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A
s
=
z f
bd f K
yk
ck
87 . 0
'
2
+ A
s
9.2.1.1.(1) A
s, min
bd
f
f
yk
ctm
26 . 0 but 0.0013bd
9.2.1.1.(3) A
s, max
0.04bh
9.3.1.2 Bars at simple support A
s
50% A
s
in span
8.2.(2) Spacing > max{bar diameter; aggregate size + 5 mm; 20 mm)
5.2 Anchorage lengths
8.4.4 l
bd
= o
1
o
2
o
3
o
4
o
5
l
b
,
rqd
> max{0.3 l
b
,
rqd
; 10 |; 100 mm)
Table 8.2 o
1
= 1.0 for straight bars, and 1.0 for bent bars where c
d
< 3|; o
3
= o
4
= o
5
= 1
o
2
= 1 0.15(c
d
|) / | for straight; 1 0.15(c
d
3|) / | for bent, but not < 0.7 and >1
Fig. 8.3 where c
d
= min{spacing/2; side cover; bottom cover}
8.4.3.(2) l
b
,
rqd
=
bd
sd
f
o 25 . 0
| where o
sd
= design stress in the bar at the position from which
anchorage is measured.
8.4.2 f
bd
= 2.25 q
1
q
2
f
ctd
Fig. 8.2 q
1
= 1 for good casting condition; q
2
= 1 for bars | 32 mm diameter
5.3 Lap lengths
8.7.2. For a designed lap length, where fully stressed bars are lapping, lap length is as above
with the addition of o
6
, depending on how many bars are lapped at one section. If all bars
are lapped at the same place o
6
= 1.5 (a penalty factor in effect)
9.2.1.5. Where minimum bars are being lapped to designed bars, the lap length is 10 times the
minimum bar diameter.
4
5.4 Shear capacity
5.4.1. Without shear reinforcement
6.2.2.(1). Fig. 6.3. Calculated where bars A
sl
extend l
bd
+ d beyond section considered. If bars
extend bond length l
bd
beyond face of support, the shear is calculated at d from face of
support.
6.2.2.(1) V
Rd,c
= 0.12 k (f
ck
. 100 A
sl
/ bd)
1/3
bd
but V
Rd,c
0.035 k
3/2
f
ck
1/2
bd
where k = 1+
d
200
2
5.4.2. With shear reinforcement if V
Ed
> V
Rd,c
Finding area of links A
sw
or spacing s, knowing the ultimate shear force V
Ed
.
6.3.2. Eq. 6.9 V
Rd,max
=
u u
o
tan cot
1
+
cd cw
f v z b
= o
cw
v
1
b z f
cd
0.5 sin 2u
where o
cw
= 1, v
1
= 0.6 (1- f
ck
/250), z = 0.9d and f
cd
= f
ck
/1.5
Rearranging and replacing V
Rd,max
with V
Ed
, which is calculated at a distabce d from edge of support
u = 0.5 sin
-1
|
|
.
|
\
|
cd
Ed
f z b v
V
1
5 . 0
cotu is determined.
but 1.0 cotu 2.5
Eq. 6.8
u cot
ywd
Ed sw
f z
V
s
A
>
Eq. 9.5N
ywk
ck
sw
f
b f
s
A
08 . 0
min >
Eq. 6.12
ywk
cd cw
sw
f
b f v
s
A
87 . 0
5 . 0
max
1
o
s , for cotu = 1
9.2.2.(6) s 0.75d
5
6. Deflection Check (for effective span / effective depth, L/d ratio)
7.4.2. If
o
2 / 3
1 2 . 3 5 . 1 11
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
o
ck
o
ck
f f
d
L
If >
o
o
ck
f
d
L
5 . 1 11+ =
Table 7.4N Multiply L/d x 1.0 for simply supported beam, and 0.4 for cantilever
Multiply L/d x 0.8 for T-beam where breadth of flange > 3 x web breadth
Eq. 7.16
o
= f
ck
0.5
x 10
-3
= 0.0055 and = A
s
/bd where b = effective breadth used in bending
calculations, and A
s
is the designed steel area (not the area provided)
L/d calculated from 7.4.2. > L/d provided
7. Deflection calculations (for special situations not covered by span/depth ratio)
7.4.3. All loading is considered as long-term where the effective Youngs modulus of concrete
E
c,ef
and deflections include the effects of creep. According to EC1, the design service
load is quasi-permanent, where 2 = 0.7 for superimposed load for congregation.
7.4.1.(4). Limiting final deflection o = L/250
Limiting movement after installation o = L/500
Generally o =
ef ef
K
L P
K
L w
48
;
384
5
3 4
for UDL and point loads, respectively.
7.4.3. Eq. 7.18 & 7.19. Effective rigidity K
ef
= K
c
+ [| (K
u
K
c
) (M
cr
/M
k
)
2
] but not greater than K
1
where | = 0.5 for long term loads when the section is flexurally cracked,
| = 1.0 for short term deflection at installation
M
cr
= cracking moment based on uncracked section = Z
B
f
ctm
M
k
= applied bending moment
Flexural ridigity, uncracked K
u
= E
c,ef
I
u
Flexural ridigity, cracked K
c
= E
c,ef
I
c
E
c,ef
=
) , ( 1 t t
E
cm
+
where (t,t
o
) = creep coefficient (see EC2, Figure 3-1)
7.1 Flexurally Uncracked Section
Transformed area of steel = A
s
m at d from top, where modular ratio m = E
s
/ E
c,ef
.
Second moment of area of concrete alone = I
c
= bh
3
/12
Depth to centroidal axis x
u
=
m A A
md A h A 0.5
s c
s c
+
+
I
u
= I
c
+ A
c
(x
u
0.5h)
2
+ A
s
m (d x
u
)
2
Z
bottom
= I
c
/ (h-x
u
)
6
7.2 Flexurally Cracked Section
Depth to centroidal axis x
c
=
s c
s
2
c
mA bx
d mA /2 x b
+
+
I
c
= b x
c
3
/3 + A
s
m (d x
c
)
2
8. Crack Control
Minimum Area of Reinforcement
7.3.2. A
sm
= k
c
k f
ctm
A
ct
/ f
yk
where k
c
= 0.4 for bending
k = 1.0 for h 300 mm and 0.65 for h 800 mm, linear interpolation between.
A
ct
= bh/2, based on the assumption that the top half of the beam is in compression and
the bottom half is in tension just before the formation of the first crack.
End