o + +
2
3
B
e
z,c
2 12
J
l
LI
o
o + +
L
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d

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11 Intermediate restraints ~ eIIects due
to restraint oI main beams
In addition to loices liom wind and othei applied loices, tiansveise
iestiaints to compiession llanges, including U-liames, should
be designed loi a loice I
Ed
in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(5), applied noimal to each beam at the
level ol the centioid ol its llange. Each loice should be calculated liom
the pioduct ol the gieatest stiess in the compiession llange anywheie
along the beam and the aiea given in BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(?).
Wheie theie aie two oi moie inteiconnected beams, two cases should
be consideied:
a) loices I
Ed
liom any two beams;
b) loices I
Ed
liom all beams but the ieduction lactoi o
m
s 1,0 in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 5.3.3(1) may be applied
to each loice I
Ed
.
The loices I
Ed
liom each beam should be applied in diiections such as
to maximize the ellect in the element being consideied.
Wheie the iestiaint loices aie to be tiansmitted to end suppoits by a
system ol plan biacing, the plan biacing system should be designed to
iesist the moie oneious ol the loices I
Ed
liom each iestiaint within a
length equal to the hall wavelength ol buckling and the loices
geneiated by an oveiall llange bow in each llange accoiding to
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 5.3.3.
Ioi toisional iestiaints, the loice I
Ed
should be taken as:
I
Ed
;
oi when L
w
> 13,3h:
I
Ed
;
wheie:
o
com,Ed
is the maximum design compiessive stiess in the element;
L
w
is the hall-wavelength ol buckling as delined in 8.3;
h is the oveiall depth ol the beam cioss-section;
o
B
u
B
hJ
l
, wheie:
u is as delined in 8.4;
B
J
l
is the veitical distance between the centioid ol the compiession and
tension llanges iespectively at the position ol the toisional iestiaint;
o
ciit
wheie:
N
ciit
is as delined in BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(3);
A
ell
is as delined in BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.3.4.2(4).
NOTL Thc c+prcssious for I
LJ
orc /oscJ ou o /ou iupcrfcc/iou of ,
ui/h o foc/or of sofc/ of 1,5.
com,Ed
w
ciit com,Ed B
66?
L
o
o o o

com,Ed
ciit com,Ed B
50
h
o
o o o

ciit
ell
N
A
w
1000
L
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PD 6695-2:2008
26 BSI 2010
The lollowing additional ellects should be included loi U-liames with
cioss membeis sub}ected to veitical loading:
a) additional loices I
c
applied to the U-liame, in the same mannei as
I
Ed
, iesulting liom the inteiaction between the bending ol the
cioss membeis and veiticals, which may be taken as:
I
c
;
wheie:
J
2
o
B
is as delined in Clause 9;
l is the spacing ol U-liames;
I
z,c
centioidal axis paiallel to the web ol the beam at the point ol maximum
bending moment;
is the dilleience in iotation between the cioss membei ol the U-liame
undei consideiation, and the mean ol the iotations ol the cioss
membeis ol the ad}acent U-liames on eithei side. The iotations aie
calculated in iadians undei the loading, at the }unction ol the ielevant
cioss membei with the main beam undei consideiation, assuming that
the cioss membei is simply suppoited.
b) Ioi all highway and iailway biidges the lateial llexuie ol a
compiession llange due to loading on a cioss membei should be
taken into account. The maximum value ol the tiansveise moment
M
y
pioduced in the plane ol the llange may be taken as lollows:
;
wheie:
o
lc
is the maximum compiessive stiess in the llange;
o
ciit
is as delined in this clause.
l
k
is as delined in BS EN 1993-2, 6.3.4.2(5).
L is the span ol the beam.
Both I
c
and M
y
may alteinatively be deteimined liom a thiee
dimensional global analysis model. Second oidei ellects should be
included eithei diiectly by second oidei analysis oi by magnilying the
iesults ol a liist oidei analysis by an appiopiiate lactoi in accoidance
with BS EN 1993-2:2006, 5.2.2.
( )
2
3
z,c
1.5 / 12
R
J
l LI
o +
( )
( )
( )
z,c 2 k
y
2
k lc ciit
lc ciit
5 / 1,25
1
1 /
2,8 3,5 /
LI J L l
M
Ll
o o
o o

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12 BuckIing resistance oI pIates with
out oI pIane Ioading
12.1 GeneraI
Buckling ol plates with out ol plane loading is paitially coveied by
BS EN 1993-1-? but the iules aie not sulliciently compiehensive to lully
covei the design ol biidge deck plates undei combined global and local
loading. Bules based on those in BS EN 1993-1-? to covei the design ol
biidge deck plates aie given in this section.
Wheie local loads aie applied tiansveisely to a deck plate oi the deck
plate is cuived between tiansveise iestiaints, the additional bending
moments geneiated should be combined with in-plane ellects. Wheie
the membei geometiy complies with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 4.1(1), the
method given in 12.2, based on the ellective section method ol
BS EN 1993-1-5, may be used. The method given in 12.3, based on the
ieduced stiess method ol BS EN 1993-1-5, may be used in all cases.
12.2 PIates with out oI pIane Ioading ~ eIIective
section method
In the absence in-plane diiect stiess noimal to the longitudinal
stilleneis, the lollowing ciiteiion should be satislied loi the stillened
deck plate:
q
1,mod
;
wheie:
o
ci,c
is the ciitical buckling stiess loi column-like buckling deteimined
in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, Clause 4.
o
Ed
is the compiessive stiess due to global ellects in the stillened deck
plate at the location ol the stillenei being checked (deteimined using
ellective section piopeities as loi deteimination ol q
1
) but using the
stiess at the centioid ol the stillened deck plate. This can conseivatively
be taken as the maximum libie stiess.
o
bend,long
is the maximum longitudinal local bending stiess in the
stillened plate, calculated loi the libie ol the stillenei ellective section
which maximizes the value olq
1,mod
.
Othei teims aie as delined in BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 4.6.
The inteiaction with in-plane sheai should be caiiied out accoiding to
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, ?.1(5), with q
1
taken as q
1,mod
. Ioi the check ol
sub-panel buckling, o
bend,long
can be taken as the value at the mid-plane
ol the llange plate.
y,Ed Ed Ny z,Ed Ed Nz
Ed
ell y M0 ell,y y M0 ell,z y M0
M N c M N c
N
A f W f W f y y y
+ +
+ +
bend,long ci,c
y M0 ci,c Ed
1,0
f
o o
y o o
+
-
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PD 6695-2:2008
28 BSI 2010
Yielding ol the llange plate, i.e. plate without longitudinal stilleneis,
should be checked accoiding to the lollowing ciiteiion:
;
wheie:
o
x,Ed
is the longitudinal diiect stiess at the mid-plane ol the llange plate
calculated on the ellective section allowing loi plate buckling and sheai
lag and including local bending stiess;
o
bend,long
is also calculated at the mid-plane ol the llange plate;
o
z,Ed
is the tiansveise diiect stiess at the extieme libie ol the llange
plate including o
bend,tians
(extieme libie stiess in the llange is used as
theie would otheiwise be no ellect liom tiansveise bending ol the
llange);
t
Ed
is the in-plane sheai stiess in the llange, taken equal to 50% ol the
maximum sheai stiess at the web-llange }unction due to the beam sheai
loice plus 100% ol the toisional sheai stiess. Wheie sheai stiess liom
othei ellects is piesent, such as liom waiping, this sheai stiess should
also be included.
12.3 PIates with out oI pIane Ioading ~ reduced
stress method
The lollowing ciiteiion should be satislied loi oveiall buckling ol the
stillened deck plate:
;
wheie:
o
ci
is the minimum load lactoi applied to the design loads iequiied to
give elastic ciitical buckling ol the panel consideied undei all stiesses
acting togethei, but excluding the stiesses liom out ol plane loading.
o
x,Ed
and o
z,Ed
aie the stiesses liom global analysis (i.e. excluding local
moments) along the deck and tiansveise to the deck iespectively.
t
Ed
is the in-plane sheai stiess in the llange, taken equal to 50% ol the
maximum sheai stiess at the web-llange }unction due to the beam sheai
loice plus 100% ol the toisional sheai stiess. Wheie sheai stiess liom
othei ellects is piesent, such as liom waiping, this sheai stiess should
also be included.
o
bend,tians
and o
bend,long
aie the peak bending stiesses tiansveisely in
llange plate and longitudinally in stillened deck plate iespectively.
2 2 2
x,Ed z,Ed x,Ed z,Ed
Ed
y M0 y M0 y M0 y M0 y M0
3 1,0
/ / / / / f f f f f
o o o o
t
y y y y y

+ +

-
2
bend,long x,Ed
x y M1 y M1 ci
1
/ 1 1/ f f
o o
p y y o

+

2
z,Ed bend,tians
z y M1 y M1 ci
1
/ 1 1/ f f
o o
p y y o

+ +

bend,long x,Ed
x y M1 y M1 ci
1
/ 1 1/ f f
o o
p y y o

+

2
z,Ed bend,tians
Ed
x y M1 y M1 ci v y M1
1
3 1,0
/ 1 1/ / f f f
o o
t
p y y o y

+ +

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BSI 2010 29
PD 6695-2:2008
The lollowing ciiteiion should be satislied loi sub-panel buckling:
;
wheie:
o
x,Ed
is the total stiess along the deck liom global and local loading
calculated at the mid-plane ol the llange plate;
t
s,Ed
is the aveiage in-plane sheai stiess within the sub-panel ol the
llange, calculated liom the elastic sheai distiibution.
13 Resistance oI members with IIanges
curved out oI pIane
13.1 GeneraI
Guidance on the calculation ol stiesses in llanges and webs induced by
llanges cuived in elevation is given below. These stiesses aie iequiied
in checking yielding ol the llanges and buckling ol the web, although
BS EN 1993 does not piovide specilic details ol such a check. A method
ol checking longitudinally stillened llanges which aie cuived in
elevation is also piesented.
13.2 FIange induced buckIing
Ilange plates should comply with the piovisions ol
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, Clause 8.
13.3 FIanges curved in eIevation
13.3.1 Stresses in IIanges
Ioi llanges cuived in elevation, a tiansveise bending stiess o
T
due to
the iadial component ol the longitudinal loice in the llange should be
taken as:
in a llange outstand;
in a plate panel ol a llange between longitudinal
stilleneis and/oi webs;
wheie:
o
l
is the longitudinal stiess in the llange;
/ is the distance between successive longitudinal stilleneis and/oi webs;
/
l
is the thickness ol the llange in the panel oi outstand being
consideied;
2 2
xt,Ed z,Ed bend,tians
x y M1 z y M1 y M1 ci
1
/ / 1 1/ f f f
o o o
p y p y y o

+ +

xt,Ed z,Ed bend,tians
x y M1 x y M1 y M1 ci
1
/ / 1 1/ f f f
o o o
p y p y y o

+

2
s,Ed
v y M1
3 1.0
/ f
t
y

+

-
2
T l lo l
3 / c r/ o o
2
T l l
3 / 4 / r/ o o
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PD 6695-2:2008
30 BSI 2010
c
lo
is the width ol the outstand measuied liom the edge to the neaiest
line ol iivets oi bolts connecting it to the suppoiting pait ol the
membei, oi to the toe ol a ioot lillet ol a iolled section, oi, in the case
ol a welded constiuction, to the suilace ol the suppoiting pait ol the
membei, oi, in the case ol composite constiuction, to the outei line ol
sheai connectois;
r is the iadius ol cuivatuie at the llange.
NOTL Thc s/rcsscs orc uo/ opplico/lc uhcu /hc scc/iou is vusuuc/ricol
o/ov/ o icr/icol o+is or cvricJ iu plou or iu ou plouc o/hcr /hou /hc
icr/icol, svch o scc/iou /ciuq ov/siJc /hc scopc of /his clovsc.
Yielding ol the llange may be checked in accoidance with 12.2.
13.3.2 Stresses in webs
The veitical components ol the loices in llanges should be taken into
account in computing the sheai loice caiiied by the web.
The edge ol a web attached to a cuived poition ol a llange should be
consideied to be sub}ected to a loice, acting in the plane ol the web,
equal to:
pei unit length;
wheie:
B
l
is the width ol an unstillened llange, in a beam having only one web,
oi hall the distance between successive longitudinal stilleneis oi webs,
togethei with any ad}acent outstand;
is the slope ol the web to the veitical;
The inteiaction ol tiansveise loice on the web with othei ellects may be
tieated in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, ?.2.
13.3.3 FIanges sIoping in eIevation
In computing the sheai loice caiiied by the web at any section ol a
beam, the veitical components ol the longitudinal loices in sloping
llanges should be taken into account.
13.3.4 Beams with IongitudinaI IIange stiIIeners
Wheie a llange with longitudinal stilleneis is cuived in elevation, the
stilleneis may be checked loi buckling eithei lollowing Clause 12,
tieating the iadial loice liom the llange as a local tiansveise load, oi by
modilying the value ol d in BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.1.2, as lollows,
when deteimining the ellective section loi the llange:
loi stilleneis without continuity
ovei the cioss membeis;
loi stilleneis with continuity ovei
the cioss membeis;
wheie:
o
e
and i aie as delined in BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 4.5.3(5);
is the gieatest distance liom an extieme libie ol the stillenei ellective
section to its centioid;
l l l
/ cos B / r o
( )
2
2
0,5 1 0,2
f
c
c
i
o i i

d + + +

( )
2
2
0,5 1 0,2
2
f
c
c
i
o i i

d + + +

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PD 6695-2:2008
c
l
is the gieatest ollset ol the stillenei liom a stiaight line between
tiansveise iestiaints due to llange cuivatuie;
is as delined in BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.3.1.2.
14 Design oI IIanges and webs with
Iarge openings
Any openings in webs oi compiession llanges should be liamed and the
stillened section designed loi local load ellects, including secondaiy
bending. Alteinatively, openings in webs may be unstillened piovided
that they meet the lollowing piovisions:
a) the oveiall gieatest inteinal dimension does not exceed the limits
in BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 2.3(1);
b) the longitudinal distance between the boundaiies ol ad}acent
openings is at least thiee times the maximum inteinal dimension;
c) not moie than one opening is piovided at any cioss-section.
All coineis ol openings should be iounded with a iadius ol at least
one-quaitei ol the least dimension ol the hole.
Cut-outs in stilleneis should be in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.4. Cut-outs piovided loi tiansveise
stilleneis should eithei have at least one-thiid ol theii peiimeteis
welded to the stilleneis, oi the stilleneis should be cleated to the web
with at least two bolts oi iivets pei side ol the connection oi by lull
peiimetei welding ol the cleat.
15 Design oI intermediate transverse
web stiIIeners
Inteimediate tiansveise web stilleneis should be designed to
BS EN 1993-1-5. Complementaiy guidance on the design ol
inteimediate tiansveise web stilleneis is given below. In paiticulai it
piovides:
a)
b) guidance on the loadings to considei.
Webs ol plate giideis, box giideis and iolled beams should be piovided
with tiansveise stilleneis at all points wheie these aie necessaiy loi the
adequacy ol the web plate and the longitudinal stilleneis, il any. A
tiansveise web stillenei should be piovided at all locations wheie a web
connects with a cioss beam and wheie a sloping llange changes
diiection.
Each end ol the tiansveise stillenei should be stopped oll oi shaped to
allow space loi a ioot lillet oi weld connecting the web to the llange.
Wheie the stillenei is stopped oll, a cleaiance not exceeding live times
the thickness ol the web should be allowed. The stillenei should extend
ovei the whole iemaining depth ol the web and should be litted closely
to the llange at each point ol application ol a concentiated load to the
llange.
i
P Q guidance on detailing inteimediate tiansveise stilleneis;
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PD 6695-2:2008
32 BSI 2010
Wheie cut-outs aie piovided in tiansveise stilleneis to allow the
passage ol longitudinal stilleneis, at least one side ol the opening in the
tiansveise stillenei should be cleated to the longitudinal stillenei with
at least two bolts oi iivets pei side ol the connection, oi by lull
peiimetei welding ol the cleat, oi at least one-thiid ol the peiimetei ol
the cut-out should be connected to the longitudinal stillenei by welding.
Bequiiements loi cut outs in tiansveise stilleneis aie given in
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.4(4) and 9.2.4(5). A tiansveise web
stillenei may loim pait ol a cioss beam, cioss liame oi U-liame.
A tiansveise stillenei should be designed to iesist the lollowing load
ellects, wheie these aie piesent:
a) axial loice in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.3.3(3),
applied in the mid-plane ol the web plate;
b) out ol plane bending due to compiessive stiess in the web,
deteimined in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1;
c) axial loice due to tianslei ol load thiough a cioss liame oi cioss
beam;
d) axial loice due to load applied at llange level;
e) axial loice due to cuivatuie ol llange;
l) axial loice due to change ol slope ol llange;
g) bending moment about the centioidal axis ol the ellective section
paiallel to the plane ol the web due to eccentiicity to that axis ol
axial loices desciibed in a), c), d), e), and l), oi liom llexuie ol a
cioss beam, U-liame oi deck.
The ellective section ol the tiansveise stillenei should be deteimined in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.1(2).
The axial loice in a stillenei due to the load applied at llange level, oi
due to cuivatuie oi change ol slope ol a stiessed llange, oi due to
tianslei ol load thiough a cioss liame, may be assumed to vaiy
uniloimly along the length ol the stillenei liom the value at the point ol
application to zeio at the iemote end ol the stillenei. The axial loice in
a stillenei due to tension lield action should be assumed as constant
ovei the length ol the stillenei.
16 Design oI bearing stiIIeners
16.1 GeneraI
This clause gives complementaiy guidance on the design ol beaiing
stilleneis. In paiticulai it piovides guidance on:
a) detailing beaiing stilleneis;
b) the loadings to considei, including the ellects ol membiane tension
liom sheai which is not delined in BS EN 1993-1-5;
c) the eccentiicities to considei.
Webs ol plate giideis and iolled beams should be piovided with a
system ol load beaiing stilleneis at each suppoit position. Heiealtei
these will be ieleiied to as beaiing stilleneis. The section ol a beaiing
stillenei should be symmetiical about the mid-plane ol the web. When
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this condition is not met, the ellect ol the iesulting eccentiicity should
be taken into account. The ends ol a beaiing stillenei should be
adequately connected to both llanges. They should be shaped to allow
space loi any ioot lillet oi weld connecting the web to the llange. Il
pioviding cleaiance using a localized cut out the length ol any
unsuppoited web should not exceed live times the thickness ol the web.
The stillenei should be litted closely to the llange wheie the llange is
sub}ect to a concentiated load. Wheie cut-outs aie piovided in beaiing
stilleneis, to allow the passage ol longitudinal stilleneis, at least one
side ol the opening in the beaiing stillenei should be cleated to the
longitudinal stillenei with at least two bolts oi iivets pei side ol the
connection, oi by lull peiimetei welding ol the cleat, oi at least
one-thiid ol the peiimetei ol the cut-out should be connected to the
longitudinal stillenei by welding. Bequiiements loi cut-outs in
tiansveise stilleneis aie given in BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.4(4)
and 9.2.4(5). A beaiing stillenei may be used to piovide toisional
iestiaint to a beam at its suppoit; it may also loim pait ol a cioss beam,
cioss liame oi U-liame.
16.2 Loadings on bearing stiIIeners and eIIective
section
A stillenei should be designed to iesist the lollowing load ellects, wheie
these aie piesent:
a) an axial loice equal to the algebiaic sum ol the ieaction liom the
suppoit beaiing and the veitical components ol the loices in the
ad}acent bottom llange oi llanges, due to slope oi cuivatuie;
b) an axial loice iepiesenting the destabilizing inlluence ol the web,
deteimined in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(6);
c) an axial loice due to tianslei ol load thiough a cioss liame oi
cioss beam;
d) bending moments aiising liom eccentiicity ol the axial loice about
the ielevant axes oi liom llexuie ol a cioss beam, cioss liame,
U-liame oi deck;
e) axial loice and bending moment liom piovision ol beam toisional
iestiaint in accoidance with Clause 10;
l) membiane loice applied in the plane ol the web loi stilleneis
acting as a iigid end post.
The membiane loice in l) may be iepiesented by a uniloimly distiibuted
loice N
H
acting tiansveise to the stillenei in the plane ol the web ol total
magnitude given by:
;
wheie:
t is the sheai stiess in the web;
t
ci
is the elastic ciitical sheai stiess calculated in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 5.3, taken as the lowest ol that loi oveiall and
sub-panel buckling wheie longitudinal stilleneis aie piesent.
2
H w w
/ 1.2 0
/ 1.2
cr
cr
N h /
t
t
t

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PD 6695-2:2008
34 BSI 2010
The ellective section ol the beaiing stillenei should be deteimined in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.1(2) loi the ellects in a) to e)
and in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.3.1(2) loi the ellects
ol l).
The axial loice in a stillenei due to the load applied at llange level, oi
due to cuivatuie oi change ol slope ol a stiessed llange, oi due to
tianslei ol load thiough a cioss liame, may be assumed to vaiy
uniloimly along the length ol the stillenei liom the value at the point ol
application to zeio at the iemote end ol the stillenei. The axial loice in
a stillenei due to tension lield action should be assumed as constant
ovei the length ol the stillenei.
16.3 Eccentricity
Load ellects due to eccentiicities aiising liom the lollowing causes
should be taken into account, when ielevant:
a) movements ol the beam ielative to the beaiing due to changes in
tempeiatuie;
b) changes in the point oi line ol contact at the spheiical oi
cylindiical suilace ol a beaiing due to slope ol the beam when
dellected by load;
c) uneven seating which may occui on a llat beaiing suilace;
d) inaccuiacy which may occui in the positioning ol the beam ielative
to the beaiing.
The lollowing values ol eccentiicity may be assumed to satisly the
piovisions ol c) and d):
hall the width ol the llat beaiing suilace plus 10 mm loi a
llat-topped iockei beaiing in contact with a llat beaiing suilace;
oi
3 mm loi a iadiused uppei beaiing iesting on a llat oi iadiused
lowei pait; oi
10 mm loi a llat uppei beaiing iesting on a iadiused lowei pait.
These iecommendations aie loi guidance only. Alteinative values
may be used depending on the type ol beaiings used loi individual
pio}ects.
16.4 Strength and stiIIness oI bearing stiIIeners
The beaiing stillenei should be designed loi the actions in
Clause 16 using BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.4. In applying
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.4(2), the cioss-section iesistance ol the
stillenei should be checked at each end ol the stillenei ellective section,
iegaidless ol whethei oi not cut-outs aie piesent.
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BSI 2010 35
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1? Connections ~ design oI beam spIices
1?.1 GeneraI
Splices in biidge beams aie not explicitly coveied by BS EN 1993-1-8.
This section gives guidance on the deteimination ol the distiibution ol
loices in the constituent paits ol a cioss-section loi use in the design ol
beam splices to biidge membeis. The veiilication ol the constituent
paits sub}ected to these loices should then be caiiied out using
BS EN 1993-1-8.
1?.2 Cover materiaI
Wheie covei mateiial is used to tiansmit load thiough a splice the
lollowing conditions should be satislied whenevei piacticable:
a) both suilaces ol the spliced paits should be piovided with covei
mateiial;
b) covei mateiial should be so disposed, with iespect to the
cioss-section ol the membei, as to communicate the piopoitional
load in the iespective paits ol the section.
Wheie the piovisions ol eithei a) oi b) aie not met, the ellect ol any
eccentiicity ol covei mateiial with iespect to the centioid ol the spliced
section, oi any pait ol such a section, should be consideied when
deteimining the stiength both ol the covei mateiial and ol the membei
oi pait.
1?.3 Compression members
1?.3.1 Loads to be transmitted
A splice located at oi neai an ellectively biaced }oint should be capable
ol tiansmitting at least the design load ellects in the membei. All othei
splices should be capable ol tiansmitting at least the load ellects and the
stiesses at the spliced section due to initial impeilections in accoidance
with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 5.3.3(4).
Alteinatively, the splice may be designed to tiansmit a loice equal to:
N
Ed
N
pl,Bd
/N
b,Bd
in addition to any coincident moments and sheais;
wheie:
N
Ed
is the load in the membei oi pait;
N
pl,Bd
is the plastic iesistance ol the membei oi pait;
N
b,Bd
is the buckling iesistance ol the membei oi pait.
1?.3.2 Limiting stresses Ior design
The maximum stiess o
a
in a spliced pait and that in the covei mateiial
should not exceed f
y
/y
Mo
wheie:
o
a
is the axial stiess oi, wheie sheai is piesent, the equivalent stiess
( ), on a cioss-section making allowance loi holes in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.2.4.
2 2
e1 1
3 o t +
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PD 6695-2:2008
36 BSI 2010
o
e1
, t
1
aie the axial stiess and the coexistent sheai stiess at a
cioss-section.
1?.3.3 Machined abutting ends oI parts in compression
A splice which has machined abutting ends in contact ovei the whole
aiea ol the section may be assumed to caiiy ?5% ol any compiessive
load diiectly thiough the abutting ends. Il the abutting aiea is incieased
by means ol machined end plates, the whole compiessive load may be
assumed to be tiansmitted thiough the abutting laces. The alignment ol
the abutting ends should be maintained by covei plates oi othei means.
The covei mateiial and its lastenings should be piopoitioned to caiiy a
loice at the abutting ends, acting in any diiection peipendiculai to the
axis ol the membei, equal to 2.5% ol the compiessive loice in the
membei.
1?.4 Tension members
1?.4.1 Loads to be transmitted
A splice in a membei oi pait sub}ected to tension should be designed to
tiansmit at least the load in the membei oi pait.
1?.4.2 Limiting stresses Ior design
The maximum stiess o
a
in a spliced pait and that in the covei mateiial
should not exceed f
y
/y
Mo
wheie:
o
a
is the axial stiess oi, wheie sheai is piesent, the equivalent stiess
( ), on a cioss-section making allowance loi holes in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, 6.2.3.
o
e1
, t
1
aie as delined in 1?.3.2.
1?.5 Members in bending
1?.5.1 GeneraI
A splice in a membei oi pait sub}ected to bending and axial load ellects
should satisly 1?.5.2 to 1?.5.4 and 1?.3 oi 1?.4 as appiopiiate.
1?.5.2 Compression IIanges
Compiession llanges should be tieated as compiession membeis and
spliced in accoidance with 1?.3. In deteimining the load to be
tiansmitted at a splice that is not ellectively biaced, the lollowing
delinitions should be adopted:
N
Ed
is the loice in the compiession llange at the splice position;
N
b,Bd
is the llange compiession calculated liom the bending iesistance
ol the beam at the position ol the maximum bending moment;
N
pl,Bd
is the llange compiession calculated liom the bending iesistance
ol the beam at the position ol the maximum bending moment, assuming
that lateial toisional buckling is pievented.
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1?.5.3 Tension IIanges
Tension llanges should be tieated as tension membeis and spliced in
accoidance with 1?.4.
1?.5.4 Parts subject to shear
A splice in a web oi othei pait sub}ected to sheai should be designed to
tiansmit at least the total ol:
a) the sheai loice at the splice;
b) the moment iesulting liom the eccentiicity, il any, ol the centioids
ol the gioups ol lasteneis on each side ol the splice;
c) the piopoition ol moment caiiied by the web oi pait, iiiespective
ol any shedding ol stiess into ad}oining paits assumed in the
design ol the membei oi pait;
d) the piopoition ol axial loice caiiied by the web oi pait,
iiiespective ol any shedding ol stiess into ad}oining paits assumed
in the design ol the membei oi pait.
18 Connections ~ design oI gusset pIates
18.1 GeneraI
Gusset plates aie not explicitly coveied by BS EN 1993-1-8. This section
piovides guidance on the piopoitioning and veiilication ol gusset
plates.
18.2 Strength
Gusset plates should be capable ol iesisting actions liom connected
membeis in such a way that the maximum equivalent stiess
( ) does not exceed f
yd
, the design yield stiess ol the gusset
mateiial. Any ieasonable assumption as to the distiibution ol stiesses
may be made, piovided that the assumed stiesses aie in equilibiium
with the loices in the connecting membeis, and that the connections aie
in accoidance with BS EN 1993-2:2006, Clause 8.
o
e1
, t
1
aie as delined in 1?.3.2.
In assessing the latigue lile, the stiesses in a gusset plate should be
deteimined by elastic analysis (see PD 6695-1-9).
18.3 DetaiIing
Gusset plates should be so shaped, and connectois so aiianged, as to
avoid seveie stiess concentiations.
The lengths /
g
ol unstillened unsuppoited edges shown in Iiguie ?
should be such that:
;
wheie:
/ is the thickness ol the gusset.
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61,5
/
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19 BoIted connections
19.1 GeneraI
Complementaiy iequiiements to BS EN 1993-2:2006, Clause 8,
coveiing the design ol }oints aie given in this section.
19.2 BoIted connections
19.2.1 Main beam spIices and connections oI bracing
members
Splices in main beams may geneially be designed using Categoiy B
connections in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-8. Connections between
compiession llange iestiaints and compiession llanges should
geneially be designed using Categoiy C connections unless the
compiession llange and iestiaints aie checked loi the ellects ol bolt slip
at the ultimate limit state.
19.2.2 BoIts, nuts and washers
Iuithei to BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, 3.1.1(1) and 3.1.2, Type 3 Giade A
lasteneis to ASTM standaid A325 [1| may be deemed suitable.
20 WeIded connections
20.1 WeIds with packings
Packings need only be tiimmed llush in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-1-8:2005, 4.4(1), loi the case wheie the packing thickness
is less than the iequiied thioat length as indicated in Iiguie 8.
Iiguie ? Gusset pIates
NOTL Thc vusvppor/cJ cJqc Jis/oucc /
q
is ucosvrcJ clcor /c/uccu
fi+iuqs.
b
g
b
g
b
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BSI 2010 39
PD 6695-2:2008
20.2 Fatigue check oI weIds Ior parts in direct
bearing contact
Wheie all oi pait ol a loice is tiansmitted between two paits in contact
by diiect beaiing, the welds between the paits should be checked loi
latigue assuming the entiie latigue loading is caiiied by the welds,
unless a detailed stiess analysis is peiloimed consideiing the toleiances
on llatness ol the mating suilaces.
20.3 EIIective throat thickness Ior IiIIet weIds
The ellective thioat thickness loi welds with angle less than 90
between lusion laces should be limited to 0,?1 times the leg length. Il a
gieatei thioat is iequiied in design, the iequiied thioat should be
specilied on the diawing.
20.3.1 SpeciIication oI weId size
20.3.1.1 Butt weIds
The minimum thioat depth ol paitial penetiation butt welds should be
indicated togethei with the side liom which welding is to be done
(see BS EN 22553 loi symbols).
Iiguie 8 WeIds with packings
Key
1 Packing
2 Specilied thioat thickness
3 Thioat thickness necessaiy to tiansmit the design loice
1
2
2
J
2
1
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All lull penetiation butt welds should be double sided, unless specilically
indicated that single sided welds aie acceptable, and il so whethei
peimanent backing is iequiied/not peimitted.
20.3.1.2 FiIIet weIds
The sizes ol lillet welds should be cleaily designated as to whethei the
dimension ieleis to the thioat oi the leg (see BS EN 22553 loi symbols).
20.3.1.3 WeId symboIs
Il weld symbols to BS EN 22553 aie used, this should be indicated on
all applicable diawings.
21 Cross beams and other transverse
members in IIanges
21.1 GeneraI
This section gives guidance on the design ol llange tiansveise membeis.
In paiticulai it piovides:
a) a means ol calculating the second oidei ellects iequiied loi the
stillness and stiength checks in BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1,
without the need loi second oidei computei modelling;
b) guidance on the loadings to considei.
All llange tiansveise membeis designed in accoidance with this pait
should be suppoited by tiansveise web stilleneis at main beam webs,
unless a special investigation is undeitaken to show such stillening to
be unnecessaiy.
This section piovides limited iules loi the design ol tiansveise membeis
iequiied to suppoit a llange pio}ecting liom an outei main beam. Such
tiansveise membeis should be continuous with the tiansveise membei
between main beam webs. The stiength and stillness ciiteiia ol
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(4), should be applied in theii design and
veiilied by second oidei analysis. The assumptions in
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(1) to (3) should be modilied as lollows:
a) The tiansveise stillenei should be assumed to be cantileveied liom
the main beam web with an initial sinusoidal impeilection w
0
.
b) In the delinition ol s in BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(2), / should
be modilied to 2/ and / ie-delined to be the length ol the
cantilevei pio}ection.
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(5) should not be applied as it ielates to
simply suppoited conditions at each end ol the tiansveise stillenei.
Il allowance is made loi oithotiopic action, o
ci,p
should not be obtained
liom BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, Annex A, which cateis only loi plates
suppoited on loui sides. It should eithei be deteimined liom elastic
theoiy oi oithotiopic action should be ignoied and o
ci,p
taken equal to
o
ci,c
.
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21.2 Loadings to consider and eIIective section
21.2.1 Wheie tiansveise membeis aie piovided on llanges oi decks
they should be designed loi all action ellects, including the lollowing:
a) to tianslei local loading liom the llange oi deck to the web ol main
beams;
b) to distiibute loading tiansveisely to the main beams;
c) to withstand loices aiising liom a longitudinal change ol slope ol a
llange;
d) to withstand loices liom wet conciete and peimanent loads;
e) to piovide iigid suppoit to a compiession llange with oi without
longitudinal stilleneis.
21.2.2 Additionally they should be designed loi the lollowing:
a) moments induced by initial deloimations due to applied loads
(paiticulaily live loads) magnilied by the compiessive loice in the
llange;
b) moments induced by dellections due to applied loads (paiticulaily
live loads) magnilied by the compiessive loice in the llange;
c) iestiaint ol distoition ol box giideis;
d) cieep and shiinkage ol conciete, and dilleiential tempeiatuie;
e) longitudinal cuivatuie ol the main llange in elevation;
l) piolile deviations liom the specilied piolile in elevation ol a
compiession llange.
NOTL Iu /o+ qirJcrs, o flouqc /rousicrsc ucu/cr uo olso /c por/ of ou
iu/cruol cross frouc or Jiophroqu.
21.3 Strength and stiIIness oI transverse IIange
stiIIeners
The tiansveise llange stillenei should meet the stiength and stillness
iequiiements ol BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1. The expiessions in
Clause 15 may be used to peiloim the checks.
22 Shape Iimitations Ior stiIIener
outstands
22.1 GeneraI
This clause gives guidance on design loi toisional buckling ol open
stilleneis and piovides loimulae to caiiy out the necessaiy
veiilications. A simplilied ciiteiion is given loi llat stilleneis.
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22.2 VeriIication oI torsionaI buckIing
All stillenei outstands should satisly the iequiiements ol
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(?) oi 9.2.1(8), as appiopiiate. Ilat
stilleneis may be assumed to be stable against toisional buckling il
. In applying BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(8), the
ciitical stiess loi toisional buckling may be taken as:
;
wheie:
C
w
is the waiping constant ol the stillenei about the attachment line;
L is the length between tiansveise iestiaints to the stillenei;
Ioi an angle section:
.
Ioi a tee section:
.
wheie B, H, /
s
and /
l
aie as shown in Iiguie 9.
y
s
s
12,9
235
f
h
/
-
2
w
ci T
2
p
1 LC
GI
I
L
r
o

+

3
l s
3 2 l
2
l
w
l s
1.3
3
3
3
B / H/
B/
B H /
H
C
B/ H/

+ +

+

3
l s
3 2 l
2
l
w
l s
1.1
3
12
12
B / H/
B/
B H /
H
C
B/ H/

+ +

+

Iiguie 9 Notation Ior angIes and tees
/
/
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/
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BSI 2010 43
PD 6695-2:2008
23 Bo girders ~ the eIIects oI torsion
and distortion
23.1 GeneraI
This section intioduces tiaditional methods loi evaluating toisional and
distoitional actions in box giideis. In cuiient piactice it is likely that IE
models using 2D elements will piovide the values moie ieadily, with
much less scope loi conlusion. Howevei, an IE analysis meiges the
longitudinal stiesses due to axial loice, bending, toisional waiping and
distoitional waiping. When evolving a design, knowledge ol the ielative
magnitudes ol the sepaiate components can be uselul, and these
algebiaic expiessions piovide such knowledge. It is also uselul to
undeistand what lactois inlluence each component.
The shapes ol the theoietical stiess patteins shown in this section can
be uselul when inteipieting an IE analysis although, in situations wheie
sheai-lag is paiticulaily signilicant, the patteins will dillei slightly liom
those shown heie.
The use ol 23.2 and 23.3 loi the calculation ol distoitional ellects
iequiies that the distoitional iestiaints satisly the given stillness
ciiteiia.
Il the ellects ol St Venant toision aie neglected in open sections, the lull
applied toisional moment should be caiiied as waiping toision.
23.2 Restraint oI torsionaI warping in bo girders
23.2.1 GeneraI
When an inciement ol toique, T, is applied at a section ol a box giidei
(othei than at a liee end) the iesulting maximum longitudinal stiess at
this section due to iestiaint ol toisional waiping, o
TW
, may be calculated
as lollows:
23.2.2 Stresses at the junction between the bottom IIange
and web
At the }unction between the bottom llange and a web, at the section
wheie an inciement ol toique, T, is applied:
o
TWB
;
wheie:
D is the depth ol the box at its centieline measuied between centies ol
llange plates, oi, in composite constiuction, between the ellective
centioid ol the composite top llange and the centie ol the bottom llange
plate;
I
T
is the toisional constant ;
A
o
is the aiea enclosed by the median line ol the peiimetei mateiial ol
the section;
T
DT
I
2
o
4A
/
/
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PD 6695-2:2008
44 BSI 2010
/, / aie the width and thickness, iespectively, ol each wall ol the section
loiming the closed peiimetei.
NOTL Ior /o+cs ui/h o couposi/c flouqc,
scc BS LN 199-?.?005, ..3.3{11).
23.2.3 Stresses at the junction between the top IIange and
the web
At the }unction between the top llange and a web, at the section wheie
an inciement ol toique T is applied:
;
wheie:
B
c
is the width ol llange pio}ection beyond the centie ol the web;
B
B
, B
T
aie the widths ol the bottom and top llanges, iespectively,
measuied between the centies ol webs.
NOTL Whcrc /hcrc orc /uo or uorc /o+ qirJcrs iu o siuqlc s/rvc/vrc ui/h
couucc/cJ /op flouqcs, o
TWT
uo /c /o/cu os ccro.
23.2.4 Distribution oI stresses
At a distance x liom the section wheie an inciement ol toique is applied:
.
The distiibution acioss the section ol the longitudinal stiess due to
iestiaint ol toisional waiping may be assumed to be as shown in
Iiguie 10.
2
B
TWT
3
T
c
T
T
2
1
B DT
B
B
I
B
o

+

( )
B
2
TW,x TW
e
+ B
o o
Iiguie 10 Distribution oI torsionaI warping stresses

1
lwl rox
lwl rox
lwB rox
lwB rox
lwl rox
!
B
Posifive
corpressive
2
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2
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2
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BSI 2010 45
PD 6695-2:2008
23.3 Restraint oI distortionaI warping
23.3.1 GeneraI
When toique is applied to a box giidei othei than at a cioss liame oi a
diaphiagm, the iesulting longitudinal stiess due to iestiaint ol
distoitional waiping o
DW
may be calculated in accoidance with 23.3.2,
piovided that the cioss liames oi diaphiagms aie in accoidance
with 23.3.4.
23.3.2 Corner stresses
The distoitional waiping stiess o
DW
may be calculated as lollows.
a) At a }unction between a llange and a web, undei a uniloimly
distiibuted applied toique T
UD
pei unit length ol span:
when ;
when ;
wheie:
is the distance liom the hoiizontal neutial axis to the llange/web
}unction;
I
yy
is the second moment ol aiea ol the giidei, inclusive ol its ellective
llanges, about the hoiizontal neutial axis;
L
D
is the spacing ol cioss liames oi diaphiagms;
B
T
L
D
is given by ;
K is given by ;
D
YT
is the tiansveise llexuial iigidity, LI, ol the top llange, including
tiansveise stilleneis il any, pei unit length ol span;
;
wheie:
\
D
B
B
, B
T
aie as delined in 23.2.3;
D
YB
is the tiansveise llexuial iigidity, LI, ol the bottom llange, including
tiansveise stilleneis, il any, pei unit length ol span;
J is the cleai depth ol the web measuied in the plane ol the web, oi, il
coinei stillening is piovided, the distance between the centies ol
connections ol such stillening to the web;
D
YC
is the tiansveise llexuial iigidity, LI, ol the web, including its
tiansveise stilleneis, il any, pei unit length ol span.
2
UD D
DW
T yy
4,5
T cL
B I
o
D
1.6 L <
2
UD D
DW
2 2
D T yy
0,6
T cL
L B I
o
1.6
D
L .
c
0.25
4
D
yy
KL
LI

YT D
3
T
24D R
B
B T
D
B YT B YT
B B D
B T YC T T YC T
2
1 2 1
B B
R
B D J B D J
B B \
B B D B B D B
+

+ + +

+

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PD 6695-2:2008
46 BSI 2010
b) At a }unction between a llange and a web, due to a concentiated
applied toique T wheie the axle oi concentiated load is applied
mid-way between diaphiagms:
o
DW
when ;
o
DW
when .
c) Undei uniloimly distiibuted loading (UDL) and concentiated
loading, the ellects due to each ol them should be sepaiately
calculated as desciibed in a) and b), and the sum ol the iesulting
stiesses taken.
d) Undei a seiies ol concentiated toiques due to axle loads:
;
wheie:
o
DW1
is the value ol o
DW
obtained undei b) loi a unit axle load;
is given by ;
P
n
is the load on an axle at distance x liom the mid-point between
diaphiagms;
;
K is as delined in a).
23.3.3 Distribution oI distortionaI warping stress
Stiess due to iestiaint ol distoitional waiping should be assumed to be
distiibuted ovei the cioss-section as shown in Iiguie 11. In Iiguie 11,
B
c
is the width ol the llange pio}ection beyond the web, oi, wheie theie
aie two oi moie boxes in one stiuctuie, hall the cleai width ol llange
between boxes.
D
T yy
TcL
B I
D
1,0 L -
D
D T yy
TcL
L B I
D
1,0 L >
DW DW1 +
C
o o

+
C
( )
n
cos sin e
+
P + +

+
0.25
4
yy
K+
LI

Iiguie 11 LongitudinaI stresses due to distortionaI warping
Y Y
c
1
0wl rox
0wB rox
0wl rox
B
2
l
2
z
B
z
l
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PD 6695-2:2008
23.3.4 EIIective diaphragm and cross Irames
23.3.4.1 GeneraI
To be ellective loi the puiposes ol this clause, a cioss liame oi a
diaphiagm should be such as to satisly the conditions given in 23.3.4.2
and 23.3.4.3, wheie the load ellects mentioned should be consideied as
acting in combination with all othei simultaneously acting loading
ellects.
23.3.4.2 Strength
a) A plate diaphiagm should be capable ol iesisting a sheai stiess t
D
given by:
t
D
T/2BD/
p
wheie:
/
p
is the thickness ol the diaphiagm plate;
B is the aveiage ol the widths at the top and bottom llanges;
D is as delined in 23.2.3;
T is the toique due to loads applied at the diaphiagm and between the
ad}acent diaphiagms oi cioss liames on eithei side. Any toique applied
between the diaphiagm and an ad}acent diaphiagm oi cioss liame may
be appoitioned by simple static analysis.
b) A cioss liame consisting ol a paii ol cioss biaces connecting both
paiis ol opposite coineis ol the box, in which both biaces aie
consideied to be simultaneously ellective, should be capable ol
caiiying a loice I
B
in each biace, given by:
;
wheie:
T, B, D aie as delined in a);
B
B
, B
T
aie as delined in 23.2.3;
L
p
is as delined in 23.3.4.3.
c) A vee-biaced cioss liame with the vee centied in the top oi bottom
llange, in which both biaces aie consideied to be simultaneously
ellective, should be capable ol caiiying a loice I
B
in each biace,
as given by:
;
wheie:
T, B, D aie as delined in a);
L
b
is as delined in 23.3.4.3;
B
B
, B
T
aie as delined in 23.2.3.
p B
B
T
4
TL B
I
BDB
b B
B
T
TL B
I =
?BDB
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PD 6695-2:2008
48 BSI 2010
23.3.4.3 StiIIness
A cioss liame oi a diaphiagm should have a dimensionless stillness S
not less than the value obtained liom Table 1.
wheie:
S is loi plated diaphiagm;
S is loi a cioss biaced cioss liame;
S is loi a vee biaced cioss liame, iiiespective ol whethei
the centie ol the V is at the top oi bottom llange;
S is loi an unbiaced iing cioss liame with constant section
liaming membeis; alteinatively,
S is loi any type ol cioss liame including a iing cioss liame;
A
p
is the change in length ol the diagonal L
p
calculated to occui undei
the system ol diagonal loices P
P
as shown in Iiguie 12. This method ol
deiiving stillness may be used loi any type ol liame including those
given above.
L
p
(D
2
+ B
2
), the length ol the diagonal;
L
b
is the length ol the biace;
A
p
is the suilace aiea ol the plated diaphiagm, given by BD;
A
b
is the aiea ol the cioss-section ol the biace;
o
b
is the unit length llexibility given by ;
B is the aveiage width ol the box giidei given by ;
L
D
and K aie as delined in 23.3.2;
2 2
p d
b
p D
2
G/ K
L
A L
o
2
b
b
D p
K
LA
L L
o
2 2
b p
b
3
D b
K
LA L
L
L
o
B
D
K
KL
2
P b
p D
P K
L
o
A
Iiguie 12 System oI diagonaI Iorces
B
lP
P
P
P
P
l
w
P
P
P
P
0
0
2
0
2
B p
BD
KB L
T B
+
2
B B
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BSI 2010 49
PD 6695-2:2008
K
B
is the value ol K deiived by taking D
YB
, D
YC
and D
YT
as the llexuial
iigidities ol the ellective liaming membeis attached to the top and
bottom llanges and webs iespectively;
B
T
, B
B
aie as delined in 23.2.3
23.4 Transverse distortionaI bending stresses
23.4.1 GeneraI
When loads aie applied to a box giidei othei than at a cioss liame oi a
diaphiagm, the iesulting tiansveise bending stiesses in the walls ol a
box should be calculated on the basis ol lineai elastic theoiy. The
simplilied pioceduie given in 23.3.2 may be used piovided that the
cioss liames oi the diaphiagms aie in accoidance with 23.3.4.
23.4.2 Corner stresses
The tiansveise bending stiess o
DB
may be calculated as lollows.
a) At a }unction between a tiansveise stillenei on a web and a
tiansveise stillenei oi cioss beam on a llange, undei a uniloimly
distiibuted toique, T
UD
:
o
DB
when ;
o
DW
when ;
wheie:
W is the elastic section modulus, pei unit ol span length, ol the llange
oi web inclusive ol tiansveise stilleneis oi cioss beams;
o
DB
is the maximum distoitional bending stiess in the pait to which W
ieleis;
I
D
is given by at a top llange }unction oi at a
bottom llange }unction.
.
Table 1 Diaphragm stiIIness, S
SingIe torque UniIormIy distributed torque
L
D
For o
DW
For o
DB
For o
DW
For o
DB
3,0 0 0 0 5
2,0 0 5 0 30
1,5 2 10 10 200
1,0 20 50 100 500
0,8 50 100 200 1 000
0,5 500 1 000 200 10 000
0,3 2 000 10 000 200 20 000
UD D
T
T I
B W
D
2.65 L >
3,?
UD D D
T
2 2,2
T I L
B W

D
2,0 L -
T B
D
B T
2
B B
\
B B

+

B D
2
B \
YT B
YC T T
D
2 3
T YT B B YT B
B YC T T T YB T
2 1
1 1 2 1
J
D B
D B B
\ =
J
B D B B D B
B D B B B D B

+ +

+ + + + +

P Q ; D is as delined in 23.2.2.
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PD 6695-2:2008
50 BSI 2010
b) At a }unction between a tiansveise stillenei on a web and a
tiansveise stillenei oi cioss beam on a llange, due to a
concentiated toique T wheie an axle oi concentiated load is
applied mid-way between diaphiagms:
o
DB
when ;
o
DB
when ;
wheie all symbols aie as delined in a).
c) Undei UDL and concentiated loading, the ellects ol the uniloimly
distiibuted and concentiated loads should be sepaiately calculated
as desciibed in a) and b), and the sum ol the iesulting stiesses
used.
d) Undei a seiies ol concentiated toiques due to axle loads:
;
wheie:
o
DB1
is the value ol o
DB
obtained undei b) loi a unit axle load;
P
+
is given by ;
P
n
, + aie as delined in 23.3.2d).
23.5 Distribution oI distortionaI bending stress
Tiansveise distoitional bending moments should be assumed to be
distiibuted ovei the cioss-section, as shown in Iiguie 13, and the
iesulting stiesses calculated using the appiopiiate value ol W at each
section.
D
D
T D
2
TI
L
B L W
2
D
L >
( )
3,9
D
D
T D
15,5
TI
L
B L W
2,65
D
L -
DB DB1 +
P
o o

( )
n
cos sin e
+
P + +

+
Iiguie 13 Transverse distortionaI moments
0B
H
0B
k
l
-
0B
H
0B
k
B
-
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BSI 2010 51
PD 6695-2:2008
24 Bo girders ~ the design oI pIated
diaphragms
24.1 GeneraI
Diaphiagms may in geneial be designed using eithei non-lineai linite
element analysis with appiopiiate impeilections in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, Annex C, oi by using the ieduced stiess method
ol BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, Clause 10, in con}unction with elastic linite
element analysis and appiopiiate global impeilections. This inloimative
appendix is howevei intended to be used as a sell-contained pioceduie
loi hand methods ol calculation, except wheie specilic ieleience is
made to othei paits ol BS EN 1993 oi this document.
The design methods ol 24.5 and 24.6 use stiength piovisions that aie
compatible only with the assumed methods ol stiess deiivation
contained theiein. Stiesses deiived by linite element analyses should
not be substituted diiectly loi these deiived stiesses.
a) Diaphiagms should be piovided at suppoits ol box giideis to
tianslei applied loads to the beaiings. Sub}ect to the limitations
and piovisions ol 24.2, unstillened and stillened diaphiagms
should be designed in accoidance with 24.5 and 24.6,
iespectively, on the basis ol the loadings and ellective sections
given in 24.3 and 24.4, iespectively.
b) The diaphiagm/web }unctions should meet the piovisions ol 24.?.
Deck cioss beams and/oi cantileveis suppoiting the deck and
located in the plane ol a diaphiagm should meet the piovisions
ol 24.8.
c) The geometiic notation used is shown in Iiguie 14.
24.2 Limitations
24.2.1 Bo girders
Box giideis should be ol nominally iectangulai cioss-section oi ol
nominally tiapezoidal cioss-section with webs in single planes inclined
at less than 45 liom the veitical, and when unstillened, should be
nominally symmetiical about a veitical axis (i.e. ignoiing cioss lall oi
supeielevation).
Box giideis should be ol a single cell loim with oi without
inteiconnecting cioss membeis and cantileveis and should not be
sub}ect to inteinal piessuie ellects due to sealing.
24.2.2 Diaphragms and bearings
The plane ol the diaphiagm should be within 5 to the noimal to the
axis ol the giidei in elevation, within 10 in plan, and within 5 ol a
veitical plane.
The diaphiagm should be in a single plane, except as peimitted
in 24.2.4 loi staitei plates.
Each diaphiagm should be suppoited on eithei a single beaiing oi twin
beaiings undei each box.
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Beaiings undei unstillened diaphiagms should be symmetiically placed
about the veitical axis ol the diaphiagm.
The contact width j ol a stillened diaphiagm above a beaiing, as delined
in Iiguie 14, should not exceed hall the depth ol the diaphiagm with a
single beaiing noi one-quaitei ol the depth ol the diaphiagm with twin
beaiings.
A beaiing below a stillened diaphiagm should not extend acioss the
width ol the diaphiagm beyond the line ol attachment ol a beaiing
stillenei by moie than 15/
p
r
p
,
wheie:
/
p
r
p
(235/f
yp
);
f
yp
is the nominal yield stiength ol the diaphiagm plate.
Iiguie 14 Geometric notation Ior diaphragms
d
/
p
/
i
h
/
w
/
p
S
s
0
15/
p
c
lhickness
nferrediofe sfieners
0iophrogr / web
juncfion secfion
0
2
Beoring
sfieners
Sfub
sfieners
Z
Y Y
Z
,
z
1,5
(
Beoring defoil
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BSI 2010 53
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24.2.3 Cross beams and cantiIevers
Wheie the deck pio}ects beyond the box web and is suppoited on cioss
beams and/oi cantileveis which aie in the plane ol a diaphiagm, the
llanges ol such membeis should piovide a continuous load path thiough
each box web and acioss the diaphiagm loi the loices they aie iequiied
to caiiy. These membeis should be assumed to be suppoited by the
diaphiagm/box web }unctions (see 24.? and 24.8).
24.2.4 Starter pIates
Wheie staitei plates aie to be used to connect a diaphiagm to the box
walls, they should eithei be:
a) positioned in the plane ol the diaphiagm and be butt-welded oi
connected by double covei plates to the diaphiagm; oi
b) lap }ointed to the diaphiagm, piovided that a suitable system ol
stillening is designed to withstand, in addition to any othei load
ellects, all the moments iesulting liom the eccentiicity ol
connection.
24.2.5 StiIIeners to diaphragms
All stilleneis to plate diaphiagms should be in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.2.1(8) and 9.2.1(9).
Beaiing stilleneis should be symmetiically placed about the diaphiagm
plate, unless a special analysis is made ol the ellects ol any eccentiicity
with iespect to that plate.
24.2.6 PIating in diaphragms
The thickness ol plating in an unstillened diaphiagm should be uniloim
thioughout.
24.2.? Openings in unstiIIened diaphragms
Openings in unstillened diaphiagms should be in accoidance with the
lollowing.
a) Only one ciiculai opening may be piovided on each side ol the
veitical centieline ol the diaphiagm within the uppei-thiid ol the
height ol the diaphiagm.
b) The diametei ol any such opening should not exceed the least ol:
6/
p
;
D/20;
B/20.
wheie:
/
p
is the diaphiagm plate thickness;
D is the depth ol the diaphiagm (see Iiguie 14);
B is the width ol the diaphiagm taken as the aveiage ol the widths at the
top and bottom llange levels loi boxes with sloping webs.
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PD 6695-2:2008
54 BSI 2010
c) Cut-outs loi longitudinal stilleneis on the box walls should have
the stilleneis connected to the diaphiagm plate by one ol the
lollowing methods:
welding, along at least one-thiid ol the peiimetei ol the
cut-out;
cleating to the longitudinal stillenei with at least two bolts oi
iivets pei side ol the connection, oi by lull peiimetei welding
ol the cleat.
In addition, the length ol the liee edge ol any cut-out should not exceed
10/
p
r
p
when any pait ol this liee edge is within a distance 12/
p
r
p
liom
any pait ol a beaiing plate,
wheie:
/
p
is the diaphiagm plate thickness;
r
p
(235/f
yp
);
f
yp
24.2.8 Openings in stiIIened diaphragms
24.2.8.1 Position oI openings
With the exception ol openings peimitted in 24.2.8.4, openings should
not be positioned within the aieas shown shaded in Iiguie 15a and
Iiguie 15b.
24.2.8.2 UnstiIIened openings
Unstillened openings should be ciiculai and ol diametei not exceeding
the least ol:
6/
p
;
o/20;
//20;
except when:
o
e
s ;
loi which the limiting diametei is twice the limits given in 24.2.8.3a),
b) and c);
wheie:
o and / aie the panel dimensions;
o
e
;
o
p1
,o
p2
and t
p
aie the stiesses in the diaphiagm plate deiived in
accoidance with 24.6;
f
yp
Not moie than one such opening should be positioned in a single plate
panel.
yp
M0
2
f
y
2 2 2
p1 p2 p1 p2 p
3 o o o o t + +
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BSI 2010 55
PD 6695-2:2008
Iiguie 15a Openings in stiIIened diaphragms ~ twin bearings
Iiguie 15b Openings in stiIIened diaphragms ~ singIe centraI bearing and
positioning oI bearings
NOTL 1 Opcuiuqs orc uo/ pcrui//cJ iu shoJcJ orcos.
NOTL ? Diucusious orc /o/cu frou /op of cv/-ov/s uhcrc prcscu/.
0
Connecfion line o
beoring sfieners
Single
beoring
sfieners
0ouble
beoring
sfieners
0
J
15/
p p
15/
p p
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
Connecfion line o
beoring sfieners
,7 |rin.}
0
2
,7 |rin.}
0
J
15 /
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24.2.8.3 StiIIened openings
Stillened openings should:
a) be liamed on all sides by stilleneis;
b) have ciiculai coineis ol iadius at least one-quaitei ol the least
dimension ol the hole, with no ie-entiant coineis;
c) be positioned such that the distance ol any edge liom an ad}acent
wall ol the box is at least 0,? times the maximum dimension ol the
hole paiallel to the wall, plus the distance liom the wall to the
tips ol any cut-outs in the diaphiagm loi longitudinal stilleneis
(see Iiguie 15b), unless the ad}acent plate is designed loi
secondaiy in-plane stiesses.
24.2.8.4 Cut-outs Ior IongitudinaI stiIIeners
Cut-outs loi longitudinal stilleneis should be in accoidance
with 24.2.?c).
24.3 Loading on diaphragms
24.3.1 Derivation
The load ellects in diaphiagms and associated paits ol box giideis
should be deiived liom global analysis undeitaken in accoidance with
BS EN 1993-2:2006, 5.2.
24.3.2 EIIects to be considered
Diaphiagms should be designed to iesist, with due account being taken
ol any lack ol symmetiy in the cioss-section oi in the beaiing
aiiangement, the combined ellects ol the lollowing.
a) All exteinally applied loads and the associated beaiing ieactions.
b) Changes in beaiing ieactions and web sheais due to:
1) cieep, shiinkage and dilleiential tempeiatuie;
2) settlement and othei movement ol suppoits.
NOTL 1 Trousicrsc cffcc/s Jvc /o /) (1) uo /c ucqlcc/cJ.
c) Eiiois in installation ol beaiings, compiising:
1) beaiing misalignment in plan;
2) eiiois in level ol a single beaiing, oi in the mean levels ol
moie than one beaiing at any suppoit;
3) beaiing inclination;
4) depaituies liom common planaiity ol twin oi multiple
beaiings.
NOTL ? Ius/ollo/iou crrors iu (1), (?) ouJ (J), ui/hiu /hc /olcrouccs
qiicu iu BS LN 1JJ7 ouJ BS LN 1090-?, orc olloucJ for iu 3. ouJ 3.6
ouJ /hcir looJ cffcc/s uccJ uo/ /c osscsscJ scporo/cl.
d) Changes in longitudinal slope ol box llanges at the diaphiagm.
e) Eiiois ol longitudinal cambei in continuous constiuction.
NOTL J Allououcc for /his uo /c uoJc / ossvuiuq, o/ /hc /coriuqs,
o icr/icol Jisploccucu/ of o svppor/ rclo/iic /o /uo oJjoccu/ svppor/s
of 1,5 000 /iucs /hc svu of /hc oJjoccu/ spous.
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l) Out-ol-plane moments due to any oi all ol the lollowing, as
appiopiiate:
1) longitudinal movements ol the biidge;
2) changes in slope ol the biidge;
3) eccentiicity due to beaiing misalignment along the span oi
due to the shape ol the beaiing; the combined eccentiicity loi
these may be taken as:
hall the width ol the llat beaiing suilace plus 10 mm loi
llat topped iockei beaiing in contact with llat beaiing
suilace; oi
3 mm loi iadiused uppei beaiing iesting on llat oi
iadiused lowei pait; oi
10 mm loi llat uppei beaiing iesting on iadiused lowei
pait.
4) inteiconnection between deck and diaphiagm stilleneis;
5) any intended eccentiicity ol the centioidal axes ol the ellective
section ol the beaiing stilleneis with iespect to the diaphiagm
plate.
24.4 EIIective sections
24.4.1 GeneraI
Ioi deteimining the stiesses in a diaphiagm, the ellective elastic
section modulus and ellective aiea ol a veitical cioss-section, and the
ellective veitical and hoiizontal sheai aieas, should be deiived in
accoidance with 24.4.2 and 24.4.3. Ioi deteimining the stiesses in
stilleneis, theii ellective sections should be deiived in accoidance
with 24.4.4 oi 24.4.5, as appiopiiate.
In 24.4.2 and 24.4.3 the ieleiences to tiansveise tension and
compiession apply to diiections noimal to the longitudinal axis ol the
giidei.
24.4.2 VerticaI sections
24.4.2.1 GeneraI
The deteimination ol the ellective aiea A
e
and the ellective section
modulus W
e
ol a veitical cioss-section ol a diaphiagm, should be
based on ellective aieas ol box llanges and diaphiagm plate as given
in 24.4.2.2 to 24.4.2.5.
24.4.2.2 EIIective IIange width
In calculating an ellective aiea ol a box llange, an ellective width /
e
should be deteimined sepaiately loi each side ol the diaphiagm and
should not exceed any ol the lollowing:
a) one-quaitei ol the distance ol the section undei consideiation
liom the neaiest web/llange }unction;
b) hall the distance to an ad}acent diaphiagm oi cioss beam loi any
llange in tiansveise tension, oi loi a composite llange in
tiansveise compiession;
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PD 6695-2:2008
58 BSI 2010
c) outside an end diaphiagm, the actual width ol plate piovided;
d) 15/
l
r
l
loi a non-composite llange in tiansveise compiession. This
limit may be incieased to one-quaitei ol the distance to an
ad}acent diaphiagm oi cioss beam piovided that the tiansveise
compiessive stiess (using the incieased width) does not exceed
the lessei ol:
one-quaitei ol the longitudinal compiessive stiength ol the
llange;
;
wheie:
/
l
is the thickness ol the llange plate;
r
l
(235/f
yl
);
f
yl
is the nominal yield stiength ol the llange plate;
/ is the spacing ol the longitudinal llange stilleneis oi the distance
between box webs loi an unstillened llange.
24.4.2.3 EIIective IIange area
The ellective aiea ol a box llange should be deteimined as lollows.
The ellective aiea ol steel plate on each side ol the diaphiagm should
be taken as K
c
/
l
/
e
;
wheie:
/
l
is the llange thickness;
/
e
is the ellective width on the appiopiiate side ol the diaphiagm
deiived liom 24.4.2.2;
K
c
is a coellicient taken as 1,0, except in the case ol a non-composite
llange in tiansveise compiession with an ellective width gieatei
than 15/
l
r
l
when the value ol K
c
should be obtained liom Iiguie 16 with
the dimension o taken as the spacing ol longitudinal llange stilleneis
and dimension / taken as the distance liom the diaphiagm to an
ad}acent cioss beam oi diaphiagm. In using Iiguie 16, the iestiained
cuive should be used loi diaphiagms at inteinal suppoits ol continuous
beams and the uniestiained cuive loi diaphiagms at end suppoits;
Any tiansveise llange stilleneis within the ellective width should be
ignoied.
In composite constiuction, the ellective llange aiea may include the
aiea ol steel ieinloicement within the total ellective width, and, il
sub}ected to tiansveise compiession, may also include the tiansloimed
aiea ol conciete within the total ellective width.
24.4.2.4 Diaphragm pIate
Holes within the veitical section ol a diaphiagm should be deducted.
When a stillened opening is piovided, diaphiagm plating extending
within the liaming stilleneis by moie than 10/
p
r
p
should be ignoied,
wheie:
.
2
l
0,5
/
L
/

p
yp
235
f
r
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24.4.2.5 IncIined webs
In the case ol box giideis with inclined webs, no pait ol the webs should
be included in the veitical section ol a diaphiagm.
24.4.3 Shear area
The ellective veitical and hoiizontal sheai aieas A
ve
and A
he
should be
taken as the net aieas ol a veitical and hoiizontal cioss-section,
iespectively, ol diaphiagm plating only.
24.4.4 Diaphragm stiIIeners
a) The ellective section ol a stillenei on a diaphiagm should be taken
to compiise the stillenei with widths ol diaphiagm plate on each
side ol the stillenei wheie available, not exceeding the lessei ol:
hall the distance liom the stillenei to an ad}acent stillenei oi
to the wall ol the box; oi
15r
p
times the thickness ol the diaphiagm plate.
b) Additionally, loi a beaiing stillenei, the ellective width ol plate
assumed on the side towaids the web should not exceed hall the
distance liom the stillenei to the web/bottom llange }unction.
c) The sectional aiea ol discontinuous diaphiagm stilleneis should be
ignoied.
24.4.5 Diaphragm/web junction
The ellective section ol this pait should be taken to compiise a) below,
plus b), c), oi d) as appiopiiate:
a) a width ol web plating each side ol the diaphiagm (wheie
available) ol up to 16 times the web thickness;
b) wheie theie is a load beaiing stillenei on the diaphiagm, within a
distance ol 25/
p
liom the web: a width ol diaphiagm plate equal to
hall the distance between the web and the load beaiing stillenei;
c) wheie theie is a stillenei, othei than a load beaiing stillenei, on
the diaphiagm paiallel to, and within a distance ol 25/
p
liom the
web: the aiea ol this stillenei togethei with a width ol the
diaphiagm plate equal to 25/
p
;
d) when theie is no stillenei on the diaphiagm paiallel to, and within
a distance ol 25/
p
liom, the web: a width ol diaphiagm plate equal
to 15/
p
r
p
;
wheie:
/
p
r
p
is as delined in 24.4.2.4.
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60 BSI 2010
NOTL Thc iolvc of K
c
/o /c vscJ is /hc hiqhcr of /hc iolvcs o//oiucJ vsiuq
ci/hcr.
o) cvric 1 or ? os rclciou/, ui/h i /,(/
f
r
f
), or
/) cvric J, ui/h i o,(/
f
r
f
),
uhcrc.
o is /hc poucl Jiucusiou iu /hc Jircc/iou of s/rcss cousiJcrcJ,
/ is /hc poucl Jiucusiou uoruol /o /hc Jircc/iou of s/rcss,
o uill oluos qiic /hc hiqhcr iolvc for K
c
uhcu o,/ U 0,5.
Ioi a/b < 0,5, (a) oi (b) may give a highei value.
Iiguie 16 CoeIIicient K
c
Ior pIate paneIs under direct compression
Key
1 Cuive 1
2 Cuive 2
3 Cuive 3
4 Bestiained
5 Uniestiained
1
2
J
1
,
,8
,7
,6
,5
,/
,J
,2
,1
5 1 15 2 25 J J5
A
c
/
5
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24.5 UnstiIIened diaphragms
24.5.1 GeneraI
Unstillened diaphiagms in accoidance with 24.2.1 to 24.2.4, 24.2.6
and 24.2.?, should be designed to meet the yield ciiteiia ol 24.5.4 and
the buckling ciiteiion ol 24.5.5 using ieleience stiess values ol 24.5.2
and the buckling coellicients ol 24.5.3. Web/llange }unctions should
additionally be in accoidance with 24.?.3.
24.5.2 ReIerence vaIues oI in-pIane stresses
24.5.2.1 GeneraI
The stiesses in an unstillened diaphiagm, iesulting liomthe load ellects
given in 24.3, should be deteimined at the ieleience point indicated in
Iiguie 1?, in accoidance with 24.5.2.2 to 24.5.2.4, loi each ol the
appiopiiate ieleience stiesses iequiied.
24.5.2.2 VerticaI stresses
The ieleience value ol the in-plane veitical stiess o
B1
should be taken
as lollows:
a) loi a diaphiagm with a single cential beaiing:
o
B1
;
Iiguie 1? ReIerence point and notation Ior unstiIIened diaphragms
NOTL l
B
is /o/cu os /hc lcos/ of.
.
/
/
R
i
h
/
R
,
R
p
/
R
4
veo
l
(
2
0
0
/
(
/
(
/
1,5
/
1,5
Lxfenf o posifion
or 4
veb
/
p
Lxfenf o posifion
or
lhickness o
diophrogr
plofe -
Reerence
poinf
p p
?.5 oi
8 2
D L
/ r
( )
( )
v p
b
h p zp
1 4 /
0,??
2
R c /
T j
j u / I
+
+

Z

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b) loi a diaphiagm with a paii ol twin symmetiical beaiings:
o
B1
;
wheie:
R
v
is the total veitical load tiansmitted by the diaphiagm to one beaiing
(including the ellects ol toique on twin beaiings);
T
b
is the toisional ieaction at a single cential beaiing;
j is the width ol contact ol the beaiing pad plus 1,5 times the thickness
ol the bottom llange at each end il available (see Iiguie 14);
Zu
h
is the sum ol the widths ol any cut-outs loi stilleneis within the
width j at the level immediately above the llange;
/
p
I
zp
is the second moment ol aiea ol the diaphiagm plate ol width j
excluding cut-outs, about the Y-axis (see Iiguie 14);
c is the eccentiicity ol beaiing ieaction along the span, which should
include the ellects ol:
movements ol the beam ielative to the beaiing due to changes
in tempeiatuie;
changes in the point oi line ol contact at the spheiical oi
cylindiical suilace ol a beaiing due to slope ol the beam when
dellected by load;
uneven seating which may occui on a llat beaiing suilace;
inaccuiacy which may occui in positioning ol the beam
ielative to the beaiing.
Values ol eccentiicity to satisly c) and d) may be taken liom 24.3.2l)3).
24.5.2.3 HorizontaI stresses
The ieleience value ol the in-plane hoiizontal stiess o
B2
should be taken
as:
o
B2
;
wheie:
K
p
is a lactoi to allow loi the ellects ol boundaiy sheais and should be
taken as 2,0 in the absence ol any special analysis;
ZR
v
is the total veitical loice tiansmitted by the diaphiagm to the
beaiings;
Q
lv
is the veitical loice tiansmitted to the diaphiagm by the poition ol
the bottom llange ovei a width l
f
when theie is a change ol llange slope;
l
f
is the hoiizontal distance liom the ieleience point to the neaiest edge
ol the bottom llange;
B is as delined in 24.2.?;
T is the toique tiansmitted to the diaphiagm in sheai thiough the box
walls and liom cioss beam and/oi cantilevei loading;
B
is the distance paiallel to the bottom llange liom the ieleience point
to the web mid-point (see Iiguie 1?);
( )
( )
v p
h p
1 4 / R c /
j u /
+
Z
p v
l v
B v
e e
1 tan
2 2 2
f
K R
T l R
Q
B W A
Z Z
+ + +

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W
e
and A
e
aie the ellective section modulus and the ellective aiea
iespectively ol the diaphiagm and llanges at the veitical cioss-section
thiough the ieleience point, deiived in accoidance with 24.4.2;
is the inclination ol the box web to the veitical.
24.5.2.4 Shear stresses
24.5.2.4.1 ReIerence vaIue oI in-pIane shear stresses
Except as iequiied by 24.5.2.4.2, the ieleience value ol the in-plane
sheai stiess t
B
should be taken as lollows:
t
B
;
wheie:
R
v
, Q
lv
and T aie as delined in 24.5.2.3;
Q
h
is the sheai loice due to tiansveise hoiizontal loads on the biidge
tiansmitted liom the top llange to the diaphiagm;
A
vea
is the minimum value ol the ellective veitical sheai aiea, as given
in 24.4.3, loi any section ol diaphiagm plating taken between the web
and a point j/4 inside the outei edge ol the beaiing (see Iiguie 1?);
j is as delined in 24.5.2.2;
A
he
is the ellective hoiizontal sheai aiea, as given in 24.4.3 loi the
section ol diaphiagm plating thiough the ieleience point.
24.5.2.4.2 Diaphragms on twin symmetricaI bearings
In addition to the values deiived liom 24.5.2.4.1, in the case ol
diaphiagms on twin symmetiical beaiings wheie theie is a change in
slope ol the bottom llange, an alteinative value t
Bl
should be deiived
liom:
t
Bl
;
wheie:
T is as delined in 24.5.2.3;
Q
bv
is the total veitical loice tiansmitted to the diaphiagm by the
poition ol the bottom llange between the innei edges ol the beaiings
when theie is a change in llange slope;
c is the distance between centies ol beaiings;
A
veb
is the minimum value ol the ellective veitical sheai aiea, as given
in 24.4.3, loi any section ol diaphiagm plating taken within a distance
l
B
liom the innei edge ol a beaiing (i.e. towaids the diaphiagm
centieline) and a distance j/4 inside the same innei edge ol the beaiing
(see Iiguie 15a and Iiguie 15b);
l
B
is as delined in Iiguie 1?.
This value t
Bl
should be adopted il it exceeds the value ol t
B
deteimined
in 24.5.2.4.1.
v h
lv
vea he
1
2 2
R T Q
Q
B A A
Z
+ + +

bv h
veb he
1
2 2
T Q T Q
c B A A

+ +

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64 BSI 2010
24.5.3 BuckIing coeIIicient
In checking the adequacy ol an unstillened plate diaphiagm, a
coellicient K is iequiied which is given by:
K K
1
K
2
K
3
K
4
wheie:
K
1
;
K
2
loi single cential beaiings;
K
2
;
K
2
loi twin beaiings;
K
1
;
K
3
;
K
4
;
D, B
p
, B and (in degiees) aie as delined in Iiguie 1?;
j is as delined in 24.5.2.2;
f 0,55 when D/B s 0,? oi 0,86 when D/B U 1,5 with inteimediate
values lound by lineai inteipolation;
l
b
j/2 loi single cential beaiings, oi c loi twin beaiings;
ZR
v
c is the distance between centies ol beaiings;
P
P
;
I
p
is the total uniloimly distiibuted load applied to the top ol the
diaphiagm;
P is any local load applied to the top ol a diaphiagm;
;
u is the actual width ol the load P plus an allowance loi the dispeisal
thiough a conciete llange at an angle ol 45 to the veitical, and thiough
a steel llange at an angle ol 60 to the veitical.
24.5.4 YieIding oI diaphragm pIate
The value ol o
B1
and (o
B2
2
+ 3t
B
2
) should not exceed the lessei ol:
; oi
;
p
2,2
3,4
D
B
+
p
0,4
2
j
B
+
p
/ 3
0,4
c j
B
+
1,0
100
p
v b p
2
1,0 1
/
fP
B
R T l B

Z +

p
5
P
I
K

+ Z

5
p
0,4
2
u
K
B B
+
yp
M0
f
y
( )
yp v b
3
M0
p
/
1,2
1,25
f R T l D
KL/
y

Z +

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wheie:
o
B1
, o
B2
and t
B
aie the ieleience values ol stiess as deiived in 24.5.2.2,
24.5.2.3 and 24.5.2.4, iespectively;
ZR
v
l
b
and K aie as deiived in 24.5.3;
D is as delined in Iiguie 1?;
/
p
and f
yp
aie, iespectively, the thickness and nominal yield stiength ol
the diaphiagm plate.
24.5.5 BuckIing oI diaphragm pIate
The value ol ZR
v
+ T/l
b
should not exceed ;
wheie:
l
b
and K aie as deiived in 24.5.3;
/
p
D is as delined in Iiguie 1?;
ZR
v
and T aie as delined in 24.5.2.3.
24.6 StiIIened diaphragms
24.6.1 GeneraI
a) Diaphiagms in accoidance with 24.2.1 to 24.2.6 and 24.2.8 and
stillened by an oithogonal system ol stilleneis, geneially as
indicated in Iiguie 14, should be designed such that the
diaphiagm plate meets the yield ciiteiion ol 24.6.4 and the
buckling ciiteiion ol 24.6.5, using the appiopiiate stiesses
deteimined liom 24.6.2.
b) In addition, all types ol stilleneis, as delined in a), b) and c) below,
should be designed such that they meet the yield ciiteiion
ol 24.6.6 and the buckling ciiteiion ol 24.6.?, using the
appiopiiate stiesses deteimined liom 24.6.3.
c) Web/llange }unctions should, additionally, be in accoidance
with 24.?.3 and 24.?.4.
d) Stillening may consist ol (see Iiguie 1?):
beaiing stilleneis, which span liom a box llange immediately
above a beaiing, to the llange at deck level;
stub stilleneis, which aie shoit veitical stilleneis above
beaiings;
inteimediate stilleneis, which may be eithei piimaiy oi
secondaiy. Stilleneis spanning between box walls oi, il
hoiizontal, between a box web and a beaiing stillenei, oi
between beaiing stilleneis should be tieated as piimaiy. All
othei stilleneis should be tieated as secondaiy.
3
p
M1
0,?KL/
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66 BSI 2010
24.6.2 Stresses in diaphragm pIates
24.6.2.1 GeneraI
Belevant stiess components should be calculated at the coineis ol
each plate panel, using the appiopiiate section piopeities obtained
liom 24.4, in accoidance with 24.6.2.2 to 24.6.2.4. When secondaiy
bending stiesses have been calculated in accoidance with 24.2.8c)3)
they should be added to these components.
24.6.2.2 VerticaI stresses
Veitical stiesses o
p1
may be neglected with the exception ol those due
to:
a) a change in slope ol the main giidei llange; and
b) local wheel loads applied above the diaphiagm, which should be
calculated in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 3.2.3. The
maximum value within a panel may conseivatively be assumed to
act ovei the entiie length ol the longitudinal edges ol the panel.
24.6.2.3 HorizontaI stresses
24.6.2.3.1 GeneraI
Hoiizontal stiesses o
p2
should be calculated undei the action ol the
lollowing subclauses (24.6.2.3.2 and 24.6.2.3.3).
24.6.2.3.2 The in-pIane primary moment on the diaphragm
The in-plane moment M should be taken as:
M ;
wheie (as shown in Iiguie 18):
Q
v
is the total veitical component ol symmetiic sheai tiansmitted into
the diaphiagm liom one web;
Q
T
is the veitical component ol toisional sheai tiansmitted into the
diaphiagm liom one web, given by T/(2B);
NOTL Iu colcvlo/iuq /hc cffcc/s iu plo/c poucls occvrriuq iu o rcqiou
/ovuJcJ / ou iucliucJ qirJcr uc/, o qirJcr /op flouqc, ouJ o icr/icol liuc
possiuq /hrovqh /hc /o//ou flouqc,uc/ jvuc/iou, ou opproprio/c por/iou
of Q
i
ouJ Q
T
shovlJ /c /o/cu ou /hc ossvup/iou /ho/ /hc orc vuiforul
Jis/ri/v/cJ oicr /hc Jcp/h of /hc qirJcr uc/.
w
is the hoiizontal distance, liom the section undei consideiation to the
mid point ol the web;
Q
C
is the veitical component ol any cioss beam oi cantilevei sheai;
c
is the hoiizontal distance liom the section undei consideiation to the
ioot ol the cioss beam oi cantilevei;
P
i
is a locally applied deck load between the section undei consideiation
and the web;
i
is the hoiizontal distance liom the section undei consideiation to the
locally applied deck load P
i
;
R
v
is the total veitical load tiansmitted to one beaiing by the diaphiagm;
( ) ( )
lv l
p v T w p c c i=1,n i i v b
2
2
Q l
K Q Q K Q P R

+ + + Z +

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b
is the distance liom the section undei consideiation to the innei edge
ol the neaiest beaiing plus j/4 loi sections between twin beaiings, oi is
zeio loi all othei sections, and loi diaphiagms with a single beaiing;
K
p
, Q
lv
and l
l
aie as delined in 24.5.2.3;
j is as delined in 24.5.2.2.
The hoiizontal bending stiess o
2b
should be taken as:
o
2b
;
wheie:
W
e
is the ellective section modulus ol a veitical cioss-section ol the
diaphiagm and llanges, at the point undei consideiation, deiived in
accoidance with 24.4.2.
24.6.2.3.3 The horizontaI component oI girder shear when the webs are
incIined
a) The hoiizontal stiess o
2q
liom this component should be taken as:
o
2q
;
wheie:
Q
v
is as delined in 24.6.2.3.2;
A
e
is the ellective aiea ol a veitical cioss-section ol the diaphiagm
and llanges, at the point undei consideiation, deiived in accoidance
with 24.4.2;
is the inclination ol the box web to the veitical.
b) The total hoiizontal stiess o
p2
at the point undei consideiation
should be taken as:
o
p2
o
2b
+ o
2q
.
e
M
W
v
e
tan Q
A
Iiguie 18 Load eIIects and notation Ior stiIIened diaphragms
d1
d1
d2
d2
0
h
0
c
0
v
0
l
P
i
P
v
,
i
i
i
,
c
,
c
,
b
l
Secfion under
considerofion
0
2
(
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24.6.2.4 Shear stresses
24.6.2.4.1 Sheai stiesses should be calculated undei the action ol the
sheai llow q at the section ol the diaphiagm undei consideiation. This
sheai llow q should be taken as constant ovei the net depth oi width ol
the diaphiagm, and as lollows:
a) In sections between a box web and an outei beaiing stillenei:
q .
b) In sections between innei beaiing stilleneis wheie theie aie twin
beaiings:
q .
c) In sections between paiis ol beaiing stilleneis above one ol a paii
ol beaiings:
q ;
up to the level ol the tops ol any longitudinal bottom llange stilleneis
above the beaiing, oi to a height j in the absence ol any cut-outs and:
q .
d) In sections between paiis ol beaiing stilleneis above a single
beaiing:
q ;
up to the tops ol any longitudinal stillenei, bottom llange stillenei
cut-outs above the beaiing oi to a height j in the absence ol any
cut-outs;
oi, above that level:
q ;
wheie:
Q
v
, Q
T
, Q
C
and P
i
Q
lv
Q
h
, Q
bv
, c aie as delined in 24.5.2.4;
D
e
and B
e
aie the net depth and width ol the diaphiagm at the point
undei consideiation;
j and Zu
h
s
s
is the distance between stillenei centioids.
v T lv c i h
e e
Q Q Q Q P Q
D B
+ + + + Z
+
v bv h
T
e e
1
4 2
Q Q T Q
Q
c D B

+ + +

v h
e h
5 1
8 2
Q T Q
c D j u

+ +

Z

v h
e e
5 1
8 2
Q T Q
c D B

+ +

v h
e h
1
4
Q Q
D j u

+

Z

v h
T
s e e
1
4
Q T Q
Q
s D B

+ +

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24.6.2.4.2 The sheai stiess t
p
in the sections ieleiied to
in 24.6.2.4.1 a), b), c) oi d) should be taken as:
t
p
;
wheie:
/
p
is the thickness ol the diaphiagm plate in the panel undei
consideiation.
24.6.2.4.3 In sections othei than those ieleiied to in 24.6.2.4.1 a), b),
c), oi d), t
p
may be neglected.
24.6.3 Stresses in diaphragm stiIIeners
24.6.3.1 GeneraI
Stiesses in stilleneis should be deteimined in accoidance with 24.6.3.2
to 24.6.3.4, using the appiopiiate ellective stillenei sections obtained
liom 24.4.4.
The stillenei types: beaiing, stub, piimaiy inteimediate and secondaiy
inteimediate, aie as delined in 24.6.1.
24.6.3.2 VerticaI stresses in bearing stiIIeners
a) The veitical stiess o
1s
in a beaiing stillenei should be taken as:
o
1s
;
wheie:
P
s
is the total veitical loice in the gioup ol beaiing stilleneis;
A
se
is the ellective cioss-sectional aiea ol the gioup ol beaiing
stilleneis, deiived in accoidance with 24.4.4.
NOTL 1 Bo/h iolvcs orc /o/cu o/ /hc lcicl vuJcr cousiJcro/iou.
b) In the absence ol openings in the diaphiagm between the gioup ol
beaiing stilleneis and the ad}acent web, the veitical loice P
s
may
be assumed to vaiy lineaily liom the value ol the ieaction at the
beaiing to the value ol any ieaction tiansmitted liom the deck to
the top ol the beaiing stillenei.
c) Il theie aie any openings in the diaphiagm between the gioup ol
beaiing stilleneis and the ad}acent web, no vaiiation ol load ovei
the depth ol such openings should be assumed. The vaiiation ovei
the iemaining paits ol the diaphiagm should be assumed to be
lineai ol constant slope. In the case ol a diaphiagm above a single
beaiing, an additional veitical stiess o
1sT
in a beaiing stillenei
should be taken as:
o
1sT
;
wheie:
T
S
is the value ol the moment in the plane ol the diaphiagm on the gioup
ol beaiing stilleneis;
is the hoiizontal distance ol the stillenei undei consideiation liom the
centioidal axis, noimal to the plane ol the diaphiagm, ol the stillenei
gioup (see Iiguie 14);
p
q
/
s
se
P
A
s
zse
T
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?0 BSI 2010
I
zse
is the ellective second moment ol aiea ol the stillenei gioup about
the same centioidal axis, deiived in accoidance with 24.4.4.
NOTL ? All iolvcs orc /o/cu o/ /hc poiu/ vuJcr cousiJcro/iou. T
S
uo /c
ossvucJ /o ior liucorl, frou /hc /orsiouol rcoc/iou o/oic /hc /coriuq,
/o ccro o/ /hc /op flouqc lcicl.
d) In the case ol a diaphiagm wheie stub stilleneis aie used, the
stiess calculated as above may be ieduced locally by including the
aiea ol such stilleneis, piovided theii connections to the
diaphiagm plate aie adequate to tianslei theii shaie ol the beaiing
ieaction.
24.6.3.3 Bending stresses in bearing stiIIeners
24.6.3.3.1 The bending stiess o
bs
in a beaiing stillenei due to an
out-ol-plane moment should be taken as:
o
bs
;
wheie:
M
s
is the piopoition ol the out-ol-plane moment caiiied by the gioup ol
beaiing stilleneis;
c is the distance ol the extieme libie ol the stillenei undei consideiation
liom the centioidal axis, paiallel to the plane ol the diaphiagm, ol the
stillenei gioup (see Iiguie 14);
I
yse
is the ellective second moment ol aiea ol the stillenei gioup about
the same centioidal axis, deiived in accoidance with 24.4.4.
NOTL All iolvcs orc /o/cu o/ /hc poiu/ vuJcr cousiJcro/iou.
24.6.3.3.2 A piopoition ol the out-ol-plane moment may be assumed to
be caiiied by the llange longitudinal stilleneis, piovided due account is
taken ol this in theii design.
24.6.3.3.3 Stub stilleneis should not be consideied to caiiy any pait ol
the out-ol-plane moment caiiied by a beaiing stillenei gioup unless
they have an adequate out-ol-plane sheai connection to the beaiing
stilleneis and/oi the box walls.
24.6.3.4 EquivaIent stress Ior buckIing check
24.6.3.4.1 GeneraI
The equivalent axial stiess o
se
to be used in the buckling check ol all
stilleneis, should be taken as the maximum value within the
middle-thiid ol the length l
s
ol the stillenei, calculated liom:
o
se
;
wheie, loi all stilleneis:
A
se
is the ellective cioss-sectional aiea ol the stillenei deiived in
accoidance with 24.4.4;
l
s
is the length ol the stillenei between points ol ellective iestiaint;
/
p
s
yse
M c
I
2
q s p s
s
a h p h
se max s p
1
1
l / /
A
/ h
A o l /
o
o t

Z
+ + +

L
i
c
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/
s
is obtained liom Iiguie 19 using the slendeiness paiametei:
i ;
r
se
is the iadius ol gyiation ol the ellective section ol the stillenei about
its centioidal axis paiallel to the plane ol the diaphiagm, deiived in
r
s
(235/l
ys)
;
f
ys
is the nominal yield stiength ol the stillenei;
ZA is the sum ol the aieas ol all stilleneis which inteisect the stilleneis
being designed, within the length l
s
not including any ad}acent
diaphiagm plate;
o
p2
is deiived in 24.6.2.3, loi the level being consideied, and taken as
positive when compiessive;
o
2s
is the aveiage value ol o
p2
within the middle-thiid ol the length l
s
;
o
a
, o
q
, o
max
, t
h
and h
h
aie delined as lollows loi the appiopiiate type ol
stillenei.
24.6.3.4.2 For bearing stiIIeners
o
a
o
1s
+ o
1sT
;
o
1s
and o
1sT
aie as deiived in 24.6.3.2;
o
q
o
2s
;
o
max
is the maximum spacing ol veitical stilleneis which would ensuie
the adequacy ol the diaphiagm plate and any hoiizontal stilleneis, and
may conseivatively be taken as the actual spacing ol veitical stilleneis;
t
h
and h
h
aie taken as zeio.
24.6.3.4.3 For aII intermediate stiIIeners
o
max
is one-hall ol the sum ol the panel widths on each side ol the
stillenei. Wheie the widths vaiy ovei the length l
s
the aveiage value ol
the middle-thiid should be used;
t is the aveiage sheai stiess in the panels on eithei side ol the stillenei;
t
h
is zeio except in the case ol the stilleneis liaming openings, wheie t
h
is the sheai stiess which would occui in the plating ad}acent to the
stillenei il the opening had been lully plated;
h
h
is zeio except in the case ol the stilleneis liaming openings wheie h
h
is the dimension ol the opening paiallel to the stillenei.
NOTL Iu colcvlo/iuq o
uo+
ouJ o
q
uo occovu/ shovlJ /c /o/cu of ou
opcuiuq iu /hc Jiophroqu oJjoccu/ /o /hc s/iffcucr (i.c. i/ shovlJ /c
ossvucJ /ho/ o plo/c of /hic/ucss /
p
fills /hc opcuiuq).
s
se s
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?2 BSI 2010
Iiguie 19 Parameters Ior the design oI stiIIeners
se s
,1
,2
,J
,/
,5
,6
,7
,8
,
1,
5 1 15 2 25 J
/
s
-
f
ls
f
ys
/
s
/
s
or
f
ls
f
ys
/
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24.6.3.4.4 For horizontaI intermediate stiIIeners onIy
o
a
o
p2
;
o
q
t.
24.6.3.4.5 For verticaI intermediate stiIIeners onIy
o
a
0;
o
q
;
o
2bmax
and o
2bmin
aie the maximum and minimum values ol o
2b
deiived
as in 24.6.2.3, within the length l
s
and taken as positive when
compiessive.
24.6.4 YieIding oI diaphragm pIate
Plate panels between stilleneis, oi between stilleneis and the box walls,
should be designed such that at all points in eveiy panel:
;
wheie:
o
p1
o
1s
+o
1sT
loi paits ol plate panels loiming pait ol the ellective
section ol any beaiing stillenei, oi is the veitical in-plane stiess due to
local deck loads and change in llange slope, il ielevant, loi all iemaining
paits ol plate panels;
o
1s
is delined in 24.6.3.2;
o
1sT
is as deiived in 24.6.3.2, but with the value ol in that clause taken
as the dimension liom the centioidal axis to the extieme libie ol the
ellective section ol the stillenei gioup;
o
p2
t
p
f
yp
24.6.5 BuckIing oI diaphragm pIate
24.6.5.1 Plate panels need not be checked loi buckling piovided that:
a) the cioss-section ol the giidei is nominally iectangulai;
b) the iatio ol the depth ol the diaphiagm D to the minimum plate
thickness /
p
is less than 100r
p,
wheie r
p
is as in 24.4.2.4;
c) the oveihang L (see Iiguie 1? oi Iiguie 18) liom the outei edge
ol the beaiing to the box web is less than D/2;
d) stillening is limited to the beaiing stilleneis themselves, and any
membei pioviding continuity ol cioss beam oi cantilevei llanges
thiough the diaphiagm;
e) theie is no change in llange slope at the diaphiagm.
24.6.5.2 Il any ol the piovisions ol 24.6.5.1 aie not satislied, all plate
panels should be veiilied taking into account buckling undei the
combined ellect ol stiesses o
p1
, o
p2
and t
p
as delined in 24.6.4.
2bmax 2bmin
2s
12
o o
t o
+ +
2
yp 2 2 2
p1 p2 p1 p2 p2
M0
3
f
o o o o t
y

+ +

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?4 BSI 2010
24.6.5.3 A method loi veiilying plate panels is given in 24.9. This may
be used piovided the lollowing qualilications aie met:
a) Ioi panels ad}acent to an inclined web the panel dimension o
should be taken as the maximum hoiizontal dimension ol the
panel.
b) A plate panel ol non constant thickness should be assumed to be ol
its minimum thickness thioughout.
c) All plate panels ad}acent to the box webs oi llanges oi to boundaiy
stilleneis not moie than 25/
p
liom the box walls oi to laige
cut-outs should be tieated as uniestiained. Othei panels may be
tieated as iestiained.
d) Ioi a plate panel without hoiizontal stilleneis, bounded on thiee
sides by the main beam web and the two main beam llanges, the
sheai stiess coellicient K
q
should not be taken highei than:
;
wheie:
o and / aie the length and width ol the panel iespectively;
/
p
and f
yp
aie the thickness and nominal yield stiess, iespectively, ol the
diaphiagm plate;
o
p2
should be taken as the main longitudinal stiess in the plate panel.
Hence, loi the puiposes ol meeting the buckling ciiteiion ol 24.9,
o
p1
and o
p2
as deiived in 24.6.4 should be taken as o
2
and o
1.
24.6.6 YieIding oI diaphragm stiIIeners
24.6.6.1 A beaiing stillenei section should be designed such that, at any
point along its length:
;
wheie:
o
1s
and o
1sT
o
bs
f
ys
is the nominal yield stiength ol the stillenei.
24.6.6.2 The beaiing stiess at the point ol contact with a llange should
be veiilied in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.4(2).
24.6.? BuckIing oI diaphragm stiIIeners
The stillenei section should be such that, at any point within the
middle-thiid ol the length ol the stillenei:
;
wheie:
o
se
o
bs
is as delined in 24.6.3.3 loi a beaiing stillenei, oi is taken as zeio
loi an inteimediate stillenei;
2
2 6
p
yp
1,3 10
1
/
/
f / o

+

ys
1 1sT bs
M0
s
f
o o o
y
+ + -
se bs
ls ys M1
1
f f
o o
y
+ -
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f
ls
is obtained liom Iiguie 19 using the slendeiness paiametei
i l
s
/r
se
r
s
;
l
s
is the length ol the stillenei between points ol ellective iestiaint;
r
se
is the iadius ol gyiation ol the ellective section ol the stillenei about
its centioidal axis paiallel to the plane ol the diaphiagm, deiived in
f
ys
is the nominal yield stiength ol the }unction section.
24.? Diaphragm/web junctions
24.?.1 GeneraI
The diaphiagm/web }unction should be designed as a stillenei to the
box web, spanning between box llanges, unsuppoited in the plane ol the
diaphiagm, and with ellective section deiived as in 24.4.5.
24.?.2 Loading eIIects to be considered
The }unction should withstand the ellects ol the lollowing.
a) All loads tiansmitted to the diaphiagm liom the cioss beams
and/oi cantileveis in the plane ol the diaphiagm. Such loads
should be assumed to be applied at the centioidal axis ol the
ellective section, and to vaiy lineaily liom a maximum at the top
ol the }unction, to zeio at the bottom.
b) Any loices iesulting liom tension lield action in the ad}acent web
panels. Such loices should be assumed to be applied in the plane
ol the box web, and to be constant ovei the height ol the }unction.
c) An equivalent axial loice iepiesenting the destabilizing inlluence
ol the web. This loice should be assumed to be applied at the
centioidal axis ol the ellective section, and to be constant ovei the
height ol the }unction.
24.?.3 Strength oI diaphragm/web junction
24.?.3.1 The maximum stiess at any point on the cioss-section ol the
}unction, at any section in its length, should not exceed:
f
ys
/y
M0
wheie:
f
ys
24.?.3.2 The ellective }unction section should be such that:
;
wheie:
P and M aie, iespectively, the maximum loice on the ellective }unction
section and the maximum moment about the centioidal axis paiallel to
the web due to all the ellects specilied in 24.?.2, within the middle-thiid
ol the length ol the }unction;
A
se
is the ellective aiea ol the }unction section (see 24.4.5);
W
se
is the lowest section modulus ol the ellective }unction section about
the centioidal axis paiallel to the web (see 24.4.5);
se ls se ys M1
1 P M
A f W f y
+ -
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?6 BSI 2010
f
ls
is obtained liom Iiguie 19 using the slendeiness paiametei:
i ;
l
s
is the total length ol the }unction section;
r
se
is the iadius ol gyiation ol the ellective section (stillenei and plate)
about the centioidal axis paiallel to the web, deiived in accoidance
with 24.4.5;
f
ys
24.?.4 Junction restraint provided by diaphragm stiIIeners
Diaphiagm/web }unctions should be designed in accoidance
with 24.?.1 to 24.?.3, except that lull width hoiizontal stilleneis in the
diaphiagm may be assumed to ollei iestiaint to the }unction in the plane
ol the diaphiagm, piovided that the equivalent axial stiess o
se
in such
stilleneis (see 24.6.3.4) is incieased by an amount equal to:
;
wheie:
P is as delined in 24.?.3;
u is the numbei ol lull width hoiizontal stilleneis;
A
se
is the ellective aiea ol the hoiizontal stilleneis, deiived in
accoidance with 24.4.4.
NOTL Iu /his cosc l
s
iu 3.7.3 uo /c /o/cu os /hc Jis/oucc /c/uccu svch
s/iffcucrs.
24.8 Continuity oI cross beams and cantiIevers
24.8.1 GeneraI
When continuity ol cioss beams and cantileveis is piovided in the plane
ol a diaphiagm, in accoidance with 24.2.3, that poition within the box
walls should be in accoidance with the lollowing.
a) The loice in the membei pioviding continuity to the bottom llange
ol the tiansveise membei should be taken as the moment in the
tiansveise membei at the box wall divided by the distance between
the mid-plane ol the top and bottom llanges ol the membei. Il the
loice is dilleient at the two box walls a lineai vaiiation along the
length may be assumed.
b) Il the membei pioviding the continuity in a) is also iequiied as a
hoiizontal stillenei loi a diaphiagm designed in accoidance
with 24.6, it should be designed to withstand, in addition to the
load given in a), an axial loice equal to A
se
o
se.
wheie:
A
se
is the ellective cioss-sectional aiea ol the continuity membei
deiived in accoidance with 24.4.4;
o
se
is as specilied in 24.6.3.4.
s
se s
l
r r
se
0,025P
uA
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c) The membei pioviding the continuity in a) should be designed as a
compiession membei in accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005,
6.2 and 6.3, and should be assumed to be uniestiained out ol the
plane ol the diaphiagm unless piovided with ellective inteimediate
iestiaint. Il these iestiaints aie piovided by beaiing oi piimaiy
veitical diaphiagm stilleneis, such stilleneis should each be
designed to iesist, in addition to all othei loices given in 24.6.3, a
loice equal to 2.5% ol the maximum axial load in the continuity
membei including that given in b), il appiopiiate. This loice
should be applied, out ol the plane ol the diaphiagm, at the point
ol inteisection ol the continuity membei and the stillenei
pioviding the iestiaint. The stillenei should be designed to satisly
the ciiteiion:
;
wheie:
o
b2
is the bending stiess induced in the stillenei by the above loice,
taken as the maximum value within the middle-thiid ol the lengths ol the
stillenei;
o
bs
, f
ls
, o
se
and f
ys
aie as delined in 24.6.?.
24.9 BuckIing oI paneIs in diaphragms
24.9.1 GeneraI
This section may be used loi veiilication ol panels taking into account
buckling. It may only be used as pait ol this published document, and
sub}ect to the limitations in 24.2, 24.6.5.2, and 24.6.5.3.
In paiticulai, note that loi use with this method:
o
p2
o
1
(ielates to K
1
, u
1
, etc.);
o
p1
o
2
(ielates to K
2
, u
2
, etc.).
24.9.2 Restraint oI paneIs
Ellective panel iestiaint should be delined in 24.5.3 loi calculation ol
the buckling coellicients K
1
, K
q
, K
b
and K
2
iequiied in 24.9.3.
24.9.3 BuckIing coeIIicients
24.9.3.1 The coellicients K
1
, K
q
, K
b
and K
2
should be obtained
liom 24.9.3.2, 24.9.3.3, 24.9.3.4, 24.9.3.5 iespectively, with the panel
assumed to be iestiained oi uniestiained in-plane as deteimined
liom 24.9.2.
24.9.3.2 Ioi axial coellicients, when the stiess is compiessive, K
1
should be taken as the gieatei ol the values obtained as lollows:
Eithei:
a) liom Iiguie 21a using cuive 1 oi 2 as appiopiiate, with:
i ;
se bs b2
ls ys m
1
f f
o o o
y
+
+ -
yp
p
0,81
235
f
/
/
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unless i is less than 24, when:
K
1
;
oi:
b) liom Iiguie 21a cuive 3 with:
i ;
unless i is less than 4,33, when:
K
1
;
wheie:
/
p
is the diaphiagm thickness;
f
yp
is the nominal yield stiess ol the mateiial;
o and / aie as delined in Iiguie 21a.
When the stiess is tensile, K
1
should be taken as 1,0.
24.9.3.3 The sheai coellicient K
q
should be taken liom Iiguie 21b,
unless:
;
when:
K
q
;
wheie:
/
p
and f
yp
o and / aie delined in Iiguie 21b.
24.9.3.4 The bending coellicient K
b
should be taken liom Iiguie 21c.
24.9.3.5 Tiansveise coellicient K
2
should be taken as the gieatei ol the
values obtained as lollows:
eithei:
a) liom Iiguie 21a using cuive 1 oi 2 as appiopiiate, with:
i ;
unless i is less than 24, when:
K
2
;
2
p
yp
204 500
/
/ f

yp
p
0,81
235
f
o
/
2
p
yp
6 600
/
o f

2
p
35 1
/ /
/ o

< +

2
2
p
yp
435 000 1
/
o
/
/ f

+

yp
p
0,81
235
f
o
/
2
w
yp
204 500 /
o f

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oi:
liom Iiguie 21a, cuive 3 with:
i ;
unless i is less than 4,33, when:
K
2
;
wheie:
/
p
is the diaphiagm thickness;
f
yp
is the nominal yield stiess ol the mateiial;
o and / aie as delined in Iiguie 21a.
When the stiess is tensile, K
2
should be taken as 1,0.
24.9.4 Interaction buckIing criterion
The lollowing condition should be satislied loi each panel:
;
u
c
loi positive values ol (u
1
+ u
2
);
u
c
loi negative values ol (u
1
+ u
2
);
u
1
to be taken as negative il o
1
is tensile;
u
2
to be taken as negative il o
2
is tensile;
u
b
;
u
q
;
wheie:
o
1
is the mean longitudinal stiess on a cioss-section ol the panel,
consideied positive il compiessive. The algebiaically highei ol the two
values on the opposite edges ol a panel should be used;
o
2
is the tiansveise stiess, consideied positive il compiessive. The
algebiaically highei ol the two values on the opposite edges should be
used;
o
b
is the maximum longitudinal stiess due to in-plane bending ol the
individual panel (see Iiguie 20);
t
p
K
1
, K
q
, K
b
and K
2
aie coellicients deiived in accoidance with 24.9.3.2
to 24.9.3.4;
f
yp
is the nominal yield stiess ol the diaphiagm mateiial.
yp
p
0,81
235
f
/
/
2
p
yp
6 600
/
/ f

c b q
3 1 u u u + + -
( )
1 2
u u +
( )
1 2
u u +
2
1 m
yp 1
f K
o y

2
2 m
yp 2
f K
o y

2
b m
yp b
f K
o y

2
p m
yp q
f K
t y

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PD 6695-2:2008
80 BSI 2010
Iiguie 20 Stresses on paneIs
2
2
b b
b b 1 1
b
z
a
a
b
-
0irecfion o roin longifudinol
sfress in fhe plofe ponel
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BSI 2010 81
PD 6695-2:2008
Iiguie 21a BuckIing coeIIicients K
1
, K
2
, K
q
and K
b
NOTL 1
Ioi stiesses shown as lollows:
K
2
is the gieatei value ol K
c
obtained liom cuive 1
oi 2, as appiopiiate with:
i
oi cuive 3 with:
i
NOTL ?
Ioi stiesses shown as lollows:
K
2
is the gieatei value ol K
c
obtained liom cuive 1
oi 2, as appiopiiate with:
i
oi cuive 3 with:
i
,2
,/
,6
,8
1,
5 1 15 2 25 J
A
c
Curve 1
Curve 2
Curve J
unresfroined
Resfroined
Resfroined or unresfroined
a
b
-
a
b
yp
p
0,81
235
f
/
/
yp
p
0,81
235
f
o
/
a
b
-
a
b
yp
p
0,81
235
f
o
/
yp
p
0,81
235
f
/
/
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PD 6695-2:2008
82 BSI 2010
Iiguie 21b VaIues oI K
q
NOTL 1 Ior iu/crucJio/c iolvcs of , K
q
uo /c o//oiucJ / liucor iu/crpolo/iou /c/uccu oJjoccu/ iolvcs
of , for /his pvrposc o cvric uo /c c+/cuJcJ /couJ K
q
1.
NOTL ? o,/ shouu os follous.
1,
2,
J,
,5
,5
A
q
,
,8
,7
,6
,5
,/
,J
,2
,1
5 1 15 2 25 J
1,
2,
1,
Resfroined
unresfroined
- ,81
b
/
p
f
yp
2J5
a b
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BSI 2010 83
PD 6695-2:2008
25 Bo girders ~ the design oI internaI
cross Irames
25.1 GeneraI
This section piovides guidance on the design ol iing oi biaced
inteimediate cioss liames piovided in box giideis to iestiict distoition
ol the cioss-section oi to contiol the ellects due to distoitional waiping,
sub}ect to the limitations and piovisions ol 25.2. The design ol plated
inteimediate diaphiagms is not coveied, but they may be used piovided
special analysis is undeitaken.
25.2 Limitations
25.2.1 Girder Iayout
Giideis should be nominally symmetiic (i.e. ignoiing cioss lall oi
supeielevation), ol iectangulai oi tiapezoidal cioss-section, and with
webs in single planes inclined at less than 45 liom the veitical. Giideis
should be ol single cell loim, with oi without inteiconnecting cioss
membeis and cantileveis. Giideis should not be sub}ect to inteinal
piessuie ellects due to sealing.
Iiguie 21c VaIues oI K
b
A
b
,/
,6
,8
1,
1,2
1,/
5 1 15 2 25 J
- ,81
b
/
f
,
2J5
Resfroined
unresfroined
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PD 6695-2:2008
84 BSI 2010
25.2.2 Cross Irames
The cioss liames should be in a single plane, within 5 ol the
noimal to the axis ol the giidei in elevation, within 10 in plan, and
within 5 ol a veitical plane.
25.2.3 Corner stiIIening
Each coinei ol the cioss liame (i.e. at the inteisections ol llange and
web ol main box) should be stillened as necessaiy to withstand the
bending moments acting at the coinei. In the absence ol such stillening,
no ellective width ol box web oi llange (see 25.4.1) should be assumed
to act with the cioss liame at this point.
25.2.4 StiIIeners
Wheie distoition due to toique applied to a giidei between cioss liames
is to be iesisted by the box walls, the cioss liames should have
dimensionless stillness ol at least that delined in 23.3.4.3 ol this
published document.
25.3 Design Iorces and moments to be considered
The design should be such as to iesist the load ellects given in Clause 15
and 21.2.
NOTL Thc Jis/or/iouol cffcc/s /o /c cousiJcrcJ uo iuclvJc /hosc Jvc /o
/orqvc opplicJ ci/hcr o/ /hc cross frouc, or o/ iu/crucJio/c posi/ious
/c/uccu /hc cross frouc ouJ /hc oJjoccu/ cross froucs or Jiophroqus.
Thc cffcc/s of rcs/roiu/ of Jis/or/iouol uorpiuq of /hc /o+ uolls uo /c
iquorcJ iu /hc ouolsis of Jis/or/iouol /cuJiuq s/rcsscs iu /hc froucs.
25.4 Ring cross Irames
25.4.1 EIIective section oI transverse members
The ellective section ol tiansveise membeis may be deteimined in
accoidance with BS EN 1993-1-5:2006, 9.1(2).
25.4.2 Strength oI ring cross Irame members
Components ol iing cioss liames attached to the web oi llange plates
ol main beams should satisly the stiength piovisions ol Clause 15 and
Clause 21 as appiopiiate.
25.5 Braced cross Irames
25.5.1 GeneraI
Biaced cioss liames should be designed to satisly the piovisions
ol 25.4, 25.5.2 and 25.5.3.
25.5.2 Design Iorces and moments to be considered
Additional account should be taken ol bending moments induced by
eccentiicities at connections, incomplete tiiangulation and application
ol loading othei than at points ol inteisection between membeis.
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BSI 2010 85
PD 6695-2:2008
25.5.3 Design oI braced cross Irame members
The design ol compiession and tension membeis ol biaced cioss
liames, not attached to the web oi llange plate ol main beams, should
be in accoidance with clauses BS EN 1993-2:2006, 6.2.3 and 6.2.4
iespectively.
26 Web breathing
This Published Document piovides guidance on the veiilication ol web
bieathing to BS EN 1993-2:2006, ?.4, loi cases wheie theie
longitudinal stilleneis on the web.
Ioi webs with longitudinal stilleneis, the ciiteiion in
BS EN 1993-2:2006, ?.4, should be applied to each sub-panel and to the
oveiall stillened panel. The stiess o
x,Ed,sei
should be taken as the stiess
at the compiessive edge ol the panel being checked. Ioi panels wholly
in tension, may be taken equal to zeio.
x,Ed,sei
E
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PD 6695-2:2008
86 BSI 20 0
BibIiography
Standards pubIications
Ioi dated ieleiences, only the edition cited applies. Ioi undated
ieleiences, the latest edition ol the ieleienced document (including any
amendments) applies.
BS 5400-3, S/ccl, coucrc/c ouJ couposi/c /riJqcs ~ Por/ J. CoJc of
proc/icc for Jcsiqu of s/ccl /riJqcs
BS EN 133?, S/rvc/vrol /coriuqs
BS EN 1994, LvrocoJc ~ Dcsiqu of couposi/c s/ccl ouJ coucrc/c
s/rvc/vrcs
BS EN 1993-1-11, LvrocoJc J ~ Dcsiqu of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs ~
Por/ 1-11. Dcsiqu of s/rvc/vrcs ui/h /cusiou coupoucu/s
BS EN 1994-2:2005, LvrocoJc ~ Dcsiqu of couposi/c s/ccl ouJ
coucrc/c s/rvc/vrcs ~ Por/ ?. Gcucrol rvlcs ouJ rvlcs for /riJqcs
BS EN 22553, WclJcJ, /roccJ ouJ solJcrcJ joiu/s ~ Su/olic
rcprcscu/o/iou ou Jrouiuqs
PD 6695-1-9, RccouucuJo/ious for /hc Jcsiqu of s/rvc/vrcs /o
BS LN 199J-1-9
PD 6695-1-10, RccouucuJo/ious for /hc Jcsiqu of s/rvc/vrcs /o
BS LN 199J-1-10
1)
Other pubIications
Hendy C.B., Muiphy C.1., Dcsiqucrs GviJc /o LN 199J-?,
LvrocoJc J. Dcsiqu of s/ccl s/rvc/vrcs. Por/ ?. S/ccl /riJqcs. Thomas
Telloid 200?. ISBN 9?8 0 ?2? ?3160 9.
Beleiences to access-steel documents:
SN002. NCCI: Dc/cruiuo/iou of uou-Jiucusiouol slcuJcrucss of
I ouJ H scc/ious www.access-steel.com/Discoveiy/
LinkLookup.aspx?ID=SN0028Lang=EN
SN003. NCCI: Llos/ic cri/icol uoucu/ for lo/crol /orsiouol /vc/liuq
www.access-steel.com/Discoveiy/
LinkLookup.aspx?ID=SN0038Lang=EN
Other reIerences
[1| ASTM A325 ~ 0?a Standaid specilication loi stiuctuial bolts, steel,
heat tieated, 120/105 www.astm.oig
1)
In piepaiation.
1
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This poqc Jcli/cro/cl lcf/ /lou/
PD 6695-2:2008
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BSI ~ British Standards Institution
BSI is the independent national body iesponsible loi piepaiing Biitish Standaids.
It piesents the UK view on standaids in Euiope and at the inteinational level. It is
incoipoiated by Boyal Chaitei.
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PD 6695-2:2008

is /hc sccouJ uoucu/ of

Iiguie 10 Distribution oI torsionaI warping stresses

Iiguie 18 Load eIIects and notation Ior stiIIened diaphragms

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