Day: Date: 14/08/2011 Comparison Between Meiosis I and Meiosis II Stage Prophase Meiosis I Similarities : Spindle fibres are

formed End when chromosomes reach the metaphase plate. Meiosis II

Sunday

Differences : Synapsis occur Crossing over occur

Metaphase Similarities : Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate

Differences : Homologous chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate.

Differences : Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

Similarities : Chromosomes / chromatids move to the opposite poles started with the centromere

Differences: Paired homologous chromosomes separate and move to the opposite poles. No separation of centromere

Differences: Separation of chromatids Have separation of centromere

Telophase

Similarities : Nuclear membrane appear Differences: The chromosomes of daughter cell are double helix bond Two daughter cells are formed Differences : The chromosomes of daughter cell are single helix bond Four daughter cells are formed

Comparison Between Mitosis and Meiosis

Similarities

Occur in M phase in cell cycle The division involved nucleus (karyokinesis) and cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

Differences
Reproductive organ Place occur Produce gamete

Somatic cell

The role of cell division Crossing over happen or not ? Genetic composition of daugther cells Number of daugther cell Synapsis of homologous chromosomes Number of chromosomes in daugther cells

For growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue No cross over

Cross over occur Daugther cells are genetically nonidentical to the parent cell 4

Daugther cells are genetically identical to the parent cell 2

Synapsis occur

Synapsis occur

Has half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (haploid)

Has same number of chromosomes as the parent cell (diploid)

Digestive System In Ruminants Examples of ruminants are cows & goats 1. Partially chewed food is passed to the rumen ,the largest compartment of the stomach. Here cellulose is broke down by the enzyme cellulase produced by bacteria. Parts of the breakdown product are absorbed by the bacteria, the rest by the host. 2. As the food enters the reticulum , the cellulose undergoes further hydrolysis. The content of the reticulum, called the cud, is then regurgitated bit by bit into the mouth to be thoroughly chewed. This process helps soften and breakdown cellulose, making it more accessible to further microbial action. 3. The cud is reswallowed and moved to the omasum. Here, large particles of food are broken down into smaller pieces by peristalsis. Water is removed from the cud. 4. The food particles finally move into the abomasum, the true stomach of the cow. Here, gastric juice containing digestive enzymes completes the digestion of proteins and other food substances. The food then passed through the small intestine to be digested and absorbed in the normal way. Digestive System In Rodents Example of rodents are : rabbits and rats 1. In rodents , the caecum and appendix are enlarge to store the cellulose-digesting bacteria . Unlike ruminants the breakdown products pass through the alimentary canal of rodents twice. 2.The faeces in the first batch are usually produced at night . This are the eaten again to enable the animals to absorb the products of bacterial breakdown as they pass through the alimentary canal for the second time. The second batch of faeces becomes drier and harder. This adaptation allows rodents to recover the nutrients initially lost with the feaces.

Explain how the assimilation process happens in the liver? The liver acts as a checkpoint which controls the amount of nutrients released into the blood circulatory system. Most of the glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. When the blood sugar level falls and the body needs energy, the stored glycogen is converted back to glucose. Glucose is distributed throughout the body by the circulatory system. When the glucose molecules reach the cells, they are oxidized to release energy during cellular respiration. When the glycogen stored in the liver is full, excess glucose is converted into lipids by the liver. Like glucose ; amino acids have to pass through the liver before they reach the blood circulatory system. The liver synthesizes plasma proteins from amino acids.

When there is a short supply of glucose and glycogen, the liver converts amino acids to glucose. Amino acids which enter the cells are used for the synthesis of new protoplasm and the repair of damaged tissues.

The mechanism of photosynthesis.

-occurs in two stages i.e: light reaction and dark reaction i. Light Reaction Chlorophyll molecules absorp light energy, becomes excited and release high energy electrons (this occurs in grana ) which is later on converted to ATP. At the same time, water molecules in chlorophyll dissociates forming hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. (Photolysis of water) Hydrogen ions combine with electrons to form hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen atoms thus formed later enters the dark reaction in stroma. Hydroxyl ions releases its electron to form hydroxyl molecule The electrons is accepted by chlorophyll molecules that had lost their electrons earlier. Hydroxyl groups finally form water and releases oxygen.

ii. Dark Reaction

The reaction takes place in stroma. Hydrogen atoms produced during light reaction reduces carbon dioxide to form glucose. The reduction of carbon dioxide in stroma is catalysed by enzymes and requires energy from ATP ( produced during light reaction ) Units of (CH2O) combine to form glucose. Glucose units are then condensed together to form starch which is stored in the leaves. 1. the equation of reaction : light C6H12O6 chlorophyl + 6O2 + 18 H2O

6CO2 + 24 H2O

simplified to: light 6CO2 + 6H2O chlorophyl C6H12O6 + 6O2