BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BIOLOGY 2 (TBU 3023) FIELD WORK REPORT

TITLE: THE DIVERSITY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS. LOCATION: TAMAN PAYA BAKAU AND LUMUT, MANJONG PERAK. LECTURES NAME: Dr. SHAKINAZ DESA. TEAM MEMBERS: NAME KU MOHAMAD SYAFIQ BIN KU YUSUF MOHAMAD ARIF BIN NASARUDDIN MOHAMAD FADHILLAH BIN MUKHLAS SUARDI BIN NANANG MOHD AIDIL UBAIDILAH BIN RAZILAN MATRIX NO. D20091035089 D20091035123 D20091035126 D20091035131 D20091035132

Diversity of Plant in Taman Paya Bakau. Mangrove Plant. Scientific classification : Kingdom Division Class Subclass Order Family Genus Plantae Magnoliophyta (Angiosperm) Eudicotyledoneae Rosidae Malpighiales Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora

Characteristics: Rhizophora species have arching stilt roots that emerge from the trunk. Rhizophora means "root bearer" in Greek. It roots hold up the tree in soft mud, permeable to gases, while remaining impermeable to salts. In addition, entire upper root systems including the trunk and prop roots that emerge from the branches have this feature. Besides that, pneumatophores (in the picture below) penetrate the sand surrounding a mangrove tree. Thus the roots also help the tree to breathe.

In order to exclude salt, Rhizophora use ultrafiltration at the root level. It also stores any salt that gets through in old leaves which they later shed. Rhizophora grow best in wet, muddy and salty sediments. Its flowers are wind-pollinated, producing lots of powdery pollen and no fragrance or nectar. They are also self-pollinating. The fruit does not fall away when it ripens. The single seed within the fruit starts to germinate while it is still on the mother tree, and the mother tree channels nutrients to the growing seedling, this is called vivipary. The seedling forms a stem called a hypocotyl. When the seedling falls, at first it floats horizontally, and drifts with the tide. It can survive for long periods at sea. After some weeks, the tip gradually absorbs water and the seedling floats vertically and starts to sprout its first leaf from the top, and roots from the bottom. After it hits land, it grows more roots to anchor itself upright. Then more leaves will grows. Rhizophora seedlings grow rapidly to avoid being submerged at high tide.

Species of Rhiophora: 1. Rhizophora mucronata (Bakau Kurap).

R. mucronata grows well in soft mud too and it is among the few that can survive complete daily inundation. Uses: 1. As food: Fruits may be eaten by scraping off the skin and boiling with wood ashes. Its sweet, edible, and can make as juice or light wine. Besides that, young shoots are cooked and can be eaten as a vegetable. 2. Use as traditional medical to treat angina, haemorrhaging, diarrhoea, diabetes, dysentery, and hematuria. 3. Used for construction for instance to make fish traps, house frames, pilings and poles. Mangrove wood also for firewood and to make charcoal. 2) Rhizophora apiculata ( Bakau Minyak )

It leaf blades elliptic, tiny black-spotted below, leaf stalks and stipules often tinged red. Its stalkless flowers are cream-coloured, in pairs, on a short, stout, dark grey stalk. It has brown, upside-down pear-shaped fruit, crowned by the persistent sepals. Their trunk looks oily.

Diversity of Plants in Lumut. 1) Fern Scientific classification: Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Species name Characteristics: Ferns are terrestrial plants. The sporophyte generation (dominant generation) of fern has roots, stems, and leaves. They have lignins and fibrous material as supportive substances. Most fern have rhizome (main stem underground) that function to contain or store starch in their starch-filled cells. The leaves called fronds. For this species the fronds have 1 milimeter long that grow upward from rhizome. This ferns can be 25 meters high. This fronds are swordlike but in orther species of ferns its can be divided into leaflets called pinnea. There have true vascular tissue (xylem, phloem and sieve tube are present in this plant). Life cycle start with the production of spore(haploid gamete) by meiotic cell division within sporangia cell that locate in sori. Spore spread by wind to surrounding. The spore will germinate and divide to form haploid gametophyte called prothallus ( small, photosynthetic and have archegonia-an ovum production structure and antheridia-sperm producing structure). Prothallus disintegrate and sporophyte matures, produce strong rhizome that support fronds. Many typical ferns are epiphytes that attach to grow on a trunk of another tree but do not withdraw any nutrient from it. 2) Moss Scientific classification: Kingdom Phylum Class Species name Characteristics: Live in damp and shaded area. Their gametophytes are leafy. Fragmentation is a method of asexual reproduction. Any part of gametophyte plant capable to regenerate. The shoots bear antheridia-sperm production structure and archegonia-ovum production structure. Fertilization for sexual reproduction occurs when flagellated sperm fuse with ovum producing diploid zygote, first cell of sporophyte. Zygote will divide to form sporophyte (foot, stalk and upper capsule). Sporophyte attached to gametophyte and depends on gametophyte for food and shelter. Gamatophyte are dominant in phylum bryophyte. Plantae Bryophyta Musci Polytrichum(moss) Plantae Pteridophyta Filicinophyta Azolla pinnata (floating fern)

Summary Plants Type of plant Mangrove Vascular and seadBearing plant Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliophyta (Angiosperm) Class Eudicotyledoneae Species name Rhizophora apiculata ( Bakau Minyak ) Rhizophora mucronata(Bakau Kurap). Habitat Area of in wet, muddy and salty sediments. Dominant phase of Sporophyte phase life (tree,trunk, leaves, root) is dominat phase. Gametophyte is very small parasite of the sporophyte. The present of Flowers are present flowers Vascular system Have phloem to transfer product of photosynthesis from leaves to other part of the tree and xylem to transfer nutrients from soil to plant. Adaptation In order to exclude mechanism salt, Rhizophora use ultrafiltration at the root level. It also stores any salt that gets through in old leaves which they later shed. Reproductive method Its flowers are windpollinated, producing lots of powdery pollen and no fragrance or nectar. They are also selfpollinating (vivipary mechanism) Fern Seedless vascular plant Plantae Pteridophyta Moss Nonvascular plant Plantae Bryophyta

Filicinophyta Musci Azolla pinnata Polytrichum (floating fern)

Tropics area.

Damp area.

and

shaded

Sporophyte phase Gametophyte (fronds, rhizome) is (haploid generation dominat phase. that produce haploid gamete through mitotic division) are dominant phase. Flowers are absent. Flowers are absent. Have phloem to transfer product of photosynthesis from leaves to other part of the tree and xylem to transfer nutrients from soil to plant They have lignins at the leaves to prevent water loss and fibrous material as supportive substances. Do not have phloem and xylem.

By production of spore (haploid gamete). Spore spread by wind to surrounding (windpollinated) and by spreading and branching of rhizome.

Since there live in moist place it can shrivel up and become dormant when water get scared and resume growth when rain (water) return. Fragmentation leave, stem and rhizords of plant are capable to regenerate.

Animal Diversity The Differences between Vertebrates and Invertebrates. Vertebrate Invertebrate

Animals with an internal skeleton made of bone are called vertebrates. Well-developed internal skeleton; highly developed brain; have advanced nervous system; outer covering of protective cellular skin. Class : Amphibians Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata size from 4 to 12 inches long Breathing sacs bounded in a highly folded thin layer of cells. This epithelium is flush with blood vessels. This is a simple version of mammalian lungs. They absorb oxygen from these chambers into their blood. They use their gills to breathe air - but keep their gills wet by wiping them with their fins.

Animal without internal skeleton made of bone. It is an arthropods, in the same major group as insects and spiders, and are most closely related to decapod crabs, prawns, lobsters and yabbies. Class:Maxilopoda Kingdom : animilia Phylum :Arthropoda Doesnt move when reach adulthood Feeding, these two top plates open and basket-like cirri limbs wave into the oncoming current of water and direct food into the mouth.

Veterbrate

Invertebrate

Animals with an internal skeleton made of bone are called vertebrates. Well-developed internal skeleton; highly developed brain; have advanced nervous system; outer covering of protective cellular skin and scale. Class : Amphibians Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata breathe with gills Their limbs are modified into fins for swimming

Animal without internal skeleton made of bone. Shell solid, equivalve; inequilateral, beaks at the anterior end; approximately triangular in outline Class : Bivalvia Kingdom : Animilia Phylum : Mollusca Can live in harsh condition Colour purple, blue, sometimes brown, occasionally with prominent dark brown to purple radial markings. Periostracum almost black, dark brown, or olive; interior pearlwhite with a wide border of purple or dark blue

Vertebrate

Invertebrate

Endoskeleton vertebrates. Skin is covered with feathers. Have four-chambered hearts. Bones are lightweight and usually hollow. Forelimbs are modified as wings. Lay eggs.

Exoskeleton hardened at end of abdomen. Carapace (shell) protecting body parts. Telson at the end of abdomen. Gills for breathing. Head and thorax fused to form cephalothorax. 2 pairs of antennae. Lay eggs.