General Cell Morphology Hematology CLS 312 10/19/2011 I.

Nucleus: bound by a nuclear membrane, contains nucleic acids that control and direct the development, function, and division of the cell.

II. Cytoplasm: surrounds the nucleus and contains organelles. III. Organelles: include mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, granules, microtubules, and microfilaments. a. are membrane-bound b. have specific cellular functions

IV. Cell Membrane A. composed of a lipid bilayer arranged with the polar groups of the lipids towards the outside of the membrane and the non-polar groups oriented towards the inside. Interspersed throughout this bilayer are globular, proteins. B. a. proteins are the functional units of membrane 1. provide selective permeability 2. give structural stability 3. responsible for enzymatic catalysis 4. transport many substances across the membrane b. two groups 1. integral a. interspersed throughout lipid bilayer b. some may completely penetrate the bilayer, others may only span one of the two layers 2. peripheral

C.

a. major ones are spectrin and actin b. attached to interior part of the membrane c. form cellular cytoskeleton carbohydrates 1. may be branched or straight chains linked to either proteins or lipids of the membrane 2. extend from the outer surface of the membrane 3. function in cell recognition, binding, and adhesion

V. Cytoplasm A. carries on synthetic activity of the cell, such as protein synthesis, growth, mobility, and phagocytosis B. organelles lie within the support matrix of the cytoplasm C. Appearance of stained cytoplasm in fixed smears can give important clues as to the development and activity within a cell 1. immature or synthetically active cells------>deep blue cytoplasm 2. older, resting cells------>lighter cytoplasm D. Volume of Cytoplasm in proportion to the nucleus varies depending upon the type of cell and its maturity. In general, nuclear size decreases with age, and the cytoplasmic volume increases, leading to a decreasing N;C ratio with maturity. VI. Ribosomes A. composed of protein and RNA B. may occur free in cytoplasm or be associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum C. cells occurring free in cytoplasm are thought to be associated with synthesis of proteins needed for cellular integrity, while cells associated with ER are thought to be devoted to proteins which are secreted by the cell. D. single ribosomes must be linked by m-RNA to form polyribosomes, before they will function in protein synthesis

VII. Endoplasmic Reticulum A. Interconnecting, membrane bound tubules and vescicles B. May be continuous with the nuclear envelope and Golgi C. Two Types 1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum a. most ER is this type b. studded with ribosomes c. produces proteins for secretion by the cell d. protein is secreted into the lumen of the RER where it travels to the Golgi apparatus e. cells that synthesize large amounts of secretory protein are rich in RER f. cells that synthesize protein that is not secreted but that remains in the cytoplasm have little RER but many free ribosomes 2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum a. may produce lipid b. may be involved in detoxification or synthesis of certain hormones VIII. A. B. C. D. Golgi Apparatus Flattened sacs or cisternae, curved or arranged in parallel arrays Cells of the secretory type have large Golgi (Plasma Cells) Cells active in granule formation also have large Golgi Golgi is usually adjacent to the nucleus and does not stain well with basic dyes. Therefore its presence is indicated by an unstained or clear area surrounding the nucleus of the cell. E. Polypeptides synthesized in RER are channeled into the Golgi where they are assembled into proteins and released into the cytoplasm. F. Glycoprotein and Lipoprotein synthesis also occurs in Golgi

IX. Lysosomes A. contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes B. free to move about in cytoplasm C. when they contact digestive vacuoles (phagosomes) they can fuse and release their enzymes into the resulting digestive body known as a phagolysosome. X. Mitochondria A. major site of glycolysis and Krebs Cycle B. all blood cells except mature RBC's contain mitochondria

XI. Nucleus A. contains genetic material, DNA B. DNA arranged as stranded or blocked chromatin C. may have 1-4 nucleoli, consisting of RNA and protein D. surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope E. contains pores which act to give semi-permeable characteristics to the membrane.

LEGEND A B C D E F Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion G Nuclear Cistern H Nuclear Pore I Centrioles J Polysome K Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum L Vacuole

72516617.doc Wednesday, October 19, 2011