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pmrsufESm 176-200
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pmrsufESm 251-275
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pmrsufESm 276-300
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pmrsufESm 301-325
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pmrsufESm 326-350
zaygyi55
pmrsufESm 351-400
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pmrsufESm 401-450
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phyulin
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ed-4

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pmrsufESm 776-800
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tNidrfaeum; rjzpfvS/ wu,fawmh usifhpOfvJGacsmfaeolrsm;[m omoemudk ykwfcwfaqmfum;aeolrsm;
jzpfMuayw,f... xdkta&;ukd omoemta&; aoG;rat;olrsm;u t"r0g'Drsm; tif;tm;raumif;rD tcsdefrSD
y,fSm;ay;zkdU
vdktyfvSayw,f....
omoemawmfysufpD;aeNyD[k
vufykdufMunfhae
rjzpf...
Sifr[muyrSp &[Emrax&fjrwfMuD;rsm;yif aMumifhMurJh aeawmfrlcJhMuonfr[kwf... avmurSm

"r0g'xGef;um;atmif aqmifGuf&rnfrSm "rudk jrwfEkd;olwkdU&JU wm0efjzpfygw,f.....
wm0efodolrSm
wm0efSdw,f?
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wm0efydw,f[k
aS;q&mjrwfrsm;
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'kdUta&;[k
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t"r0g'rsm;ukd
wkdufzsuf&ef
vufeufaumif;
ozG,fjzpfwJh
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pmpDpmkduf "r'ge? trw'geukd ycJhMuygw,f.....
tzdk;wefusrf;pmtkyfwpftkyfukd tckvkd0kdif;0ef;NyD; uGefysLwm pmpDpmkdufjzpfatmif vkyfaqmifaewm
awGU&awmh t&rf;yDwdjzpfrdygw,f.... atmf 'kdYomoemawmftwGuf aysmfaysmfTifTif wufwufMuGMuG
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk; SdvdkufMuwm... ajymaeqkdaeMuwJh wkdifyifaeMuwmvnf; MunfEl;p&maumif;vkdufwm...
tJ'D0rf;omp&mtm;vHk;xJrSm 0dedp,usrf;MuD;ukd zwf&wm yDwdtjzpfqHk;ygyJ.... 'gaMumifh tJ'DyDwdpdwfeJU
twl 'Dpmukd pDukH;cJhygw,f....
udkwmaw
ed-8

vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp, (odkUr[kwf)
omoemh tusKd;twGuf aqmifGufrI yxrqHk; ajcvSrf;
uRefr jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifudk 2009-ckESpf? rwfvrSm p0ifjzpfcJhygw,f/ 0ifpuawmh tGefvdkif;
tzGJUtpnf;wpfckudk tzJGUolwpfOD;taeeJY 0ifMunfhHkoufoufygyJ/ &nfG,fcsuf bmrS r,fr,f&&
rSdcJhygbl;/ u@awG pHkatmif avQmufzwf&if; .... wpfcgrSmawmh bmoma&; u@xJudk 0ifMunfhrdygw,f/
uRefr 0rf;vnf;om tHhvnf;tHhMooGm;cJhw,f? wjcm; u@awGrSm pHkvif tm;aumif;vSwJh
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmifonf bmoma&;u@rSmvnf; vHk;0 tm;renf;bl;qdkwm awGUvdkuf&vdkUygyJ/
txl;ojzifh bmoma&; pmayaumif;awGudk armifESrrsm;u ud;pm;yef;pm; tm;ud;rmefwuf
wifqufay;aeMuwm? Ak'bk&m;Sif&JU tvdkawmfeJY tnD aqG;aEG;Mu ar;Mu ajzMueJU
todwdk;yGm;atmifvkyfaeMuwmawGudk awGU&awmh ydkvdkUawmif oabmusrdw,f/ 'gayr,hf udk,fu
0ifcgpqdkawmh vdkufMunfhHkyJ Munhfjzpfao;w,f/
uRefr odyfESpfoufwJh bmoma&;pmayawGudk a'gif;vkyf,l? r&wmawGudk armifESrrsm;qDudk
tyluyf? 'DvdkeJUae&if;u ... wpfaeUrSmawmh wdkU tyluyforQ 'dkifcH ridrNiif Nyefwifay;wJh tpfudkBuD;
kotayza
u yDtrfydkUNyD; ]]vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp,}} pmtkyfBuD;twGufudk 0dkif;ul
pmdkufay;ygvm;vdkU arwm&yfvmygw,f/
'Dvdk tultnDawmif;cH&wmudkyJ awmfawmf aysmfoGm;w,f ..... tJ ..... enf;enf;vnf;
wGefUqkwfrdw,f ..... bmvdkUvJqdkawmh tJ'Dh tcsdeftxd wpfcgrS jrefrmpm rdkufzl;ao;bl;/ ]]tdk .....
vkyfcsifwJhpdwfqESd&if bmrsm;rjzpf&rvJ ..... olUbmomoljzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f? eifbmrS ylraeeJU}} vdkU
udk,fhudkudk,f jyeftm;ay;&if; tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh yg0ifvdkufxm ..... tJ'Dhu pNyD; tckvdk
omoemhtusKd;udk (tkwfwpfcsyf oJwpfyGifh ESrf;wpfaphyJjzpfjzpf) qufvufNyD; armifESrrsm;eJYtwl
tm;ud;rmefwuf vkyfjzpfoGm;wm ,aeUxdwdkifygyJSif/
'gaMumifh 'DpmtkyfBuD;eJU ywfoufNyD; tckvdk ..... uRefrrSm omoemawmfBuD; tusKd;udko,fydk;cGifh?
ukokdvfjzpfcGifhrsm;pGm aumif;pGm&cJh&wJhtjyif ..... 'DpmtkyfBuD;udk zwfIavhvmcGifh&cJhvdkU 0dedp,Pfvnf;
rsm;pGm ykdxufoefvmcJhNyD;? omoemawmfBuD;pifMu,fzdkU b,favmufta&;BuD;w,f? omoemhtE&m,fawG
b,favmufawmifrsm;aew,fqdkwmudkyg odcGifh&cJhNyD; ..... &wemawmfjrwf (3)yg;udk trsm;BuD;
ydkMunfdkpdwf? omoemcspfpdwfawG tqrsm;pGmwdk;yGm;vmcJh&wm jzpfygaMumif;? 'DpmtkyfBuD; tckvdk
jzpfajrmufay:xGef;vma&;twGuf
aus;Zl;rsm;Muol
armifESrrsm;tm;vHk;?
aus;Zl;wifxdkufol
armifESrrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'D trSwfw&pmpkav;eJU av;pm;0rf;ajrmufpGm *kPfy aus;Zl;rSwfwrf;
txl;wifSdvdkuf&ygw,fSif/
Ak'\ ppfrSefaom tqHk;tr omoemawmfonf aumif;pGm t"GefYSnfygapownf;/
ruvsm
ed-9

atmifygap
uGef,ufaeUopf? aTacwf
usL;ypfNrefrm? zdk&rfrSm
omoemhygv? armifESrwdkU
Ak'tarG? usrf;pmay
NyefUyGm;a0rQv .....
vlaovlNzpf? tNrifnpfESifh
rdk;Nym0g'? t"rvdk
twGif;&efpG,f? NrJumuG,fNyD;
rsKd;Ncm;rdpm? omoemvdk
&efpG,fNyify? SdorQvnf;
acgif;iHkUrcH? pOfwGef;vSefonf
nDnmpdwf0rf;wl ....
Ak'NrwfpGm? omoemwGuf
El;nHhESvHk;? NrwfvufkH;ESifh
omoemhygv? armifESrwdkU
apwempkdufxkwf vHkUvyonf
o'gNrJMunfNzL ..... /
udkArmhaoG;
ed-10
rmwdum
pOf
taMumif;t&m
ESm
tydkif;(1)
1-1/
yHkESdyfxkwfa0&Ncif;taMumif;
....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
1-2/
Hk;awmfzGifh tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
1-3/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ oabmxm;

1-4/ EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)zGJUpnf;Ncif;trdefU
1-5/ trSwf(2) oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU\ &yfwnfcsuf
tydkif;(2)
2-1/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm ed'gef;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
14
2-2/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
21
2-3/
omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;udk Hk;awmfrS ppfar;Ncif;
.....
.....
98
2-4/
0daooapm'em wifoGif;vTm
2-5/
0daooap'emtNyD; pk'dwursm;tm; ar;Ncif;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
107
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
204
tydkif;(3)
3-1/
aom"emu@ (obmywdq&mawmf\ rdefUMum;csuf)
.....
.....
.....
.....
206
3-2/
OD;qEm"du\ aom"emacsyvTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
207
3-3/ ocifNrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
218
3-4/ orm'd|dokawoetzGJU\ acsyvTm
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
266
3-5/ obmywdq&mawmfed*Hk;csKyfrdefUcGef;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
339
tydkif;(4)
4-1/
0dedp,u@ (tcrf;tem;tpDtpOf)
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
340
4-2/
Oya'ESifhywfoufaom oabmxm;Sif;vif;csuf .....
.....
.....
.....
.....
341
4-3/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
346
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
352
4-4/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedp, ed'gef;
pOf
taMumif;t&m
ESm
tydkif;(5)
5-1/ qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(1)
bmomrJh kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
5-2/
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
367
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
395
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
447
uH uH\tusdK;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
472
.....
.....
.....
510
.....
530
qHk;Nzwfcsuf trSwf(2)
vlaovlNzpf 0dedp,

31-bHky,f 0dedp,
twdwftem*wfb0wdkUudk y,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedp,
tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[maNymNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
oAkwPfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedp,
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
596
.....
.....
.....
.....
616
.....
.....
.....
.....
653
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
668
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
681
"mwfawmfarGawmfponfudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedp,
.....
.....
.....
.....
690
.....
.....
.....
.....
700

orx0dyemudk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,fNcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedp,
oHCmudk ykwfcwfNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedp,
y&dwfGwfNcif;udk y,fNcif;ESifhpyfonfh 0dedp,
Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,fNcif; 0dedp,
pOf
taMumif;t&m
ESm

Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udky,fNcif; 0dedp,
.....
.....
.....
718
.....
.....
.....
738
t&d,mESifh edAmefudk Nyifqifa&;om;Ncif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedp, .....
.....
.....
816

Oyg'gefESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
.....
.....
.....
.....

"rpMumvufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedp,
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
827
.....
.....
.....
.....
836
Ak'\ NzpfawmfpOf Ak'0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhNrifyNcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp, .....
.....
.....
845
.....
.....
.....
877

vufNzpfygVdtrSm;rsm;Nzifh vdrfnma&;om;Ncif; 0dedp,
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm; xkwfy,f zsufqD;Ncif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
5-21/ aygif;Hk;oHk;oyfcsuf (aumufcsuf)
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
881
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
895
.....
903
tydkif;(6)
6-1/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp, csrSwfcsuf
6-2/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;aom Mo0g'uxm
6-3/ TefMum;a&;r;csKyf\ Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
906
6-4/ t"r0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrsm;
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
909
9-5/ obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Sif;vif;avQmufxm;vTm .....
.....
.....
.....
910
6-6/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus Ou|q&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm
.....
912
6-7/ q&mawmfOD;crmok"\ 0dedp,tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'
.....
916
6-8/ tusdK;aqmif q&mawmf\ Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf
.....
.....
.....
921
6-9/ t"r0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;
.....
.....
.....
923
6-10/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ trdefUaMumfNimpm
.....
.....
.....
926
.....
.....
.....
927
6-11/ usrf;pmtkyf "r'getvSif
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
tpodkU
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\

0dedp, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk obmywdq&mawmfu zwfMum;aMuNimaepOf
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm; oHk;oyfcsuf zwfMum;onfudk
apm'u q&mawmfrsm; emMum;aepOf
yHk-1
tpodkU
q&mawmf OD;pEdrm apm'emvTm wifoGif;aeyHk
q&mawmf OD;ynmoD[ apm'emvTm wifoGif;aeyHk
yHk-2
tpodkU
obmywdq&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'udk emMum;aeaom

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;ESifh y&dowfrsm;
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom apm'emudk

pk'dwu q&mawmfrsm; emMum;aeyHk
yHk-3
tpodkU

apm'uyk*dKvf(4)yg;
EdkifiHawmfoHCr[mem,utzGJU aSUarSmuf
pk'dwu yk*dKvfrsm; Mo0g'cH,laeyHk
yHk-4
tpodkU

zGJUpnf;&Ncif;taMumif;udk apm'uESifh pk'dwu ESpfbufyk*dKvfrsm;tm;
TefMum;a&;r;csKyf OD;MunfGefUu
Sif;vif;avQmufxm; aNymMum;aepOf
pk'dwu vlyk*dKvfrsm;
yHk-5
tpodkU
omoE& pG,fpHkwwfuRrf;awmfrlaom aNrmif;NrrdU

yaZmwmHkq&mawmf OD;Pdu oHk;oyfcsufudk zwfMum;aeyHk
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) trIppfaq;aepOf

vma&mufem;axmifMuaom y&dowftcsdKU
yHk-6
tpodkU
rauG;rdU r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfOD;ukrm&
oHk;oyfcsufudk zwfMum;aeyHk
0dedp, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk aMuNimaepOf ty&a*g,meausmif;aqmifaSU

vma&muf em,laeMuaom y&dowftcsdKU
yHk-7
tpodkU
Mo0g'cH,lyGJtNyD; pk'dwu yk*dKvfrsm;udk awGU&yHk
0dedp, qHk;NzwfcsufcsNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU\

Mo0g'cH,l&ef pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkifESifhtzGJUtm;
TefMum;a&;r;csKyf OD;MunfGefUu OD;aqmifac:,loGm;pOf
yHk-8
tpodkU
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ou|

(t*r[my@dw) Am&mPoDq&mawmfu pk'dwu yk*dKvfrsm;tm;
Mo0g'uxm csD;NrifhaepOf
pk'dwursm;tm; EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu

Mo0g'ay;aeonfudk ZrK'Dyausmif;aqmifaSU vma&mufem,laeaom
y&dwfowftcsdKU
yHk-9
tpodkU
t"r0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; orm'd|d okawoetzGJU

Ou| OD;cif[ef 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
aTtbd"rm0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; &cdkifNynfe,f awmifukwfrdU

aTtbd"rmtzGJU Ou| OD;aTNynfh 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
yHk-10
tpodkU
t"r0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; orm'd|d okawoetzGJU (em,u)

OD;vGef;armif 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

OD;Pfodkif; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
yHk-11
tpodkU

OD;pdefat; 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

wGJzuftwGif;a&;r; OD;ausmfwifh 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
yHk-12
tpodkU

'kwd,Ou| OD;Nr'if 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf

taxGaxG twGif;a&;r; OD;NrifhaqG 0efcHvufrSwfa&;xdk;aepOf
yHk-13
tpodkU
obmywdq&mawmfu EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\

0dedp, qHk;Nzwfcsufudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU 'kwd,Ou|
(t*r[my@dw) Am&mPoDq&mawmfvufodkU vTJtyfaeyHk
vlaovlNzpf OD;Ou| 0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif;

pk'dwu OD;Z0e (aeSife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;)
0efcHvufrSwfxdk;aepOf
yHk-14
tpodkU

pk'dwu OD;Z0e (ig;qifhtaemufausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;)

pk'dwu OD;OaZmwdu (uGif;ausmif;? a';'&J)
yHk-15
tpodkU

OD;qEm'du (ewfrSDawm&ausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;)
vlaovlNzpf t,l0g'udk pGefUvTwfaMumif; pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkif

yHk-16
tpodkU

omoema&;OD;pD;Xme? TefMum;a&;r;csKyf a'gufwmrsdK;jrifh\
'kvb"r'ge
om"ktEkarm'em 0rf;ajrmufzG,fpum;
"r'geukodkvfSif
pm'g,umBuD;
OD;ausmfGefUonf
Ak'bmomrsdK;dk;rS
&wemoHk;yg;
OD;xdyfxm; arG;zGm;vmoljzpfonfhtwdkif; rdbwdkU\oGefoifrIjzifh vlrSef;odpuyif &wemoHk;yg;ESifh

tpOfrjywfxdawGUcJh&ayonf?
oifMum;cJh&onf?
ausmif;pmoifcsdefrsm;rSmvnf;
,if;bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk
zwfI
q&maumif;rsm;ESifh
avhvm&wkdif;
bmompmayrsm;udk
MunfEl;0rf;omjzpfcJh&onf?
wm0efrsm;xrf;aqmifcsdefwGif q&mawmfoHCmawmfrsm;ESifh tcgrjywf uHudufzl;jrifcGifh&NyD; bmoma&;

todPfrsm; <u,f0cJh&onf/
av;oacsFESifh urmwpfodef; yg&rDawmfqnf;yl; bk&m;tjzpf &awmfrlyHkudk tmHkyum tBudrfBudrf
tzefzef Ak'ylZmycJhonf? apwDbk&m;ausmif;uefrsm; wnfaqmufyjyif rGrf;rH&mXmersm;wGif udk,ftm;
aiGtm; pGrf;tm;SdorQ yg0ifukodkvfycJhonf? Sifawmfbk&m; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlaom tylcyfodrf;
Nidrf;at;aMumif; "r&wem wnfwHhjyefUyGm;ap&ef pmtkyfpmayusrf;*efrsm;udk tcGifh&ovkd dkufESdyfv'gef;
cJhonf/
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2/
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rme a'go aSUxm; rajymqkdjcif;?
(c)
teuft"dym,f a&vnfpGmod ajymqkdjcif;?
(*)
pum;aumif;udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm vufcHjcif;?
(C)
wpfbufu tajymdkif;aomfvnf; rNcdrf;ajcmuf rarmif;rJjcif;?
(i)
taMumif;rJh uJh&JUIwfcs ryjcif;?
(p)
owdvGwf tqdkcRwfaom pum;udk ta&;r,ljcif;?
(q)
wpfbufom;udk zdESdyf rajymqkdjcif;?
(Z)
rcHcsifatmif xduyg; &duyg; rajymqdkjcif;?
12
tpodkU
(ps)
oabmrSefudk em;vnfatmif ajymjyjcif;?
(n)
MunfvifTifvef;atmif ajymqdkjcif;?
txufyg 10-csufwkdUudkvdkufemw&m;ojzifh pdppfqHk;jzwfMurnfjzpfaMumif; xyfavmif;

aMunmtyfygaMumif;/
7/
,ck ppfaq;pD&ifrnfh "r? t"r 0d0g'g"dukPf;rIonf omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;ESifh
oufqkdifonfh txl;ta&;BuD;aom udpwpf&yfjzpf ckdifjrJaompmjzifhom a&;om; apm'em? aom"em

yMu&rnf? Hk;awmfu EIwfar;cGef;rsm; ar;aomtcgom EIwfjzifh jyefvnf ajzMum;&rnf jzpfonf/
8/
txl;owday;vdkonfrSm oufqkdif&m pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdUonf Hk;awmfokdU wifoGif;aom
qkdvTm? acsvTm wkdUudk jyifyokdU ysHUvGifhaygufMum;jzefUa0jcif;rsm; ry&? qHk;jzwfpD&ifNyD;aomtcg trIjzpf&yf

tjcif;t&m tjzmjzmudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzJGUESifh omoema&;OD;pD;XmewkdUuom vdktyfovdk
pdppf Ak'bmom &[ef;Sifvlrsm;odkU jzefUa0vdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
9/
wm;jrpfcsufudk rvkdufembJ qkdvTm? acsvTm rdwLrsm;udk jzpfap? toHoGif;ud;acGrsm;udk
jzpfap wdwfwqdwf jzefUa0vQif oD;jcm;0dedp,Hk;awmfudk raxrJhjrifyjcif;? xkwfa0olrSwfyHkwifrJh

jzefUa0jcif;
ponfwkdUaMumifh
oufqkdif&m
Oya'jzifh
ta&;,lrcH&ap&ef
arwmjzifh
udwif
owday;tyfygonf/
1/
b'EaCmodwmbd0Ho? odum (54)

obmywd
aCmodwm&mrwdkuf? xm;0,frdU/
2/
b'EZ0embd0Ho? odum(52)? tzJGU0if

Z0embd0HomHkausmif;wdkuf? udUyifaumufrdU/
3/
b'E"rmbd0&? odum(45)? tzJGU0if

uHwGif;qkawmif;jynfhausmif;wdkuf?
jynfrdU/
4/
b'Eukrm&mbd0Ho? odum(39)? tzJGU0if

r[m0dokwm&mrwdkuf? rauG;rdU/
5/
b'Eedu? odum(35)? tzJGU0if

yaZmwmHkausmif;wdkuf? ajrmif;jrrdU/
13
tpodkU
tydkif;(2)
2-1/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm ed'gef;
2-2/
apm'em wifoGif;vTm
2-3/
omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;udk Hk;awmfrS ppfar;Ncif;
2-4/
2-5/
0daooap'emtNyD; pk'dwursm;tm; ar;Ncif;
bk&m;tvdkawmfESifh qefUusifwmudk
a[majymaewmMum;&&if
bk&m;wynfhwdkif;[m
bk&m;bufuaezkdU ta&;BuD;w,f?
(r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;)
tpodkU

jynfaxmifpk qkdS,fvpf orw jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2)
vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedp,twGuf apm'emwifoGif;vTm
1343 -ck e,kefvjynfhausmf (13) &uf
(30.6.81)
ed'gef;
trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU0if q&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
jynfaxmifpk
qkd&S,fvpf
orw
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif
jynfaxmifpkol
jynfaxmifpkom;wkdif;onf rdrdwkdU udufESpfouf&m bmomudk vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh SdMuygonf?

rnfonfh bmomukdrQ rudk;uG,f vdkolwkdU onfvnf; bmomrJhtjzpf aexkdifcGifh SdMuygonf? odkU&mwGif
w&m;ojzifh ay;xm;aom ]]vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh}} udk rawmfrw&m; tvGJoHk;pm; rvkyf&ef wm;jrpfcsuf
Sdygonf bk&m;/
2/
bmomrJhwkdUonf
vGwfvyfpGm
udk;uG,fcGifhudk
tcGifhaumif;,lNyD;
xkdxkd
bmom
omoemwkdUudk apmfum;jcif;? ykwfcwfjcif;? jyuf&,fyjcif;? zsufqD;jcif; yMuonfSdaomf vGwfvyfpGm

udk;uG,fcGifhudk tvGJoHk;pm; yvkyfjcif;[k wynfhawmfrsm; ,lqMuygonf? xkdenf;twl rdrdudk,fwkdif
udk;uG,fygonfqkdaom bmomomoem\ txGwfjrwfqHk; &wemrsm;jzpfMuaom bk&m; w&m; oHCmESifh
pmayy&d,wfwkdUudk xdkbmom0ifqkdolwkdUonf apmfum;jcif;? ykwfcwfjcif;? jyuf&,fyjcif;? zsufqD;jcif;
yMuaomf vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifhudk tvGJoHk;pm; vkyfjcif;yif[k wynfhawmfrsm; ,lq Muygonf bk&m;/
q&mawmf tSifjrwfwkdUbk&m;3/
vlaovljzpfOD;Ou|onf Ak'bmom&[ef;toGif t&[w"Z bk&m;ta&awmfouFef;udk
0wfqifxm;ol jzpfygvsuf 1958-ckESpfwGif Ak'0g'ESifh qefUusifaom ]]vlaovljzpf}} pmtkyfudk

a&;om;xkwfa0cJhygonf? xkd vlaovljzpf pmtkyf bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfvm (31) bHkwkdUwGif rsufjrif
vlUbHkESifh wd&pmefbHk (2)bHkudkom vufcHNyD; usef (29) bHkwkdUukd y,fxm;ygonf? uHw&m;udk y,fMuaom
omoemy wdwdq&mBuD;rsm;uJhodkU ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH wkdUudkvnf; y,fxm;ygonf? Ak'bmom\
ppfrSefaom bk&m; w&m; oHCmwkdUudkvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf ykwfcwf apmfum;xm;ygonf? xkdUaMumifh
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|0g'udk
wpfEkdifiHvHk;Sd
ppfrSefaom
Ak'bmom
oHCmawmfrsm;u
14
tpodkU
uefUuGufIwfcscJhMuygonf? ppfrSefaom Ak'bmom0if 'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;uvnf; uefUuGuf

IwfcscJhMuygonf bk&m;/
q&mawmfBuD;rsm; qHk;jzwfcsuf
q&mawmf tSifjrwfwkdU bk&m;4/
EdkifiHawmf Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;? EdkifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh
ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfrsm; tzJGUcsKyfrS q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf pnf;a0;awmfrlMuNyD; ]]vlaovljzpf}} pmtkyfESifh

ywfouf qHk;jzwfcsufcsay;&ef (27)yg;aom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; wm0efay;awmfrlcJhMuygonf? xdk
(27)yg;aom q&mawmfBuD;wkdUonf bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& taotcsm aumufcsufcsawmfrlMuNyD;
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUukd (u)
OauyeD,uH yxkdufonf?
(c)
vl0wfvJay;vsuf omoemawmfrS ESifxkwfxkdufonf-
[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlcJhMuygonf/
5/
xdkqHk;jzwfcsufudk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfrsm;tzJGUcsKyf A[kdOD;pD;
tvkyftrIaqmif
q&mawmfrsm;uvnf; wpfnDwpfGwfwnf; oabmwlvufcHcJhMuygonf? rEav;rdU
EkdifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfBuD;rsm;uvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUukd (u)
OauyeD,uH yxdkufonf?
(c)
yumoeD,uH yxdkufonf?
(*)
vlrsm;uvnf; tyom'ya0'eD,uH yxdkufonf-
[k qHk;jzwfawmfrlcJhMuygonf bk&m;/
yumoeD,uH yjcif;
txufyg
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;t&
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
w0ef;vHk;rS
*dkPf;aygif;pHk
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf 1325 -ck? 0gqkdvjynfhausmf (9) &uf (14.7.63) aeUwGif &efukefrdU aT*Hkwkdifvrf;
ajcmufxyfBuD; bk&m;BuD;ausmif;wkduf tpnf;ta0;yGJ usif;yawmfrlMuNyD; ouFef;ta&cHvsuf omoemudk
zsufqD;aeMuaom
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
OD;0go0wkdUudk
yumoeD,uH
yawmfrlcJhMuygonf?
]]OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdU udk,fEIwfwkdUjzifh ajymqkd yvkyf a&;om;orQonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhvnf; rqkdif?

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfESifhvnf; rqkdif? bk&m; wynfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhvnf; rqkdif? OD;Ou|ESifh
15
tpodkU
OD;0go0wkdUonf
olUoabmtwkdif;
olxifjrif&m
yvkyfjcif;rQom
jzpfonf}}
[k
rSwf,lMu&ef
oHCorKwd&a0VK0efq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u 'g,um 'g,dumrwkdUtm; bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfESifh tnD

aMunmtoday;cJhygonf/
7/
xkdrS
aemuf
yumoeD,uH
yyGJrsm;?
yumoeD,uHudk
axmufcHyGJrsm;udk
jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvHk; tESHUtjym; yvkyfcJhMuygonf? OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUtm; vl0wfvJapvsuf

omoemawmfrS ESifxkwfaom tvkyfudkrl tmPmpuf tultnD r&cJhojzifh ryvkyfEkdifcJhMuygbk&m;/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfESifh vIyfSm;rIrsm;
q&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;8/
jrefrmEkdifiH Ak'omoemawmf\ acgif;aqmifq&mawmfrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;awmfESifhtnD
yumoeD,uHyum vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUudk qHk;rcJhMuygonf? Ak'omoemawmfenf;t&

ta&;,lMuygonf? odkU&mwGif vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdUonf &yfwef;ur&yfbJ ouFef;rsm;
0wfNrJ 0wfMuvsuf Ak'bmom ta&cHxm;MuaomaMumifh vGefpGmdk;om;Muaom Ak'bmom0ifrsm;onf
if;wkdUudk Ak'bmom bkef;BuD;[kyif xifMuygonf? if;wkdU a[mcsif&ma[maom w&m;wkdUudkvnf;
Ak'bmomw&m;[kyif xifMuygonf/
9/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou| OD;0go0ESifh OD;Ou|\ aemufvdkuf oHa,miform;wkdUonfum;
Ak'omoemawmfudk zsufqD;Ekdifa&;twGuf tuGufaumif;udk tNrJacsmif;aeMuygonf? vlaovljzpfpmtkyf

xkwfa0NyD;aemuf rMumrDtcsdef (1963) yif vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh (31) bHky,f0g'D if;wkdU\
aemufvkdufwkdUonf
]]orm'd|dokawoe
tzGJUcsKyf}}
[laom
omoemzsuf
tiftm;pkwpfckudk
xlaxmifcJhMuygonf? tzGJUwpfzGJU zGJUcJhMuygonf? vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|onf xkdtzGJUwGif Mo0g'gp&d,tjzpf

yg0ifygonf? vlaovljzpf OD;Ou| a[majymcsufrsm;udk vufcHMuolrsm; wynfhrsm;onf xkdtzJGUwGif
yg0ifMuygonf/
orm'd|dokawoe
tzJGUcsKyf\
tzJGUcJGrsm;udk
jrefrmEdkifiH
ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif
zGJUpnf;Muygonf/
10/
Ak'omoemawmf
olwkdUonf
ysufpD;&m
orm'd|dudk
okawoeyvkyfonf[k
ysufpD;aMumif;
tvkyfwkdUukd
toHaumif;vTifh
pepfwus
tuGufcsNyD;
rsufESmzHk;pGyfNyD;
enf;trsdK;rsdK;
yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh ususee vkyfcJhMu ygonf? vkyfyHkrsm;rSm odkU jzpfygonf-
16
tpodkU
(u)

oH*g,em
6-wef
wifNyD;onfh
ppfrSefaom
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh
Ak'omoemawmfudk rawmfrwef a0zefIwfcsa&;twGuf A[dktzGJUcsKyfrS wpfjynfvHk;Sd

tzGJUcGJrsm;odkU tcgtm;avsmfpGm oGm;a&muf a[majymMuonf? oifwef;rsm; ydkUcsMuonf?
'l;wkduf aqG;aEG;Muonf/
(c)
0g'jzefUpmtkyf pmGuf pmwrf;rsm;ESifh vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;udk tpdk;&Oya'ESifh

qefUusifNyD; xkwfa0Muonf? jzefUcsdMuonf/
(*)
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|
tygt0ifjzpfaom
acgif;aqmifrsm;\
a[majymcsuf
uufqufud;acGrsm;udk wpfjynfvHk;Sd tzGJUcGJrsm;odkU jzefUMuonf? if;tjyif aw;okyfazmf

uufqufud;acGrsm;? bkHurm bHkSif;wrf;uJhodkUaom jyZmwf Zmwfvrf;rsm; ay:vmatmif
vrf;jyay;Muonf/
(C)
A[dktzGJUcsKyf tqifhjrifhoifwef;tjzpf ax&0g'Ak'omoemawmfqefUusifa&; pmwrf;rsm;

zwfMuonf? aqG;aEG;Muonf/
(i)
tzGJUcGJrsm;uvnf; A[dktzGJUcsKyfrS a&mufSdvmaom vufodyfxkd; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;?

vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;udk zwfMuonf? pkaygif; aqG;aEG;Muonf? Ak'omoemawmfudk
apmfum;onfh
t"rw&m;
wdwfacGrsm;udkvnf;
emMum;Muonf?
tcGifh&onfh
oDwif;ywfwdkif; odkU vkyfMuonf/

(p)
tzGJU0ifrsm; wkd;yGm;a&;twGuf enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh pnf;Hk;Muonf? tzGJU0ifrsm; SmNyD;

aiGaMu; aumufcH Muonf? 0g'jzefUMuonf? 'l;wkduf aqG;aEG;Muonf? romtokb
vlrIa&;udpyif olwkdU\ t"r0g' jyefUyGm;a&; tvkyfrsm;udk vkyfMuonf/
11/
uJhodkU
vltrsm;
udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvsufSdaom
Ak'"rrsm;udk
ajAmifusus
apmfum;aerIrsm;ESifh ywfouf pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfMuaom Ak'bmom0if &[ef;Sifvlrsm;u rcHr&yfEkdif

jzpfMuNyD; wkdifMum;pmrsm;udk EkdifiHawmforwBuD;xHodkUyif ydkUMuonf? omoema&;0efBuD;xHokdUvnf;
ydkUMuonf? EkdifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUodkUvnf; ay;ydkU wkdifMum;Muonf/
aTtbd"rm
12/
orm'd|d okawoetzGJUtcsKyfonf rnfolawGu rnfolUudkyif wkdifwkdif Ak'bmom
&[ef;Sifvl trsm;udk *krpdkufbJ t"r0g'rsm;udk qufvufjzefUa0NrJ jzefUa0Muonf? trSefw&m;udk

Smygonf[k qifajcay;NyD; ax&0g'Ak'omoemawmf tm;enf;a&;udkom qufvufud;pm;aeMuonf?
tuGufay:vQif ay:ovdk vIyfSm;aeMuonf? xkdUaMumifhyif if;wkdUudk jrpfzsm;cHNyD; ]]aTtbd"rm}} [l
17
tpodkU
ay:vm&jcif;
jzpfonf?
trSefrSm
]]aTtbd"rm}}
[lonf
&ckdifjynfe,f
awmifukwfrdU
orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwkdU\
vkyfief;rsm;udk
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJ\ vIyfSm;rI wpf&yfom jzpfonf/

13/
xkdtzGJUcGJonf
tzGJU0iftcsif;csif;
aqG;aEG;MupOf Ak'omoemzsuf pdwftm;xufoefvmMuonf? Ak'omoemudk dkif;yspGm apmfum;aom

ar;cGef;rsm;udk
olomigom
ar;jyMuonf?
xdkar;cGef;rsm;udk
tzGJUcGJOu|ESifh
twGif;a&;r;wkdUu
]]vlUtbd"rm}} [k trnfwyfvsuf rSwfwrf;yxm;Muonf? xkd vlUtbd"rmqkdaom rSwfwrf;udk

awmifukwfrdUrS orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJOu| OD;aTjynfhonf &efukefrdUSd orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfodkU
udk,fwkdifvmydkUonf?
tjrifrSefudk
SmMuonfqkdaom
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfonf
tvGef0rf;omoGm;onf? Ak'bmomta&cHum Ak'omoemawmfukd zsufqD;rI yaeMuaom rdrdwdkU\

vkyfief;BuD; rnfrQtpGrf;xufaeonfudkMunhfum vGefpGm tm;&Muonf/
14/
ar;cGef;Sif awmifukwfrdU orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcGJu ay;xm;aom ]]vlUtbd"rm}}
[laom emrnfudkyif zsufvdkufNyD; ar;cGef;vTm vmydkUol OD;aTjynfhudk *kPfyaomtm;jzifh ]]aTtbd"rm}} [k

trnfajymif;vdkufMuonf? Ak'omoemudk odkU zsufMuvQif odkUemrnfxGufatmif 'dkUu*kPfyrnf[k
tvkyfjzifh jyvdkufMujcif;oabm jzpfonf/
15/
aTtbd"rm ar;cGef;aygif; (80) yg0ifonf? tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg; ar;cGef;rsm;onf
Ak'omoemawmf udk apmfum;onfhar;cGef;rsm;? jyuf&,fyonfh ar;cGef;rsm;om jzpfonf? Ak'bmomwkdU\

tpOftvm ,Ofaus;rIudk csdK;ESdrfNyD; wjcm;olwkdUukd csD;usL;onfh ar;cGef;rsdK;vnf; ygonf? odkUtm;jzifh
]]aTtbd"rm}} qkdaom vufurf; pmapmifay:um t"r0g'vufopfwpfckxyfrH ay:vmjyefygonf bk&m;/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|0g'? orm'd|dokawoe0g'? aTtbd"rm0g' [laom t"r0g'
"rtE&m,f twGif;&efwkdUudk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif rqHk;rEkdifvQif vlaumif;Sifaumif;wkdU Ak'omoemtrSefukd

qnf;uyfudk;uG,fEkdifa&; twGuf taESmifht,SuftqD;twm;BuD; ydk BuD;rm;vmrnfrSm trSefjzpfygonf/
Ak'omoemawmf\ tE&m,frSeforQudk wm;qD;umuG,f&efrSm Ak'bmom0if &[ef;Sifvl
tm;vHk;\ wm0ef jzpfygonf? Ak'omoemawmf\ twGif;&ef tjyif&ef tE&m,fwkdUudk &[ef;Sifvlrsm;u

xdxda&mufa&muf ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif umuG,fwm;qD;EkdifygrS Ak'omoemawmfonf oefUSif;wnfwHh jyefUyGm;rnf
{uefjzpfygonf/
18
tpodkU
18/

odkUjzpfyg Ak'omoemawmfESifh qefUusifaom t"r0g'wkdUudk y,fSm;okwfoif&ef
tvdkUiSgvnf;aumif;? oH*g,emajcmufwefwif ax&0g' edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfusrf;rsm; vmSdaom

bk&m;a[m w&m;awmfrsm;ESifhtnD trSefw&m;udk SmazGEkdifMuap&ef tvdkUiSgvnf;aumif; uJhodkU
&nfoefdk;&if; ESvHk;oGif;SdMuygaomaMumifh wynfhawmfrsm;onf apm'emvTmudkwifoGif;Muygonf
bk&m;/
19/
odkU apm'emwifoGif;&mwGif t"r0g'ydkif;rS pk'dwu(=w&m;ydif) jzpf&rnfh OD;Ou|
OD;0go0 OD;udkudkav;wkdUonf aoqHk;ukefMuSmygNyD/ olwkdUonfrdp'd|dum?
rdrdwkdUudk,fwkdifvnf; rdpmt,l Sdukefonf/
olwyg;wkdU tm;vnf; rdpm'd|djzpfatmif vkyfay;Muonf/

r&Pm? aoNyD;aemuf/
rdpm'd|durorm'gem?
(odkUjzpf) um, ab'g y&H
tyg,H 'k*w 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZEd? csrf;omuif;aom
raumif;aomvm;&mjzpfaom azmufjyef ysufpD; us&mjzpfaom i&JodkU usa&mufMu&m\/

[laom 'dApuKPuxm bk&m;a[ma'oemawmft& rdrdwkdU yrSm;rdcJaom tukodkvfuHw&m;aMumifh
i&JokdU vm;aeNyD [k wGufqEdkifygonf bk&m;/
20/
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ,ck toufrao usefSdaeao;aom pk'dwu(=w&m;ydif) rsm;onf
q&mrSm; olrsm;yDyD olwkdU\ q&mBuD;rsm; oGm;&mvrf;odkU rvdkufryg rusra&mufMuygapESifh?

tZmwowfESifh
a'0'wfaomfrS
tcsdefwef
tjrifrSef&ao;onfudk
axmufxm;
olwkdUvnf;
tjrifrSef&vmMuygap[k arwm apwem xm;NyD; apm'emorI yygonf bk&m;/

,ck pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;udk ,cifu jrifvnf; rjrifzl;? odvnf; rodzl;cJhMuyg? odkUjzpf
yk*dKvfa&;ESifh vHk;0ywfoufjcif; rSdbJ "ra&;&mESifhomywfouf apm'emjcif; jzpfygonfbk&m;/
21/
wpfckSdonfrSmum; ,ckudpBuD;onf Ak'omoemawmf wpf&yfvHk;ESifh oufqkdifaom "r
t"r jyemBuD; jzpfaeojzifh Ak'omoemawmf\ rsufESmawmfudkom axmufxm;&efSdonf wpfcsuf?

olwkdU\
apmfum;rIrsm;aMumifh
pdwfESvHk;rcsrf;ajrhMuaom
Ak'bmom&[ef;Sifvljynfol
wpf&yfvHk;\udk,fpm; wynfhawmfrsm;u aqmifGuf&onfjzpf "r0g'Drsm;&mqEudkom vkduf&ygrnf

wpfcsuf tcsufrsm;aMumifh olwkdUtm; iJhuGufNyD; avQmhavQmhayghaygh apm'emum; rjzpfygbk&m;?
]]qkda&;Sdu? qkdtyfvS\? qkdprsm;vsm;? xm;yacsrd? igh0efSdcJh}} qkdonfhtwkdif; wm0efausatmif
qkda&;SdorQudkawmh qkd&rnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
22/
,if;odkU ajymqkdwifjy apm'em&mwGif ]]a&mif;ol 0,fol toHwl}} qkdbdouJhodkU olwkdU\
a0zefapmfum; ajympum;rsm;ESifh toHudkuf [efudkufatmif okyfoaumifay:atmif ajym&onfhae&mrsdK;
19
tpodkU
tu,f
bk&m;om;awmfrsm;\
olwdkU[efuav;rsm;
yifudk,Ofaus;rItvdrm
ygoGm;ygvQifvnf;
tajccHESifhqefUusifNyD;
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;u
olwdkUenf;
cGifhvTwfawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;
udwifavQmufxm; toem;cHtyfygonf bk&m;/

1/
OD;pEdrm
yxrausmf? "rmp&d,? "rmp&d,ausmif;wkduf? rdwDvmrdU/
2/
OD;ynmoD[
"rmp&d,? ygVdyg&*l? &wemrm&fatmifausmif;wkduf? arrdU/
3/
OD;0dok'
"rmp&d,? 0dod| 'DCbmPu? avmurSefuif;ausmif;wkduf? rEav;rdU/
4/
OD;ynmomrd
(rm*"D) "rmp&d,? a&vnfausmif;wkduf? ompnfrdU/
20
tpodkU
apm'em wifoGif;vTm
apm'em trSwf(1)
OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf bmomrJh kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfaMumif; apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(2)
vlaovljzpf[l pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(3)
31-bHkudk Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;u vufrcH[l rSm;,Gif;pGma&;om;a[majymrIESifhywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(4)
Ak'bmomtajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK; ouf0if,HkMunfrIukd ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD;
aeMujcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(5)
twdwftem*wfb0wkdUukd vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD; Ak'0g'udk ypKyef0g'jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK; vSnfhpm;vsuf
a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(6)
Ak'tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef taumufPf trsdK;rsdK;jzifh tvJxdk;aejcif;ESifh ywfouf
apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(7)
Ak'jrwfpGm\
oAkwPfawmfudk
xdyg;apvsuf
Ak'bmom
ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;
a[majyma&;om;rIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf

apm'em trSwf(8)
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyemvrf;pOfwkdUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk
ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(9)
Ak'omoemawmf\toufjzpfaom
0denf;usifh0wf
w&m;awmfrsm;udk
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;
ypfy,fNyD;
ouFef;0wf omoemta&cHum rodem;rvnfolwkdYtm; vSnfhjzm;vdrfnmNyD; q&mwpfql vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh

ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(10)
0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;Sif\ 0denf;odum yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufem usifhoHk;
aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif;? Sifaumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf a&;om;jyD;
oHCmapmfum;rI yjcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
tpodkU
apm'em trSwf(11)
y&dwf[k ac:qkdaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk rGwfaumif;[k qkdNyD; y&dwfGwfrIudk qefUusif Ak'bmom
q&mpOfquf vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(12)
Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm; qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf arGawmf
apwDykxdk; kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIy&m Ak'bmom0ifrsm; o'gw&m; ysufjym;atmif
rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(13)
bmomomoem\
wifhw,frIwpfck[k
qkdxkdufaom
Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh
pyfvsOf;onfh
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tvdkqkd;jzifh tjrpfrS vSef wl;zdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf

apm'em trSwf(14)
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\ ukokdvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom oDvcH,ljcif; qkay;qk,lyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;
paom bmoma&;qkdif&m trIudprsm;udk tykdoufouf jzpfoa,mif a[majym a&;om; zsufqD;jcif;ESifh
ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(15)
Oyg'ge
paom
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfa0g[m&
pum;vHk;rsm;\
teuft"dym,frSefudk
ypfy,fNyD;
udk,fxifovdk teuft"dym,faumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf

apm'em trSwf(16)
Ak'bmomavmu txGwftjrwfxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifh edAmefudk pdwful;,Of
vlaovljzpft,ltqESifh udkufnDatmif jyifqifzGifhqkda&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(17)
orm'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdU\
Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD;
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|\
"rpMumvufopfESifh
pyfvsOf; apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(18)
twaemrwd rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef
vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(19)
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif 4-oacsFESifh urmwpfodef; jznfhqnf;cJhzl;aom yg&rDawmfrsm;udk vufrcHHkrQru
Munfdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom Ak'\jzpfawmfpOf Ak'0ifrsm;udk raxrJhjrify ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf
oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
tpodkU
apm'em trSwf(20)
ax&0g'vm oH*g,em 6-wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymaqG;aEG; a&;om;xdk;ESufvsuf
omoemzsufvkyf&yfrsm; vkyfudkifaeMurIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuf
apm'em trSwf(21)
oH*g,em 6-wefwifNyD; bk&m;a[mygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu bk&m;a[m
r[kwf[lvnf;aumif;? [dELjAm[P0g' [lvnf;aumif;? Ak'bmom0ifrsm; tjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm;
vdrfnm 0g'jzefUjcif;ESihf ywfoufaom apm'emcsuf
Ak'omoem
Ak'NrwfpGm udk,fwdkifomvQif enf;ay;TefNyawmfrlcJhonfNzpf
tSifom&dykwax&f udk,fawmfwdkif vufawGUwifNyawmfrlaom
o*Fg,emwifenf;twdkif; (6)Mudrfwdkifwdkif o*Fg,emwiftyfukefaom
yd#uwfoHk;yHkvm a'oemawmfwdkYudkomvQif
]]Ak'omoem}} [kvufcHvsuf ,HkMunfqnf;uyfMu&rnf Nzpfonf/
(rpdk;&drfpmoifom; - tSifEmp&d,mbd0Ho)
tpodkU

jynfaxmifpk qkdS,fvpforw jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2)
vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedp,twGuf
apm'emwifoGif;vTm
apm'em trSwf(1)
1/
OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf bmomrJh kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfaMumif; apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf wpfpHkwpfckaomtusdK;udk arQmfrSef;
&[ef;yMu? Ak'0g'D trnfcHMuaomfvnf; Ak'0g'Drsm; r[kwfyg/ trSefrSm Ak'bmom ta&cHxm;aom

bmomrJhkyf0g'D bmomqefUusifa&; orm;rsm;om jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
2/
xkdokdU
bmomrJhkyf0g'Drsm;
jzpfaMumif;udk
olwkdU\
atmufygtajymtqkd
ta&;tom;rsm;t& xifSm;vSygonf bk&m;/

'DaeU Ak'bmomqkdwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;eJU bdef;pm;vdk jzpfaeMuNyDukd;? bdef;qkdwm
rpm;cif wkef;uawmh tvum;[maygh/ rpGJygbl;? bdef;rI rpm;&vdkU bmrQ rjzpfao;ygbl;? tJ
... bdef;uav; eJeJ0ifNyD; pGJvmNyDqkdawmh 'Dbdef;uvGJvdkU wjcm;bmrQ rvdkvJ rvdkcsifbl;? rMum;vJ
rMum;csifbl;? bdef;qkdwJh bdef;yJ pGJawmhwmyJ? om;r,m;awmif bdef;avmuf rrufawmhbl;?
[kwfuvm;- tckvJ 'kdUwawGrSm bdef;pGJ aewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfckdif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dkuGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkUajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh 'Dae&mrSm wu,f
rSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU/
(twGJ-1? trSwf (8) opm"ra&;&mpmapmif ESm 8-wGif azmfjyaom OD;Ou|a[maom "rpMum
qkdonfrS)
3/
pum;&yfrsm;jzifh
OD;Ou|ESifh
aemufvkdufwkdUonf
bmomrJhrsm;jzpfMuonfrSm
xifSm;vSygonf bk&m;? olwkdUonf tjcm;bmomrJhrsm;enf;wl kyf0g'Drsm;vnf; jzpfMuaMumif;udk

qufvuf oufaocHom"u wifjy ygrnf bk&m;/
(u)
trSefrSm yvkyfol (um&u)onf kyfwHk;kyfcJ tppfrkcsjzpf\? odkUjzpfvQif cHpm;ol

(a0'u) aum bmoabmjzpf&rnfenf;? if;vnf; kyfobm0yif {uEjzpf&ayrnf/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-56)
21
tpodkU
(c)

kyfonf tajccHjzpf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwkdUonf kyfudk rSD&mwnf&m xm;
jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m;? (0g) tcdk;owd? (0g) kyf\ t[kefrQom jzpfayonf/
(31 -bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH pmtkyf- 202)
(*)
wcsdKUu
tSifbk&m;[m
kyfudkom
a[maew,f?
pdwfuav;udk
vkyftHk;rSaygheJU
ajymaew,f? usKyfwkdU 'umrBuD;awGu? aumif;ygNyD pdwfuav;udk vkyf&atmif?

b,frvJawmhvdkUom jyefar;vdkufMu&r,f/ y/ tvkyfvkyfqkdwm wu,fSdwJhkyfukd
aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? pdwfudk aumif;atmif vkyfvdkU r&ygbl;/
(tdka,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ? pmrsufESm 80-81)
(C)
emrfonf bmvJqkdOD;-blw"mwfwkdU\ owdkyfyif jzpfaejyefonf? taMumif;rlum;

avESihf awaZm awGUvQif ]]tm;touf}} [l jzpfaom owdonf kyfbm0\
yifudkvuPmaMumifhyif jzpfonf? xkd0ga,mESifh awaZm wkdUonf rnfonfhj'yfpif
y&rmtPkjrLwGifrQ
oD;jcm;uif;vGwfpGm
tpOfwGJpyfaeaomaMumifh
jzpfonf?
odkUjzpf&m
rSd?
y-tm-0g-aw
blwj'yfpif
rlv
wkdUrSm
y&rmtPkjrL
obm0txd tqifhqifh tuJcwfavhvmaomtcg blwkyfwkdUyif kyf[kvnf;aumif;?

emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; kyfbm0 tajccHcsnf;
jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/
(i)
(ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'0dyem? yxrwGJ 84-85)
kyfemrfESpfckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? y&rwfyx0D y&rwftmayg y&rwf0ga,m

y&rwfawaZmwkdUrSm
tNrJtwlwajy;wnDwnf;
kyfvnf;
emrf?
emrfonfyif
kyftjzpf'GefwGJum tpOftwl jzpfysufaeonfudk awGUjrifrSom csufcsif; jzpfonfudk

jzpfrSef;odonf/
4/
pum;&yfrsm;jzifh
(Ak'0dyem yxrwGJ-113)
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
aemufvdkuf
orm'd|dokawoe0g'D
polwkdUonf jrwfAk'\ rSefuefpGma[mMum;xm;aom emrfw&m;rsdK;udk todtrSwfryMuyg? olwkdU\

kyfMurf;0g'D q&mhq&mBuD;rsm;\ t,ltqaemufodkU aumufaumufygatmifvdkufum jrwfAk'tbd"rm
omoemudk ausmckdif;aom olrsm;om jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
5/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ yd#uwfawmfrsm; emrfw&m; awGa0oltwGuf kyfudk tusOf;? emrfudk
tus,fcsJU a[mawmfrlaom a'oemrsm;? kyf awGa0oltwGuf emrfudk tusOf;? kyfudk tus,fcsJU

a[mawmfrlaom a'oemrsm;? kyfemrfESpfyg;pHk awGa0oltwGuf kyfa&m emrfyg tus,fcsJUa[mxm;aom
a'oemrsm;[k pepfwus kyfemrf"rwkdUudk wGJvsuf a[mxm;aom a'oemrsm;udk awGUjrif&ygonf bk&m;/
22
tpodkU
6/
emrfw&m;udk
aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfrsm;onf bk&m;a[ma'oemrsm;ESifh qefUusifNyD; bk&m;a[m

y,fSm;
t"r0g'rsm;om
kyfudkyif
jzpfygaMumif;ESifh
emrfw&m;[k
xkdOD;Ou|ESifh
qkdxm;&um;
yd#uwfawmfESifh
aemufvkdufrsm;onfvnf;
qefUusifaom
Ak'0g'Drsm;
r[kwf?
kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;tjzpf xifSm;ygaMumif;udk dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
23
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (2)
2/
vlaovljzpf[l pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg
bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
apm'emcsufESifh ywfouf awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|onf vlaovljzpf trnfSd pmtkyf
tpSdaom pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm; a&;om;xkwfa0jcif; oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;? a[majympnf;Hk;jcif; ponfjzifh

vkyfaqmifcJhygonf
bk&m;?
,if;
vkyfaqmifcsufESifh
ywfouf
oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk
vufvSrf;rDorQ tenf;i,favQmufxm;cGifhyygbk&m;/
(u)
vlom;qkdwJh
ow0g
aoqHk;oGm;NyD;wJhaemuftcg
tu,fpifppf
jzpfcGifhjzpfp&m
jzpfzkdUtvm;tvmrsm; SdcJhao;vQif vlrSwyg; tjcm;bmrQ jzpfp&mvnf; rSdacs/

(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrfdkuf? pmrsufESm-4)
(c)
vufSdurmavmuwGif
txGwftxdyfjzpfaom
tEdrtajctaeodkU
a&mufaeaom
vlom;onfvnf; aemufodkUjyefqkwf zkwfESifhNydwm wapESifh rSifpm i&JaumifESifh

wd&pmefow0grsm; jzpf&ef taMumif; vHk;0rSdawmhacs/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-331)
(*)
vlom;onf aoNyD;onfhaemuf qufvuf jzpfae&OD;rnfqkdvQif vlrSwyg; tjcm;aom

ow0gtjzpfodkU ra&mufEkdif/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrfdkuf? pmrsufESm-306)
2/
OD;Ou|onf ol\vlaovljzpf0g'udk oHa,m*okwf bk&m;yif a[mav[ef r[kwfrrSef
vkyfBuH pGyfpGJ xm;ygonf bk&m;? trSefrSm oHa,m*okwf trow0g trjyefjzpfyHk? tzkdow0g

tzkdjyefjzpfyHk? tr ow0g trow0gtjzpfrS ausmfvGefyHk? tzkdow0g tzkdow0gtjzpfrS ausmfvGefyHk
av;csufcGJ a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;? OD;Ou|\ olvkd&mqGJ bk&m;tm; pGyfpGJxm;yHkudk qufvuf
em;qifawmfrlMuygbk&m;/
(C)
b,favmufrsm; *GusvkdufovJqkdawmh usKyfvdk vlaovljzpfbkef;BuD; vmNyD; Oap''d|d

vdkUrsm;awmif zdESdyfvkdufMuao;w,f? 'gvJ ,HkwJhvlu ,HkMurSmyJ? y#dporkyg'fa'oemBuD;
OD;xdyfxm;NyD; Oyg'gefrjywfwJh vlao&ifvlyJvdkUqkdwm usKyfucsnfh a[mwmr[kwfygbl;?
bk&m;Sifudk,fwkdif oHa,m*okwfBuD;eJU zGifhNyD; a[mxm;wm txiftSm;ygVdawmfrsm;rSm
ygSdw,f/
(11-4-73 armfvrdifa[m? OD;Ou| twGJ-1? trSwf-1? opm"rpmapmif ESm-12)
24
tpodkU
OD;Ou|onf
t&d,mrsm;&Sdonfh
ol\
vlaovljzpf0g'udk
*kPft&nftcsif;rsm;yif
&av[ef
oabmusvufcHvQif
aomwmyef
vdrfnma&;om;vsuf
tvG,fwul
aomwmyefbGJU,lvdkaom vltrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; pnf;Hk;jyefygonf bk&m;/

(i)
vlom;onf vlaovQifvlomjzpf\[kqkdtyfaom obm0trSefudk oabmaygufonfESifh

wpfydifeuf(1)
'd|"r=rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(2)
yw"r=em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/
(3)
0d'dw"r=ESmacgif;ESihf vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(4)
y&da,m*gVS"r=udk,fum,wpfckvHk;
ysHUESHU
(0g)
pdrfhxHk
tusdK;&aom
reawGU(0g) [',awGU oabmjzpfavawmh\/

(5)
vlaovQif vljzpfjcif;omvQif ed,w jzpfonf/
(6)
,if;odkU NrJrSomvQif oarm"dy&m,ebufodkU wkd;wuf oGm;Ekdifonf-
[laom Ak'\ tmabm*ESifh udkufnD qDavsmfrnf/

(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,dkuf? pmrsufESm- 47)
4/
vlaovljzpf pmtkyfudk pwifxkwfa0cJhaom OD;0go0uvnf; (17-4-76) aeUn
ajrmif;jrw&m;yGJwGif vHk;0rjzpfEkdifaom refusnf;yifu refusnf;yif aygufonf? wrm rjzpf [laom

Oyrmjy olUq&m vlaovljzpf0g'udk atmufygtwkdif; axmufcHcJhygonf bk&m;/
(p)
a[h ... vl[m bmrSjzpfp&m rvkdbl;? vl[m vlyJ jzpfp&mSdw,f? jzpfjcif;jzpf&if

refusnf;yif onf refusnf;yifyJ aygufw,f? wrm rjzpfbl;? ckvJ vlyHkpHukd bmyHkpHeJUrS
ajymif;vdkY r&bl;/
(ajrmif;jr w&m;yGJa[majymcsuf ud;acG bD-bufrS)
OD;Ou|\om0uBuD;ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; vlaovljzpf jyem pmrsufESm 162-163
rSm vlaovljzpf0g'udk kyf0g'ESihfwGJvsuf atmufygtwkdif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhjyefygonf bk&m;/

(q)
'DvdkuG?
udk,fhkyf
udk,fhemrftay:rSm
wu,fpGJwJh
kyfemrf
o@meftSdukd
pGJwJh
tw0g'kyg'gef twkdif; vl[mvlyJ jzpfw,f? ukodkvftukodkvfudpu oleJU rqkdifao;bl;?

'gayrJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH pwJh udk,f EIwf ESvHk; raumif;vmwJh kyfysufu
25
tpodkU

jyefay:vmwJh blwkyfqkdawmh kyfqkd; jzpfvmr,f qkdygawmhuGm? ajcwkdcsifwkdr,f?
vufrygcsifrygbl;? raemuH MuyfMuyfqkd;wJh kyfusawmh awmfawmftusnf;wefwJh kyfqkd;
kyf0g;rsdK;ayghuGm? 'Dqkd;vmwJh kyfysufu jyefaygif;pyfwJh kyfopfrSef&if rsufaph&if
csdKU,Gif;r,f? yg;pyfNyJ rsufjyL;&if jzpfr,f? acgif;&if BuD;r,f? 'grSr[kwf udk,fwGif;u
tonf;wkdU ESvHk;wkdUyg nHhzsif;vm&if toufyg wkdr,f/
(vlaovljzpf jyem? 162-163)
azmfjyyg pum;rsm;t& OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf vlaovQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;jzpfp&m rSd?

vlomvQif jzpf&rnf [k qkdvsufSdaMumif; xifSm;pGm odjrifMu&ygonf/
6/
odkU&mwGif wynfhawmfrsm; yd#uwfusrf;pmudkavhvm&mwGif ow0gwkdUonf rdrdwkdU
ukodkvfuHtukodkvfuH tavsmuf *wdig;yg;wkdUwGifwpfyg;yg;odkU vm;a&mufEkdifaMumif; odSd&ygonf

bk&m;? ukodkvftusdK;ay;vQif vlb0 ewfb0 jzpf&NyD; tukodkvftusdK;ay;vQif i&Jwd&pmef Nydwm
b0rsm;odkU usa&muf&rnfjzpfygonf bk&m;? w&m;a'oemawmft& vlaovQif vlaomfvnf;aumif;?
ewfaomf vnf;aumif;? i&Jow0gaomf vnf;aumif;? wd&pmefaomfvnf;aumif;? Nydwmaomfvnf;aumif;
jzpfEkdifygonf/
7/
]]vlaovljzpf}} [laom tcsufukd olUt,l0g'\ r@dKifxm;NyD; 31-bHk y,fjcif;? 31-
bHkudk a[mxm;aom yd#uwfoHk;yHkudk y,fjcif; ponfjzifh 0g;vHk;Snfjzifh qufvuf&rf;yHkrsm;udkvnf;

awGUMu&ygonf bk&m;/
8/
xkdUaMumifh vlaovQif vlomjzpf&rnf[laom OD;Ou|\ t,lonf qkdcJhyg *wdig;yg;
w&m;a'oemESifh qefUusifaomaMumifh "r0g'r[kwf? t"r0g' ppfppfom jzpfygaMumif; a0zefppfaq;

tqHk;tjzwf ay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/
26
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (3)
3/
31-bHkudk
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;u
vufrcH[l
rSm;,Gif;pGma&;om;a[majymrIESifh
ywfouf
apm'emcsufygbk&m;/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvkdufwkdUonf olwkdU\ vlaovljzpf0g'udk cdkifNrJap&ef
vlUbHkrS wpfyg; tjcm;bHkwkdUukd rxm;vdkMuyg? odkUyg 31-bHkudk bk&m;a[mcJhygvsuf ra[mav[ef

vkyfBuHpGyfpGJrI
trsdK;rsdK;udk
yvkyfcJhMuygonf?
olwdkU\
vkyfBuHpGJcsufrsm;rS
oufaocH
taxmuftxm;rsm;udk tenf;i,f avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/

(u)
vlom;onf
cEmysufa<u
Nydwmaumif?
aoqHk;NyD;onf\aemuf
tol&um,faumifrsm;vnf;
i&Jaumif?
rjzpfEkdifwJhtjyif
wd&pmefaumif?
txufaumif;uif
a0[mwpfcGifrSm usifvnf usufpm; ajy;vTm;aeMuwJh ewfjA[m ajymifajymifvufvuf

udk,fa&mifxGufaewJh ow0gawGvnf; rjzpfEkdifawmhNyD/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 7-rS)
(c)
vufawGUjzpfaom vlESifhwd&pmefudk y"metajccHtjzpfjzifh rlwnf xm;cJhMuukef\?

wd&pmefudk tajcy Nydwm tol&um,fESifh i&Jow0g[l xyfrH cGJjcm;Mujyefavonf?
oHk;rsdK;um; rsufawGUvufawGUr[kwfbJ (0g) pdwful;wkdUom jzpfMuukef\/
(vlaovljzpf? pmrsufESm-11)
(*)
aumif;uifudk MunfhwJh rSefajymif;BuD;rsm;udk wDxGiftoHk;yvkdufonfESifh wpfydifeuf

aS;vlwkdU trSef,HkMunfcJhMuaom ewfjynf jA[mhjynfqkdwJh aumif;uifbHkeef;awG[m
aea&mifawGaMumifh qD;ESif;aygufuJhodkU wpfckNyD; wpfck qufum qufum uG,faysmuf
oGm;MuSmavNyD/
(C)
(vlaovljzpf? pmrsufESm 99-100)
ewf jA[m odMum;wkdU[m rkcstm;jzifh pdwful;e,fy,ftwGif;om touf0ifEkdifaom

ow0grsm; jzpfMuukefownf;/
(i)
(vlaovljzpf-155)
uREkfyfwdkU\ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;onf ae&mESifhtESHUvnf;aumif;? xyfrem;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;

usif;yvmaomtcg tNrJwap cvkwfuefoif;yrm uefUvefUvkyf vkdufygavhSdaom
31-bHk jyemudk Sif;vif;okwfoifypf rjzpfawmhonfh tajctaeodkU a&mufSd
vmygawmhonf?
(p)
avmuork',
avmuSdol[k
(31 -bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH -147)

twd?
pGJ,lMu
avmueda&m"
ewd-tpGJOyg'gef
tpGJOyg'gefuif;pifolwdkUtwGuf
w&m;SdolwdkUonf
avmujzpfaMumif;
27
tpodkU

rSdawmh[lonfh upm,ea*gwrax&ftm; Ak'bk&m;ocifu a[majymTefMum;csuf
twkdif;omqkdvQif b0 xkdb0 aemifb0 tqufqufESifh wuGaom ewfjynf
jA[mhjynf
i&Jjynf
tol&um,fjynfwkdUonf
e,fxJrSmom Sdacsonf/
(q)
Oyg'geftawG;e,fxJ
pdwful;,Of
(31 -bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH- 210)
wefckd;jy#d[mwkdUudkvnf;aumif;?
vnf;aumif;
ewfjynf
vnf;aumif;
,HkMunfrIonf
ewfqkd;ewf0g;ESifh
jA[mhjynfESifh
ewfaumif;ewfjrwfwdkUudk
,rrif;\tifyg,m
vlom;\
OD;aESmufudk
EkdifiHawmfBuD;rsm;udk
azmufjyefacsmufcsm;ap
uygavmuBuD;udk tl;axmiftjzpfodkU a&mufapcJhonf/

(tpGJywf wJukwfaTeef;awmf pmtkyf -54)
(Z)
ewfjynfodkU
a&mufa&;twGuf
'gersm;udk
rvkyfygu
i&Jrsm;ESifh
uHawGU&NyD;
epfemrISdwwfovdk ewfjynf i&Jjynf[l woD;wjcm; rSdygbJESifh rSdonfhtvkyfudk

aiGukefaMu;us yifyef;cHNyD; vkyfaeyguvnf; opfajcmufyifudk a&avmif;onfhyrm
toufxufqHk; 'kuESifhom uHawGUoGm; Ekdifonf/
2/
(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ -10)
odkUvQif awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwkdUonf 31-bHkonf wu,f rSd?
pdwful;,Of Oyg'geftpGJrQom jzpfonf[k qkdonfhtjyif bk&m;a[mr[kwfaom ]]avmuork', twd?

avmueda&m"
ewd}}
[laom
vufjzpfygVdrSm;
vufjzpft"dym,ft,ltqtrSm;wkdUudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfav[efyif vdrfnm qkdxm;Muygonf bk&m;/

3/
Ak'jrwfpGm
jzpfMu&aMumif;udk
rsm;pGm
yd#uwfa'oemwkdU
Tefjyxm;ygonf
umrm0p&ukodkvfuHaMumifh
umrok*wd
tlyg0p&ukodkvfuHaMumifh
tly
7-bHk?
4-bHkwkdU
xkdxdkaumif;raumif;uHwkdUaMumifh
bk&m;?
tukodkvfuHaMumifh
ly0gp&mukodkvfuHaMumifh
jzpf&aMumif;udk
ax&0g'
xkdxkdbkH
tyg,fav;bHk?
ly
16-bHk?
yd#upmaywkdU
rsm;pGmawGU&ygonf bk&m;/
4/
odkUyg 31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH[laom pum;onf Ak'bk&m;udkvnf; apmfum;NyD;
yd#uwfa'oem ESifhvnf; qefUusifaomaMumifh t"r0g'omjzpfaMumif; dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf

bk&m;/
28
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (4)
4/
Ak'bmomtajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK; ouf0if,HkMunfrIukd ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkuf orm'd|dokawoe0g'D polwkdUonf 'd|d0dyvmo
(t,lazmufjyef) wpfzufvGef? t0dZmAGuf uRHojzifh oEd|dy&mrmoD (udk,fhtjrifudk trSefvkyfum

trSm;oHk;oyfol) tm'ge*g[D (,lrd,l&m pGJvrf;pGm ,lol) [laom Ak'bmom0if r[kwfolwkdU\ tajymrsdK;
t,lrsdK;ukd ,lq ajymqkdaeMuygonf? Ak'bmom0if[k trnfcHxm;Muygvsuf Ak'omoemawmf\
tajccHrlvjzpfaom uruwm orm'd|dudkyif ykaAuw a[wk'd|dESifh a&maxG;um vGJrSm;pGmajymqkd
,lqMuygonf? olwkdUonf uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk y,fvdkufvQif vlaovljzpf 0g'ESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpfrnf[k
wGufq uHESihf uH\tusdK;wkdUukd y,fSm;aom pum;wdkUudk ajymrSm; a&;rSm; Muygonf/
2/
OD;Ou|onf ol\ vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 14- ukodkvfuHESifh aumif;usdK;?
tukodkvfuHESifh raumif;usdK;wkdUudk pdwful;,Of[k atmufygtwkdif; pGyfpGJxm;ygonf bk&m;/

(u)
aumif;rI
aumif;wmudk
aeruGmnrvyf
w&pyf
tm;xkwf
yvkyfud;yrf;ol
vlom;twGuf te*tzkd;wef trsdK;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkeef;rsm;udk wcrf;wem;pDrH

xm;cJhMuukef\? zefwD; xm;cJhMuukef\? odkU&mwGif raumif;rI[k qkdtyfwJh 'kpdkuf
t,kwfw&m;rsm;udk vdkufrSm;usL;vGefaom vlom;twGufvnf; pl;Sxufjruf wu,f
tcH&cufonfh yufyufpufpuf tjypf'Pfrsm;udk tjyif;txef csrSwf xm;cJhMuukef\?
&uf&ufpufpuf tjypf'Pf cwfcJhMuukef\? pifppfvdk&if;rSm pdwful;oufoufjzifh
vlom;\ pdwfukd jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifcJhMuukef\? ajcmufvSefUcJhMuukef\/
3/
OD;Ou|\wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; ol\ vlaovljzpfjyem pmrsufESm (158-
159) atmufyg twkdif; q&mhoHa,mifvdkuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;avonf/

(c)
]]tEkdU 'Db0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaewmawG[m aS;b0u y&Hy&b0gb0u ukodkvf

r[kwf&bl;aygh/
[
'gu
b,faS;aS;u
tjrwfxkwfvdkU&ifvnf;
jzpf&r,f?
uHrSr[kwfbl;?
tckb0
vdrfvnfaoG;pkyf
udk,fEIwfESvHk;
oHk;yg;vHk;u
olUtajctaeeJU
tqifajyatmif aumif;atmif rSefatmif vkyfEkdifvkdU&ifvnf; jzpf&r,f? 'Dyputvkyf&JU

aus;Zl;oufoufyJ? tckb0csrf;omwm [dkaS;aS;u ukodkvfuH taMumif;vdkUrsm;
29
tpodkU

,Hkvdkuf&if
tJh'gukd
bk&m;u
ykaAuwa[wk'd|dvdkU
qkdxm;w,fSdw,f?
bk&m;tvdkuawmht"rwJh? w&m;r[kwfvdkUqkdwmyJ}}
(*)
]]ukodkvf tukodkvftusdK;w&m;[lonfum; taMumif;aMumifh tusdK; rjywfqufonf[k

uruw
vrf;pOf*dkPf;rS
jAm[Pa0'a'oemrS
,HkMunfaom
jrpfzsm;cH
w&m;jzpf\?
pD;qif;
vmaom
xkdw&m;onf
w&m;jzpfav&m
oHo&mvnfaea&;udkomvQif tm;ay;aeaomw&m; jzpfonf}}

(Ak'0dyempmtkyf yxrwGJ-146)
(C)
Ak'\
rl&if;a'oemrsm;
twdwfuHukd
tpGJyaom
y&r&umrm0p&
ukodkvf
tukodkvfrsm;tm; pGJ,l vufcH ,HkMunf&efrygrSday/

(Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m;? pmrsufESm-57)
(i)
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef uH ocFg&[laom twdwfb0taMumif;uHaMumifh ,ck

ypub0rSm 0dnmPf emrfkyf oVm,we z a0'em [laom tusdK;w&m;rsm;
vmjzpf&onf ponfjzifh twdwfb0u taMumif;aMumifh ,ckb0wGif tusdK;w&m;rsm;
vmjzpf&onf [laom t,ltqrsm;rSm twvrf;pOf 0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om
jzpfonf/
(0drkwd&o t&aumufusrf; 22-23)
4/
pum;rsm;jzifh
ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuHwkdU\
OD;Ou|ESifh
oHa,mifvdkuf
aumif;usdK;qkd;jypfrsm;udk
orm'd|dokawoe0g'D
vnf;aumif;?
polwkdUonf
emeuPduowdSdaom
twdwfuHukdvnf;aumif;? ypKyefuHaMumifh tem*wf &rnfh tusdK;udkvnf;aumif; ypfy,fMuygonf

bk&m;/
5/
Ak'jrwfpGm
aumif;aomuHaMumifh
&onfukdvnf;aumif;?
a'oemawmf
aumif;aomtusdK;?
twdwfuHaMumifh
rsdK;aphtvdkuf
toD;jzpfonfukd
raumif;aomuHaMumifh
ypKyeftusdK;
&yHkESifh
Oyrmxm;
raumif;aomtusdK;
ypKyefuHaMumifh
tem*wftusdK;
&yHkrsm;udkvnf;aumif; a0zefcGJjcm; rsm;pGm a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/

6/
ypKyeftusdK;
odkUyg ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwkdU\ aumif;usdK;qkd;jypfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? twdwfuH

ypKyefuH
tem*wftusdK;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;
y,fSm;aom
pum;onf
yd#uwfa'oemawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaom t"r0g'rsm;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
30
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (5)
5/
twdwftem*wfb0wkdUukd
vHk;vHk;ypfy,fNyD;
Ak'0g'udk
ypKyef0g'jzpfav[ef
trsdK;rsdK;
vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om;a[majymrIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwkdUbk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ aemufa,mifcHrsm;onf twdwfb0udkvnf; vufrcH?
tem*wfb0 udkvnf; y,fvSef? ypKyefwpfb0udkom rsufawGUvufawGUjzpfonfqkdNyD; vufcHMuygonf?

tem*wfb0 wpfydkif;wpfp vufcHMuolrsm;uvnf; vlaovQif vljzpfonf[laom abmiftwGif;om
vufcHMuygonf? olwkdUonf tpp t&m&m ypKyef wpfb0ukdom rlaoxm; pOf;pm;vufcHMuygonf?
olwkdUudk,fwkdifyif taMumif;udk xkwfazmf today;MuNyD; jzpfygonf/
(u)
uygvlom;\
wpfckwnf;aom
ykcufESifhacgif;tMum;Sd
(0g)
ESpfckrjzpfEkdifaom
ypKyefwdwdjzpfaom
{uefcsrf;omrI &a&;yifjzpfonf/
pum;&yfonf
ypKyefudkom
t"dutvdkqEum;
ypue,ftwGif;
udk,fa&mpdwfyg
(tewa&mifjcnf pmrsufESm-186)
aumuf,lazmfjycsuf
jzpfygonf?
OD;Ou|onf
]]twDwH
emEkaompmrd}} tpSdaom bk&m;a[m awrdZmwfawmfvmpum;udk tBudrfrsm;pGmudk;um;vsuf Ak'udk

ypKyeform;oufouf jzpfav[ef 0g'jzefUcJhygonf/
uJhokdU
OD;Ou|\
Mo0g'udk
vufqkyfvufudkif
&Sdxm;Muaom
olwkdUukd,folwkdU
or'd|dokawoDqkdolwkdUu odkU qkdxm;Muygonf/

(c)
orm'd|dokawoDwkdUonf aumif;rI raumif;rI taMumif;tusdK;wkdUudk ypKyefusus

vufcH,HkMunfonf/
(orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;&mqkdif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm; tykd'f -8)
2/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
if;\
aemufa,mifcHrsm;onf
oAkbk&m;Sifudkvnf;
olwkdUvdkyif rsufaphwqHk;om MunfhEkdifonfh olvdkigvdk omrnvlpm; ypKyefwpfb0orm; jzpfatmif

ZGwftwif;yif odkU yHkoGif; aeMuygonf/
(*)
Ak'onf-olonf ykcufESifh acgif;tMum; vufiif;'d| awGUuHae&aom ypKyefb0udkom

wdus
jywfom;pGm
azmfxkwfcJhojzifh
ajymovdk
vkyf
vkyfovdk
ajymcJhaom
vufawGUorm;jzpfcJhonf/
(Ak'0g' tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf-pmrsufESm -39)
31
tpodkU
(C)

Ak'&JU vrf;Tefcsufu/ y/ wrvGefudpusawmh pOf;udk rpOf;pm;MueJUwJh? rif;wkdUeJY
bmrSrqkdifbl;? tJ'gawG oGm;pOf;pm;ae&if 'kuyGm;pD;a&;rSwyg; bmtusdK;rS rSdygbl;wJh/
(opmAdrmeftwGJ (1) trSwf (6) ESm-25? orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf)
3/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
if;\aemufa,mifcH
Ak'bmomta&cHwkdUonf
oAkbk&m;Sifudk ypKyef wpfb0udkom vufcHoltjzpf vSnfhumywfum vdrfnmyHkazmfaeMujcif;rSm

twdwfb0taMumif;t&mrsdK;pHkudk
tukefodawmfrlEkdifaom
bk&m;Sif\
ykaAed0gomEkwdPfawmf
tygt0ifjzpfaom PfawmfrsdK;pHk? tem*wftaMumif;t&m odp&mrSeforQudk {uEodawmfrlEkdifaom

tem*wHoPfawmftygt0ifjzpfaom
PfawmfrsdK;pHk?
pkaqmif;awmfrlcJhNyD;jzpfonfh
yg&rDawmf
t[kefwkdUaMumifh tjynfhtpHk &SdawmfrlNyD;aom PfawmfBuD;rsm; jrwfbk&m; rSdMuyg[k ajymEkdifatmif

ud;pm;aeMujcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
4/
uJhodkU PfeDPfeuf bufpHkpGufNyD; r[kwfr[yf vkyfZmwfcif;um oAkbk&m;Sif\
0g'udk ypKyef 0g'oufouf jzpfav[ef tvdrfPfaESm a&;om;ajyma[maeMuaom vlaovljzpf

OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ aemufa,mifcHorm;wkdU\ 0g'onf "r0g' r[kwf? t"r0g'om jzpfaMumif;udk
bk&m;a[m yd#uwfawmfESifhtnD pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMuyg&ef apm'emvTmudk wynfhawmfrsm;
wifoGif;Muygonf bk&m;/
32
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (6)
6/
Ak'tbd"rmudk
bk&m;a[mr[kwfav[ef
taumufPf
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
tvJxdk;aejcif;ESifh
ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;bk&m;1/
Ak'jrwfpGm\ pum;awmfrsm;jzpfaom yd#uoHk;yHkudk omoemESifh cJGjyvQif -
(1)
okwefyd#uonf ow0gwkdU\ tvdkpdwfuduf pkdufponf tm;avsmfpGm qkH;r&m

jzpfaomaMumifh ,xmEkavmr omoem rnfygonf/
(2)
0de,yd#uonf
tjypftm;avsmfpGm
qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh
,xmy&m"omoem
rsufESmraxmuf
[kwfwkdif;rSefpGm
rnfygonf/
(3)
tbd"rmyd#uonf
yk*dKvfow0g
qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh ,xm"romoem rnfygonf bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;2/
wDaumifonf
qm;udk
aMumufbdouJhokdUvnf;aumif;
rsufcrf;pyfonf
aeudk
aMumufouJhodkU vnf;aumif; r[kwfrrSef taumufPfjzifh ajymqkda&;om;Muaom OD;Ou|ESifh

aemufvdkuf
orm'd|dokawoe0g'D
polwkdUonf
t[kwftrSefudk
azmfjyonfh
tbd"rmudk
aMumufMuonfrSm obm0usygonf bk&m;? tbd"rmudk vufcH,HkMunfvQif olwkdU\ vlaovljzpf

kyfMurf;0g' jymuszkdUomSdygonf bk&m;/
3/
odkUyg olwkdUonf olwkdUq&mBuD;jzpfaom ]]*sif;eif;\ a0'efwpf Ak'pfZif}}
BUDDHISM by G. G Genning)
(VEDANTIC
toHokdU aemufa,mifcH vdkufNyD; tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[m r[kwfav[ef
vkyfBuH ajymqkdMuygonf bk&m;? olwkdU\ pum;rsm;udk om"u tjzpf xkwfjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/

(u)
wpfenf;MunfhjyefvQif
'kwd,?
wwd,
ryg0ifao;ay?
yxroH*g,emwifwGif
wdkUonfvnf;
tvm;wlyif
pwkwoH*g,emwif\
ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
(c)
oD[kdVfacwfapmapmydkif;uyif
ax&0g'DwkdU\
tbd"rm
wwd,oH*g,emwifcsdef
"rESifh0de,udk
tm*HkGwfqkdMuonf?
tm*HkGwfqdkMuonf?
aemufydkif;usrS
tbd"rm
tbd"rm
[l
(Ak'0g'tajccH oifwef;? pmrsufESm-70)

tbd"rmyd#urSm
pmaypkonf
(bDpD-244)
xifSm;NyD;jzpfonf?
yd#uwpfqltjzpf
xuf
odkUjzifh
pkpnf;wnfwHhaecsdefrSm
aemufrusEdkifacs?
odkUpifvsuf
&Sifr[mAk'aCmorax&fonf Ak'bk&m;ocif wm0womewfjynf 0gwGif;oHk;vwkdif
33
tpodkU

a[mMum;cJhaom tbd"rm 7-usrf;udk (Ak'rwl) bk&m;Pfaqmif a&;om;onf[k
,HkMunfvufcHxm;Mujcif;rSm xm;olwkdU\ oum,tpJGrQom jzpf&acsrnf/
(Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef; ESm-78)
(*)
tbd"rma'oemESifh ywfoufrl ed'gef;yk*dKvf0wKrsm;udk(1)
SiftmeEm\ 0efcHcsuf rygjcif;/
(2)
'd0d" wefckd;jytcef;rsm; OD;pm;ay;vmjcif;/
(3)
0drkwd&ousdK; rygjcif;?
(4)
,aeU avmu"mwfodyHu em;vnf&ef cufcJaejcif;? (Oyrm-jrifhrkd&fawmif

Smr&ao;jcif;) ponfwkdUaMumifh tvGefav;eufaomw&m;rsm; t,ltqrsm;
ygonfudk
todtrSwfyHkrSwyg;
Ak'bmodw[l
twnfy&ef
qufvufavhvm&ef trsm;BuD; vdkaeao;onf/

(a';'&JrdU uGif;ausmif;wkduf yedum,okawoDtzGJUrS 1330-ck? ewfawmfvqef;15&uf aeUpGJjzifh xkwfjyefaom Ak'omoemorkdif;?ESm-10)
(C)
,if; tbd"rm 7-usrf;udk Ak'bk&m;ocif wm0womewfjynf a[monf[laom

tcsufrSm
t|uxmq&m
SifAk'aCmo\
xGifvHk;yHkjyifrQom
jzpfaMumif;
xifSm;vSayonf/
(i)
pifppf yd#uwfpmayrsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;? teufzGifhqkdjcif; (t|uxm) rsm;ESifh tbd"rm

usrf;rsm;udk pkpnf;azmfxkwfay;jcif;tm;jzifh oD[dkVf SifAk'aCmoonf tvGefw&m
aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSaom yk*dKvfBuD;um; rSefayonf? odkUaomf rdrdSmazGpkpnf;ay;aom
tbd"rmckepfusrf;\
MoZmxufjrufrItwGuf
Ak'a[m
vkyfypfcJhjcif;rSm
Sifr[mAk'aCmoonf Ak'a*gwrtay:wGif opmazmuf&m usaeayonf/

(twGJ -3? trSwf -12? opm"rpmapmif? pmrsufESm -5? 6)
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;4/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
orm'd|dokawoe0g'D
polwkdUonf
tbd"rmudky,f
Ak'jrwfpGm\ oAkwPftpGrf;jzifh a[mMum;tyfaom omoemawmfpufudk csdK;zsufaeMuaMumif;

xifSm;vSygonf bk&m;/
34
tpodkU
5/

xkdxkd
0de,ygVdawmf
okwEygVdawmfrsm;tvdk
Ak'jrwfpGmvufxufuyif
tbd"rmSdaMumif; txiftSm; jyqkdxm;aom pum;rsm;Sdygonf? odkUyg wwd,oH*g,emaemufydkif;rS

tbd"rm
ay:av[ef
a&;om;aom
pum;rsm;onf
t"ruxmrsm;om
jzpfaMumif;
35
wifjyavQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (7)
7/
Ak'jrwfpGm\
oAkwPfawmfudk
xdyg;apvsuf
Ak'bmom
ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;
a[majyma&;om;rIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\aemufvdkuf orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwkdUonf Ak'jrwfpGmSdaom
oAkwPfawmfudk
r,HkMunfMuyg?
w&m;tm;vHk;udkodaom
oAkwPfawmfudk
w&m;wpfpdwfwpfa'oudkomodaom ya'oPftjzpfodkU a&mufapMuygonf? olwkdUonf oAkAk'udk

omreftodPfxl;Sdaom
vlwpfa,mufxufydk
txifa&mufyHk
ray:yg?
om0uESifh
Ak'udk
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; uJGjym;atmif rjrifwwfMuyg/

2/
taMumif;ESifh ywfouf olwkdU\ pum;rsm;xJrS tenf;i,fudk oufaocHtjzpf
qufvuf avQmufxm; ygrnf bk&m;/

(u)
t|uxmq&mwkdUonf Ak'\ *kPftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk csD;ajrmufa&;om;&m xkd

oAkwPf &Sdonfqkdaom wdwdq&mBuD;wkdUudk tnHhrcHvdkonfu wpfaMumif;?
Ak'udk
tjcm;t&d,m
yk*dKvfwkdUESifh
cGJjcm;xm;vkdaomaMumifh
Ak'onf
bmrqkd
tMum;tjriftodSdaom oAkwPf &Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef wl\/

(c)
Ak'onf oAkwPf &ygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh a'0'wf\ aSUtjzpfudk udwifrodjrif

ygoenf;? aemifwpfaeUwGif rdrd\toufudk &efSmrnfholwpfOD;tm; tb,fhaMumifh
&[ef;ycGifh ay;ygoenf;/
(*)
Ak'onf oAkwPf&onf qkdygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh &[ef;wkdUtm; Ekwfy,foifhaom

ao;Ekyfaom odumyk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fMuavmh[k rdefUawmfrl&ygoenf;? Ak'udk,fwkdif
ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh odumyk'frsm; Ekwfy,foifhaom odumyk'frsm; ygSdEkdifygrnfavm/
(C)
0dZmoHk;yg;onf
&[Emwkdif;&Sdaom
todPf
jzpf\?
odkU
qkdygrl
Ak'ESifh
&[Emyk*dKvfonf rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;/

(i)
Ak'\&Sdtyfaom
oAkwPfonf
0dZmoHk;yg;wkdUudk
<uif;usefrSd
xdk;xGif;NyD;
odjrif&SdcJhaom Pf jzpf\/
(u) (c) (*) (C) (i) ig;rsdK;vHk; trSefw&m; okawoetrSwf (1) pmapmif ESm-5-6-7-
tbd"rmq&mpdefu a0zefa&;om;xm;ygonf/
36
tpodkU
pum;&yfrsm;jzifh
oAkwPfonf
tvHk;pHkaom
w&m;wkdUudk
odonfr[kwf?
0dZmoHk;yg; w&m; wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufom odonf[k qkd&ma&mufygonf bk&m;/

4/
xkdolwkdU\ pum;onf oAH tbdnmod? ,'wd ae,sH=odtyforQ w&m;tm;vHk;udk
tukeftpif odjrifonf/
uwrH
wxm*w
(ck-7? 280/ ck-8? 178/ ck-9? 227)

oAkwnmPH?
oAH
ocFwrocFwH
te0aooH
ZmemwDwd
oAkwnmPH = ocFw tocFw w&m;tm;vHk;udk <uif;usefrSd tukefodaomaMumifh oAkwPf

rnf\ tpSdaom y#dord'gr*f ygVdawmf pmrsufESm-125 vm pum;rsm;ESifh qefUusifbuf jzpfaomaMumifh
"r0g'r[kwf? t"r0g' rsm;om jzpfaMumif; pdppfa0zef tqHk;tjzwf ay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/
37
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (8)
8/
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\
orxvrf;pOfESifh
0dyemvrf;pOfwkdUudk
zsufqD;NyD;
oHo&mrS
xGufajrmuf&mvrf;udk ydwfyif[efUwm; zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

taygif;yg
vlaovljzpf0g'D OD;Ou|ESifhwuG if;\Mo0g'cH orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG

aemufvdkufrsm;onf
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\
orxvrf;pOfESifh
0dyemvrf;pOfrsm;udk
ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD;vsuf SdaeMuygonf bk&m;? ,if;odkUzsufqD;&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;

a&;om;xkwfa0 orx0dyemudk ajymifavSmifysufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;? a[majymyGJrsm;wGif
uHvQifuHovdk orx0dyem tm;xkwfMuaom yk*dKvfrsm;tm; uJh&JUjcif;? if;wkdU\ tajccHoifwef;wGif
orx0dyemvkyfief;udk Ak'0g'r[kwf[k twdtvif; ydkUcsjcif;rsm; yvkyfvsuf SdMuygonf bk&m;?
orx0dyemvrf;pOfudk ysufvdkysufpD; zsufqD;aeMuaom
if;wkdU\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk t>rufrQ
wifjyygrnf bk&m;/
2/
Ak'vrf;pOf trnfSd pmtkyf pmrsufESm 65-wGif vlaovljzpfq&mBuD; OD;Ou|u
a&;om;xm;onfrSm(u)
]]Ak'\ tppftrSefjzpfaom vrf;pOfum; Oyg'gefraESmifhbJ ajzmifhjzL;vS\? odkU&mwGif

oOyg'ge
[dELa,m*vrf;pOf
a,m*Dyk*dKvftaygif;wkdUonf
vTrf;rkd;aeaom
Ak'udk,fwkdifxGif
Armhy#dywdomoem0ifum;
Ak'udk,fwkdifavQmuf
Ak'udk,fwkdif
ajymifajrmufcJhaom Ak'\ tEkyg'gevrf;pOfudk Sdao;onf[lyif todtrSwfryEkdifcJh}}

[l a&;om;xm;ygonf/
3/
1340-ckESpf
(1978-ckESpf)?
0gwGif;umvwGif
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\
we*FaEGaeUwkdif; usif;ycJhaom Ak'0g'"ra&;&moifwef; ydkUcscsufwGif orx0dyemvkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm

Ak'0g'wGif ryg0ifaMumif;? twdtvif; oifwef;ay;HkrQru Ak'0g'jyemrsm;trnfSd pmtkyfpmrsufESm
(19-20) wGif atmufygtwkdif; bGif;bGif; Sif;Sif; twifh&JpGm a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
(c)
wduspGm qkd&aomf Ak'0g'wGif orxESifh 0dyemvkyfief;pOfrsm; ryg0ifyg/
(*)
odkUaomf orxESifh 0dyemudk tvHk;pHk cH ypfy,fjcif;rSm rjzpfEkdifyg? taMumif;rSmrl

,if; orxESifh 0dyemrsm;onf Ak'bmomavmuwpfckvHk; tdk;pGJ toJckdufvsuf
SdMuaomaMumifh ,if;wkdUudk arhavsmhxm;jcif;iSm roifhyg/
[l arm[onf;pGm a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
38
tpodkU
4/

if;wkdU\
a&;om;csufrsm;onf
Ak'\
orx0dyemusifhpOfudk
[dELa,m*[k
t"rajymqkdjcif;? Ak' udk,fwkdifa[majymcJhaom orx0dyemusifhpOfrsm;udk Ak'0g'wGif ryg0if[k

ajymifajymifwif;wif;
a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpf
ygxu0*ygVd?
rZdryPmoygVd?
Oy&dyPmoygVd?
t*Fkw&edum,f tbdnmokwygVd? tocFw oH,kwfygVdawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifaeygonf bk&m;? odkUjzpf

bk&m;a[ma'oemwGif wkdufdkufvmSdonfudk rsufpd rSdwf ]]Ak'0g'wGif orxESifh 0dyemvkyfief;pOfrsm;
ryg0ifyg}} [k jiif;qkdaomaMumifh rdpm"r t"r0g' jzpfaMumif;ESifh xkdodkUajymaom orm'd|dokawoe
tzGJU0ifrsm;onfvnf; t"r0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; avQmufxm; apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/
39
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (9)
9/
Ak'omoemawmf\toufjzpfaom 0denf;usifh0wf w&m;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ypfy,fNyD;
ouFef;0wf omoemta&cHum rodem;rvnfolwkdUtm; vSnfhjzm;vdrfnmNyD; q&mwpfql vkyfcJhjcif;ESifh

ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/
1/
OD;0go0wkdUonf
vlaovljzpf0g'udk zefwD;aom OD;Ou|ESifh vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk dkufESdyfxkwfa0aom

bk&m;omoemawmfwGif
aexkdif
ouFef;0wfxm;Muygaomfvnf;
if;wkdUonf
rdrdwkdUudk,fwkdif 0denf;odumyk'fudk rapmifhpnf;HkrQru if;wkdUESifh 0g'wl qEwl yk*dKvfrsm;udkyg tazmfnd

0denf;w&m;udk Oayumy vspfvsLIapcJh Muygonf? t&dyfckdNyD; tcufcsdK;aom tvGefaMumufzG,f
aumif;aom tvZD 'kDvBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
2/
0denf;usifh0wfudk tvsif;*krpdkufaom OD;Ou|\ a&;om;csufrsm;teufrS tenf;i,f
xkwfEkwfjy&ygvQif ]]Ak'rSwfausmuf}} trnfSdpmtkyf pmrsufESm 175-wGif(u)
]],aeU bduKoHCmvdkUqkdwJh *dkPf;aygif;pHkbkef;BuD;awG vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuwJh 0denf;udk

riJhnmbJ
avhvmoHk;oyfMunfhvdkuf&if
Oyg'gefwpfvHk;wpfcJBuD;
jzpfSdaewmudk
awGU&jyefw,f}}
[l &uf&ufpufpuf tremy a&;om;xm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f bk&m;/
3/
odkU a&;om;jcif;rsm;onf bk&m;ocif\ tmPma'oem jzpfaom 0denf;w&m;udk
Oyg'gefESifh udkifaygufjcif;oabmrSm aygavmBuD;ay:vsuf Sdygonf bk&m;? a&;om;csufonf

Ak'omoemawmf\ toufozG,fjzpfaom 0denf;w&m;udk y,f&ma&muf t0de,0g'D jzpfaMumif;
avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
4/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh tNrD;pm;zuf acgif;pm;zuf jzpfaom OD;0go0 (vlaovljzpfudk
yxrtBudrf dkufESdyf xkwfa0ol) onfvnf; oludk,fwkdif 0denf;w&m;udk rusifhoHk;rvdkufemHkrQru

Ak'omoemawmfBuD;ESifh pyfqkdifaom 0denf;"ruHpDrHyHkrsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; ajymifavSmifysufacsmf
oa&mfapmfum; ajymcJhygonf bk&m;/
Oyor'uHaqmifw,fqkdwm
cifAsm;wkdUvJ
jrifrSmayghAsm?
Ak'bmomtkyfpk
&[ef;cHwJhtcgusawmh [dkxdyfu xkdifwm OyZ,fq&m? 'Dbufu oHk;yg;u ur0gpmq&m?

ab;u[mawGu t&HawG? 0rf;emwJhtcg 0rf;qGJwkdUbmwkdU awmufwD;awmufwJhawG tukefaygh?
cav;arG;rvdkU cav;arG;rvdkU-cav;arG;rvdkU?
40
tpodkU

vlzdkeJUvlrwdkU qufqHwJh cav;arG;wmu vlom;wkdU&JU vrf;pOftwkdif; arG;wm? 'D[mu
[dk [dELjAm[P wkdUqDu tarGtESpf ,lvmNyD; [dELjAm[Pvrf;pOfu(1)
jA[mbk&m;BuD;&JU yg;pyfu arG;wmonf jA[mZmwf (tjrwfqHk;)
(2)
jA[mbk&m;BuD;&JU &ifywfu arG;wmonf cwd,Zmwf?
(3)
jA[mbk&m;BuD;&JU Akdufu arG;wmonf 0Zmwf?
(4)
jA[mbk&m;BuD;&JU aygifu arG;wmonf ok'Zmwf
5/
tJ'DZmwf4-rsdK;udk
jyefvnfjyifqifa&;
vkyfcsifwmeJU
[dkxdyfuxkdifwJh
OyZm,fq&mutaz? 'Dbufu ur0gpm zwfwmu tar? rdb 2-yg;arG;vmwJh paeom;wifarmifqkdwJh

aumifav;udk
jA[mZmwfxJoGif;csifawmh
[dk
wifjyifacGBuD;
xkdifw,f?
rD;aeonf
tjyifbuf
wat;at;aeNyD;awmh rdef;rvkyfwJhvlu (vufonfawG) ckacwfqkd&ifjzifh aq;HkrSm oGm;NyD;awmh arG;wm?

'Dawmh rdb 2-yg; arG;rS om;qkdwm jzpfwm/
6/
'DrSmvJ Oyor'uHaqmifawmh OyZm,fq&mu tz? ur0gpmq&mu trd? tJ'D 2-
a,mufpyfwJh NyD;awmh cyfMurf;Murf; (a&mYa&mYav; r&bl;) t[H baE (xefvmw,f ... xefvmw,f)
Adkufemawmh ratmf&if r&bl;? tJ'DvdkeJU arG;xkwfvdkufwm? bmav; arG;vmovJ? paeom;av;
wifarmif[m aom bmao,s? 'kwd,rd aom bmao,s? wwd,rd aom bmao,s oHk;cgom
bmNyD;ao;vdkuf&w,f? bmrSrajymeJUawmh paeom; wifarmifav; awZudk jzpfua&m/
uaeU Ak'bmomu vlUvrf;pOfudk rysuf ysufatmif zsufypfw,f? rdb 2-yg;u arG;xm;rS
wifarmif awmfa&maygh? r[kwfao;bl; (awZvdkU rSnfhvdkuf&ao;) tvum;Zmwf t,kwf? t,kwf/-(y)
'Du [dEL jA[Ptwkckd;NyD; yg;pyfu arG;csvdkufvdkU 'Du bmrSrvkyf&bJeJY bmodumawGrS
rusifh&bJeJU aom bmao,s qkdwmeJU wpfydifeufxJ [dk 227-oG,f odumyk'fawG udk,frSmwnfNyD;
wpfcgxJ jA[PZmwf jzpfoGm;wm/
(15-4-76
aeUn
ajrmif;jrrdU
6-vrf;?
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0if
OD;ppfwifaetdrfwGif
a[mMum;aom OD;0go0 \ wdwfacG bD-buf rsufESmrS)

txufygpum;rsm;udk
0wfaMumifvHkcsnfudk
a&;om;a[majymaeMuwJh
0wfxm;MuwJholawG
r[kwfygbk&m;?
OD;Ou|ESifh
xrDwkdU
OD;0go0wkdU[m
qm&DwkdU
*g0efwkdUudk
41
tpodkU
0wfxm;MuwJholawGr[kwfygbk&m;? bk&m;ta&awmf ouFef;udk 0wfxm;MuwJhvlawGyg bk&m;? olwkdUudk

rodem;rvnfwJholawGu ]]q&mawmftoQif}} vdkU vufcHaeMuwJh vlawGygbk&m;/
8/
OD;0go0ESifh OD;Ou|wkdUonf e*dku &[ef;jzpfcJhw,fqkd&if 'Dpum;rsdK;awG rajymoifhyg
bk&m;? &[ef;b0 ESifh 'Dpum;rsdK;awGudk ajymjcif;tm;jzifh odumusNyD; &[ef;r[kwfawmhyg bk&m;? Ak'H

ypumrd? oduH ypumrd? bk&m;udk y,fyg\? odumudk y,fyg\ qkdvQif &[ef;odumusNyD;
vljzpfygw,fbk&m;? olwkdU[m 'Dvdk 0denf;w&m;udk ypfy,faom pum;rsdK;awGudk ajymqkdjcif;tm;jzifh
omoemESifhrxdkufwefaom tvZ'kDvrsm; jzpfaMumif; xifSm; ygonf bk&m;? olwkdUwpfpkonf
e*dkuwnf;u odumSdaom &[ef;aumif;rsdK; r[kwfEkdifygbk&m;? tpm;acsmifvdkU (orm'd|dtzGJU0ifawGvdk
vlpm;rsdK;awGtay: q&mwpfql vkyf&vG,fatmifvdkU) ouFef;ta&cHNyD; 0denf;ykefuef pum; rsdK;awG
ajymaejcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
9/
aumif;aom
ousykw bk&m;om;awmfrSefvQif omoemawmf aumif;aomtBuH aumif;aomtajym

tytrlrsm;udk
0denf;odumESifh
usifhoHk;Mu&ygonf
ravsmfnDaom
bk&m;?
pum;rsdK;udk
,ckrl
OD;Ou|ESifh
ajymqkda&;om;NyD;
OD;0go0wkdUonf
0denf;udkypfy,faeMu
t0de,0g'Dyk*dKvfrsm;om jzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;10/
OD;Ou|\ tarGaoG;qdk;udk qufcHae&Smaom orm'd|dtzJGUom;rsm;uvnf; olwdkU\
q&mBuD;rsm;twdkif; 0denf;w&m;udk apmfum;ajymqdkMuygonf bk&m;? orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfrS

xkwfa0aom Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef; trSwfpOf (1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm; pmtkyfBuD; pmrsufESm 47wGif oifwef;om;rsm;tm; atmufygtwkdif; ydkUcsxm;ygonf bk&m;/
]]0denf;udk
t"duxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
bduKeDomoemudkqdwfokOf;apcJhonfrSm
yxroH*g,emyGJrS pwifcJhavonf}}
11/
omoembmom
ajymMum;csufrSm
zsufqD;a&;vkyfief;udk
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfBuD;udk
tNrJwap
vkyfudkifaeaom
ud;udkifjc,fvS,fNyD;
twGif;a&;r;
OD;udkudkav;\
oifwef;ydkUcscsufyg bk&m;/
42
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwkdU bk&m;12/
vlaovljzpf0g'D
&[ef;qkd;Sifqkd;rsm;ESifh
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUuJhodkUaom
'kpdkuftm;ay; tukodkvf aoaX;awGSdorQ omoemawmfBuD;\tE&m,frSm rao;vSyg bk&m;? if;wdkU\

tytrl tajymtqkd ta&;tom;rsm;onf "r0de,\ qefUusifbufrsm;om jzpfaMumif; oHa0*jzpfzG,f
pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/
43
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (10)
10/
0denf;w&m;awmfudk rypfy,fbJ bk&m;Sif\ 0denf;odum yk'fawmfrsm;udk toufwrQ vdkufem
usifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif;? Sifaumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf

a&;om;jyD; oHCmapmfum;rI yjcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\
Mo0g'gp&d,jzpfaom
OD;Ou|ESifh
qEwl
jzpfMuukefaom tvZDyk*dKvfrsm;onf omoemabmifrSmaevsuf ouFef;ta&cHxm;onfhtjyif bk&m;ocif

ynwfawmftwdkif;
vdkufemusifhBuH
aexkdifMuukefaom
omoemh0efxrf;
Sif&[ef;wkdUtm;
mtbdZmBuD;rm;pGmjzifh tremy qJa&;wkdif;xGmrIudk tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGmajymqkd a&;om;cJhMuygonf

bk&m;? &mESifhcsD qJa&;xm;aom tcsufrsm;xJrS tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fudk azmfjyygrnf bk&m;?
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 82-wGif(u)
xdkacwfor,um; bmoma&;0efxrf; jzpfMuukefaom bkef;BuD; &[ef;rsm;onf aT? aiG

paom vmbfvmbig;udk rQm;ol? zrf;olwkdU jzpfMuav&m "mwfawmf tHawmf qHawmf
awmifa0S;awmf ponfwdkUudk ig;pmtjzpfjzifh toHk;yMuukef\/
[lvnf;aumif;?
(c)
if;wkdUonf aumif;uifbHkeef;ESifh i&Jcef;wkdU\ aomhudkifrsm;jzpfMu&m [efaqmifvkyfief;

yxrwef;
uRrf;usifolrsm;
olUb0\
ocFef;pmjzpf
jzpfcJhMuonf
taMumufESifh
r[kwfwHkavm?
[efaqmifvkyfief;onf
tarQmfudkqGay;rIonf
olwkdU\
oufxdef;vkyfief;wpf&yf jzpfonf r[kwfwHkavm? tb,faMumifhenf;-vlom;\ pdwf

taMumufESifh tarQmf aoG;at; oGm;avav? olwkdU\ b0wnfNrJa&; ydkrkdvIyfSm;
r[m;w&m;tajcodkU a&mufoGm;wwfavav jzpfaom aMumifhwnf;/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 64-65)
[l vnf;aumif;?
(*)
olwkdUonf
rnfonfhrkuygXfusrf;pmudkrQ
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
zwfMum;oif,l
pOf;pm;a0zefrIudk ryvkyf&JMuacs? olwkdUonf MuufwlaG;rsm;uJhodkU oif,lcJhMuukef\?

usufrSwfxm;aom
pmwkd
ayprsm;udk
trSm;tenf;qHk;ESifh
jyefvnfGwfqkd
a[majymEkdifMuaom yk*dKvfwkdUonf taumif;qHk; jzpfMuukef\/
44
tpodkU

olwkdUonf tESpf (2500) ausmfu "mwfjym;a[mif;BuD;rsm;udk ,ckwkdif zGifhvsuf SdMuukef
ao;\/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 311)
[l vnf;aumif;?
(C)
vdk&if;qkd&aomf olwkdUonf pm;a&; aomufa&; 0wfa&;twGuf ,kwd,kwm uif;rJhaom

t<um;trSm; ESifh wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;udk ajyma[m aeMuukef\/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf 'kwd,tBudrfdkuf pmrsufESm-314)
[l vnf;aumif;(i)
olwkdUonf vufxyfr*Fvmtcrf;tem;rsm;vnf;aumif;? tdrfopf&mopf wufaom

tcrf;tem;vnf;aumif;?
ay;Muukef\?
t"dym,f
Sifyem;or*Fvmrsm;vnf;aumif;
rSdaom
pum;vHk;udk
OD;aqmifrIudk
GwfqkdMuukef\?
aooltwGuf
ocsKif;ukef;odkU vdkufNyD;vQif wu,fjzpfysuf&ef tvm;tvm rSdaom trH*wdrsm;udk

ay;Muukef\? ao oGm;avNyD;olrsm; wrvGefavmu MunfvifTifys csrf;omokc
&a&;twGuf
&nfrSef;
qGrf;oGwfMuukef\?
yd@m
auR;Muukef\?
trQtwef;
a0Muapukef\? at;- olwkdUonf olwkdU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&mum; txl;tcRef

tvGef uRrf;usifawmfrlMuukef\/
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm-315)
[l vnf;aumif;?
(p)
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ wynfhom0u t&if;acgufacgufBuD;jzpfaom ocifjrwfqkdif

qkdoluvnf;
]]Ak'\
rd*'g0kefw&m;}}
trnfSd
pmtkyf
pmrsufESm
81-wGif
'getusdK;aus;Zl;? oDvtusdK;aus;Zl;qkdaom wrvGefw&m; umrmo0 b0go0awGESifh

qG,fum ajrmufvdkuf? xdkxdk'geESifh oDvrS rygvQif aocgrSodvdrfhqkdaom 'd|mo0
t0dZmo0awGESifh ajcmufvdkuf-ponfjzifh trsdK;rsdK; tarSmifwkdufum tacsmifEIduf
acgif;yHkjzwfaeMuavNyD/
[l vnf;aumif;?
(q)
bmom0efaqmifrsm;url xkdodkUaom aumif;uifedrdwfrsm;u &nfTef;aom ab;taygif;

&eftaygif;
tE&m,ftaygif;rS
if;bmom0efxrf;
yk*dKvfrsm;&JU
vHk;0uGif;uRwf
tqHk;tr
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Mo0g'udk
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vkdufemusifhoHk;&rnf? ykwD;ukd ud;pm; pdyf&rnf? bmoma&;qkdif&mwkdU tv'ge
45
tpodkU

ESpfqwkd; v'gef;&rnf [l a[majymavh SdMuukef\/
(tpGJywf wJukwfaTeef;awmf trnfSd pmrsufESm-14)
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou| ajymorQudkbk&m;a[mwrQ vufcHxm;Muukefaom orm'd|d
okawoetzGJUom;rsm;uvnf;
omoemawmfBuD;ESifh
omoemh0efxrf;rsm;udk
tuGuf&wkdif;
tjypfajymavhSdMuygonfbk&m;? orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfa0jzefUjzL;aom Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;?

oifwef;trSwfpOf(1) pmrsufESm46-wGif Sifom&dykw&mESifh SifOygvdwkdUvdk &[Emyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;udkyif
r[kwfrw&m;0d0g'jzifhatmufygtwkdif; pGyfpGJxm; ygonf bk&m;/
]]ordkif;ESifh
pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif
Ak'Sif
oufawmfxifSm;
SdpOfuyif
Sifom&dykw&m\ "rtajccH oabmxm;ESifh SifOygvd\ 0denf;tajccHoabmxm;rsm; &dyf&dyf

uGJjym;vsuf Sdonfrsm;udkvnf; arhavsmh ypfy,f xm; rjzpfEkdifay}}
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
ol\aemufvdkuf
jzpfMuukefaom
taygif;ygwkdU\
a&;om;ajyma[m 0g'jzefUoabmrsm;onf omoemh0efxrf; &[ef;rsm;udk qJa&;jcif;? omomemawmfBuD;\

toa&ukd
npfl;apjcif;
trSefyifjzpf
Ak'bmom0ifrsm;[kyif
rqkdxkdufawmhbJ
t0dZmarSmif
ydwfumaESmifonfh rdpmaumifrsm;[kom qkdxkduf ygawmhonf bk&m;/

4/
olwkdUonf txufyg pum;rsdK;udk ajymjcif;tm;jzifh Ak'bmom qefUusifa&;orm;
ppfppfwkdUom jzpfaMumif;? Ak'bmom ta,mifaqmifNyD; Ak'bmomudk twGif;uae zsufqD;aeolrsm;

jzpfaMumif;? Ak'bmom &[ef;oHCmrsm;\ onf;cHaerIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum ESdrfcsifwkdif; ESdrfaeol
t"r0g'orm;rsm;om jzpfaMumif; xifSm;vSygonf bk&m;/
5/
tm;vHk;udk
odkUjzpfyg if;wkdU\ oHCmudk ykwfcwfa&;om;jcif;? rawmfrw&m; 0g'jzefUaejcif;

t"r0g'rsm;tjzpf
ppfaMumoHk;oyf
tqHk;tjzwf
ay;awmfrlyg&ef
dkaopGm
46
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (11)
11/
y&dwf[k ac:qkdaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk rGwfaumif;[k qkdNyD; y&dwfGwfrIudk qefUusif
Ak'bmom q&mpOfquf vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg

bk&m;/
1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou| OD;aqmifaom rdpm0g'DwkdUonf bk&m;ocif\ rkcygXfawmf jzpfaom
y&dwfa'oemrsm;udk vufcH,HkMunfjcif; rSdMuyg bk&m;? vufrcH r,HkMunfonfhtjyif y&dwfw&m;awmf

Gwfzwfo&Zm,faom
yk*dKvfrsm;ESifh
y&dwfa'oemudk
Mum;emMuaom
yk*dKvfrsm;udkyg
tremy
ajymqkda&;om; ajyma[mcsufudk om"u tjzpf tenf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf bk&m;/

wdwfacGtrSwf 12? bD-buf rsufESmwGifouFef;ta&cH OD;Ou|u ]]y&dwfBuD; 12-okwfudk t&nf;BuD; vufusef}} [k twdtvif;
qkdxm;ygonf bk&m;? ]]ewfrSD oDwif;oHk;aexkdifMuaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onf y&dwfrGwfMuyg}} [k
ocifjrwfqkdifukd,fwkdifu 0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;/
2/
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-143-wGif y&dwfaqmifyk*dKvfrsm;ESifh y&dwfemyk*dKvfrsm;tm;
atmufyg twkdif; qJa&;wkdif;xGmrI yxm;onfukd awGU&ygonf bk&m;/

y&dwfcsnf? y&dwfyef;? y&dwfa&? y&dwfoJrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? &[EmwkdU\ "mwfawmf
arGawmfonf
vnf;aumif;?
ykwD;pdyfjcif;?
qkawmif;ywemyjcif;?
udk;qlauR;jcif;?
rD;ylaZmfjcif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? olawmfpifwkdU\ t0wfpESifh y&dabm* O'dapwDykxkd;

trsdK;rsdK;onfvnf;aumif; vlom;\ udk,fum, pGJrSDuyfa&mufvmaom a&m*gtemtrsdK;rsdK;udk
uif;pifyaysmufapEkdifaom
wefckd;owdESifh
jynfhpHkMuukefNyD[l
bkef;BuD;rsm;uvJ
a[majymcJhMuukef\/
,if;odkU
a[majymwkdif;vJ
rsm;pGmaomvlxku
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
toJckdufatmif
,HkMunfcJhavNyD? ,xmblw obm0usaom aMumif;usdK;ESpfoG,fwkdU\ rysufruG,fpaumif;aom

tquftoG,fwkdUtm; teufxnfBuD;ESifh zHk;tkyfxm;wJhtoGif tenf;tusOf;rQyif ray:vGif
rxifSm;Ekdif jzpfcJhav&m jzpfysufaom udprSeforQudk wefckd; jym#d[mESifh vQdKU0Sufaom
tmEkabmfaMumifhom [l rSwfIcJhMuavNyD/
bmoma&;qkdif&m yk*dKvfrsm;u PfeDPfeuf tbufbufrSm oHk;oavmuf vlxku
pOf;pm;Pf xHkxdkif;NyD; ajymwkdif;,Hk? uHwkdif;vkduf? EIdufwkdif;&aom vlt vldk;BuD;awG
jzpfcJh&avNyD/
47
tpodkU
3/

vlaovljzpf0g'D
q&mBuD;rsm;ESifh
taygif;ygwdkU\
a&;om;ajyma[mcsufrsm;onf
bk&m;ocifudk,fwkdif a[mawmfrlcJhaom &weokwf? cEokwf? arwokwf paom y&dwfawmfrsm;udk

vufcH,HkMunfjcif; tvQif;rSdaomaMumifh bk&m;udky,faom w&m;udky,faom tAk'0g'D t"r0g'Drsm;om
jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
48
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (12)
12/
Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm; qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "mwfawmf
arGawmf apwDykxdk; kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforIy&m Ak'bmom0ifrsm; o'gw&m; ysufjym;atmif

rawmfrw&m; apmfum;armfum; a&;om; ajyma[mjcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG aemufvdkufrsm; jzpfMuukefaom orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG
bmomykefuef vrf;pOfrrSefaom olwkdUonf bk&m;ykxdk; Sdckd;jcif;trIudk tykdtvkyf[k ,lqMuygonf

bk&m;?
Ak'udp
"rudp
oHCudpwkdU
vspfvsLI
OayumyHkrQru
tNrJwrf;
qefUusifbuf
yrlaeMuygonf bk&m;/
2/
t&[w"Z umom0 jzpfaom ouFef;udk vlom;wkdU\ xbDykqdk;ESifh pHcsdefxkd;
tSdefdI;atmif ajymqkdygonf bk&m;? bk&m;ocif\ qHawmfudkvnf; jrif;NrD;ESifhEIdif; dkif;jypGm

ajymqkdygonfbk&m;? bk&m;ocif\ "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;udkvnf; bmoma&; trIdufodkufrsm;tjzpf
riJhruGuf &uf&ufpufpuf a&;om; Muygonf bk&m;/
3/
vlaovljzpf
pmtkyf
('kwd,tBudrfdkuf)
pmrsufESm
81-wGif
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU
pdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m t,kwfwrm pum;wkdUjzifh atmufygtwkdif; dkif;dkif;ysys a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/

0wfxnfzsifcif;udk ouFef;[l rcGJjcm;awmhbJ t0wf[l wom;wnf; jrifMuavNyD?
olawmfaumif;wkdU&JU
qHyifwnf;[laom
tarG;onf
jrif;NrD;xuf
ydk
tema&m*gudk
aysmufapEkdifonf[laom Oyg'gefudkvnf; ,ckacwf awmfvSefMuavNyD? ,cktcg jrifhjrwfaom

"mwfawmf
arGawmf
ponfwkdUudk
bmoma&;
trIdufodkufrsm;
jzpfonf[k
uREkfyfwkdU
aocsmxifxif odjrifMuukefNyD/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;4/
vlaovQif vlomjzpf&rnf [laom tw0g' ow'd|dt,ludk udkifpGJxm;aom
OD;Ou|\ t,ltqudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh Ak'0g' odyH OD;0go0uvnf; ]]aTwd*Hk[m bk&m;

r[kwfbl;uG? trSefawmh ocsKif;ukef;uG}} [k (16-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrrdUw&m;yGJwGif) *g&0uif;rJhpGmjzifh
yufyufpufpuf ajyma[mygonf bk&m;/
49
tpodkU
5/

uJhodkU bk&m;&dyf w&m;&dyfESifh ausmif;&dyf uef&dyfukd ckdvIHNyD; bk&m;aus;Zl; w&m;aus;Zl;
oHCmhaus;Zl;rsm;udk
raxmufxm;bJ
tremy
ajymqkda&;om;aecJhonfrSm
rvdkvm;tyfaomudprsdK;
jzpfygonfbk&m;? OD;Ou|ESifh OD;0go0wkdU\ avmif;&dyfukd trdcHaeMuaom &[ef;Sifvlrsm;udkvnf;

oabmxm;qkd;rsdK; rudef;0yfatmif xdef;csKyfoifhygNyD bk&m;/
6/
"mwfawmf
tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk
arGawmf
jyqkdonfh
apwDykxkd;
kyfyGm;qif;wk
yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;
udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh
txiftSm;
ywfoufaom
Sdaeonfudk
olwkdU
rsufuG,fyxm;Mujcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/

7/
OD;Ou|ESifh Ou|0g'DwkdU\ oabmxm;qdk;rsm;onf Ak'omoemawmfBuD;udkvnf;aumif;?
Ak',Ofaus;rIudkvnf;aumif; tjrpfrusef wGef;vSefzdzsufaom rdpm0g'rsm;jzpf omoemroefUSif;atmif

rwnfwHhatmif rjyefUyGm;atmif vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; jzpfygaomaMumifh "r0de,ESifhtnD pdppfay;awmfrlyg
bk&m;/
50
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (13)
13/
bmomomoem\ wifhw,frIwpfck[k qkdxkdufaom Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk tvdkqkd;jzifh tjrpfrS vSef wl;zdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emyg bk&m;/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ Mo0g'udk cH,lxm;Muaom orm'd|dokawoe tzGJU0ifrsm;onf
Ak',Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;aom "avhxHk;pHrsm;udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeMuygonf

bk&m;? if;wkdU\ omoemzsufvkyfief;udk pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; dkufESdyfjzefUjzL; vnf;aumif;? toHoGif;
ud;acGrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
aqG;aEG;yGJ
a[majymyGJrsm;
yvkyf
vnf;aumif;
a&;om;jcif;?
a[majymjcif;rsm; yvkyfvsuf SdaeMuygonf bk&m;/

2/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\ q&mYq&mBuD; jzpfaom awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|\
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf
pmrsufESm
127-wGif
Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rIESifh
ywfoufaom
tytrlrsm;udk
atmufygtwkdif; ajymifajymifwif;wif; ypfy,fxm;ygonf bk&m;/

qDrD;tckd;wkdif xGef;ndjcif;? ylaZmfjcif;? 'l;axmufdkusdK; Sdckd;jcif;? aMu;pnfacgif;avmif;
xkd;jcif;? "r oDcsif; usL;&ifhjcif;? *kPfawmf Gwfzwfjcif;? Oykofapmifhjcif;? qkawmif;ywem
yjcif;jzifh csOf;uyf&aom ewfwkdU bk&m;wkdUudk uREkfyfwkdU ,HkMunf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhacs/
3/
pum;udk
Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;onf
Oykofapmifhjcif;
paom
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG
qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;?
bmoma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
Sdckd;jcif;?
ol\
MoZmcHrsm;jzpfMuaom
*kPfawmf
Gwfzwfo&Zm,fjcif;?
ypfy,faMumif;
twdtvif;
0efcHxm;onfrSm
&ckdifjynfe,f?
awmifukwfrdUrS
xifSm;ygonf bk&m;/
orm'd|d
okawoetzGJU\
aemufNrD;qGJjzpfaom
aTtbd"rmtrnfcHaom vlwpfpkwkdUuvnf; tcsufaygif; (80) ar;cGef;xkwf Ak'bmom omoemESifh

qefUusifaom 0g'rsm;udk jzefUa0cJhMuygonf bk&m;? tcsufaygif; (80) xJrS Ak',Ofaus;rIESifh
qefUusifbuf yvkyfxm;aom tcsuf (4) csufudk wifjyygrnf bk&m;/
(u)
Moumo Moumo[k vuftkyfcsDrkd; Sdckd;OD;cs toem;cHaeMujcif;rSm tjypfSdaeaom

vlokdufwkdUw&m;olBuD;aSUarSmuf t,lcH0ifa&mufMurnf[kqkdu rSm;Ekdifrnfvm;/
51
tpodkU
(c)

Ak'u
aTudk
rudkif&[k
qkdxm;ygvsuf
bk&m;udk
aTuyfjcif;
yef;uyfjcif;
vkyfaeMuonfrSm Ak'0g'vm;? [dEL jrefrmwkdU\ ewf0g'vm;? jAm[Pbmomorkdif;udk

avhvm&ef rvdkbl;vm;/
(*)
od'wjzpfaombk&m;rSm olckd;? "m;jy&efudk umuG,f&ef[k 'g&0rfwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ

rxm;cJhygbJESifh aTwd*HkwkdU r[mjrwfrkedwkdUwGif 'g&0rfxm;ae&jcif;rSm jAm[P0g'vm;?
Ak'0g'vm;/
(C)
twkrSdaom Ak'[k qkdxm;ygvsuf tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfNyD; Sdckd;OD;cs

qkawmif;aejcif;rSm Ak'0g'vm;/
5/
aTtbd"rmvlwpfpk\ a&;om;a[majymrIonf Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh oufqkdifaom
xHk;"avhrsm;udk ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum;xm; rdpmoabm ouf0ifygonf bk&m;/

rdpmoabmouf0ifaomaMumifh if;onf ]]aTtbd"rm}} r[kwf? Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rI epfryfp&m
EGHtkdifBuD;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;vlaovljzpf0g'D
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdUonf
Ak'bmom
trnfcH,lxm;aomfvnf;
Ak'omoem\ ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;udk ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;udk tcGifhuHwkdif; yrlzsufqD;

aeMuygonf bk&m;/
6/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom twGJ (1) trSwfpOf (9) opmpmapmifwGif
]]uREkfyfwkdU rBurf;yg? r&rf;yg}} trnfwyf acgif;BuD;ydkif;rSaeNyD; Ak'bmom omoemawmfBuD;\ ysufpD;&m

ysufpD;aMumif;udk atmufygtwkdif; zsufqD;a&;om;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
pmudk a&;csdefwGif yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;udk jyifqifa&;twGuf tvaiGaygif; 16-odef;ausmf
&aeNyD[k od&onf? onfrSm 2-vausmfrQtwGif; &aomaiG jzpfonf? aemufrnfrQ&aeOD;rnf
rodEdkifao;ay/
tb,frnfaom vlrIa&;onfvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHa&;onfvnf;aumif; xkdrQtcsdefESifh
xkdrQaiGaMu; yrmPrsdK; &SdEkdiftHhenf;? bmoma&;rSwpfyg; tjcm; rnfonfhudpwGif rQ
xnfh0ifv'gef;MuthHenf;/
t&if;ppfvQif ArmEkdifiHonf (80) &mEIef;rQaom vlOD;a&onf Ak'bmom0ifawGom
jzpfonf? xkduJhodkUaom vlrsdK;udk (EkdifiHa&;onf EkdifiHa&;? bmoma&;onf bmoma&;?
52
tpodkU
oD;jcm;u@pD jzpfonf? ra&m,Sufxkduf) [k qkdolrsm;tzkdU pOf;pm;p&m jzpfonf? ,ckum;

,if;odkU
ajymolrsm;udk,fwkdifu
yg0if
ae&onfudk
awGU&onf?
csdK;uyfaeaom
tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;/
yk*Hivsifab;aMumifh
ESpfaygif;&maxmifcsDNyD;
wnfwHhxGef;um;cJhaom
apwDykxkd;rsm;
ydysuf (Ak'bmom,Ofaus;rI) jrefrmhtarGtESpfrsm; qHk;IH;jcif;udk umuG,f&ef rulnD rv'gef;onfhtjyif

v'gef;olrsm;udk
uJh&JUjypfwifjcif;rSm
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdU\
tvGef,kwfnhHaom
pdwfoabmxm;udk ay:vGifapygonf bk&m;? urmYEkdifiHtoD;oD;uyif ulnDaeygvsuf ArmjynfrSmaeNyD;

Arma&udkaomuf? ArmavudkI? Armajrudk eif;vsuf Ak'bmomtrnfcH orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;u
rulcsif rvcsifHkrQru t,kwfwrm tremy ajymqkda&;om; jcif;rSm tvGefoabmxm;,kwfnHhaMumif;
xifSm;vSygonf bk&m;/
orm'd|dtzGJU0ifwkdUonf
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;
,ckuhJodkU
udef;atmif;&jcif;rSm
if;wkdU\
bmoma&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;
,kwfnHhaom
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|\
pdwf"mwfrsm;
ul;pufaomaMumifh jzpfygonf bk&m;/

9/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom twGJ (1) trSwf (5) opm"ra&;&mpmapmifwGif
(ESm-6) wGif Ak'bmom omoemawmfBuD;\ tajccHtkwfjrpfudk OD;Ou|u atmufygtwkdif; wl;zd

zsufqD;cJhygonf bk&m;/
]]tck Munfhav rlvwef;ausmif;u 6-ESpf? 7-ESpf tG,f vlrr,f uav;i,fupNyD;
bk&m;Sdckd;udk usufrSwfMu? csay;MueJU vkyfaeMuawmh tJ'DrSm bmu povJ? Moumo
bk&m;Sdckd;u
pNyD;
bmoma&;buf
qGJoGif;Mu&w,fqkdawmh
Ak'0g'
Ak'omoemqkdwm
bmrSef;rSrodao;wJh uav;awGukd ]a[m'g Ak'bmomyJa[h} vdkU pGJoGm;atmif vkyfvkdufovdk

jzpfukefw,f}}
10/
OD;Ou|onf
tjcm;bmom0ifwkdU\
uav;i,frsm;ukd
i,fpOfuwnf;u
olwkdUbmoma&; oifay; odrf;oGif;rIudk bmrQ ra0zef&J? uGefjrLepfEkdifiHwkdU uav;oli,frsm;tm;
53
tpodkU
uGefjrLepf0g' oGwfoGif;ay;jcif;udk wpfpHkwpf&mrajymbJ qdwfqdwfae axmufcHayonf? Ak'bmom

uav;rsm;usrS i,fi,fwnf;u Ak'bmom oifay;&aumif;vm;[k Ncdrf;rJaigufirf;jcif; yavonf?
onf;cHrIBuD;vSaom Ak'bmom&[ef;Sifvl jynfolvlxk tay:udkrS ESdrfcsifwkdif;ESdrf oGm;Ekdifaom
wu,fhtmZmenfBuD;ygaywum;/
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;11/
vlaovljzpf
tzGJUom;rsm;onf
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG
vnf;aumif;?
ol\0g'rIdif;udk
orm'd|dtzGJU\
trdcHae&aom
avmif;&dyfrd
orm'd|dokawoe
tqdyfoifhjcif;udkcHae&Smaom
&[ef;SifvlwkdUonfvnf;aumif; Ak',Ofaus;rIESifh Ak'omoemawmfBuD;udk enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ysufpD;atmif

zsufqD;aeyg
if;wkdU\
ta&;tom;
tajymtqkd
tytrlrsm;onf
w&m;rzuf
54
trSm;oufoufomjzpfaMumif; pdppfqHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (14)
14/
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\
ukokdvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom
oDvcH,ljcif;
qkay;qk,lyjcif;?
oydwfoGwfjcif; paom bmoma&;qkdif&m trIudprsm;udk tykdoufouf jzpfoa,mif a[majym a&;om;

zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emyg bk&m;/
Ak'0g'Dtjzpfudk
ajymqkd&rSm
0efav;aeMuukefaom
Ou|0g'D
orm'd|d
okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwkdUonf oDvcH,ljcif; qkay;qk,l yvkyfjcif;

paom
ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
ryvkyfMuonfhtjyif
xkdvkyfief;rsm;
vkyfaqmifMuaom
&[ef;Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tremy ajymqkd a&;om; ajyma[m aeMuygonf bk&m;? olwkdUonf

Ak'bmom0ifrsm;\ ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tjrpfrSvSef EkwfypfaeMuygonf bk&m;? if;wdkU\
rdpm&ifwGif;rS yGifhtHvmaom mvIdif;wHykd;rsm;udk tenf;i,f wifjyvdkygonf bk&m;/
2/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS xkwfjyefaMujimxm;aom t,l0g'a&;qkdif&m oabmxm;
12-csufwGif eHygwf 11- ]]qkawmif; qkay;oufoufjzifh rnfonfh tmedoHorQ tusdK;w&m; xifSm;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k

r,HkMunf}}
[l twdtvif; olwkdU 0efcHxm;Muygonf bk&m;? Ak'bmom usrf;*efrsm;wGif qkawmif;qkay;
yvkyfjcif;aMumifh
&Sdaom
tmedoHo
tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk
xifSm;awGUEkdifygvsuf
ZGwfrSdwfNyD;
rsufuG,fyaejcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/

3/
orm'd|dtkyfpk0if vlom;rsm;omru awmifwGif;BuD;ewfrSD aexkdifMuaom Ou|0g'D
&[ef;awmfrsm; udk,fwkdifvnf; ]]qkawmif; qkay;jcif; rvkyfMuyg}} [k ocifjrwfqkdifudk,fwkdifu

0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;/
4/
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 149 wGif qkawmif;jcif;aMumifh &Sdaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;rSm
rdk;udkarQmfonfh zm;wd&pmef\ ,HkMunfcsufrsdK;om jzpfaMumif; OD;Ou|u atmufygtwdkif; tremy

a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
]]trSefqkd&vQif
qkawmif;ywem
yrIaMumifh
tusdK;&Sdonf
[laom
vlom;\
,HkMunfcsufum; ol\ a<u;aMumfatmfjrnfrIaMumifh rkd;OD;usvm&onf [laom zm;oli,f\

,HkMunfrIrsdK;om jzpfavawmhonf}}
55
tpodkU
5/

vlaovljzpfq&mBuD;onf qkay;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif; paom tytrlrsm;udkvnf;
enf;enf;uav;rQ rIpdrfhEkdif bJ pmrsufESm 147-wGif atmufygtwkdif; *&[maESm a&;xm;jyefygonf

bk&m;/
]]bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;onf qkawmif;ywemyrIudk rdrdudk,fwkdifyHkrQrurl vl'g,umESifh
'g,dumrwkdUtm; qkay;rIudkvnf; yMuukefao;\}}
6/
vlaovljzpfacgif;aqmifBuD;u
odkUponfjzifh
uJh&JUHkrQru
vlaovljzpf0g'\
trmcHausmdk;jzpfaom wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifuvnf; ]]Ak'\rd*'g0kefw&m;}} trnfSdpmtkyf pmrsufESm

(58) wGif olUq&m\ avoHtwkdif; twkdUtqdwfuav;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
]]Ak'onf
,ck
vltrsm;BuD;u
vufcH,HkMunfaeaom
wrvGef
qkawmif;jcif;?
qkay;jcif;paom uruwm 'geoDv ukodkvfrsdK;ukd ryvkyf tm;ray;jyefacs}}
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG
tajymta[mrsm;onf
ol\
bmomomoemudk
aemufvdkufaemufyg
wynfhom0uwkdU\
xdyg;csKyfcs,fHkrQru
yd#uwfvm
ta&;tom;
tqkdtrdefUrsm;udk
vspfvsLI&m a&mufaeMuygonf bk&m;/

8/
0denf;r[m0gygVd? O'gef;ygVd? t*Fkw&edum,fESifh "ry' paom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;wGif
qkay; qkawmif; oufaoom"ursm;pGm vmSdygonf? xkdUaMumifh Ak'u vufrcHbl;[k Ou|0g'DwkdU\

a&;om;ajyma[mcsufrsm;onf rodem;rvnfolrsm; (0g) yd#uwfudk rMunfhwwfolrsm;tm; Ak'udk
ckwHk;vkyfNyD; vdrfjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
twdwfESifh
tem*wfuHw&m;rsm;udk
vufrcHMubJ
ykcufESifh
acgif;tMum;udkom
rsufarG;wpfqHk; Munfh xif&mjrif&m pGwfvkyfaeMuaom vlaovljzpf0g'D orm'd|dtzGJUom;rsm;ESifh

aemufvdkufaemufygwkdUonf Ak'bmom0ifrsm; aooludk &nfrSef; oydwfoGwf qGrf;auR;jcif;udk
tydktvkyf[k ,lqxm;Muygonf bk&m;? orm'd|dtzGJU0ifwkdUonf olwkdUudk,fwkdifuvnf; qGrf;oGwfjcif;?
trQa0jcif; ukodkvfudp bmwpfckrQ ryMuyg bk&m;/
10/
orm'd|d
1973-ck? Zlvkdifv 1-&ufxkwf twGJ(1) trSwf(1) opm"rpmapmifwGif pmrsufESm 15-
okawoetzGJUBuD;\
em,ujzpfaom
OD;wif\
romtaMumif;udk
ocifjrwfqkdifu
56
tpodkU
atmufygtwkdif; a&;jyxm;onfrSm orm'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\ bmomrJh tajccHyHkrSefokyfudk

uGufuGufuGif;uGif; ay:apcJhygonf bk&m;/
OD;wif\
romudk
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh
"rokawoDrsm;uyif
aemufqHk;*g&0yonfh taejzifh tpGrf;ukef wm0ef,lvdkufMu&m romtBuD;pm;BuD; pHcsdefxuf

ravsmYygacs? tavmif;udk BuHawmokomefwGif rD;IdUvdkufMu\/
orm'd|dpnf;urf;ESifhtnD
bma&pufcs?
bmtrQa0?
bmqGrf;oGwfrIrQ
rygrSd?
bkef;BuD;[l wpfyg;rQ ryifh? twG,ftpGJ vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfBuD;ESifhyif udpjywfoGm;\/
]]pum;pum;? ajymygrsm;? pum;xJu Zmwdjy}} qkdouJhodkUvnf;aumif;? ]]udk,fhudkudk,fazmf
rolawmf ckepfyg;}} qkdouJhodkUvnf;aumif; txufyg ocifjrwfqkdif\ pum;onf olwkdU[m

b,fvdkvlpm;awG[k txiftSm; jyvsufSdygonf bk&m;? uHukd r,Hkaom vlEkHwkdU\ tvkyfudk
t[kwfxifNyD; vkyfaeMuolrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
12/
vlaovQif
vlom
jzpfcsifaeaom
ow0g'Dq&mBuD;u
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\
ukodkvfur udpwpfck jzpfaom qGrf;oGwfjcif; trQa0jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; aighawmhawmh

a&;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
aooltwGuf
trH*wdrsm;udk
ocsKif;ukef;okdUvkdufNyD;vQif
ay;Muukef\?
wu,fjzpfysuf&ef
aooGm;avNyD;olrsm;
tvm;tvmrSdaom
wrvGefavmu
MunfvifTifys
csrf;omokc&Sda&;twGuf &nfrSef; qGrf;oGwfMuukef\? yd@m auR;Muukef\? trQtwef;

a0Muapukef\? at;-olwkdUonf olwkdU\ oufxdef;vrf;udk xGif&mum; txl;tcRef tvGef
uRrf;usifawmfrlMuukefonfwum;/
(vlaovljzpf pmrsufESm- 315)
vlaovljzpf0g'D
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh
aemufvkdufaemufygwpfpkwkdUonf
olwkdUudk,fwkdif oydwfoGwf? a&pufcs? trQa0paom ukodkvfvkyfief;rsm;udk ypfy,faMumif;? olwkdU\

ta&;tom;ESifh ta[mtajymrsm;u oufaocHvsuf SdygNyD? olwkdU\ t,ltqtawG;tac:rsm;onf
bk&m;a[ma'oemjzpfaom wda&mukokwf? ZmPkamPdokwfpaom yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh tHr0if
57
tpodkU
*Gifrus qefUusifvSygaomaMumifh t"r0g' rdpmt,lom jzpfaMumif; wifjyavQmufxm;tyfygonf

bk&m;/
58
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (15)
15/
Oyg'ge paom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfa0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;\ teuft"dym,frSefudk ypfy,fNyD;
udk,fxifovdk teuft"dym,faumufvsuf a[majyma&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdY bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
aemufvdkuf
orm'd|dokawoe0g'D
paomolwkdUonf
vlaovljzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;Ekdif&ef ygVdawmfrsm;udk rjzpf tjzpf? ujypfunpf jzpfnpfNyD; ZGwftwif;

teufay;Mu&ovdk? bk&m;a[m r[kwf vufvkyfygVdrsm;udk rw&m;xnfhoGif;Mu&ovdk vlaovljzpf
0g'udk acszsufrnfh ygVda0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm; teuft"dym,frSefukdvnf; ypfy,fNyD; xifovdk t"dym,f
jyefqkdMujyefygonf bk&m;/
2/
olwkdU\ ygVda0g[m& t"dym,fjyefrSm;wkdUukd xifSm;atmif pmtkyfpmapmif wdwfacGrsm;rS
aumufEkwf wifjyygrnf bk&m;/

(u)
Oyg'gef (0g) tpGJqkdwm bmvJ? if;um; tjcm;r[kwf/y/
pdwf0dnmPf (0g) emrfonf kyfw&m;udk zefqif; tkyfpkd;ae\[laom

,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?
rufwmESifh zkdpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwfSif (0g) *kPfESifh *kaP;wkdUudk

wpfckpDwpfuGJpD wnfae\-[laom ,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?
wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;?
*gxmrEefrsm;?
y&dwfrsm;?
tif;tkdif
cvSJUvufzGJUrsm;?
um,od'd yD,od'daq;rsm;? tdyfruf ,mruf\ tusdK;tjypfrsm;? aA'ifrsm;udk

,HkMunfrIonf vnf;aumif;?
aemufqHk;
obm0"rxuf
ausmfvGefaeaom
jzpf&yfrsm;udk
(0g)
wefckd;jym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef

rnfavawmh\/
(c)
(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm-72)
i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;wkdUudk wcrf;wem; wnfaqmufcJhol vuform;onfvnf;

xkdonfh Oyg'geftpGJjzpfonf [l tuREkfyfwkdU odcJh&avNyD/
(vlaovljzpf pmrsufESm-303)
(*)
tb,fukodkvf'geonf
tb,fb0
tusdK;ay;
rGefjrwfaom
b0odkU
a&mufEkdifonf[laom t,lonf tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom w&m;rsdK;om jzpf&m\/

(Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m; pmrsufESm-71)
59
tpodkU
rSwfcsuf/
(C)

/ txufygpum;wkdUonf tbd"rmvm Oyg'gef\ t"dym,fr[kwfacs/
raemurf=(0g) [',0wK (odkUr[kwf) OD;aESmufkyfwkdUjzifh yvkyf &aomtrI/
(vlaovljzpf-48)
rSwfcsuf/
(i)
/ ]]raem}} udk kyf[k bmomjyefjcif; jzpfonf/

"rpuy0we="rqkdonfrSm av;yg;aom r[mbkwf w&m;rsm; jzpfavonf/
puqkdonfrSm jzpfysufESifh ajymif;vJNyD; vnf jzpfaejcif;udk qkdvkdonf/
y0weqkdonfrSm rsufpdESifh jrif&onfudk qkdavonf/
okw\ t"dym,frSm vlom;wkdU\ xifSm;Sdaeonfh cEmudk,f um,udk qkdonf/
(tw0g'ESifh wm0wom tbd"rm 102-103)
rSwfcsuf/
/ ]]"r}} udk r[mbkwfkyf[kom bmomjyefjcif;onf "rpMumudk kyf0g'w&m; jzpfatmif
vkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf/
(p)
'd|Kyg'gef=t,lpGJ? t,lpGJ&m ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [l qkdxm;&m orm'd|d rdpm'd|d[l

cGJjcm;jcif; rSdonfudk owdytyfayonf/
(q)
0db0wPSmuawmh
(b0pnf;pdrfpJGaygh)
rSwfcsuf/
(Z)
udk,frSm
rSdwJhb0
(31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH-89)
vSrf;NyD;
pdwful;,OfvdkwJh
wPSmaygh/
(twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opmpmapmif? OD;Ou|\ "rpMumrS)
/ t|uxmzGifhrsm;ESifh rnDaom teufrSm;rsm;yif jzpf\/

umrb0[l&m tmHkig;yg;wkdU\ aÈudk rapmifhpnf;rIrS jzpfay:vmonfh pGJvrf;rI
wPSm Oyg'gefw&m;wkdU jzpfNyD;
lyb0qkdonfrSm rdrd\ rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwkdU jzpfonf/
tlyb0qkdonfrSm kyfw&m;udk taMumif;&if;cH jzpfay:vmonfh a0'em

onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwnf;[laom emrf\ tjzpfoabmwkdUom jzpfonf/
(31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH-211)
rSwfcsuf/
(ps)
/ t"dym,fonf bk&m;a[mtbd"rmvm t"dym,fr[kwf/

b0wPSm=b0\ tjzpfudk wG,fwmpJGrufjcif;/
0db0wPSm=b0\ *kPfyumoempnf;pdrfukd vdkvm;cHkrifjcif;/
( Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m; -70-71)
60
tpodkU
(n)

rerSm ESvHk;tdrf[',0wK vnfywfaom aoG;tpOfudkaumufrS t"dym,fSif;p&m
Sdayonf?
ESvHk;aoG;onfom
onmuEmjzpfaom
OD;aESmuf\vkyfief;ukd
tm;ay;qufoG,faeaomaMumifh reudk aumufjcif; jzpfonf/

(ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'0dyem yxrwGJ-60)
rSwfcsuf/
(#)
/ t,ltqonf kyf0g'DwpfOD;\ tjrifyif jzpfonf/

udk,fum,onfyif
ymHkumrig;rsdK;wkdU
jzpfapaom
oabmvuPmrsm;
SdonfhtwGuf umrbHk?
kyfypnf;wkdUtm;
olUXmeESifhol
tcsdK;tpm;udkufnDatmif
zGJUpnf;xm;onfh
udk,ftwGuf lybHk?
toufZD0[laom xGufouf0ifouf SdaeonfhtwGuf tlybHk[k tSif;qHk;?

aumuf,l&ef tvG,fqHk; jzpfayonf/
(X)
(Ak'0dyem yxr-61)
umrb0=rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fwkdUu tqif;? toH? teHU? t&om

xdawGUzG,f&mwkdU wkdufqHkaomtcg wyfrufwG,fwmaom vdkcsifrI?
lyb0 = rdrd\cEmudk,f kyfw&m;tay: (0g) cEmig;yg;tay:wGif NrJonf[laom
owfrSwfcsufjzifh rysufcsifaom lyb0?
tlyb0 = rtkdcsif? raocsif? remcsifaom tjzpf? tkdrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;?
emrItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;? aorItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif; tjzpf? pdwful;rsm;pGmjzifh
yputa&;udprS vGefajrmufaom b0pnf;pdrftrsKd;rsdK;wkdUukd pdwful;ESifh BuHq &Ekdif\?
a&mufEkdif\? oHk;oyfjcif; rSdbJ (tlyb0) pdwful;pGJ tjzpfrsm;/
(Ak'0g'jyem pmrsufESm -5-6)
(!)
[',0wKqkdwJh raemtMunfkyf-
(tewa&mifjcnf-103)
()
raemac:aom OD;aESmufrSm trSeftm;jzifh onmuEm\ t"dut*Fgyif jzpfyg\/

(tewa&mifjcnf-146)
(P)
emrfqkdonfrSm kyfudk trnfay;xm;aom oabmom jzpfonf/

(Ak'0g'jyem-35)
(w)
pGJvrf;rI
Oyg'geftaMumif;aMumifh
b0wpfckonf
jzpfvm\/
(ypKyefb0=
ausmif;om;b0rS pma&;b0? pma&;b0rS t&mSdb0? tdrfaxmifonfb0 ponfrsm;/)

(x)
b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwd-tvkyfwpfck wm0efwpfck a&mufjcif;/
61
tpodkU
(')
Z&m=vkyfouf&ifhvmjcif;/
(")
r&P=tvkyfrS &yfem;jcif;? tvkyfxkwfcH&jcif;/
rSwfcsuf/
(Ak'0dyem 'kwd,-176)
/ txufyg tykd'frsm; emrnfwyfxm;onfu Ak'0g' Ak'0dyem? a&;xm;onfrsm;u
tl;csD;yef; y&rf;ywm bmoma&;jyufvHk;rsm;yif jzpfayonfwum;/

(e)
ykaAed0goPfum;ykaA=ajcmufESpfumv
wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\
cgor,/
ESdyfpuf
ed=xifSm;{uef
nif;yef;rI
trSefrSdaom/
cH&jcif;wkdUukd/
0go=
P=trSefxGif;azmuf
todPf&a&mufcJhavNyD/
(y)
'dApuKPfum;puK=rsufpdESpfuGif;jzifh jrifjcif;[lorQwkdUudk/ 'dA=Sif;Sif;vif;vif; tpGJuif;NyD;/ PH=

trSefxGif; azmuf odjrifjcif;odkU &a&mufcJhavNyD/
(z)
tmo0u,Pftmo0=wyfrufpGJvrf;rI jzpfjcif;[lorQudk/ c,=ukefcef;csKyfNidrf;rItrSefodkU &Sdjcif;udk/

PH=trSef xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;odkU &a&mufcJhavNyD/
(trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf (1) pmapmif? pmrsufESm-7 tbd"rm q&mpdef)
,ck
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfqkdonf\
em,uBuD;qdkol
tbd"rmq&mpdefqkdolu
ykaAed0gomEkwd? 'dApuK? tmo0u, tbdnmOf[laom 0dZmoHk;yg;wkdUukd teuft"dym,f azmfjyyHkrSm

vlTwfvlaemufwpfa,mufu jcaoFhukd rjrifzl;Smaom uav;i,fwpfOD;tm; aqmifhaMumifhxkdifaeaom
zm;uav;wpfaumifukd vufdI;xkd;jyNyD; ]]jcaoFhqkdwm 'DtaumifyJ}} [k jyouJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/
(A)
twudvrxmEka,m* = tw [laom yk'f\ t"dym,fokyfum; 0dnmOfpdwf jzpf\/

udvrxyk'f\ t"dym,fum; csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk qkd\? tEka,m*yk'f\ oabmoGm;um;
bm0emur|mef;wpfckckukd tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhBuHaerIudk qkd\/
(trSefw&m;okawoe trSwf(6) pmrsufESm-8)
(b)
ewf = ewfqkdonfh ygVdpum;rSm jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;udk ac: cEmtwGif;rSm

Sdaom puK? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um,? re (6) ckwkdYjzifh cHpm;rI yjcif;udkyif
pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk[k ac:qkd&jcif; jzpfaMumif; Ak'a[maom ygVdrsm;udk
cEmenf;?
vufawGUenf;wkdUjzifh
aygif;pyfSmazGygu
rdrdwdkUcEmtwGif;
Sdaom
ajcmufckudkyif ewfbHkajcmufbHkjzpfaMumif; xifSm;pGm awGU&ygonf/
62
tpodkU

(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ? pmrsufESm-23)
(r)
odef;ZD0 = ZD0\ t"dym,frSm toufudk ac:ygonf? odef;\ t"dym,frSm aovkeD;yg;[k

ac:ygonf? ESpfckaygif;vdkufvQif ZD0=aovkeD;yg;txd ylavmifuRrf;rIBuD; jzpf&jcif;[k
jyqkdjcif; jzpfonf/
(,)
umvokwf = ud;ESifh wkyfaESmifxm;bdouJhodkU kef;xGuf r&ovdk ylavmifrI'Pfudk

cHae&jcif;/
(&)
oCFmw = oHrD;awmifBuD;\ tylSdefjzifh zduyf xm;bdouJhodkU ylavmifcHae&jcif;/
(v)
a&mk0 = toH atmf[pfvsuf rcHr&yfEkdifbJ ylavmifrI'Pf cHae&jcif;/
(0)
r[ma&mk0
xrEdkif
ylavmifuRrf;rI'Pfudk
xdkifr&
b,fvdkae&rSef;rodjzpf&onftxd
cHae&jcif;/
(o)
wmye = toHrxGufEdkifawmhbJ &ifvHk;aqmifhvsuf ylaqG;avmifuRrf;'Pf cH&jcif;/
([)
r[mwmye
tvGef
arhajrmMu&onftxd
(V)
jyif;xefpGm
toHrxGufEdkifawmhbJ
owdyifr&
ylavmifrI'Pf cH&jcif;/
t0Dpd = wpfcsufuav;rQ arhaysmufr&Ekdifavmufatmuf at;uGufpyfMum;rSdbJ

ylavmifaejcif;wnf;[laom
ylavmifuRrf;rItrsdK;rsdK;?
(8)rsdK;
(8)xyfwkdU\
ESdyfpufrI'Pfrsm;udk cHae&olwkdUukd i&JBuD; (8)xyfwGif uscHae&olrsm;[k usrf;*ef

jyqkdrIyjcif; jzpfonf/
3/
EdkifiHawmf
(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ 24-25)
txufygewfESifh i&JBuD;SpfxyfwdkU\ t"dyg,fazmfjyxm;csufrsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfu

oHCr[mem,u
xHarSmuf
kyfSifrif;om;xGef;a0
polwdkU\
jzpfay:vmaponfh
tajccHrsdK;aphrsm;yif
teuft"dyg,fzGifhqdkcsufrsm;om
rdrdwdkUrSm;ygNyD[k
omoemapmfum;aom
jzpf\/
jzpfygonf/
0efcsawmif;yefcJhMuaom
bHk&Sif;wrf;
tSufrSd
bHkurm
Edkifvif;ESifh
wdwfacGrsm;udk
ajAmifyvDxm;aom
orm'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdUavmufom
teuftrSef
xifEdkifp&mSdaom rkom0g'rsm; jzpfMuayonf/

(t)
t[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[w&m;udkrS rvkyf& raeEdkifygbl;qdkwJh trsdK;u

t[dwftppfyJ/
(tm) 'dG[dwf = 'Dw&m;pk igvkyfae&wm wu,fawmh oHo&mvnfwJh 0#fw&m;awGudk

igvkyfae&yg
uvm;vdkU ododBuD;eJY rvJTomvkdU vkyfae&&if 'dG[dwf/
63
tpodkU
()

wd[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[w&m;awG[m ightzkdUvJ tusdK;wu,frSdbl;?
vlrsm;tzdkUvJ
ighaMumifh
pdwfqif;&J
udk,fqif;&J
jzpfukefMu&w,f?
'gawG
igrvkyfawmhygbl;vkdU qHk;jzwfwwf&if wd[dwfyJ/

(twJG-1? trSwf-5? opm"rpmapmif pmrsufESm-10- OD;Ou| a[maom w&m;rS)
()
oH qkdwm - Sdwm? Cm qkdwm - zdkr? tJ'DSdwJh zkdr 2-a,mufudk oHCmvdkU ac:wm?

'gaMumifh
]]oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd}}
oH - SdwJh? CH - a,musfm;rdef;r (2)a,mufonf/ o&PH - ajyvnfpGm vufwJGMu/
*wfcsmrd? urmYc&D;udk oGm;aeMuavonf/
urmrSmSdwJh a,musfm;ESifh rdef;r zdkr 2-a,mufwkdU ajyajyvnfvnf vufwJGNyD;awmh
urmYc&D;udk oGm;aewmudk (oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd) qkdvkdw,f/
(15-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrw&m;yJG OD;0go0 a[majymcsuf wdwfacG at-rsufESmrS/)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;bk&m; 4/
bk&m;a[m ygVda0g[m&rsm;udk azmfjyygtwdkif; xif&mjrif&m t"dym,fazmfjycsufrsm;onf
Mo vufpowfawmh orm'd|dokawoe vkyfaew,fqdkwJh vlwpfpk[m 'Dvkd ygVdawmfa0g[m&awGudk

zsufqD;NyD;
usD;uef;yufvufysHwmudkrS
wu,fhacwfrDokawoeBuD;
wpfenf;qkd&aomf
vkyfjyaeyguvm;
,ckvdk
okawoevkyfenf;rsdK;onf
MunfhcsifwwfwJh
[l
jynfolvlxku
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfESifh
,aeUwkd;wufaom
urm
tqef;udufrsm;\
aSU
odEdkifMuNyDjzpfygonfbk&m;?
tokdif;t0dkif;uvkyfaeaom
ray:ao;ygbk&m;?
xkdUaMumifh
uJhokdU
xdkolrsm;\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk yd#uwfawmfESifh rnD[l ajym&rSmyif rpifyHkudk vufjzifh udkifjy&ouJhodkU

jzpfaeygonf bk&m;/
64
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (16)
16/
Ak'bmomavmu txGwftjrwfxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwfvm t&d,mESifh edAmefudk
pdwful;,Of
vlaovljzpft,ltqESifh
udkufnDatmif
jyifqifzGifhqkda&;om;jcif;ESifh
ywfouf
apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkUbk&m; 1/
ykxkZOfwkdUxuf
Ak'jrwfpGm omoemwGif t&d,mqkdaomyk*dKvfrsm;rSm tqifhqifh udavomudky,f

jrifhjrwfaMumif;udk
wynfhrsm;jzpfMuukefaom
Ak'bmom0ifwkdif;
orm'd|dokawoe
odMuygonf
tzJGU0ifwdkUurl
bk&m;?
Ak'omomem
OD;Ou|\
tav;*ky
wefzdk;xm;tyfaom t&d,mudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif zsufqD;aeMuygonf bk&m;? if;wdkU\ zsufqD;yHkudk

oufaotaxmuftxm;jy avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/
2/
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUrS xkwfa0aom twJG-4 trSwf(8) opm"rpmapmif pmrsufESm 9-
wGif t&d,mudk yHkysufatmif odkU a&;jyxm;ygonf bk&m;/

t&d,mqdkonfrSm jrifwwf Mum;wwfoludk qkdonf? tewvuPokwef tqHk;wGif
Ak'u twdkif; zGifhqkdonf/ ]]{0H yH bdua0 okw0g t&d,om0aum}} odkU jrifwwf
Mum;wwfaom yk*dKvfonf [k qkdcJhonf? vlrSm rsufpdESifh em; Sdonf/ xdkrsufpdESifh em;Sdolonf
jrifwwf&rnf? Mum;wwf&rnf? okdUjzpf vlESifht&d,m? t&d,mESifhvl twlwlyif jzpfonf/
rsufpd? em; SdvsufESifh rjrifwwf rMum;wwfoludk Ak'u te&d,[k qkdcJhonf?
te&d,onf t&d,\ qefUusifbuf jzpfonf/
t onf = r[kwf [k od&onf/
e& onf = vl [k od&onf/
, onf = ydkifqkdifrI [k od&onf/
pkaygif;onfhtcg te&d, jzpfonf? te&d,onf vlr[kwfbl;[k qkdonf? vlonf
jrifwwfonf? Mum;wwfonf? vlr[kwfolonf rjrifwwf rMum;wwfoljzpfonf/ y/ okdUjzpf
vlESifht&d,monf twlwlyif jzpfonf/
3/
orm'd|dtzJGUom;rsm;u zsufqD;onfhenf;wl orm'd|dwkdU\ bkd;awmfBuD; OD;0go0uvnf;
tvm;wl t&d,m\ oabmrSefudk zsufqD;cJhygonf bk&m;? 15-4-76 aeUn ajrmif;jrrdU? 6-vrf;

OD;ppfwif\ aetdrfwGif a[majym&m t&d,mudk yHkysufatmif atmufygtwdkif; *kPfzsufcJhygonf bk&m;/
t&d,mqkdwm vlvifr,m;udk ac:wm?
t& qkdwm = rdef;r?
65
tpodkU

, qdkwm = a,musfm;?
tJ'D rdef;r a,musfm; 2-a,mufudk pmtvdku t&d,vdkU ac:w,f?
vifr,m; 2-a,mufudk t&d,vdkU ac:w,f/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m; orm'd|d okawoeorm;rsm;ESifh if;wdkU\bkd;awmfBuD; OD;0go0wkdU\ ajymqdka&;om;csufonf

t&yf&yf aejynfawmfMum;vdkUrS ravsmfyg bk&m;/
Ak'tbd"rm pmrsufESm 259-wGif a&;om;xm;aom PfBuD;SifOD;Ou|\ tqdktrdefUudkvnf;
wifjyyg&ap bk&m;/
0domcgausmif;trBuD;onf vifa,musfm;ESifh? temxydPfaoaX;BuD;onf r,m;ESifh
aeMu\/ odkUaomf if;wkdUonf wPSmESifh Oyg'gef rSdMuawmhbJ vifh0wf 5-yg;? r,m;0wf 5yg; yMuHkrS wyg; tEkyg'gefw&m;ESifh aexdkifMuojzifh aomwmyefjzpf okcw&m;udk &aeMu\/
pOf;pm;awmfrlMuygbk&m;? aomwmyefjzpf wPSmOyg'gef rSdMubl;wJh bk&m;? tawmfav;eufwJh
Ou| tbd"rmyg bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m; 5/
xif&mjrif&m pGwfwG,fwwfaom orm'd|dokawoe qdkolwkdU\ tvJGvJG tacsmfacsmf
axmfavmf uefUvefU vkyfwwfyHkudk qufvufwifjy ygOD;rnf bk&m;? twJG(1) trSwf(7) arSmifckdxkwfaom

opmpmapmif? pmrsufESm 9-wGif t&d,myk*dKvfwkdU\ taMumif;udk atmufygtwkdif; rSm;,Gif;pGm
qdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/
oufomovdkae usifhyg? Pfvsifolrsm;tzdkU wpfv ESpfv twGif; taMumufESifh
tarQmf aysmufvmygvdrfhrnf? ,if;udk aomwmywdr*f[k rSwfyg? aemuf qufumqufumusifhvQif
pdk;&drfrIESifh wkefvIyfrI aysmufvmygvdrfhrnf? ,if;udk ou'g*grd[k rSwfyg/
qufusifhvQif cspfjcif;ESifh rkef;jcif;wkdU aysmufvmygvdrfhrnf? ,if;udk tem*grd[k rSwfyg/
twkdif;
qufvufyGm;rsm;ygvQif
pJGvrf;jcif;ESifh
vdkcsifwyfrufrI(wPSm-Oyg'gef)
tm;vHk;csKyfNidrf; vmygvdrfhrnf? ,if;udk t&[wr*f [k odyg/

qufvuf
yGm;,if;
todrme=(igwnf;[laom)
trSwfonmuav;
aiGUaiGUusefSdaeorQ aysmuf uG,foGm;vQif t&[wzdkvf qkdufygNyD/
66
tpodkU
tJ'g

Ak'0dyemusrf;yq&mBuD;
ocifjrwfqkdif&JU
t&d,mrSwfwrf;BuD;yg
bk&m;?
em;rvnfolawGuawmh txifBuD;Muygvdrfhr,f? pmayusrf;*ef avhvmzl;olrsm; awGU&ifjzifh &,fp&mtwd

Sufp&mtwdyg bk&m;/
6/
OD;0go0\ Ak'odyH0kdif;awmfom;wkdY &rf;um;xm;yHkukdvnf; wifjyyg&apOD; bk&m;?
]]Ak'odyH y&dowf awmfvSefa&;vlom;awG tjrif}} acgif;pOfwyf xkwfa0aom ]]bmompD;yGm;a&;eJU

vlrIpD;yGm;a&;}}
trnfSd
arSmifckdpmapmif
pmrsufESm
20-wGif
t&d,mtaMumif;udk
yHkysufatmif
atmufygtwkdif; zsufqD;xm;ygonf bk&m;/

'Dvdk vlrd vlzu arG;wJh vlom;udk [kdwkef;u pmpum;eJU a&;&&if ]]t&d,m}} vkdU qkdw,f?
t&d,m qdkwJhpum;udk yk'fcJGvkdufawmh t&+,+tm qkdwJh yk'foHk;ckudk pyfxm;wmjzpfw,f? 'D
oHk;yk'frSmt&-u = vltar
,-u = vltaz
tm = vkyfxm
vltar? vltazawG vkyfvkdU jzpfxmvkdU qkdvkdw,f/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m; 7/
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUom;rsm;ESifhwuG
kyfMurf;0g'orm;rsm;\
ta&;tom;
vGwfaeygaomaMumifh
t"r0g'D
tvm;wl
tajymtqdkrsm;onf
tblw0g'Drsm;
tqdyfoifhjcif;cHae&wJh
pnf;rSd
jzpfaMumif;udk
urf;rSd
bmomrJh
vGwfcsifwdkif;
atmf*vDqefvSpGmjzifhyif
OD;Ou|
OD;0go0wkdU\
jyifnmoaEESifh
xif&mrmefawG0ifhaeMuaom
orm'd|dtzJGUom;rsm;onf t&d,mudkom zsufqD;Hkru edAmef\ oabmw&m;udkvnf; r[kwfrrSef

vkyfMuH
qkdxm;ygonf
bk&m;?
orm'd|d
okawoetzJGUcsKyf
ArmEdkifiHqkdonfrS
cdk;xkwfaom
Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;trSwfpOf(1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm; pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 41-wGif edAmefudk 'Dvkd

okyfzsufjyvdkufygw,f bk&m;/
0ge = taMumuf? tvdk
ed = rSdjcif;? uif;jcif;
ed0ge = edAme = edAmefygwJh bk&m;/
67
tpodkU
orm'd|dokawoeqdkwJh
pum;vHk;BuD;udk
r[mhr[mOyg'gefBuD;
jyif;pGmeJY
zufwG,fxm;aom twGif;a&;r;csKyfBuD; OD;udkudkav;\ edAmeft,ltqudkvnf; wifjyyg&apbk&m;/

31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH pmtkyf pmrsufESm 114- wGif edAmefudk 'DvdkjrifygowJh bk&m;/
cEmudk,fwnf;[laom kyfw&m; lyuEmwGif a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmP [laom
tlyuEm*kPfESifh edAmef[laom *kPf 2-rsdK;Sdavonf/
'Dpum;t& Oyg'geftpJGcRwfcsifaeaom orm'd|dq&mBuD;wdkU\ edAmefrSm Oyg'gefpufuGif;u
rvGwfuif;EdkifbJ kyf0g'0J*,ufrSm vTJrxGufomatmif jzpfaeygonf bk&m;/
Ak'tbd"rmudk
ypfy,f
,kwforQtbd"rmudk
w&m;aoudkifpJGxm;aom
0dyemq&mBuD; ocifjrwfqkdif\ edAmeftjrifudk wifjyyg&ap bk&m;? Ak'0dyempmtkyf yxrwJG

pmrsufESm 45-wGif ]]edAmefudkawmifhw w&m;tm;xkwfwmudk umr}} vdkU qkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/
edAmef\csrf;omudk
wrifawmifhwcHpm;vdk
umrESifh,SOfaom tvkdom jzpf&ayrnf/
tm;xkwfygu
edAmeftvkdonf
(Ak'0dyem? yxrwJG-45)
tJ'g yd#uwf aumufEkwfcsufawGudk yvlysHatmif a0aewJh ocifjrwfqkdifqkdwJh q&mBuD;&JU

edAmeftvJG Oyg'geftpJGBuD;yg bk&m;/
orm'd|dokawoe
wynfhom0uwkdU
,ckvdk
trSm;ZmwfawG
xyfumxyfum
usL;vGefae&jcif;\ w&m;cHvufonfudk SmwJhtcg vlaovljzpfq&mBuD; OD;Ou|aMumifh jzpfw,fqdkwm

jiif;r&atmif xifSm;aeygonf bk&m;? Ak'"rpMum pmtkyf pmrsufESm 52-53 wGif cEmig;yg;udk edAmef[k
atmufygtwdkif; rSm;,Gif;pGm qkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/
edAmefESifhcEmig;yg;[m
wjcm;pDr[kwf&if
yl;wJGvsufSdw,f[k
qkdvdk'gygyJ?
wpfqifhwufMunhf&if cEmig;yg;[m edAmefjzpfEkdifwmaygh? bk&m;uawmh twdtus edAmefeJUcEm

wjcm;pDr[kwfbl; [k a[mxm;wmbJ/
12/
tJ'g "rpMumukd a&vJeJUoHk;aewJh Ou|&JU edAmeft,ltqygyJ bk&m;? wGif
bk&m;a[mygw,f[k bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfNyD; ajymxm;wm awGUEkdifygw,f/
68
tpodkU
tdk a,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ qkdwJh pmtkyf pmrsufESm 86-wGif

pdwf
apwoduf
kyf
edAmefonf
emrfxnfhxm;aomaMumifh
emrfonf
kyfw&m;wkdU\*kPfjzpfcJhrl edAmef onfvnf; kyfw&m;wkdU\*kPf jzpf&rnf/

[l OD;Ou|u qkdxm;ygonf bk&m;? 'Dae&mrSm ]]tdk a,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ}} qkdrnfhtpm; ]]tdk OD;Ou| oif b,foGm;rvJ}}vdkU qkdzdkUaumif;
aeygw,f bk&m;? tajzuawmh kyf0g'odkU oGm;aeygw,f[k jzpfygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkYbk&m; 13/
OD;Ou|
acgif;wJGBuD;qJG&mokdU
'Gwfwdkuf
woDwwef;BuD;
ygaeMu&ukefaom
orm'd|dokawoe tzJGUom;rsm;ESifhwuG aemufvkdufaemufygwkdU\ ta&;tom; tajymtqdkrsm;onf

ax&0g'yd#uwf
usrf;*efESifh
ravsmfuef
rawmfrrSefawGjzpfaomaMumifh
t"r0g'rsm;tjzpf
qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg bk&m;/
69
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (17)
17/
orm'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ "rpMumvufopfESifh
pyfvsOf; apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m; 1/
bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmfrsm;udk
t"dym,fzGifhqdk&mvnf;aumif;?
teufudkjyefqkd&m
vnf;aumif;? udk,fxif&m igwaumjzifh ajymcsifwkdif;ajymjcif;tm;jzifh rlrSefaomcH,lcsufudk r&Ekdifyg

bk&m;?
Ak'rwk
bk&m;tvkdudk
odSdawmfrlMuaom
tSifr[mAk'aCmo
paom
t|uxmusrf;yrax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onfyifvQif ygVdawmfrsm;udk zGifhqdk&m bk&m;SifvufxufawmfrSp

csydkUdk; tpOftvm (0gpemr*) twkdif;om zGifhqkda&;om;Mu&ygonf? wpfcgwpf&H rdrdxifjrifcsufudk
zGifhvkdvQifvnf;
dk;om;pGmjzifh
teuf
tzGifhrsm;onf
ol\
twaemrwdrQomjzpfaMumif;
rSmMum;avhSdMuygonf bk&m;? tvGefdk;om; ajzmifhrwfawmf rlMuygonf bk&m;/

2/
awmifwGif;BuD;OD;Ou|ESifh ol\ xif&mtarGudk cH,lMuukefaom orm'd|dokawoe
tzJGU0if armif&rf;um; OD;&rf;um;wkdUonfum; bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk olwdkU\ wpfrdkufwpfxGm

PfrQjzifh aygufwwfu& t"dym,frJh xifovkd bmomjyef teufazmfMuygonf bk&m;/
3/
ae&mwGif
OD;Ou|\
"rpMumvufopftaMumif;
avQmufxm;apm'emcGifh
yawmfrlygbk&m;? rod em;rvnfolrsm;u OD;Ou|[m "rpMumw&m;udk vufcHw,f av;pm;w,f [l

xifrSwfaeMuygw,fbk&m;? okdU&mwGif OD;Ou| "rpMumonfum; bk&m;a[m "rpMum r[kwfaMumif;udk
rodMuyg bk&m;? pifppf OD;Ou|"rpMumonf vlaovljzpf "rpMumrQom jzpfygonf bk&m;/
udpESifh ywfouf oufaocH aumufEkwfcsuf tydk'ftcsdKUudk azmfjyyg&ap bk&m;/
(u)
vlom;onf ]]vlaovQif vlomjzpf\}} [laom obm0trSefudk oabmaygufwmESifh

wpfydifeuf (1)
'd|"r - rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(2)
yw"r - em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/
(3)
0d'dw"r - ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/
(4)
y&da,m*gV"r - udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHU (0g)pdrfhxHk tusdK;&aom reawGU

(0g)[',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ ,if;okdU ymHktawGUjzifh awhawhqkdifqkdif
r,dkif r,drf; trSef"rqdktyfwJh obm0odkU qkdufa&mufwJh tcgrSomvQif
vlom;onf-
(5)
wdP0dpdudapm
vGefajrmuf
oHo,
0dpdudpmqdkwJh
odkUavmodkUavm
jzpfrIawGudk
oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
70
tpodkU

(6)
0d*wuxHuaxm
Za0Z0gESifh
0dk;wkd;0g;wm;awGvnf;
uif;aysmuf
oGm;ayvdrfhrnf/
(7)
a0om&Zyawm - tarQmftaMumufudk vGefajrmufoGm;NyDjzpf &J&ifhjcif;odkU

a&mufay vdrfhrnf/
(8)
ty&ypa,m - i&JSpfxyfESifh xufewfjA[mqdktyfwJh wyg;aom bHkawG

b0awGudk oGm;zdkU a&mufzdkU taMumif;rjzpfawmhonfudk wduspGmodjrifjcif;odkU
a&mufayvdrfhrnf/
4/
(vlaovljzpf pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 4-5)
txufyg 'd|"arm yw"arm ponfwkdUrSm "rpMum ponfwkdUygaom bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmfrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;? teufjrefrmjyefrsm;rSmum; OD;Ou|\ vlaovljzpfteufrsm;om

jzpfygonf
bk&m;?
bk&m;Sif\
aumuf,lvdk&if;
teuft"dym,frsm;
r[kwfygbk&m;?
bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;\ Sif;vif;csufudk 'kwd,apm'emusrS avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;? txufyg

aumufEkwfcsufrsm;t& Ou|"rpMumonf bk&m;a[m w&m;"rESifh qefUusifaom vlaovljzpf
t"rrsm;omjzpfaMumif; odomygNyD bk&m;/
5/
orm'd|dokawoeqkdaom toif;&JU q&mBuD;wpfqljzpfaom tbd"rmq&mpdef qkdolu
"rpMumw&m;udk 0ifNyD; ]]aum}} xm;yHkwdkUudk qufNyD; avQmufvkdufyg&ap bk&m;? q&mpdef qdkol\

omoemzsuf vuf&mum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
(c)
Zmwdyd -
ief;ief;wuf pJGvrf;jcif; jzpfvmjcif;aMumifh?
'kum
qif;&Jjcif; tusdK;w&m; jzpf&acs\/
Z&myd -
qHjzLoGm;aMuG
tom;a&,dk,Gif;
tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;wkdUudk
pdk;&drfruif;jzpf vmaom tpJG Oyg'gefaMumifh?

'kum
Asm"dyd -
ylyefaomu qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/

tema&m*g
usifemudkufcJ
Elem0JwkdU
jzpfvmonfwkdUudk
ylaqG;aMumifhMujcif;jzpf vmaom tpJG Oyg'gefaMumifh?

'kum
r&Prd -
rcsdxefoJ tvGefyif qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/

trdtz r,m; om;orD; ypnf;Opm &wemaTpif ponfwkdUESifhwuGaom
aqGnm taygif;wdkUtm; y,fcGmpGefUxm;cJh ao&rnfhab;udk pdk;&drfruif; pJGvrf;jcif;

Oyg'gefaMumifh?
'kuH
aMumufvefUarQmfudk; qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf&acs\/
71
tpodkU

tyda,[d
rESpfouf rvdkvm;tyfukefaom Z&mAsm"d r&P ponfOHk
ab;taygif;pHk wdkUESifh?
ora,ma*g
vufiif;'d|
,ckyufyif;rSm
awGUuHcHpm;ae&avjcif;[k
pJGvrf;jcif; jzpfaeaom Oyg'gefaMumifh?

'kaum -
ylavmifxefjyif; tvGefyif qif;&Jjcif; jzpf&acs\/
yda,[d -
cspfcifESpfouf pJGrufukefaom rdrd ZeD; om;orD;ESifh ypnf;Opm
&wemaTaiG tdk;tdrfwkdufwmwdkUESifh
0dya,ma*g
auGuGif;ukefqHk; ysufydyef;cJhonf Sdaomf?
'kaum -
tl;yrm rsuf&nfjzm ylaqG;aomu qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf&acs\/
,rdpH -
rdrdwkdU tvkdSdtyf awmifhwMuonfhtwkdif;?
e vbwd
wrd
xkdodkU tvkdSdtyf awmifhwMuonfhtwkdif; r&jcif;aMumifh?
'kuH
&ifwGif;vdIufzdk qif;&Jtydk jzpf&acs\/
rkcsydkifydkif r&Ekdifacs/
oHcdawe
rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwnf;[laom ig;ckwdkUwGif?
Oyg'geuEmyd -
twkdtusOf; vdk&if;udk cH ajym&ygrl?
pJGvrf;jcif;
Oyg'gefESifhwuG
jzpf&Sdaeaom
cEmudk,fum,
wdkUonfvnf;?
'kum
qif;&Jjcif;tusdK; jzpf aeav\/
(tbd"rm q&mpdef\ ]]tw0g'ESifh wm0womtbd"rm}} pmtkyf? ESm- 109? 110? 111)

(C)
t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*aum ra*g/

aom
xkduJhokdU MuHp&m pnfp&m ylp&m yifp&m aqG;p&m at;p&m csKyfNidrf;p&m
tjzmjzmwkdUonf?
t,ar0
,ckypu vufiif;'d| uHawGUae&onfh tckdufwGif
t&da,m
tpJGOyg'gef acs;anmfwkdU\ oefU&Sif;jcif;udk tvkdSdMuukefaom
vlom;taygif;wdkUonf?
t|*aum
ra*g
usifhtyfaom w&m;wdkUaywnf;?
t*FgSpfyg;Sdaom?
72
tpodkU

(tbd"rm q&mpdef\ ]]tw0g'ESifh wm0womtbd"rm}} pmtkyf? ESm- 104)
6/
bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;
,ckwifjyavQmufxm;cJhaom
tcsufrsm;onf
tenf;i,f
t>rufrQom jzpfygonf bk&m;? tcsufrsm;udk axmufqqifjcifygu awmifwGif;BuD;Ou|ESifh ol\

taygif;ygrsm; jzpfMuaom orm'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifrsm;? aTtbd"rm0g'Drsm;onf rdrdwdkU\tvkdqdk;udk
tajccH
bk&m;Sif\
ygVdawmftcsdKUudk
tvJGvJGtacsmfacsmf
t"dym,f,lqNyD;
bmom0ifrsm;
txiftjrifrSm;atmif vSnfhpm;um a&;om;a[majymvsuf omoemawmfBuD;udk zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;

tvGefyif xif&Sm;ygonf? xkdyk*dKvfwkdU\ a&;om;a[majymcsufrsm;onf bk&m;Sif\ tvkdawmfESifh
qefUusifaeaomaMumifh "r0g' r[kwf? t"r0g'ppfppfom jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
73
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (18)
18/
twaemrwd
rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh
vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh
bk&m;ra[monfudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m; 1/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh oHa,mifaemufvkduf orm'd|dokawoe0g'D polwkdUonf
Ak'jrwfpGm\ aTEIwfawmfxGuf jzpfonfhteufESifh jynhfpHkjcif;*kPf? o'gESifh jynfhpHkjcif;*kPf? jznfhpGuf

Ekwfy,fzG,frSd
tvHk;pHkjynfhpHkjcif;*kPf?
tvGefpifMu,faom*kPfwkdUESifh
jynfhpHkaom
ygVdawmfrsm;udk
tvG,fwul y,fSm;&rSm raMumufovkd vdifrrSef 0kpfrrSef o'grrSef teufrrSef uvdefPfjzifh

awmufwD;awmufwJhqkdxm;aom
ygVdrsm;udk
bk&m;a[mygVdjzpfav[ef
vdrfnm
NzD;jzef;&rSmvnf;
rSufMuyg bk&m;/
2/
olwdkU\ vufjzpfygVdrsm;udk olwdkU\teufESifh wJGzufwifjyygrnf bk&m;
(u)
avmuork',
twd?
avmueda&m"
ewd-[l
ba'u&wokwf
upm,ea*gwrax&fudk Ak'Sifa[mcJhonfh avmu[lonf Sdonf[k pJG,lu Sd\? rSd[k

jywfuvnf; rSd[k qkdxm;\/
(vlaovljzpfjyoem-17) (31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH pmtkyftzGifh)
rSwfcsuf/
3/
/ ygVdonf ba'u&wokwf rSd? vkyfygVdom jzpfonf/

oDvuefygVdawmfrSm Ak'udk upm,ea*gwrax&fu ar;avQmufonf? ]]Sifa*gwr
ow0gaoNyD;rS wpfzef jyef jzpfygao;ovm;}} [k ar;avQmuf&m Ak'u ]]upm,e ...

avmuork',twd? avmueda&m" ewd}} [lom aemufwpfzef jzpfao;onf[k pJGae&if oifhpdwfrSm
jzpfaeonf? rpJG&if oifhpdwfrSm jzpf rae[kom tpJGOyg'gefudkjyvsuf tajzay;cJhavonf/
(ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ-22)
rSwfcsuf/
/ t"dym,fonf oDvuefygVdawmf ryg? vdrfxm;aom pum;om jzpfonf/
avmuork',twd?
avmueda&m"
ewd?
jywfvQifvnf;
rSd[k
oH,kwfygVdawmf
upm,ea*gwrax&fudk a[maomw&m; twdtvif;qdkxm;csuft& Oyg'geftpJGomvQifjzpfaMumif;

Sif;aeonf/
(Ak'0dyem pmtkyf yxrwJG - 146)
rSwfcsuf/
/ a[mMum;csufvnf; ryg? ]]twdtvif;}}[k a&;jcif;onf &J&JBuD; vdrfjcif; jzpfonf/
74
tpodkU
(c)
rSwfcsuf/
(*)

Oyg'geuEmyd 'ku? tEkyg'geuEmyd eda&m"?
(Ak'0g'jyoemrsm; pmtkyf-27)
/ ygVdvnf; vkyfxnfhaom ygVdjzpf\/

ed&,H bdua0 a'aomrDwd wH okPmx bdua0 ed&,H? obma0 Oyga'g ed&a,m/
bdua0? oHo&mab; vmrnfha&;udk ajrmfawG;axmufI tdk ... bduKwdkU/ ed&,H? i&Judk/
a'aomrd? a[maytHh/ wkarS? oifwdkUonf/ okPmx? em;axmifMuukefavm/
obma0? obm0av;yg;/ Oyga'g? tvGef tvdkwPSmw&m;pJGvrf;jcif;onf/ ed&a,m?
ed&,rnf\/
(C)
tyg,H bdua0 a'aomrDwd wH okPmx bdua0 tyg,H? obma0 Oyga'g

tyga,m/
(i)
rSwfcsuf/
t0Dp bdua0 a'aomrDwd wH okPmx bdua0 t0Dpd? obma0 Oyga'g t0Dpd/

/
(*)
(C)
(i)
trSwfyg
ygVdtm;vHk;onf
bk&m;a[mr[kwfbJ
bk&m;a[mvkyfxnfhxm;aom ygVd rsm;om jzpfonf/

(p)
e awe aom bduK? ,m0wm bdua0 ya&/ 0doH "rH orm'g,? bduK 0kpwd e
wm0wm/
(q)
, ewd *[dwH t,H oawm (Ak'Sifu a[moGm;w,f) ,? tMuifyk*dKvftm;/

ewd? yifudku rSdwJh w&m;awGudk/ *[dwH? cEmudk,frSm tSdxifNyD; pJGvrf;jcif;onf/
oawm? ow rnfygay\/
(Z)
, ewd rkdwAH t,H Oapa'g/

,
yk*v?
tMuifyk*dKvftm;/
ukefatmifvkyfaew,f/ Oapa'g?
ewd?
rSdwJhoabmw&m;udk/
xrif;tiwfcHaew,f?
rkdwAH?
tanmif;cHaew,f?
twudvrxmEka,m* Oap' vrf;pOfyJ/

rSwfcsuf/
(ps)
/ txufygpum;wdkUonf bk&m;a[m r[kwfyg? rkom0g'rsm;omwnf;/

ewd udavao y[memwd/ ewd udavo? yifudku rSdwJh udavmomawGudk/ y[memwd?
y,fMuukefavmh/
(n)
tZmwm a,0 e Zm,Ed/ tZmwm a,0? YifudkurSdwJh udavomawGudk/ e Zm,Ed?

rjzpfatmif vkyfMu? yifudku rSdwJh udavomawGudk rjzpfatmifaejcif;[m eda&m"? 'g
edAmef/
rSwfcsuf/
(aTtbd"rm &ckdifjynf wdwfacG-bD)
/ (ps) (n) yg pum;onf t"r0g'jzpfaom ausmufoabFm0g'rsdK;jzpfonf/
teufvdrfay; xm;jcif;jzpfonf/
75
tpodkU
(#)

ted,smeduH oryvmayg/
ted,smeduH? oHo&m0#frS xGufajrmufaMumif;r[kwfwJh Zmwf? t|uxm? Ak'0if?
a0E&m ponfudk a[majymjcif;onf/ oryvmayg emr? oryvmy rnf\/
(&ckdif OD;ausmfwifh wdwfacG)
4/
txufyg
y&d,wdomoemudk
pum;ygSdaom
y,fjcif;om
jzpfonf?
ygVdteufonf
bk&m;a[mr[kwf?
orm'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifqdkolwkdY\
ygVdckwHk;vkyfNyD;
pum;rsdK;onfom
oryvmy jzpfHkru rdpmpum;rsm; jzpfavonf/ bk&m;a[m ygVdtjzpf a&;om;ajyma[mum dk;om;aom

bmom0ifyk*dKvfwkdUtm; vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;cJhMuonf/
5/
odkUqkdvQif OD;Ou|\ oHa,mifaemufvkduf orm'd|dokawoe0g'D polwdkUonf
bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfum tSufrSd vdrfnma&;om;ajyma[mMuygonf bk&m;/

6/
olwdkUonf
wxm*wH
tblawe
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bk&m;Sifudk
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bk&m;/
7/
okdUyg
bk&m;a[mygVdESifh
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vufjzpfygVdrsm;onf
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bk&m;a[mygVd
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t"rrsm;om
jzpfaMumif;
76
dkaopGmavQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (19)
19/
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
vufrcHHkrQru
4-oacsFESifh
urmwpfodef;
Munfdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom
jznfhqnf;cJhzl;aom
Ak'\jzpfawmfpOf
yg&rDawmfrsm;udk
Ak'0ifrsm;udk
raxrJhjrify
ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

uHw&m;udkypfy,fNyD;
31-bHk0g'udk
vufrcHMuaom
orm'd|dokawoe
tzJGUom;rsm;ESifhwuG vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\aemufvdkufwdkUonf Ak'bk&m;ociftm; omrefvlom;

wpfa,mufxufydk txifrBuD;Muyg bk&m;/ Ak'udk Ou|ESifh wef;wlxm;NyD; av;oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;
jznfhqnf;cJhaom
yg&rDawmfrsm;udkvnf;
olwdkUvufrcHMuyg
bk&m;?
Ak'bk&m;ocif\
Munfdktm;uszG,f&maumif;aom Ak'0iftjzpfawmfrsm;ukdvnf; olwkdUwawG vufrcHMuyg bk&m;?

vufrcHHkrQru
bmomrJh
kyfMurf;0g'
orm;rsm;yDyD
Ak'0ifudk
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0g'jzefU
ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; yvkyfa&;om;Muygonf bk&m;/

2/
wGif
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUrS arSmifcdkxkwfa0aom twJG-1? trSwf-4? opm"rpmapmif ESm-13
bk&m;ocif\
Ak'0ifESifhpyfvsOf;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm;ukd
tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUjzifh
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(u)
Ak'0if Ak'avmif;vsmod'wukrm&rQ rarG;ao;rDuyif xkdewfjA[mwdkUu 'dApuK&NyD;

bk&m;avmif; aowauwkewfom;Sd&m wkodwmewfjynfwGif pka0; bk&m;tjzpfyGifh&ef
oaE,lygrnfhtaMumif; 0dkif;0ef; awmif;yefMuonf [k qdkxm;\? bk&m;avmif;
ewfom;udk,fwdkifu rodaom udpudk olwdkUu udwifNyD; bk&m;jzpfrnfholyg[k
odESifhNyD;vkdvkd wpfqifhwpfvHk; wifpD;xm;vdkufMuonf/
[lvnf;aumif;?
rSwfcsuf/
aowauwkewfom;u
rodr[kwf?
]]rodaomudp}}[k
a&;jcif;onf
&rf;jcif;omjzpfonf/
(c)
0dkif;0ef;awmif;yefMuonfqkdaom
udk,fhudk,fudk
owfao&ef
ewfom;uav;crsm
pum;vHk;um;
wkdufwGef;Muaom
wpfzufig;&mESifh
ewfpnf;pdrf
ao;ao;auG;auG;udpr[kwf?
t"dym,fxGuf\?
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qkd\/
[lvnf;aumif;?
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77
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(*)

wzef
r,fawmfrm,a'0DxH
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0ifa&muf oaE,laponf/
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(C)
/ avmua&; rvdrmom qifjzLawmfudk Iwfcsa&;om;jcif; jzpfonf/

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[lvnf;aumif;?
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,if; o*gxm0*oH,kwf? pmrsufESm-46-wGif ygaom wm,eokwfrSmum; wPSmukef

bk&m;yif jzpfaeNyD jzpfaom Ak'Sifudkyif wPSmudk jzwfygavmh? udavomumr0wKwdkUudk
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(4if;-14?15)
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78
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vl&rf;um;wkdUuvnf;
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atmufygtwkdif;
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(Z)
a*gwrtavmif;tvsmu
BuD;us,faom
tHhzG,frsm;udkjycJhonf[k
Zmwfawmf
ig;&mig;q,fwGif a&;om;xm;ygvsuf usefao;onfqdkaom t&daraw,stavmif;rSm

,aeUwdkif
rnfonfhtHhzG,fudkrQ
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(aTtbd"rmaMujimcsuf trSwf-5)
(ps)
anmifwpfyifrSm
trnfrodolwpfOD;u
ay;vdkuf
r,fawmfrm,mwGif
od'wudk
oaE&onf[kqkdaom Ak'0ifusrf;pmt& qkdol vGefovm;? Ak'0ifudk a&;ol vGefovm;/

(aTtbd"rmaMujimcsuf -47)
(n)
bk&m;avmif;
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(#)
bk&m;tavmif;zGm;jrifaomtcg
tusdK;tuef;rSp
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yuwdtaumif;
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urmYordkif;wGif rawGUjrif& jcif;rSm Ak'0ifusrf;u rrSefavm? ordkif;q&mwkdUu
rodvdkufMuavm/
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tajymta[mrsm;onf
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Ak'bk&m;ocif\
bmomrJh
yg&rDawmfrsm;ESifh
Ak'tjzpfawmfrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom Ak'0ifudk ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum;xm;yg

t"r0g'oufoufomjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;yg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf/
79
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (20)
20/
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bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdU\
Ak'jrwfpGmomoemawmfwGif
,aeUtxd
q&mpOfquf
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wdyd#u"&
jzpfawmfrlMuukefaom
tSifr[muy
paom
rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;
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2/
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rax&fjrwfBuD;wdkU
OD;pD;OD;aqmify
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tpJGywf wJukwfaTeef;awmf pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 138-139-wGif
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80
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trnfjzifh
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y,fxkwfypfygonf
bk&m;?
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Ak'bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;udk,fwkdif
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oH*g,emwif ordkif;aMumif;udk trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif; a&;om;jzefYjzL;vsuf SdMuygonf bk&m;? a';'&JrdU?
82
tpodkU
uGif;ausmif;wdkuf? yedum, okawoDtzJGUrS 1330-ck? ewfawmfvqef; 15-&ufaeU xkwfjyefaom

]]Ak'omoemorkdif;}}ESifh ]]edum,f\ edum,f}} pmtkyfwGif oH*g,emorkdif;aMumif;udk ax&0g'yd#uwfESifh
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10/
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf\ twGif;a&;r;jzpfaom OD;udkudkav;uvnf; oH*g,emwif
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(1)
yxroH*g,emwif/
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wifwmr[kwfbl;? ygVdvJ ray:ao;bl;? pmeJUvJ wifwm r[kwfbl;/

(2)
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(3)
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7-usrf;vJ rygao;bl;? ygVdvJ ray:ao;bl;? tJ'DrSm uRefawmfwdkU Munfh&r,f? tbd"rm
7-usrf;? 6-usrf;uawmh aemufrSay:wm? uxm0wK aemufrS ay:wm/ y /
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83
tpodkU

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vufxufrSm
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oefUSif;onf pifMu,fonf jywfom;onf[k tw'd|dorm;rsm; yDopGm [pfatmfa<u;aMumfaeMuygonf
bk&m;? orm'd|dokawoetzJGUrS xkwfa0aom twJG(1) trSwfpOf (5) opm"ra&;&m pmapmif
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84
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edum,frsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ax&0g'omoemawmfBuD;udk vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufudkifxm;Muaom
orm'd|dokawoetzJGU0ifrsm;ESifh oHa,mifaemufvkduform;rsm;u pmapmif? pmtkyf? wdwfacG? aqG;aEG;yJG?

a[majymyJG paom enf;trsdK;rsdK;wkdUjzifh zsufqD;vsuf SdMuygonf bk&m;/ if;wkdU\ tytrl
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf omoemawmftwGuf tvGeftE&m,f BuD;rm;vSygonf bk&m;? if;wdkU\
ta&;tom;? ta[mtajym? tytrltm;vHk;onf bmom omoemudk tE&m,fay;rnfh tqdyfa&oifhaom
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kdaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
85
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (21)
21/
oH*g,em 6-wefwifNyD; bk&m;a[mygVdawmftrSefrsm;udk vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh rudkufnDygu
bk&m;a[m
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t"rkyf0g'ESifh rudkufnDonfhtwGuf bk&m;a[mr[kwf [l vnf;aumif;? [dELjAm[P0g'awG
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(u)
edum,f\
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(c)
'DCedum,f? jA[Zmvokwf? {upow0g'udk bmomjyefqkd&m (xdkow0gwkdUonf

tmb&bHk psmefpdwfaMumifh jzpfukef\/ yDwd[laom tpmSdukef\? rdrdudk,fydkif
ta&miftvif; Sdukef\? aumif;uif oGm;vmEkdifukef\? wifhw,faom O,smOf Adrmef
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86
tpodkU

yedum,
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou| OD;pD; plVem,u OD;OaZmwdu acgif;aqmifwnf;jzwfaom a';'&J?

"romupmtzJGUom;rsm;onf
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(*)
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pmrsufESm 73-rS 79-txd pmrsufESm 6-rsufESmwdwd vHk;0zwfy,f jyefqkdxm;ygonf
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(i)
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pmrsufESm
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87
tpodkU
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av;yg;udk azmfjyaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk wpfyk'fvHk;zwf bmomjyefqkdMuygonf bk&m;/
(edum,f\ edum,fpmtkyf pmrsufESm 184-185ESifh t*Fkw&edum,f? wduedygwfygVdawmf
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jzpfygonf bk&m;/
88
tpodkU
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pmrsufESm 72-wGif (ps)
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ay:NyD;aemuf
umvtwefMumNyD;rS
xGufay:vmaom usrf;pmrsm;udk pkaygif;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/

[kqkdxm;ygonf/
ck'uedum,f? usrf;pm&if; 20-[k jyqkdxm;NyD;? ,if; 20-wGif (19) bduKygwdarmufESifh
(20) bduKeDygwdarmuf [k
azmfjyxm;ygonf?
bduKygwdarmufESifh
bduKeDygwdarmufudk
0denf;ygVdawmfyg0ifonf
qkdwmavmufudkrS rodjcif;rSm tvGef SufzG,f? &,fzG,faumif;vSygonf bk&m;? OD;qEm"duESifhwuG

orm'd|dokawoeqdkolrsm;onf ck'uedum,fudk y,fvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf pmtkyf 40Sdonfhteuf edum,fBuD;av;&yfwGif yg0ifaom
ygVdawmf pmtkyf 12-tkyfudkom uGuf,lovdk
jzpfaeygonf bk&m;? ,if;edum,fBuD; 4-&yfudkvnf; tm;vHk;vufcHjcif; r[kwfbJ kyf0g'ESifhrudkufaom

tcsdKUygVdawmfrsm;udk [dELjAm[P0g'[laom yk'frwyfNyD; z,fxkwfypfMuonfrSmvnf; ukefoavmuf
jzpfaeygNyD bk&m;/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufyk*dKvfwkdUonf olwdkU0g'ESifh rudkufnDaom
ax&0g'yd#uwf&Sd
ygVdawmfrsm;ukd
aemufwpfzeftwifh&J
yxrwGif
ygVdawmftrsm;pkudk
enf;enf;zwf
zwfMu
xkwfMu
prf;MunfhMuygonf
y,fMu
ypfMu
bk&m;?
&p&mrSdatmif
vkyfypfMuygonf bk&m;? OD;Ou|\wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqkdifurl "rpMum? tewvuP? y#dporkyg'f okwfoHk;ckuvJGvQif usefyd#uwfrsm;udk rD;dIUypfcsifonftxd rsufrkef;usdK;aeygonf bk&m;/
10/
]]vufaG;pifoD;oefU yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;}} trnfSd pmtkyf pmrsufESm 3-
wGif ocifjrwfqkdifu bk&m;a[m yd#uwfygVdawmfrsm;udk zwfxkwfypfy,fa&;twGuf atmufygtwdkif;

uH;0g;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
(n)
yd#uwfawmf[l ac:qkdMu&m okwfta&twGuf pkpkaygif; (34888) ausmfSdonf?

,if;txJ rkd;ay: vufdI;xkd;ajrmuf? ajrBuD;xJudk Tefajcmuf paom okwfrsm;wkdUudk
tukefvHk; rD;avmifukefukef? wpfokwfwavrQyif rusefusef? ,ckoHk;okwf ("rpMum?
tewvuP? y#dporkyg'f) wnf;omvQif usefvQif omoemawmf rnfonfhtcgrQ
rysufEkdifacs-
[l jyif;jyif;xefxef uH;0g;xm;ygNyD bk&m;/
89
tpodkU
11/

OD;Ou|\
om0ursm;jzpfMuukefaom
ocifjrwfqkdifESifhwuG
orm'd|dokawoe
qdkolwkdUonf "rpMum? tewvuP? y#dporkyg'f okwfoHk;rsdK;udkom olwdkUvufcHcsifMuonf

qkdaomfvnf; if;w&m;awmfrsm;udk vufawGUusifhoHk;&ef r[kwfbJ toHaumif;[pfEkdif&eftwGufom
aemufwpfqifh zwf&eftwGufom csefxm;jcif; jzpfEkdifygonf bk&m;? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf if;wdkU\
um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwkdUonf xdkbk&m;a[m okwfoHk;okwfvm tqHk;tr wnfSdonfh t&dyfta&mifrQyif
rawGU&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifhyif usef bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk olwdkU\ Murf;aom
yg;pyf? &rf;aom uavmifwkdUjzifh rD;dIUzsufqD;vsuf aeMuNyDudk rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifMu&ygNyD bk&m;?
omoemtay: rQ id;rmefyGm;aeaom kyfMurf;0g'D tmCmworm;wkdU\ ]]yd#uwfy,f 0g'qkd;}}onf
ryoifh
ryxkduf
rvkyfoifh
rvkyfxkdufaom
udprsdK;jzpf
t"r0g'tppf
t"r0g'D
ppfppfBuD;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfEkdif&ef apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/
90
tpodkU

oufaocHypnf;pm&if;
trSwf(2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m; vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|0g'?
orm'd|dokawoe0g'?
aTtbd"rm0g'wkdUudk
"r
t"r
ppfaq;qHk;jzwfrnfh oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf2- Hk;awmfokdU apm'emwifoGif;&m aumufcsufxkwf

azmfjyaom oufaocH pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? wdwfacGwdkU\ pm&if;udk oD;oefUypkwifjyygonf bk&m;/
(pm&if;wGif ryg0ifao;aom tjcm;pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? wdwfacGrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;
usef&Sdygao;onf bk&m;/)
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
1/ vlaovljzpf (SifOu|)
1-9-1963? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;?
xkwfa0ol- armifpkd;0if;? ,m,DrSwfyHkwif (0519)
jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkduf
12(c)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefrdU/
2/ Ak' "rpMum
(awmifwGif;BuD;? ewfrSDawm&? SifOu| a[monf)
1964-ck? pufwifbmv?
xkwfa0ol-a':oef;? rSwfyHkwif ('DtD; 000740)
trSwf 172? 6-vrf;? aygif;wnfrdU/
yHkESdyfol- a':oef;? oD&dr*FvmpmyHkESdyfwkduf?
(rSwfyHkwiftrSwf-07) 6-vrf;? aygif;wnfrdU/
3/ awmifwGif;BuD; Ak'wuodkvf tSifOu|\ ]]Ak'tbd"rm}}
pwkwvufaqmif? 1316-ck?
aTjynfwefpmyHkESdyfwkduf? wkwftifqef;? pef;yGifhukrPD? trSwf-12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmfaps;? &efukefrdU/
4/ tpJGywf wJukyfaTeef;awmf (SifOu| a&;)
1963-ck? arv (1)&uf?
xkwfa0ol-(0509)? yHkESdyfol-rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0447)
jrefrmhAsL[mpmyHkESdyfwkduf? 12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefrdU/
91
tpodkU
5/ Ak'vrf;pOf (SifOu|)? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;? 1962-ck

yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol-armifpdk;0if;?
jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyf &efukefrdU? a&ausmf? ESif;yef;vrf;? trSwf-12?
aTjynfwefpmtkyfwkdufrS jzefUa0onf/
6/ tewa&mifjcnf (SifOu| a&;)
yxr ESdyf? 1324-ck? oDwif;uRwfv/
&efukefrdU? trSwf(1)? qif;'0pfvrf;? Ir0yHkESdyfwkdufwGif dkufESdyf a';'&JrdU? uGif;ausmif;wkdufq&mawmf
tSifOaZmwdu q&mawmfu wm0efcH xkwfa0onf/
7/ tkd a,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ (SifOu|)
'kwd,yHkESdyfjcif;? 1962-ck? atmufwkdbmv/
&efukefrdU? a&ausmfaps;? ESif;yef;vrf;? trSwf-12 (c)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyf
aTjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwkdufESifh pmtkyfwkdufrS jynfvHk;uRwf jzefUa0onf/
8/ SifOu| ypkaom ]]Ak'rSwfausmuf}}
1963-ck? 'DZifbmv
xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;0if;? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (93)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmtkyfwkduf?
62-AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukefrdU/
jzefUa0ol- aTjynfwef pmaywkduf? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (94)?
12? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefrdU/
9/ Ak'pmcRefawmf (SifOu|)
1961-ck atmufwkdbmv? yxryHkESdyfjcif;?
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol-armifpdk;0if;?
jrefrmhAsL[m pmyHkESdyfwkdufwGif yHkESdyf aTjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwkdufESifh pmtkyfwkduf? trSwf-12? ESif;yef;vrf;?
a&ausmfaps;? &efukefrdUrS jzefUa0onf/
10/ toifvlom; bmrSm;aeovJ (SifOu|)
1966-ck? Zlvdkifv 1-&uf?
xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;0if;? rSwfyHkwiftrSwf jrJ(0093)? jrefrmhAsL[m pmtkyfwkduf?
12 (c)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefrdU/
jzefUa0ol- aTjynfwef pmaywkduf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0094)?
12 (u)? ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefrdU/
92
tpodkU
11/ 31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH (udkudkav;)

(tbd"rm q&mpdef wnf;jzwfonf)
xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;aT (0117)? yif;,pmaywkduf?
(289)? bm;vrf;? &efukefrdU/
yHkESdyfol- OD;atmifcif? rSwfyHkwif(0345) odef;oef; yHkESdyfwkduf?
trSwf-779? 5-&yfuGuf? awmifOuvmy? &efukefrdU/
1964-ck? atmufwkdbmv (1)&uf?
12/ tw0g'ESifh wm0wom tbd"rm (tbd"rm q&mpdef) (20-5-65)
xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;aT (0117)jrJ? yif;,pmaywkduf?
289? bm;vrf;? &efukefrdU/
yHkESdyfol- OD;atmifcif (0345) odef;oef; yHkESdyfwkduf?
779? 5-&yfuGuf? awmifOuvmy? &efukefrdU/
13/ vlaovljzpfjyem (ocifjrwfqkdif tar;? SifOu| tajz)
yxryHkESdyfjcif; 1964-ck? Ekd0ifbmv/
xkwfa0ol-OD;pdk;vdIif? 0dZ,pmtkyfwkduf (0110)
42-at? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? &efukefrdU/
yHkESdyfol- OD;pdk;vdIif? aTrdUawmf pmyHkESdyfwkduf? (0137)
42-at? atmifr*Fvmvrf;? ausmufajrmif;? &efukefrdU/
14/
Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m; (ocifjrwfqkdif zGifhonf/)
yHkESdyfol- OD;wif? pHcsdefopfyHkESdyfwkduf? (0421)

trSwf-35-A[dkvrf;? *Gwvpf? &efukefrdU/
xkwfa0ol- OD;wif? pdefwifpmay&dyfrH/ (0297)
trSwf-35-A[dkvrf;? *Gwvpf? &efukefrdU/
jzefUcsdol-jynfolUtvif; pmayjzefUcsda&;?
107? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;? &efukefrdU/
15/ Ak'0dyem (1) (ocifjrwfqkdif)
yxrtBudrf? 1964-ck? rSwfyHkwif (0048) &efukefrdU?
107? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aps;? jynfolUtvif; pmaywkdufrS xkwfa0onf/
rSwfyHkwif (0047) &efukefrdU/ trSwf 55-tvHk? ausmif;vrf;? jynfolUtvif;pmyHkESdyfwkdufrS dkufESdyfonf/
93
tpodkU
16/ Ak'0dyem (2) (ocifjrwfqkdif)

1967-ck? ZE0g&Dv?
&efukefrdU? 107? AdkvfcsKyfaps;? jynfolUtvif; pmaywkdufrS xkwfa0onf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0048)
&efukefrdU? tvHk? ausmif;vrf;-55? jynfolUtvif;pmyHkESdyfwkdufu dkufESdyfonf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf (0047)
17/ orm'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif;ta&;awmfyHk? okdUr[kwf Ak'0g'ESifh b0oHo&m?
1964-ck? Mo*kwfv?
xkwfa0ol-OD;odef;aT (0117) yif;,pmaywkduf? trSwf 289? bm;vrf;? &efukefrdU/
yHkESdyfol- OD;pdk;vdIif? (0070) rsdK;GefUyHkESdyfwkduf? trSwf-90? vSnf;wrf;vrf;? &efukefrdU/
18/ b0a&pD; (SifOu|) 1961-ck? pufwifbmv 22-&uf?
aTjynfwef pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? trSwf(12) ESif;yef;vrf;? a&ausmf? &efukefrdU/
19/ Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;
oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) oifwef;rSwfpkrsm;?
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf? ArmEdkifiH (tzJGU0ifrsm;om)
(yHkESdyfxkwfa0olryg)
20/ orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf?
Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;? oifwef;rSwfpk (oifwef;om;rsm;twGufom)
21/ 0drkwd&ot&aumufusrf;? OD;udkudkav;
22/ opm"rpmapmif
twJG (1) trSwf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
twJG (2) trSwf (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
twJG (3) trSwf (1) (2) (3) (7) (12)
twJG (4) trSwf (7) (8)
pkpkaygif; opm"r (18)apmif
23/ opm"ra&;&mpmapmif
twJG (1) trSwf (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
pkpkaygif; opm"ra&;&mpmapmif (5)apmif
24/ orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf (tzJGU0ifrsm;om)
opmAdrmef
pnf;Hk;a&;ESifh tbd"rma&;&m (jyefwrf;)
94
tpodkU
twJG (1) trSwf (3) (6)

twJG (2) trSwf (5)
pkpkaygif; (3)apmif
25/ "rtvif;a&mif (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom)
twJG (2) trSwf (6) (7) (8)
twJG (3) trSwf (2) (3) (4)
pkpkaygif; "rtvif;a&mif (6)apmif
26/ trSefw&m; okawoe pmapmif
trSwf (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
pkpkaygif; pmapmif (6)apmif (tbd"rm q&mpdef wifjyonf)
27/ vufaG;pif oD;oefU
yd#uwfawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;
ocifjrwfqkdif
28/ edum,f\ edum,fESifh a';'&JrdU? ausmufwkdifrS pmrsm;
(uGif;ausmif;wdkuf)
29/ Ak'omoemordkif; (tusOf;) ymedum, "romupmtzJGU
1330-ck? eawmfvqef; (15)&uf (uGif;ausmif;wkduf? a';'&JrdU)
30/ tew0g'ESifh avmufvef;ozG,f 0dnmOfwG,f [laom tw0g'?
wifjyol OD;aTjynfh? awmifukwfrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f/ (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom)
31/ ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ
wifjyol OD;aTjynfh? awmifukwfrdU? &ckdifjynfe,f/ (tzJGU0ifrsm;twGufom)
32/ Ak'odyH y&dowf awmfvSefa&; vlom;awGtjrif bmompD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIpD;yGm;a&;
33/ aTtbd"rm awmifukwf? &ckdifjynfe,f\ ar;cGef;pmapmif
34/ orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf t,l0g'a&;&mqkdif&m cH,lcsuf oabmxm;pmGuf
35/
wdwfacG (11)acG pm&if; (u)
OD;Ou|a[m opmav;yg; (awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm&)
(c)
OD;udkudkav; Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef; oifcef;pm (1)
(*)
oH*g,emwiforkdif; (tp) (OD;udkudkav;)
(C)
oH*g,emwiforkdif; (tqHk;) (OD;udkudkav;)
(i)
&ckdiform'd|dtzJGU0if yxraeU yxracG
(p)
&ckdiform'd|dtzJGU0if yxraeU 'kwd,acG
95
tpodkU
(q)
&ckdiform'd|dtzJGY0if 'kwd,aeY yxracG
(Z)
&ckdiform'd|dtzJGU0if 'kwd,aeU 'kwd,acG
(ps)
OD;0go0 ajrmif;jra[m (15-4-76) aeU
(n)
(#)
pkpkaygif; pmtkyf? pmapmif? pmwrf;rsm;

trsdK;tm;jzifh
34-rsdK;
ta&twGuftm;jzifh
36/
67-ck &Sdygonf/
,ck oufaocHtjzpf wifjycJhaom pmtkyf? pmwrf;? pmapmif? PmGuf ta&twGufrSm
trsdK;tm;jzifh (34)rsdK;? ta&twGuftm;jzifh (67) jzpfygonf? 67-rsdK;wGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0olygaom

pmtkyfpmwrf;rSm (19)rsdK;om jzpfygonf? usef (48)rsdK;uawmh yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygyg bk&m;?
yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygaomfvnf; ckdifrmaom taxmuftxm;t& oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm;
wifjyygonf bk&m;/
37/
Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;
oifwef;trSwfpOf(1)
oifwef;rSwfpkrsm;rSm
orm'd|d
okawoetzJGUcsKyf ArmEkdifiH[k ygHkrQru oufaocHwdwfacG trSwf (c) (*) (C) yg OD;udkukdav;ydkUcsaom

Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef;ydkUcscsufrsm;ESifh
vkd&if;
t"dym,f
vHk;0wlnDaeygonf?
xkdUaMumifh
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfu pmtkyfwGifygonfhtwkdif; orm'd|d okawoetzJGU0ifrsm;xH jzefUa0aMumif;

xifSm; oufaocHtjzpf wifygonf bk&m;/
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyf Ak'0g'tajccHoifwef; oifwef;rSwfpk (oifwef;om;rsm;twGufom)
pmtkyfonfvnf; oifwef;trSwfpOf (1) pmtkyfBuD;ESifh tusOf;tus,frQom uJGjym;vnf;aumif;?
oifwef;om;rsm;ukd
jzefUa0aom
pmtkyfi,fjzpfvnf;aumif;?
orm'd|dokawoetzJGUcsKyfuyif
jzefUa0onf[k odEkdifygonf/
38/
opm"rpmapmifonfvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ aemufa,mifcHrsm;u jzefUa0aMumif;(u)
pmayaumfrwD
(c)
yg0ifa&;om;olrsm;
(*)
twGif;pmom;ESifh
xifSm;aom
tcsuftvufrsm;u
oufaojyaeygonf?
opm"r twJG(4) trSwf(7) pmrsufESm (10) atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;ygonf/
96
tpodkU

tzJGUcsKyf pmayaumfrwD
(1) OD;cif[ef
(tMuHay;)
(2) OD;vGef;armif ( /
(3) OD;atmifEkdif (wm0efcHpmwnf;)
wkdUyg0ifaom
(4) OD;udkudkav; ( /
(5) OD;xGef;apm ( /
(6) OD;jrifhaqG ( /
(7) OD;wifodef; ( /
(8) OD;armifpdef ( /
pmayaumfrwDzJGUpnf;vdkufygonf/
pmaya&;&mudpESifhywfoufvmygu
tzJGUcsKyfpmay
aumfrwDokdU qufoG,fMuapvdkygonf? okdU a&;xm;ygonf? yg0ifa&;om;olrsm;uvnf; vlaovljzpf

OD;Ou|? ocif jrwfqkdif? '*kef OD;vSaz? OD;barmif-a';'&J? OD;udkudkav; polwdkU jzpfMuygonf?
oufaocHwifxm;aom
opm
"rpmapmif
(18)apmifwGif
(14)apmif
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|
yg0ifa&;om;xm;ygonf? opm"rtwJG(2) trSwf (10) pmrsufESm (11) "rAdrmefwnfEkdifa&;twGuf

tvaiG ydkUEkdifonfh yk*dKvfrsm;tjzpf (1) OD;Z0e y&[dw q&mawmf? AeSife,fausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD;rdU/
(2) OD;Pfokdif;? arcvmwkduf? trSwf(954) 16-&yfuGuf? &wemvrf;? awmifOuvmy/
(3) OD;cif[ef (opm"r) 313? AdkvfcsKyfvrf;? &efukefrdU wkdUudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
xdk 3-OD;wGif 2-OD;rSm ,ckpk'dwursm; jzpfaeMuygonf/
a&;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;uvnf; opm"r twJG(2) trSwf(12) rsufESmzHk;pmrsufESmwGif
aumufcsufcs xm;onfhtwdkif; vlaovljzpfOD;Ou|0g' us,fjyefUatmif a&;om;aeMujcif;om jzpfygonf?
xkdUaMumifh opm"rpmapmifrsm;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0ol rygaomfvnf; oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm;
wifjyMuygonf/
39/
opm"ra&;&m pmapmifrsm;? opmAdrmef pmapmifrsm;? "rtvif;a&mif pmapmifrsm;
tygt0if usefpmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmifrsm;onfvnf; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ bmomrJh0g'udk

trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk tpGrf;ukefxlaxmifaeMuonfh pmapmifrsm;omjzpfaMumif; aphaphpyfpyfMunfhu odEkdifygonf
bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh azmfjycJhNyD;aom pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;ESifh wdwfacGrsm;ukd oufaocHtjzpf wynfhawmfrsm;
wifjyMuygonf bk&m;/
97
tpodkU

omrnapm'emwiftNyD; pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;udk
Hk;awmfrS ppfar;jcif;
aeYpJG (30-6-81)
obmywdu ar;jcif;
apm'emudp
NyD;oGm;ygNyD?
tudk;tum;awGazmfjyNyD;
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
apm'em
wifxm;ygw,f?
tckvdk
pmtkyfpmwrf;
oufaocHjzpfwJh
pmrsufESm
pmtkyfawG
pmwrf;
wdwfacGawGudkvnf; tckpm;yJGay:rSm wifNyD;xm;w,f? tck wifjyxm;wJh pmtkyfpmwrf;awG pmapmifawG

tm;vHk;[m
OD;Ou|0g'?
orm'd|dokawoe0g'?
aTtbd"rm0g'eJY
ywfoufvkdU
a&;xm;wm
trSefjzpfygovm;? r[kwf&ifvJ jiif;y,f Edkifygw,f/

OD;OaZmwdu
-wynfhawmfrsm;taeeJU 'Dudp vHk;0 rodyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-usefwJhq&mawmfrsm;u ,ck oufaocHwifjyxm;wJh pmtkyf pmapmifawGonf

q&mawmfwdkU
t&ifwkef;u
oHk;oyfzl;wJh
vufcHzl;wJh
oabmwlzl;wJh
pmtkyfpmwrf;awG [kwfygovm;vkdU ar;ygw,f/

OD;Z0e 2-yg;
-wynfhawmfrsm;vJ rodMuawmhyg bk&m;/
OD;qEm"du
-wynfhawmfvJ rodawmhyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-b,folrS rodbl;aygh? 'gjzifh aemufu ocifjrwfqkdifwkdU orm'd|dokawoetzJGUrS

OD;cif[efwkdU ajzyg/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-wynfhawmf emrnfeJU a&;xm;wJh[mawmh wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;? wjcm;yk*dKvfrsm;

a&;wmawmh rodyg bk&m;? orm'd|dtzJGUxJvJ wynfhawmf rygbl; bk&m;?
a&;w,fqkdwm
0efcHygw,f?
wynfhawmftrnf
ygwmrSeforQ
tm;vHk;
wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;/
OD;cif[ef
-bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;eJU ywfoufwmawmh wm0ef,lygw,f bk&m;/
OD;edu
-ywfoufw,fqdkwmu orm'd|dokawoetrnfyg&if wm0ef,lr,f ajymwmvm;
(0denf;"dk&f)
OD;cif[ef
-orm'd|demrnfyg&if wm0ef,lygr,f bk&m;/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-avQmufxm;csifwmu
ESpfavmufuxJu
Sif0go0pmawGeJUa&maxG;aeNyD;awmh
wynfhawmfwdkUeJU
vHk;0rwlwJhudpjzpfaew,f?
'gu
15-
dkdkaoao
avQmuf&r,fqkd&ifawmh rawmfrwJh pum;awG jzpfaew,f? tJ'g tapmBuD;uxJu

tJ'Dyk*dKvfeJU wynfhawmfwdkU rqdkifawmhygbl;/
OD;edu
-rqdkifwmawmh[kwfNyD? orm'd|deJYywfoufNyD;awmhygaew,f? olu wm0efcHNyD;
(0denf;"dk&f)
xkwfa0xm; awmh olu ygaew,f/
98
tpodkU
ocifjrwfqdkif

-'guawmh [kwfygw,f bk&m;? orm'd|deJUawmh qkdifygw,f bk&m;? orm'd|duawmh
rSefw,f? wynfhawmfwkdUtaeuawmh Sif0go0eJU vHk;vHk;rywfoufyg bk&m;/
OD;Z0e
-vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk OD;0go0u wm0ef,l xkwfa0xm;w,f r[kwfvm;/
(0denf;"dk&f)
ocifjrwfqdkif
-SifOu| ygaeawmh wynfhawmf wm0ef,l&rvdk jzpfaeygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-orm'd|dudk b,folu wm0ef,lrSmvJ/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-tSifbk&m;wkdU
axG;aew,f
xifw,f
bk&m;?
orm'd|dudk
OD;cif[efu
wm0ef,lygvdrfhr,f bk&m;? wynfhawmfu oyfoyf wpfa,mufxJyJ bk&m;?

e*dkuxJu tzJGUtpnf;rSdyg bk&m;? bmvdkUvJqkd&if wpfa,mufxJ vHk;csif;yJ
udufw,fbk&m;? cHp&mSdvJ udk,fh[mudk,f cHr,f? aop&mSdvJ udk,fh[mudkyJ
aor,f? tazmftaygif;eJUqkdawmh iJh&wm uGuf&wmawGu jyem IyfvGef;vdkU
e*dkxJu vHk;csif;yJ bk&m;/
obmywd
-aumif;NyD? aumif;NyD/
ocifjrwfqdkif
-SifOu|vkyfaqmifcsufrSeforQ? SifOu|trnfygorQ tm;vHk; wm0ef,lygw,f

bk&m;? [kwf[kwf r[kwf[kwf udk,fhq&mbufu &yf&rSmyJ bk&m;? 'grSvJ
wynfhawmf wynfhaumif; jzpfr,f bk&m;? 'Dae&mrSmawmh wynfhawmf xGufajy;vdkU
r&awmhygbl;/
vlaovljzpf0g'udk t"r0g'jzpfaMumif;
q&mawmf 3-yg;u 0efcHjcif;
obmywd
-apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wifjyapm'emxm;wJh
21-csuftwkdif;tqHk;tjzwf
ay;&vdrfhr,f? pk'dwu rsm;u 'gudkvufcHEkdifMuovm;? okdUr[kwf acsy ajymqdk

vkdovm;/
OD;OaZmwdu
-wynfhawmfrsm;twGuf vlaovljzpfpmtkyfeJYywfoufvdkU avQmufxm;vdkygw,f?
(a';'&J)
vlaovljzpf usrf;pmtkyfeJUywfoufvdkU "r t"r qHk;jzwfcsufudk qHk;jzwfay;zkdU&m

0dedp,twGuf
tSifjrwfrsm;rSm
wm0efSdygw,f?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
vlaovljzpfusrf;udk t"r0g'vkdU wifjyxm;wJh twkdif; wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ jiif;qdkjcif;

uefUuGufjcif;
ryvdkyg?
wynfhawmfrsm;udk,fwdkifu
vlaovljzpfpmtkyfudk
t"r0g'jzpfaMumif; vGefcJhwJh (7)ESpfavmufupNyD; oloufawmfxifSm; SdpOfuyif

olUrsufarSmuf
uefUuGufNyD;jzpfaevdkU
'Dpmtkyfudk
apm'utSifjrwfrsm;u
t"r0g'vkdU wifjyaecsuftwGuf uefUuGufzkdY acsyzdkU vHk;0rSdyg/ taMumif;
99
tpodkU

q&mawmfbk&m;rsm; w&m;0if pmeJU wifoGif;cGifhyvQifvJ wifzdkU tqifoifh a&;NyD;
jzpfygw,f/
obmywd
-wifEkdifygw,f? wifyg/
]]bk&m;Sifu omoemawmfudk yk*dKvfwdkif;twGuf ay;xm;wm?

ukd,hfomoem udk,fqdkifw,f?
udk,fydkifw,f? zef;wD;rypfygeJY?
tysufpD;rcHygeJY}}
("r'lw tSifynmaZmw)
100
tpodkU

a';'&J OD;OaZmwdu\ 0efcHcsuf
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHawmf? EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU trSwf(2) odkU apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;u apm'em

wifoGif;aom vlaovljzpfOD;Ou|0g'ESifh ywfouf wifjyavQmufxm;vTmyg bk&m;/
aeUpJG/ 30-6-81
oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|0g'?
aTtbd"rmqkdaom0g'wkdUESifh
pyfvsOf; apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u tcsufaygif; (21)csuf wifjyNyD; xdk0g'rsm;onf "r0g'r[kwf?

t"r0g' rsm;omjzpfaMumif; tqHk;tjzwfay;&ef wifjyavQmufxm;onfudk Mum;od&ygonf bk&m;?
xdkapm'emaom
tcsufrsm;teuf
bk&m;wynfhawmftaejzifh
vlaovljzpfpmtkyfESifh
qefUusifvkdjcif;?
acsyvkdjcif;?
ywfoufonfh
tcsufrSeforQudk
aom"emyvdkjcif;
rSdygbk&m;?
apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;uJhokdUyif wynfhawmfuvnf; xkd0g'rsm;udk t"r0g'tjzpf vufcHxm;NyD; jzpfygonf

bk&m;/
2/
OD;Ou|\ vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh ywfouf wynfhawmfonf OD;Ou| SdpOfuyif vufcHrI
,HkMunfrI rSdcJhyg? aygif;wnftxuf tif;rGmBuD;w&m;yJG wynfhawmfonf OD;Ou|ESifhtwl qHkcJhpOfu

'umwpfOD;\
vlaovljzpfw&m;udk
ajzMum;vdkufyg[k
OD;Ou|\
emvdkaMumif;
rdefUMum;csuft&
avQmufxm;&mwGif
wynfhawmf
tSifOaZmwdu
ajzqkd&m
(a';'&J)
]]vlaovljzpf0g'onf
Ak'tvdkawmfusaom 0g'r[kwfaMumif;? Ak'yd#uwfawmfESifh rnDaom0g'jzpfaMumif;}} udk wpfem&DcefU

tus,fcsJU ajyma[mrdefUMum;cJhygonf/ teD;wGif ikwfwkwfxdkifaeaom OD;Ou|uvnf; bmrQajymqkdjcif;
ryyg/ a';'&JrSmaeorQ w&m;a[morQtcsdefwdkif; b,ftcgrSvnf; vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh ywfoufaom
w&m;rsm;udk ra[mcJhyg/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk ,HkMunfrI cH,lrIrSd ra[mjcif;om jzpfygonf/ 'Dvdk
ra[maMumif;udk a';'&JrdUe,f? oHCem,utzJGUrS rdUe,fomoema&;r;rsm; aSUarSmuf vGefcJhaom
waygif;vqkwf 14-&ufu w&m;0if ajzSif;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
3/
okdU&mwGif
apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;\
vkyfaqmifcJhzl;ygonf?
,cifu
OD;Ou|ESifh
apm'emygSdonfhtwkdif;
,cktcgwGifrl
qufoG,fcJhonftm;avsmfpGm
edum,f\
omoemawmf
edum,f
wpfbuf
paomudprsm;udkrl
oefUSif;wnfwHh
jyefUyGm;a&;udk
aqmifGufvmonfhtwGuf EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u ,xm"r ,xm0de, rus[k

qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuygu vkdufemusifhoHk;&ef 0efcHuwdyaMumif; dkaopGm avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
4/
xdkokdU
0efcHonfESifhtnD
,cktcg
"ra&;&mESifh
ywfouf
wynfhawmfonf
q&mpOfquf ax&0g'*dkPf;om;jzpf ax&0g'*dkPfoHk;"rrsm;udk av;pm;vsufSdygonf? oH*g,em 6wef wifNyD;aom yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf vufcHvdkufemvsufSdygonf? 0de,a&;&mESifh
101
tpodkU
ywfoufvnf; oH*g,emwifNyD; yd#uwfawmfvm 0denf;awmfrsm;udk vkdufemusifhoHk;vsuf Sdygonf

bk&m;/
5/
txl;avQmufxm;vdkonfrSm
wynfhawmfausmif;xJSdaom
ausmufwdkifESifhywfouf
opmav;yg;? y#dporkyg'f? tewvuP xdkoHk;okwft& Munfdkav;pm; aemifvmaemifom;twGuf

&nfTef;um ausmufwkdifpdkufxlxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? odkUaomf xkdausmufwkdif OD;Ou|\ w&m;vuFmrsm;
a&;xdk;xm;ygonf? ,if;ausmufwkdifSd pmayrsm;onf ,xm"r ,xm0de, rjzpfbl;[l qHk;jzwfygvQif
qHk;jzwfonfhtwkdif;vkdufemaqmifGufygrnf bk&m;/
tSifOaZmwdu
uGif;ausmif;? a';'&JrdU/
102
tpodkU

awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf 2-yg;\ 0efcHcsuf
okdU/
obmywdq&mawmf
trSwf (2) EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;tzJGU
aeUpJG/ 30-6-81
1/ OD;Z0e
aeSife,fy&[dwausmif;? awmifwGif;BuD; ESifh
2/ OD;Z0e
ig;qifhausmif;(taemuf) awmifwGif;BuD; wkdUrS
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wifoGif;oGm;aom apm'emcsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf jyefvnfacsyjcif;rsm; ryvkyfMuyg

bk&m;/ 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk cH,lvdkufemygrnf bk&m;/
,ck apm'emwJhtcsufawGudk t"r0g'[k wynfhawmfrsm;vnf; cH,l (y,fpGefU) ygrnf bk&m;/
1/ tSifZ0e
2/ OD;Z0e
aeSife,f y&[dwausmif;?
ig;qifh taemufausmif;?
awmifwGif;BuD;rdU/
awmifwGif;BuD;rdU/
103
tpodkU

vufrSwfxdk;Edkif rxdk;Edkifar;jcif;
obmywd
-q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;teuf a';'&JOD;OaZmwdu uawmh OD;Ou|SdpOfuxJu

vlaovljzpf t,ludk vufrcHygbl;vdkU 0efcHpmxJrSm twdtvif;azmfjyxm;w,f?
awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf
OD;Z0e
2-yg;&JUpmu
vlaovljzpft,ludk
e*kdu
vufrcHbl;? (okdUr[kwf) vufcHNyD;om;t,lukd ,ckrS pGefUw,fqdkwJh t"dym,fvm;

bk&m;? 'DpmxJrSm rygbl;? q&mawmfwdkUpmu raocsmbl;/
OD;Z0e
-wynfhawmfeJUOD;Ou|wdkUtvkyfu
wjcm;pDygbk&m;?
wynfhawmfu
y&[dw
tvkyfqkdawmh y&[dw vkyfief;yJ vkyfygw,f bk&m;? olU&JUvlaovljzpfudk

oludk,fwkdifa[moHvJ rMum;zl;ygbk&m;/
obmywd
-a[moHawmh rMum;bl;? pmtkyfu ArmwpfjynfvHk; ESHUaew,f? e,fpGefe,fzsm;txd

tm;vHk; a&mufaew,f? 'gaMumifh q&mawmfrsm; e*dku 'Dpmtkyft& OD;Ou|&JU
avmif;&dyfatmufrSmrdNyD; 'Dt,ltwkdif;udk vkduf,laewmvm;/
OD;Z0e 2-yg;
-aS;uvJ rvkdufzl;yg? ,ckvJ rvdkufyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-'gjzifh 'Dt,ludk vHk;0 r,lbl;aygh? aemufudkvJ r,lbl;? 'D0g'udkvJ rjzefUjzL;bl;?

q&mawmfu
y&[dwtvkyform;jzpf
y&[dwtvkyfudkyJ
qufvkyfr,f?
OD;Ou|&JU0g'udk jzefUjzL;zdkU? qufNyD; a[majymzdkU rdrdudk,fwkdifuvJ rvkyfawmhbl;?

'Dvdkvm;/
OD;Z0e
-rSefyg bk&m;/
obmywd
-OD;Ou|t,ludk vufcHwJhtaMumif; 'Dq&mawmf 3-yg;u 0denf;"dk&ftzJGUudk

wifjyxm;w,f? 'D q&mawmf 3-yg;u aemifudk 'Dt,l0g'ESifh ywfoufNyD;
bmrQrvkyfygbl;qkdwm y#dnmOf0efcHcsuf ay;NyD? 'gaMumifh 0dedp, csrSwfwJhtcg
q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg; vufrSwfxdk;Mu&r,f? vufrSwf xdk;Edkifw,f r[kwfvm;/
OD;Z0e 2-yg;
-xkd;Ekdifygw,f bk&m;/
OD;OaZmwdu
-xkd;Ekdifygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-at;? vufrSwfxdk;rS twnfjzpfr,f? 'gjzifh q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;twGufuawmh

e*dkuvJ [kwfwdywfwd ,lwm r[kwfbl;aygh? aemuf OD;OaZmwdu uawmh OD;Ou|
toufxifSm;SdpOf uyif 'Dt,ludk olUaSUrSmyJ ajAmifjiif;cJhw,f [kwfvm;/
OD;OaZmwdu
-rSefyg? ajAmifjiif;cJhygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-tJ'Dvdkqkdawmh
'D
3-yg;twGufu
rdrdwdkUe*dku
OD;Ou|avmif;&dyfrdNyD;
,lrdonfjzpfap? oabmus NyD;onfhumv vufcHonfjzpfap? q&mawmfOD;Ou|ESifh

taygif;toif;vkyfNyD; aerdonfhtwGuf ,ck q&mawmfwdkU tckvdk 0denf;"dk&fHk;
104
tpodkU

a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfw,f? trSefpifppf tJ'Dvkdjzpfawmh q&mawmfwkdU 3-yg;[m rdrdwdkU
OD;Ou|ESifh twlaerd ajymrd qdkrd vkyfrd udkifrd eJeJusOf;usOf; SdrdwJhtwGuf
q&mawmf OD;OaZmwduausmif;rSmu tpnf;ta0;awGvkyf? ausmufwkdifawGxl
qkdawmh wpfoabmxJvdk jzpfaew,f/
OD;OaZmwdu
-rSefygh? txnfudk,fu Sdaeawmh xifp&mjzpfaeygw,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-rajy;aomfvnf; uef&muSdaew,f qkdovdkyJ? tJ'DvdkSdaewJhtwGuf q&mawmfwdkU

'DHk;udk a&mufvm&jcif;jzpfw,f? tJ'Dvdka&mufvmawmh 'Dt,ludk r,lygbl;?
0dedp,tzJGUu csrSwforQ tqHk;tjzwf cH,lygr,fvdkU ,ck 0efcsw,f r[kwfvm;/
OD;OaZmwdu
-rSefyg 0efcsygNyD bk&m;/
obmywd
-tJ'Dvdk
0efcsawmif;yefwmtifrwefaumif;ygw,f?
rdrdwdkU
vkyfrdrSm;rdorQudk
trSm;udktrSm;rSef; od&SdNyD; ]]tp,H tp,awm 'doGm ,xmyp,H ua&mwd}}

bk&m;a[m a'oemrSm ygSdwJh twkdif; ukpm;jcif;trI yvkdufwmyJ? tJ'Dvdk
ukpm;rIyvdkufwJhtwGuf
bk&m;SifomoemawmfrSm
oDv
orm"d
ynm
wkd;yGm;zdkUtaMumif;om Sdygw,f? 'gaMumifh tSifbk&m;rsm; 'Dvdk0efcswJhtwGuf

q&mawmfwdkU
0dep,tzJGUrS
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
vufcHNyD;oumv auseyfNyD;oumv om"k ac:ygw,f/

(om"k-om"k-om"k)
'gaMumifh q&mawmfwdkU 3-yg;onf 'Dapm'emrsm;udk acsyjcif;? aom"emjcif;
ryvkyfwJhtwGuf csrf;csrf;omom aeEkdifygNyD? 'gayrJh q&mawmfwdkU pk'dwutjzpfu
rvGwfao;bl;? rvGwfao;wJh twGuf 'DHk;u 0dedp, qHk;jzwfcsuf cswJhtcg
vma&mufNyD;awmh rsufarSmufemcH&OD;r,f? q&mawmfwdkUudk taMumif;Mum;r,f?
tJ'Dtcg 'DHk;udkvmNyD; aSUarSmufrSm qHk;jzwfcsufudk emcHMu &r,f/
pk'dwu&[ef;rsm;
-rSefyg emcHygr,f bk&m;/
obmywd
-usef
q&mawmf
OD;qEm"duESifh
vlpk'dwu
yk*dKvfrsm;u
acsyajymqkdrSm
trSefyJvm;/
OD;aTjynfh
-wynfhawmf OD;aTjynfh (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ) udkom acsyygrnf bk&m;/
ocifjrwfqkdif
-wynfhawmf acsyygrnf bk&m;/
OD;cif[ef
-wynfhawmf orm'd|dtzJGUudk,fpm; acsyygrnf bk&m;/
OD;qEm"du
-acsyygrnf bk&m;/
105
tpodkU

0daooapm'em wif&ef &ufcsdef;ay;jcif;
obmywd
-apm'uyk*dKvfawG wifjyxm;wJh apm'emrsm;rSmvJ tudk;tum; tpHktvif rygao;bl;?
ygVd t|uxm #Dum tudk;tum;jyzkdU vkdao;w,f? aom"emacsrJh yk*dKvfawGu pHkpHkvifvifod&atmif

apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;u tudk;tum; ygVd t|uxm #Dum wifjyNyD; avQmufxm;&OD;r,f? txl;
0daooapm'em
tus,favQmufxm;&OD;r,f?
tck[mu
omrnapm'em
Sdao;w,f?
b,f[m
b,f[mjzifh b,fygVdawmf b,ft|uxm b,f#Dum b,frsufESmESifh rudkufnDaMumif; tpHktvif

azmfjy&OD;r,f? 'gaMumifh 0gqdkvqef;(3)&ufaeU eHeuf (8)em&DrSm 0daooapm'em wif&r,f/
apm'ursm;
-q&mawmfrsm;
trdefUtmPmudk
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106
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tpodkU

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(4-7-81)
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1/
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2/
trSwf(2) EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU0if q&mawmftSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;-
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jrwfpGmbk&m; ra[mtyf[l Tefjyaom &[ef;rsm;onf vla&mewfyg owwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;rJhjcif;
qif;&Jjcif;iSm
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TefjyMuaom
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107
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ra[mtyfonfudk
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3/
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5/
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6/
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wpf0ef;vHk;Sd
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7/
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8/
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9/
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10/
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109
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11/
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12/
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110
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0daooapm'em trSwf (1)
1/
OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJh kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfaMumif;ESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emyg
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emrfw&m;onf kyf\ tckd;owd kyf\ t[kef [laomtcsuf?
(C)
kyfvnf; emrf emrfvnf; kyf tjyeftvSef 'GefwGJaeonf [laom tcsuf -
tm;jzifh t"du tcsufav;csuf yg0ifygonf bk&m;? xdktcsufav;csufrSm w&m;awmfESifh ravsmfaom

t"r0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif; om"ujzifh wifjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/
2/
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3/
bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlonf[laom tcsuf bdef;onf pGJapouJhodkU bmomonfvnf;
pGJaponf? bdef;onf tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapouJhodkU bmomonfvnf; tusdK;rJhudk jzpfaponf? bdef;onf

awGa0xdkif;rIdif;ap ouJhodkU bmomonfvnf; awGa0xdkif;rIdif;aponf[k OD;Ou|uqdk&m a&mufygonf
bk&m;/
4/
bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;tay: pdwfa&muf ouf0if,HkMunfrIonf wPSmjzifh
pGJ,louJhodkU pGJ,lrIrsdK; r[kwfyg? rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifMunfvifaom o'gw&m;om jzpfygonf?

xdko'gw&m;rSm PfESifh,SOf &ifhusuf jrifhrm;vmaomtcg Ncdrf;ajcmufzsufqD;vnf; r&onfrSm
"emeD0wKjzifh xifSm;ouJhodkU jzm;a,mif; r&onfrSmvnf; okyAk'uk|d0wKjzifh xifSm;apygonf
bk&m;? odkU rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifjcif;udk npfEGrf;aom wPSmayrtpGJ[k rac:&yg? xufoefaom
,HkMunfrI oefUSif;aom o'gw&m;[kom ac: qdk&ygonf bk&m;/
5/
xdkodkU ouf0if,HkMunfvnf; tusdK;,kwfaponf r[kwfyg? avmu"mwfwpf&yfvHk;wGif
tjrwfqHk;&wemrsm;jzpf
ouf0if,HkMunfolrsm;tm;
tjrwfqHk;aumif;usdK;rsm;
wdk;yGm;aponfrSm
&wemoHk;yg;udk wu,fqnf;uyfolrsm; vufawGU odSdMuygonf? xdkUjyift*Fkw&edum,f? t*yom'okwf(343)vm Ak'jrwfpGm a'oemawmf t&vnf; xifSm;vSygonf
bk&m;/
111
tpodkU

a, bdua0 Aka' yoEm? ta* aw yoEm? ta* acg ye yoEmeH ta*g 0dygaum
a[mwd/
a, bdua0 0d&ma* "ar yoEm? ta* aw yoEm? ta* acg ye yoEmeH ta*g
0dygaum a[mwd/
a, bdua0 oHaC yoEm? ta* aw yoEm? ta* acg ye yoEmeH ta*g 0dygaum
a[mwd/ ( tH 1? 343/)
&[ef;wdkU tMuifolwdkUonf Ak'jrwfpGm&wemvnf;aumif;? &m*uif;aMumif; aumif;aom
w&m; vnf;aumif;? oHCmawmfvnf;aumif; MunfdkukeftHh? xdkolwdkUonf avmu"mwfwpf&yfvHk;wGif
tjrwfqHk;
&wemay:
Munfdkol
rnfukef\?
tjrwfqHk;
bk&m;&wem
MunfdkolwdkUtm;
tjrwfqHk;tusdK;w&m; jzpf\/
6/
bdef;onf awGa0xdkif;rdIif;apouJhodkU bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wemoHk;yg;udk atmufarhrI
udk;uG,frIonf awGa0xdkif;rdIif;aponf r[kwfyg? trSefrSm ajzmifhrwfjzLpif MunfvifTifys okccsrf;om

eef;trwmodkUyif a&mufapEdkifaMumif; t*Fkw&edum,? r[memrokwft& odomvSygonf bk&m;? ,ck
xdkokwfawmfudk om"u tjzpf xkwfaqmifjyygrnf bk&m;/
" r[memr t&d,om0aum xxm*wH tEk&wd/y/ ae0 wo ora,
&m*y&d,k|dwH pdwH a[mwd? e a'goy&d,k|dwH pdwH a[mwd? e arm[y&d,k|dwH pdwH a[mwd?
OZk*war0 wo ora, pdwH a[mwd wxm*wH tm&A/ OZk*wpdawm acg ye r[memr
t&d,om0aum vbwd twa0'H? vbwd "ra0'H? vbwd "rLyoH[dwH ygarmZH? yrk'dw
yDwd Zm,wd? yDwdre uma,m yrwd? y'uma,m okcH a0'd,wd? okcdaem pdwH
orm"d,wd/ t,H 0kpwd r[memr t&d,om0aum 0dor*wm, yZm, oryawm 0d[&wd?
oAsmyZm, yZm, tAsmyaZm 0d[&wd? "raomwH ormyaEm Ak'gEkw bma0wd/
( tH 2? 252/)
rSwfcsuf/
/"r oHC wdkUvnf; enf;wlyg bk&m;/
r[memrf
omoemawmf
t&d,mwynfhonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
*kPfudk
tzefzef
atmufarh\/y/
r[memrf t&d,mwynfhonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfudkatmufarhaom tcg xdkt&d,mwynfhtm;
&m*x<u aomif;usef;aom pdwf rjzpf? xdktcg xdkyk*dKvftm; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmfudk tmHky
ajzmifhrwfaom pdwfomvQif jzpf\/
112
tpodkU
r[memrf ajzmifhrwfaom pdwfSdaom t&d,mwynfhonf *kPfawmf\ teuft"dyg,fudk rSD

jzpfaom 0rf;ajrmufrIudk &\? ygVdudk rSDjzpfaom 0rf;ajrmufrIudk &\? ESpfoufaom pdwfSdaom ol\
udk,fonf Nidrf;csrf;\? Nidrf;csrf;aomudk,f Sdolonf csrf;omudk cHpm;&\? csrf;omaomol\ pdwfonf
wnfMunf\/
r[memrf t&d,mwynfhudk rNidrfoufjcif;odkUa&mufaom ow0gtaygif;wGif Nidrfoufjcif;odkU
a&mufvsufaeol? qif;&Jjcif;Sdaom ow0gtaygif;wGif qif;&Jjcif;rSdonfjzpf aeol (0dyemPf[k
qdktyfaom)
w&m;t,OfodkU
a&mufvsuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
*kPfudk
tzefzef
atmufarhjcif;=
oHCm
&wemoHk;yg;udk
Ak'gEkwdurXmef;udk yGm;rsm;ol[k qdktyfyg\/ (tif? jref? 2? 327/)

7/
bk&m;a[mazmf
ygVdawmfrsm;t&
bk&m;
w&m;
udk;uG,frIqdkif&m Ak'bmomonf (u)
wPSmayrpGJukd rjzpfapbJ MunfvifrIo'gw&m;udkom wdk;yGm;apjcif;?
(c)
tusdK;rJhudk rjzpfapbJ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom jzpfapjcif;?
(*)
awGa0xdkif;rIdif;rIudk rjzpfapbJ MunfvifTifysrIudk jzpfapjcif;?
xdkUaMumifh Ak'bmomonf bdef;ESifhwlaom t&mr[kwfay? Ak'bmomudk bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkygu

omoemawmfudk zsufqD;vdkaom y'k|pdwfxm;jzifh vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;wdkU\ ]&DvD;*sifh} [laom pum;udk
yg;pyftiSg; xnfhrd&mrS aygufzGm;vmaom t"r0g'om jzpfygaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
tcsufudk axmufvQif OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ wynfhrsm;onf ouFef;0wf Ak'bmom
trnfcHxm;aomfvnf; bmomrJhrsm;yif jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf bk&m;/
kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfyHk qufvuf avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;? um&u a0'u onf
kyfjzpfonf[laom t,ltqrSmur um&aum ewd? 0dygu p a0'aum/

ok'"rm y0wEd? {0arwH or'eH/ (0dok'dr*f? 2? 237/)
[laom 0dok'dr*ft|uxmvm *gxmudk kyf0g'ESifh nDatmif vdkovdkqGJ,lxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/
9/
trSefrSm
xdk*gxm\ qdkvdk&if;tcsufrSm ]]uHudk yvkyfol twr&Sd? tusdK;udk cHpm;ol twvnf;r&Sd

kyf-emrf
"r
y&rww&m;wdkU
oufoufom
(aMumif;usdK;qufum)
jzpfMuukef\?
odkUIjrifrIonf rSefuefaomtjrifjzpf\}} [lom qdkvdk&if; jzpfygonf? yvkyfol um&u cHpm;ol
113
tpodkU
a0'uonf kyfwHk;kyfcJjzpf\[k ,lvQif kyfw&m;udk tw[k ,l&ma&muf ]]lyH twawm orEkywd=

kyfudk tw[k Ijrif\}} [laom tw'd|d (oum,'d|d)om jzpf&um; t"r0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;/
10/
xdkUjyif emrfw&m;onf kyf\tcdk;owd kyf\t[kef [laomtcsuf? kyfvnf; emrf
emrfvnf; kyf[laom tcsufonfvnf; trSm;oufoufom jzpfygonf bk&m;? y&rww&m;rSeforQonf

aMumif;usdK; qufoG,fHkrQ qufoG,fNyD; udk,fhobm0 udk,fo
h wd udk,fpDSdaeMuygonf bk&m;? emrfonf
kyf\ tcdk;owd r[kwfovkd kyfonfvnf; emrf\ tcdk;owd r[kwfMuyg? emrfonf kyfrS oD;jcm;
jzpfouJhodkY kyfvnf; emrfrS woD;wjcm;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;? odkUyg emrfw&m;onf kyf\tcdk;owd
kyf\t[kef[laomf\
ajymqdkcsufonfvnf;aumif;?
ajymqdkcsufonfvnf;aumif;
trSm;oufouf
kyfvnf;
t"r0g'
emrf
emrfvnf;
omjzpfygaMumif;
kyf
[laom
0dok'dr*ft|uxm
'kwd,tkyfvm pum;jzifh ydkrdkxifSm;vSygonf bk&m;/

,x p '@mbd[wH ab& edm, oa' y0wrmae tnm ab&D? tanm oa'g?
ab&do'g
tordm?
ab&D
oa'e
oknm?
oa'g
ab&d,m
okanm?
{0ar0H
0wK'Gg&m&rPocFgwH lyH edm, emar y0wrmae tnH lyH? tnH emrH? emrlyg tordm?
emrH laye oknH? lyH emare oknH? tyd p acg ab& y#dp oa'g 0d, lyH y#dp emrH y0wwd/
(0dok'dr*f? 2? 230/)
wkwfjzifh acguftyfaom pnfukdrSD toH jzpfay:&m pnfwjcm; toHwjcm; jzpfouJhodkU? pnfESifh
toHwdkU
obm0csif;
ra&m,SufouJhodkU?
pnfonf
toHrS
qdwfokOf;NyD;
toHonf
pnfrS
qdwfokOf;ouJhodkU twl 0wK 'Gg& tmHk kyfudk rSD emrf jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; kyfwjcm; emrfwjcm;om
jzpf\? emrfESifhkyfwdkUonf obm0csif; ra&m,SufMu? emrfonf kyfrS qdwfokOf;cJh\? kyfonf
emrfrSqdwfokOf;\? pifppfum; pnfudkpGJ toH jzpfouJhodkU kyfudk pGJ emrfjzpfay:jcif;om jzpfavonf/
lyH y#dp emrH y0wwd (kyfudk tpGJy emrf jzpf\) tn0g'DwdkU ajymouJhodkU kyfu emrfudk
jzpfaponf r[kwfyg? y#dp [laom ygVdpum;vHk;udk em;vnfvQif jyem rIyfyg? y#dp [laom
ygVdpum;vHk;udk em;rvnf&mrS tjrifrSm;jcif; jzpfygonf? 0wKkyf 'Gg&kyfrsm;onf emrfw&m;\ wnfrSD&m
ed,owd? tmkH kyfrsm;u tm&rPowdrsm;jzifh emrfjzpfvmatmif axmufyHhulnD aus;Zl;yonf udkom
qdkvdk&if; jzpfygaMumif; odaptyfygonf bk&m;/
t&monfum; q&mawmf oHCmawmfrsm;xHrS y|mef;usrf;txd aocsmpGm avhvmoif,l
qnf;yl;NyD;rS em;vnfEdkifrnfht&m? odkYr[kwf ,if;odkU avhvmzl;olwdkUu aoaocsmcsm tus,fw0ifh a&;jy
ajymjyrS em;vnfEdkifrnfht&m jzpfygonf? wGifum; Hk;awmfjzpf kyfvnf; emrf emrfvnf; kyf[laom
t,lonf "rpnf;rsOf;ESifh rnDaMumif; odomHk vdk&if;udkom tusOf;rQ avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
114
tpodkU

2/
vlaovljzpf[l pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emcsuf
yg bk&m;/
EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufaemufygwdkUonf ]]vlaovQif vlom jzpfonf}} [laom
0g'udk a[majyma&;om;vsuf bk&m;Sif omoemawmfBuD;udk zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;udk (30-6-80) aeUu
oD;jcm; 0dedp,Hk;awmf bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; omrntm;jzifh apm'em wifoGif;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf
bk&m;/
,ck
xdkomrnapm'emcsufudk
ygVdawmfom"uwdkUjzifh
0daooapm'emtjzpf
wifoGif;
avQmufxm; yg&ap bk&m;/

]]vlaovQif vlom jzpfonf}} [laom 0g'onf atmufyg rEkpkwded&,okwf paom ygVdawmf
rsm;ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaeygonf bk&m;/
tx acg b*0g y&dwH ecodcg,H yHokH tma&maywGm bduL tmraEod ]]wH u rnx
bdua0? uwrH Ek acg A[kw&H? a,m 0g,H r,m y&dawm ecodcg,H yHok tma&mydawm? t,H
0g r[myx0D}} wd/
{0ar0 acg bdua0 tyum aw owm a, rEkm pkwm rEkaok ypmZm,Ed/ tx
acg {aw0 A[kw&m owm? a, rEkm pkwm ed&a, ypmZm,Ed/y/ wd&pmea,med,m
ypmZm,Ed /y/ aywd0doa, ypmZm,Ed /y/ a'a0ok ypZm,Ed /y/ ed&a, ypmZm,Ed /y/
wd&pmea,med,m ypmZm,Ed /y/ aywd0doa, ypmZm,Ed/ (oH? 3? 412)
jrefrmjyef
xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;onf vufonf;zsm;ay: ajrrIefUtenf;i,fudk wifxm; ]]&[ef;wdkU
xdkt&mudk tb,fodkU rSwfxifukefoenf;? vufonf;zsm;ay: igwifxm;aom ajrrIefUESifh (urm)
ajrBuD;onf tb,fu ydk rsm;oenf;}} [k &[ef;wdkUudk rdefUawmfrl\? tSifbk&m; (urm)ajrBuD;uom
ydk rsm;yg\? vufonf;zsm;ay: jrwfpGmbk&m; wifxm;awmfrlaom ajrrIefUonf tenf;i,fomwnf;?
(urm) ajrBuD;udk axmufq vufonf;zsm;ay: jrwfpGmbk&m; wifxm;awmfrlaom ajrrIefUonf
ra&rwGufavmuf rEIdif;,SOfavmuf tpdwftydkif;odkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg[k(avQmufukef\) &[ef;wdkU
twlyif vlUb0rS pkaw vlUb0 jyefjzpfMuaom ow0gwdkUonf enf;ygukef\? pifppftm;jzifh
vlUb0rS pkaw i&JjzpfMuaom ow0gwdkUonfom ydk rsm;ukef\/ y/ wd&pmefrsdK; jzpfukefaom
115
tpodkU
ow0gwdkUonfom ydk rsm;ukef\/y/ Nydwmb0 jzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUonfom ydkrsm;ukef\/ (oH?

jref? 3? 418/)
enf;twl ewfbHk i&JbHk NydwmbHkwdkUrS pkaw vlUbHk vlvmjzpfol enf;yg; i&J wd&pmef
NydwmbHkwdkU
jzpfMuolwdkUom
rsm;vSyHkwdkUudkvnf;
r[m0*oH,kwygVd?
y*wday,smv0*f
Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ayonf/ (oH? 3? 412? 413? 44/)

vlaovljzpfjyem pmrsufESm (191? 192)wdkU OD;Ou|\ om0uBuD; ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]at;...
bmoma&;q&mawG ajymovdk vlUtjzpf vlUb0 &if;pm;jyef&zdkUawmif b,favmuf cJ,Of;oav;
b,ftusifh oDvSdrSav; b,f'ge ygrS qdk'gawGrsdK; rif;u ,Hkcsifao;ovm;uG? 'gawGu pm;vrf;yJ}}
qdkaom pum;onf bk&m;Sif a'oemawmfudk rnfrQ usL;ausmfapmfum;xm;onfudk txiftSm;
awGUjrifEdkifygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;]],awm p acg bdua0 rmwmydwa&mp oEdywdwm a[mEd? rmwm p OwkeD a[mwd?
*EaAmp ypKy|dawm a[mwd/ {0H wdPH oEdygwm *A0uEd a[mwd}} (r 1/ 332)
[laom rlvyPmoygVdawmf? r[mwPSmocF,okwf(1) rdbavmif; ESpfOD; qHkqnf;jcif;?
(2) rdcifavmif; OwkvmNyD;p jzpfjcif;?
(3) y#doaEaernfh ow0gu aS;Iwnfcdkuf uHjcif;
[l
y#doaEwnfaejcif;\
taMumif;oHk;yg;udk
jy&mygVdawmf
]*EA}
t&
udkvnf;
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif MuHaqmif vlaorS xGufvmaom Oom"mwfysuf 0ga,m"mwf[k ,lNyD;

xdk*EA"mwfu if;udk IrdwJh rdbavmif;wdkU&J aoG;eJU a&mpyfNyD; vljzpfvmonf[k a&;om;yHkrsm;onfvnf;
bk&m;SiftmabmfESifh rdk;ESifh ajravmuf uGmaeygonf bk&m;/
trSefrSm ]]*EaAmwd wwy*oawm}} (r? |? 2? 10/) [laom t|uxmESifhtnD trd0rf;wdkufodkU
uyfa&mufxdkufaom pkawcgeD; ow0gudkom *EAt& ,l&rnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ou|wdkUonf "rpMum tewvuP y#dporkyg'f-oHk;rsdK;avmufom bk&m;a[m[k
,HkMunfcsifonfqdkayrJh vlaovljzpf0g'bufodkU qGJiif &rnfxifonfh okwfwcsdKUudkrS bk&m;a[mqdkNyD;
116
tpodkU
cyfwnfwnfjzifh ckwHk;vkyfjyefygonf bk&m;? wGif oHa,m*okwfukd toHk;csxm;yHkudk Munfhawmfrlyg

bk&m;/
oHa,m*okwf bk&m;Sifuyif vlaovljzpf a[mav[ef r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuH pGyfpGJxm;ygonf
bk&m;? odkUaomf oHa,m*okwftrSefukd xifSm;odomatmif ygVdrS xkwfaqmif wifjyygrnf bk&m;/
wd bdua0 tZwH wdNEd,H reod ua&mwd wdukwH wmuyH w0d"H wdpEH
wd&H wmvuFm&H/ om ww &Zwd? wMwmbd&rwd? om ww &wm wMwmwd&wm
A[d'g yk&dodNEd,H reod ua&mwd yk&doukwH ykeHomuyH yk&do0d"H yk&dopEH yk&do&H
yk&domvuFm&H om ww &Zwd? wMwmbd&rwd/ om ww &wm wMwmbd&wm A[d'g oHa,m*H
tmucFwd? ,m oHa,m*yp,m OyZwd okcH aomreH? w tmucFwd/ waw bdua0
tbd&wm owm yk&daook oHa,m*H *wm/ {0H acg bdua0 wD wwH emwd0wwd/ (tH? 2?
441)
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU rdef;rwdkUonf rdrdoEmef rdef;raÈudk ESvHk;oGif;\? rdef;rtrlt&m? rdef;rtoGiftjyif?
rdef;r\[ef rdef;r\ tvdkqE? rdef;r\toH rdef;r\ t0wfwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\? xdkrdef;ronf
wdaÈ paom w&m;ckepfrsdK;wdkU wyfruf\? xdkckepfrsdK;aom w&m;wdkU arGUavsmf\? xdkrdef;ronf
xdkw&m;ckepfrsdK;wdkU wyfESpfoufonf arGUavsmfonf jzpf tyoEmef Sdaom yk&dodaÈudk ESvHk;oGif;\?
a,mufsm;trlt&m? a,mufsm;toGiftjyif? a,musfm;\[ef? a,mufsm;\ tvdkqE? a,mufsm;\toH?
a,mufsm;\ t0wfwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\? xdkrdef;ronf yk&dodaÈ paom w&m;ckepfrsdK;wdkU wyfruf\?
xdkckepfrsdK;aom
w&m;wdkU
arGUavsmf\?
xdkrdef;ronf
xdkw&m;ckepfrsdK;wdkU
wyfESpfoufonf
arGUavsmfonfjzpf tyoEmef(arxkefESifh) ,SOfrIudk tvdkSd\? xdkrdef;rtm; (arxkefESifh) ,SOfrI[laom

taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom
csrf;omrI
0rf;ajrmufrI
udkvnf;
tvdkSd\?
&[ef;wdkU
rdef;rtjzpf
arGUavsmfukefaom ow0gwdkUonf a,mufsm;wdkU arxkefESifh ,SOfrI odkUa&muf\? &[ef;wdkU odkUvQif

rdef;ronf rdef;r\ tjzpfudk rvGefajrmufEdkif/ (tifjref? 2? 556)
xdkUjyif trow0gonf trow0gtjzpfrS vGefajrmuf tzdkjzpfvmyHk? tzdkow0gonf
tzdkow0gtjzpfrS vGefajrmuf trjzpfoGm;yHkudkvnf; ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlygonf bk&m;/
okwfonf
a'oemtpOf
oum,'d|dESifh
a&mufonftm;avsmfpGm
b0wPSmudk
tajccHNyD;
a[mjcif;jzpfonf?
tzdktr
okwfu
jzpfwwfyHktMurf;pm;udk
tjcm;aom
okwfwdkUudk
117
tpodkU
ajczsufjcif;r[kwf?
okwf\
a[mMum;csufonf
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vlomjzpf&rnf}}
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pdwful;,OftwGuf oufaorcH? xdkaMumifh OD;Ou|tzdkU tm;udk;rSm;jcif;om jzpfayonf/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu emrnfBuD;cJhaom oD[ppfolBuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk
Mum;em& aomwmyef t&d,mtjzpfodkU a&mufNyD;aemuf bk&m;SifodkU qGrf;bkOf;ay; yifhavQmufcef;tx acg oDa[m aoemywd 'd|"arm yw"arm 0d'dw"arm y&da,m*gV"arm
wdP0dpdudapm 0d*wuxHuaxm a0om&Zy awm ty&ypa,m owKomoae b*0EH
{w'a0gp - (tH? 3? 30/)
[k
t*Fkw&edum,f?
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vmSdygonf
bk&m;?
xdkESifhtvm;wl
pum;&yfrsm;
xdkxdkygVdawmfwdkU vmSdygonf bk&m;/

txufyg 'd|"arm? yw"arm paomygVdudk OD;Ou|vdk teufay;vQifjzifh bk&m;Sifvufxufu
oD[ppfolBuD;onf omoem 2500-ausmfrS ay:vmaom OD;Ou|\ vlaovljzpfpdwful;,Ofudk
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wu,fawmh
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trSefppfppf
t|uxmtzGifhESifhtnD
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paom
yk'fwdkUonf
t&d,opmw&m;udk
PfjzifhjrifNyD;aom t&d,opm w&m;odkU Pfjzifh qdkufa&mufNyD;aom t&d,opmw&m;udk odNyD;aom

t&d,opmw&m;odkU ouf0ifNyD;aom bk&m; w&m; oHCm odumoHk;&yf ponfwdkU ,HkrSm;rIwdkUudk
vGefajrmufNyD;aom odkUavm odkUavm awG;awmrI uif;NyD;aom GHUSm;jcif;uif; &Jwif;ol\tjzpfodkU
a&mufaom
bk&m;Sifomoemawmf
rdrdrSwyg;
tjcm;oludk
tm;rudk;awmhaom
aomwmyef
t&d,m\*kPfudk azmfjyaomyk'frsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;/

ed,awmwd oarm"dy&m,aem [laom yk'fwdkUudkvnf;ed,awmwd
yXrr*ocFgawe
orwed,mare
ed,awm/
oarm"dy&m,aemwd
Ow&dr*w,ocFgawm oarm"d y&H t,eH r,SEd aom[H oarm"dy&m,aem? wH oarm" t0H

tbdorKZeaumwd tawm/ (oH? |? 2? 68/)
orwed,mr[k qdktyfaom yXrr*fonf ckepfb0rStxuf rjzpfzdkU&ef owfrSwftyfaom (0g)
ckepfb0rStxuf rjzpfjcif;oabmtm;jzifh NrJaom opmav;yg;udk odNyD;aom aomwmywdr*frS wyg;aom
txufr*foHk;yg;[laom vJavsmif;&mSdaom aomwmyefyk*dKvf [kyif zGifhjycJhygonf bk&m;/
118
tpodkU
q&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ou|onf xdkaomwmyef*kPf&nfrsm;udk ol\ vlaovljzpf0g' wyfqif crf;crf;em;em;BuD;

vkyfjyvkdufjcif;
jzpfygonf
bk&m;?
odkUaomf t"r0g'
jzpfaMumif;udkrl
ynmSdq&mawmfrsm;u
qHk;jzwfay;awmf rlMuyg bk&m;/
119
tpodkU

3/
(31)bHkudk
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;
vufrcH[l
rSm;,Gif;pGm
a&;om;a[majymrIESifh
ywfouf
0daooapm'em csufyg bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;apm'emtrSwf (3)wGif(u)
vlaoNyD;aemuf i&J wd&pmef Nydwm tol&um,f rjzpfEdkif [lvnf;aumif;? ewfESifhjA[m

rjzpfEdkif [lvnf;aumif; qdkxm;jcif;?
(c)
vlESifhwd&pmef
(2)bHkudkomvufcHjcif;
Nydwm
tol&um,f
i&JbHkwdkUudk
rsufawGUvufawGUr[kwf pdwful;,Of[k qdkxm;jcif;?

(*)
aumif;uifudkMunfhwJh
rSefajymif;BuD;rsm;jzifh
MunfhvdkufwJhtcg
ewfjynf
jA[mjynfawGqdkwm b,fa&mufukefrSef;rod[k qdkxm;jcif;?

(C)
ewf jA[m odMum;qdkwm pdwful;,Ofow0gawG[k qdkxm;jcif;?
wdkUudk wynfhawmfrsm; axmufjycJhygonf bk&m;/

a&;om; zGifhqdkcsufrsm;udk aumufcsufcsvdkufaomtcg(31)bHkudk vufrcH[k ajymvdkufjcif;yif
jzpfygonf bk&m;? ae&mwGif bk&m;a[m (31) bHkudk odomHkrQ xkwfjyygrnf bk&m;?
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;(u)
vlaoNyD;aemuf
vltjzpf
enf;yg;
i&Jwd&pmef
Nydwm
tol&um,f
tjzpfrsm;yHktaMumif;udk bk&m;ocifu t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf odkU wdwdusus a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/

ao,sxmyd bdua0 tyrwuH ro ZrK'Day tm&mr &mraP,suH 0e&mraP,suH
blrd&mraP,suH aygu&Pd&mraP,suH/ tx acg {wa'0 A[kw&H? ,'d'H OuLv 0dulvH
e'D0d'k*H cgPkuPu|meH yAw0dorH/ {0ar0H acg bdua0 tyum aw owm? a, rEkm
pkwm rEkaok ypZm,Ed/ tx acg {aw0 owm A[kw&m? a, rEkm pkwm ed&a,
ypmZm,Ed/ y / wd&pmea,med,m ypmZm,Ed/ y / aywd0doa, ypmZm,Ed/ (tH? 1? 39/)
jrefrmjyef
]]&[ef;wdkU
ZrL'dyf
arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom
t&H?
awm?
arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom ajr t&yf? arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom a&uefonf tenf;i,frQom Sd\?

pifppfaomfum; csdKifh0Srf;jrifharmufaomajr? oGm;vm ul;cufaom jrpf? opfikwfql;ajimifhSdaom t&yf?
rnDGwfaom awmifwdkUom rsm;ouJhodkU ... &[ef;wdkU twlyifvQif vlUjynfrS pkaw vljynfyif
wpfzef
jyefjzpfukefaom
ow0gwdkUonf
enf;yg;ukef\?
pifppfaomfum;
vlUjynfrSpkaw
120
tpodkU
i&JbHkjzpfukefaom /y/ wd&pmefbHk jzpfukefaom /y/ NydwmbHkjzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/}}

(tifjref? 1? 48/)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;- bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm;t& vlaovQif vljyefjzpfol enf;yg; vlaovQif i&J wd&pmef
Nydwm tyg,fbHk tjzpfrsm;aMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/
,ckwpfzef vlaoNyD;aemuf ewfjynf tjzpfenf; tyg,fbHk tjzpfrsm;aMumif; om"uudkvnf;
xkwfaqmifjyygrnf bk&m;/
{0ar0H acg bdua0 tyum aw owm? a, rEkm pkwm a'a0ok ypmZ,Ed/ tx
acg {aw0 owm A[kw&m? a, rEkm pkwm ed&a, ypmZm,Ed? wd&pmea,med,m
ypmZm,Ed? aywd0doa, ypmZm,Ed/ (tH? 1? 39/)
jrefrmjyef
]]&[ef;wdkU twlyifvQif vlUjynfrS pkaw ewfjynfwdkU jzpfMuukefaom ow0gwdkUonf
enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUjynfrS pkaw i&JbHk jzpfMuukefaom wd&pmefrsdK; jzpfMuukefaom
NydwmbHk jzpfMuukefaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\}}/ (tifjref? 1? 48/)
txufaz:jyyg bk&m;w&m;awmf (pum;awmf)t& vlaoNyD;aemuf ewf tjzpfenf; tyg,fbHk
ta&mufrsm;aMumif; oufaoom"uudk awGUEdkifygonf bk&m;? odkUawGUEdkifaomaMumifh ewfbHk
jA[mbHkESifh tyg,fbHkwdkUudk y,fjcif;onf aTwd*HkapwDudk vuf0g;apmif;ckwfNyD; zsuf&ef ud;pm;ouJhodkU
jzpfacsonf/
(c)
vlESifhwd&pmef 2-bHkudkom vufcHjcif;? Nydwm tol&um,f i&JbHkwdkUudk rsufawGU
vufawGUr[kwf? pdwful;,Of [k qdkjcif;rSmvnf; (qdkvwHUaom 0dbif;ygVdawmft&) rSm;,Gif;aom

pum;jzpfaMumif; xifSm;ygonf bk&m;/
(*)
yuwdrSefajymif;BuD;jzifh
MunfhvdkU
rjrif&wmESifh
ewfjynf
jA[mjynfawGqdkwm
b,fa&mufukefrSef;rodbl;[k qdkaom pum;rSmvnf; 31-bHkudk rSefajymif;ESifh vdkufSmaeojzifh &,fzG,f

jzpfygonf? kyf0g'orm;awGtzdkU ukodkvfuH tqifhtwef;jrifhaom ewfbHk jA[mbHkwdkUudk rSefajymif;jzifh
b,faomtcgrS awGUjrifEdkifrnf r[kwfyg bk&m;/
(C)
ewf jA[m odMum;qdkwm pdwful;,Ofow0gawG[k qdkxm;aom pum;rSmvnf;
a'0wmoH,kwf? jA[oH,kwf? ouoH,kwf ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh qefUusifbuf vkyfjcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;/
121
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;31-bHk0g'udk Ak'vufcHHkrQru atmufygtwdkif; "r[',0dbif; ygVdawmf a&wGuf

a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
umr"mwk,m OyywduaP u {um'om,wemed ygwkb0Ed/
umrm0p&meH a'0geH? yXruydumeH rEkmeH? MoyygwdumeH aywmeH? MoyygwdumeH
tok&meH? Moy ygwdumeH wd&pme*wmeH? ae&,dumeH? y&dykPm,wemeH OyywduaP
{um'om, wemed ygwkb0Ed/(y)
umr"mwk,m Oy0wduaP {awoH rmed {um'om ,wemed ygwkb0Ed/
(tbd? 2? 427/)
jrefrmjyef
umrbHk y#doaEcP tb,fyk*dKvftm; tm,we(11)yg; jzpfukefoenf;/ tm,wejynfhpHkol?
umrm0p&ewf? urmOD;olvl? OyywfNydwm? Oyywftol&um,f? Oyywfwd&pmef? i&Jom;wdkUtm;
y#doaEcP tm,we(11)yg; xifSm;jzpfukef\? umrbHky#doaEcP xdkolwdkUtm; tm,we
(11)yg;wdkU xifSm; jzpfukef\/
ygVdawmf ewfjynf 6-xyf vlUbHk tyg,fav;bHkwdkUudk wdkufdkufa[mjyxm; umr(11)bHk
SdaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;ly 16-bHk SdaMumif; taxmuftxm; om"uudk "r[',0dbif;ygVdawmfyif atmufygtwdkif;
azmfjyvdkufygonf bk&m;uwar "rm lyg0p&m a[|awm jA[avmuH y&d,EH u&dwGm Oy&dawm tueda|
a'a0 taEmu&dwGm ,H {wo tEa& {wm0p&m {w y&d,myEm ormyE 0g OyyE 0g
'd|"rokc0d[m&d 0g pdwapwodum "rm? ar "rm lyg0p&m/ (tbd? 2? 436/)
jrefrmjyef
tb,fw&m;wdkUonf
tydkif;tjcm;y
lyg0p&
txuftzdkUtm;jzifh
rnfukefoenf;/
tued|jA[mwdkUudk
atmuftzdkUtm;jzifh
twGif;y
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tMum;
jzpfukefaom
tusHK;0ifukefaom ormywf0ifpm;ol? y#doaEaeol? rsufarSmufb0 csrf;ompGm aeavhSdolrsm;\

pdwfapwodufw&m;wkdUonf lyg0p& rnfukef\/
ygVdawmf ly 16-bHkudk wdkufdkuf a[mjyxm;ygonf bk&m;/
122
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;tly
4-bHkSdaMumif;
taxmuftxm;
om"uudkvnf;
"r[',0dbif;
ygVdawmf
atmufygtwdkif; ygSdonfudk azmfjyvdkufygonf bk&m;uwar "rm tlyg0p&m a[|awm tmumomem,w Elya* a'a0 y&d,EH u&dwGm
Oy&dawm ae0onmemonm ,wElya* a'a0 taEm u&dwGm ,H {wo taEa& {wm0p&m
{w y&d,myEm ormyE 0g OyyE 0g 'd|arokc0d[m &d 0g pdwapwodum "rm? ar
"rm? tlyg0p&m/ (tbd? 2? 436/)
jrefrmjyef
tb,fw&m;wdkUonf
tmumomem,wejA[mwdkUudk
tlyg0p&
tydkif;tjcm;y
rnfukefoenf;?
atmuftzdkUtm;jzifh
txuftzdkUtm;jzifh
ae0onmemonm,we
jA[mwdkUudk twGif;y tMum; jzpfukefaom tuH;0ifukefaom ormywf0ifpm;ol? y#doaEaeol?

rsufarSmufb0 csrf;ompGmaeavh&Sdolrsm;\ pdwfapwoduf w&m;wdkUonf tlyg0p&wdkU rnfukef\/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;ygVdawmf tly 4-bHkudk wdkufdkufa[mjyxm;ygonf bk&m;? "r[',0dbif; vmSdaom

txufazmfjyyg pum;(3)&yfudk aygif;pyfvdkufaomtcg(u) umr 11-bHk?
(c) ly 16-bHk?
(*) tly 4-bHk?
tm;jzifh (31)bHk ppfppfBuD; jzpfaMumif; aumif;aumif;BuD; rSwfom;Edkifygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;'gey
ewfjynfa&mufyHk
bk&m;a[mygVdudk
"r[',0dbif;ygVdawmfrSyif
om"utjzpf
xkwfaqmifjyygrnf bk&m;/
1/
'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm OaygoxurH uwGm tayuap pmwkr[m&mZdwmeH

a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/
2/
tayuap wm0womeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/
3/
tayuap ,mrmeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/
4/
tayuap wkodwmeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/
5/
tayuap edrme&wDeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/
123
tpodkU
6/

tayuap y&edrdw0o0wDeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/ (tbd? 2? 437/)
jrefrmjyef
'geudk y? oDvudk apmifhxdef;? Oykofaqmufwnfjcif; trIudky tcsdKUaom olwdkUonf
pmwkr[m&mZfewfwdkU\ ... wm0womewfwdkU\ ... ,mrmewfwdkU\ ... wkodwmewfwdkU\ ...
edrme&wdewfwdkU\ ... y&edrdw0o0wDewfwdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/
a'oemawmft& 'gey ewfjynf 6-xyfa&mufEdkifyHkudk od&aomaMumifh ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ
pmtkyfwGif OD;aTjynfh azmfjyouJhodkU (opfajcmufyifudk a&avmif;jcif;r[kwfbJ) SifoefqJ opfyifudk
zGHUzd;pnfum;atmif yvkyfjcif;ESifh wlygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;EwfjynfSdaMumif;
om"uudk
azmfjyNyD;
i&JSdaMumif;udk
oHudpZmwfawmf
ygVdawmfrS
om"uudkvnf; xkwfjyygrnf bk&m;/

oDa0g umVokawm p? oCFmawm a'G p a&mk0g/
txmya&m r[m0Dpd? wmyaem p ywmyaem/
apaw t| ed&,m? tumwm 'k&wdurm/
tmudPm vk'uar[d? yapum aomVok'g/ (tbd? 2? 437/)
ZmwfawmfygVdawmft& i&Jqdkwm txiftSm;SdaMumif; odEdkifygNyD bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;ewfESifhi&J xifSm;Sdonfudk rSd[k qkdaom olrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? 31-bHkudk vufrcHaom
olwdkUonfvnf;aumif;
pifppf
t"r0g'Drsm;jzpf
(t"arm
ed&,H
awed)
[laom
oHudpZmwfawmfygVdawmft& rvGJraoG i&JodkU us&rnfrSm aocsmygonf bk&m;? odkUjzpf 31-bHkudk

vufrcHaom if;wdkU\ 0g'rSmvnf; bk&m;a[m a'oemrsm;ESifh qefUusifygaomaMumifh pifppf
t"r0g'rsm; jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
124
tpodkU

4/
Ak'bmom\
tajccHjzpfaom
uH-uH\
tusdK;w&m;
ouf0if,HkMunfrI
ysufpD;atmif
zsufqD;aeMujcif;ESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|wdkUonf
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifhtH0ifcGifusjzpfatmif
bk&m;a[m
]]uru0g'}}udk bk&m; ra[m[k uH-uH\tusdK;ay;w&m;udk y,fSm;vsuf trSm;rSm;t,Gif;,Gif;

a[majyma&;om; 0g'jzefUaeMuygonfbk&m;/
2/
Ak'&Sifawmfjrwfonf Oy&dyPmo ygVdawmf plVur0db*f okwfurum rmP0 owm ur'g,m'g ura,meD urAEL ury#do&Pm? urH oaw
0dbZwd ,'d'H [DeyPDwwm,/ (r? 3? 244/)

vkvif-ow0gwdkUonf uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpm Sdukef\? uH\tarGcHwdkUom jzpfukef\?
uHomvQif taMumif;&if; Sdukef\? uHomvQif taqGtrsdK; Sdukef\? uHomvQif udk;pm;axmufwnf&m
Sdukef\? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHonf ow0gwdkUudk t,kwftjrwf\ tjzpfjzifh cGJjcrf;a0zef\ [l
txiftSm; a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/
3/
ck'uedum,f wd0kwuygVd wyeD,okwfvnf;um,'kp&dwH uwGm? 0pD 'kp&dwmed p/

raem'kp&dwH uwGm?,nH a'gooOdwH/
tuwGm ukovH urH? uwGmem ukovHA[Hk/
um, ab'g 'kyanm? ed&,H aomyyZwd/ (ck? 1? 212/)
ynmrJholonf
um,'kpdkuf
0pD'kpdkuf
raem'kpdkufwdkUudk
yjcif;aMumifh
&m*paom
tjypfESifh,SOfaom tjcm;trIwdkUudk yjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? ukodkvfuHudk rybJ tukodkvfuHudkom

rsm;pGm yjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cEmudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg i&JodkU a&muf&\ [l a[mxm;ygonf
bk&m;/
4/
ck'uedum,f wd0kwuygVd-twyeD,okwfvnf;um,'kp&dwH [dwGm? 0pD'kp&dwmed p/

raem'kp&dwH [dwGm? ,nH a'gooOdwH/
tuwGm} ukovH urH? uwGme ukovH A[Hk/
um, ab'g oyanm? o*H aom OyyZwd/ (ck? 1? 213/)
ynmSdolonf um,'kpdkuf 0pD'kpdkuf raem'kpdkufwdkUudk y,fpGefUjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;?

&m*paom tjypfESifh,SOfaom tjcm;trIwdkUudk y,fpGefUjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? tukodkvfuHudk rybJ
ukodkvfuHudkom rsm;pGmyjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cEmudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg ewfjynfodkUa&muf&\ [l
125
tpodkU
ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHaMumifh ow0gwdkU t,kwftjrwfuGJjym;&yHk? vlqif;&J vlcsrf;om uGmjcm;&yHk?

tkyfqdk;
tusnf;wef
yHk[efjcm;em;yHk?
'k*wd
ok*wd
vm;&yHk
ponfwdkUudk
useydkif;jcm;
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/
5/
uHw&m;\ tusdK;ay;yHk umvtrsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; odkU a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;/

,H bdua0 avmbyuwH urH avmbZH avmbed'geH avmbork',H/ ,w
twbma0g edAwwd/ ww wH urH 0dypwd/ ,w wH urH 0dypwd? ww w ur 0dyguH

y#doHa0a'wd 'da| "ar OyyZ 0g? tya& 0g y&d,ma,/ (tH? 1? 133/)
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU ... tMuif uHudk avmbonf ytyf\? avmbaMumifh jzpf\? avmbvQif taMumif;
ed'gef;&Sd\? avmbvQif taMumif; ork',Sd\? tMuif bHk xdkuHSdol\ twabmonfjzpf\? xdkbHk
xdkuHonf tusdK;ay;\? tMuif bHk xdkuHonf tusdK;ay;\? xdkbHk0,f rsufarSmufb0aomf
vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,b0aomfvnf;aumif;? tqufqufaom b0aomfvnf;aumif; xdkuH\ tusdK;udk
cHpm;&\/ (tif jref? 1? 151/)
6/
a'oem uHonf rsufarSmufb0 tusdK;ay;aom uH? 'kwd,b0usrS tusdK;ay;aom
uH? wwd,b0rS wpfcsdefcsdefrSm tusdK;ay;zdkUuH [l uH\ obm0"mwf jcif;&mZmwfudk wyftyfxifxif

odjrifatmif a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/
7/
odkUaomf vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|wdkUonf xHk;tdk;xJEdIufaom vufonf csufcsif; jzLovdk
uw&map;ykef;xJ EdIufaomvufonf csufcsif; eufovdk ikyfoD;udk pm;vQif csufcsif; pyfovdk

Ak'\ur0g'onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;om jzpfav[ef a&;om;Muygonf bk&m;/
uH-uH\tusdK;w&m;ESifh i&JbHk ewfjA[mbHk ponfwdkUudk y,fSm;aom t,l0g'onf
,ckrSay:vmaom 0g'topftqef; r[kwfyg? bk&m;Sifvufxuf yl&Puy wdwdq&mBuD;onf

OD;Ou|uJhodkU yif uH-uH\ tusdK;udk y,fcJhygonf bk&m;/
wdwdq&mBuD;\ pum;rSm]]'gaee 'are oH,are or0aZe ewd yknH ewd ykn tm*arm}}? ]]ay;vjcif;?
aÈwdkUudk qHk;rjcif;? oDvudk apmifhaSmufjcif;? rSefaom pum;udk ajymqdkjcif;jzifh aumif;rI rSd
aumif;rI jzpfrvm}} ygwJh bk&m;/
9/
xdkUtjyif urmausmf tZdwq&mBuD;uvJ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfaeaom tZmwowfrif;ESifh
ol\ rif;csif;wdkUtm; uJhodkU acwfrDrD okawoeqefqef a0zefjyygao;onf bk&m;/

]]ewd r[m&mZ 'dEH= rif;jrwf ... ay;vaMumif;jzpfaom 'geapwem\ tusdK;onf rSd/
126
tpodkU
ewd,d|H= BuD;us,faom ylaZmfrI\tusdK; rSd/

ewd[kwH= ao;i,faom ylaZmfrI\tusdK; rSd/
ewd okuw'ku#meH urmeH zvH 0dygaum= aumif;pGm ytyfaom ukodkvfuH? raumif;ojzifh
ytyfaom tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusdK;quf tusdK;&if; rSd/
ewd rmwm= trdaus;Zl; rSd/
ewd ydwm= tzaus;Zl; rSd/
trdtzwdkU ytyfaom aumif;rI raumif;rI\tusdK; rSd
ewd owm Moy0gwdum= i&J rSd? ewf rSd? jA[mrSd?
ewd avmau orPjAm[Pm or*wm ormy#dyEm? a, r avmuH y& avmuH o,H
tbdnm opduwGm ya0a'Ed - ('D? 1? 51/)
ypKyefavmu wrvGefavmuudk udk,fwdkifxl;aomPfjzifh (tbdPfjzifh) rsufarSmufy
ajyma[mEdkifMuonfh vrf;rSefoGm; vrf;rSefusifhMuwJh orPjA[Prsm; rSd/y/
bEm tm[kwda,m= ay;v ylaZmforQ aemufqHk; jymusukefwmyJ? vwmtvum;? bkef;BuD;
pm;wmyJ/
'wKynwH ,'d'H 'geH= ,if;'geudk vlt-vlzsif;awGu ynwfMuwm jzpfw,f/
ww urH y#dAm[aEemyd 0dygaum y#dAm[dawm a[mwd? 0dyguH y#dAm[aEemyd urH
y#dAm[dwH a[mwd? wd oaAayaw twawm Ob,y#dAm[um ta[wku0g'g ap0
tud&d,0g'g p ewdu0g'g p a[mEd - ('D |? 1? 150/)
[laom t|uxmESifhtnD taMumif;uHudk y,fvQif tusdK;0dygufudk y,fNyD;jzpf tusdK;0dygufudk
y,fvQifvnf; taMumif;uHudk y,fNyD;jzpf&um; ruvda*gomv wdwdq&mBuD;ESifh wlNyD; jzpfMuygonf
bk&m;/
10/
acwfvlwdkUonf bk&m;vufxufu yl&PuyESifh tZdwauourv trnfSdaom
wdwdq&mBuD;wdkU\ t,l0g' tajymta[mESifh urmausmfqdkaom OD;Ou|wdkU\ a&;om;ajyma[mcsuf

rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvm MunfhoifhMuayonf/
11/
uH-uH\tusdK;w&m;udk
tSif0dpdwom&mbd0HorS
txuf
yd#uwfawmfESifhtnD
Sift&[H
vufcH,HkMunfygu
Sifarm*vdykwwd?
wdyd#u"&
Sifr[muy
paom
ax&fjrwfwdkU0g'udk vufcH&m a&mufygonf? uH-uH\ tusdK;udk vufrcHygu (0g) y,fygu OD;Ou|rS

pwif yk*Hacwf t&nf;BuD;rsm; bk&m;vufxuf wdwdBuD;rsm;\ 0g'udk vufcH&ma&mufygonf/
tcsKyfavQmufxm;&ygaomf uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk y,faom0g'onf qef;opfaom0g'
r[kwfbJ bk&m;vufxufu wdwdq&mBuD;rsm;u pwifoGm;aom 0g'omjzpf ax&0g' "r0de,ESifh
rnDaom t"r0g'om jzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;yg&ef avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
127
tpodkU

5/
twdwf tem*wfb0wdkUudk vHk;0ypfy,fNyD; Ak'0g'udk ypKyef0g' jzpfav[ef trsdK;rsdK;
vSnfhpm;vsuf a&;om; a[majymrIESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emyg bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;Ak'0g'onf twdwf tem*wf ypKyef umv 3-yg;ESifh ,SOf a[mawmfrlaom 0g' jzpfygonf?
kyf0g'DwdkUonf
ypKyefwpfbufjrif
0g'jzpfygonf?
Ak'0g'onf
au0v
y&dykP(jynfhpHkaom)
a'oemjzpf kyfMurf;0g'onf ty&dykP (rjynfhpHkaom) pum; jzpfygonf? Ak'w&m;awmf avmuD

avmukw&mjynfhpHk ygonf? avmukw&ma&;udk a[m&m ypKyefwnfhwnfhudkom 0dyemI&rnf[k
0dyemudk &nfG,f a[mawmfrlcsuf (oEm,bmodw) udk em;rvnf (0g) vdk&mudkuyfNyD;
0dyempum;wpf&yfjzifh useforQ Ak'a'oemtm;vHk;udk y,f&ef ud;pm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/
0dyemt&mypKyE a,m "rH? ww ww 0dywd/
toH[D&H toHukyH? wH 0d'Gg rEkjAL[a,/ (r 3? 226/)
(Oy&dyPmo ba'u &wokwf)
a,m? tMuif a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf/ ypKyEH? jzpfqJjzpfaom/ "rH p? kyfemrfESpfyg; obm0w&m;udkom
vQif/ ww ww? xdkodkUjzpfay:vmqJ cP/ 0dywd? 0dyemI\/ 0d'Gg? ynmSdaom/ aom?
xdka,m*Dyk*dKvfonf/ wH "rH? ypKyefqwfqwf y&rwfjzpfaom xdkoabmudk/ toH[D&H? wPSm,Sufodk
wGefUwdkjcif; rSd&avatmif/ toHukyH? a'gormerpGuf ysufpD;jcif; rSd&avatmif/ tEkjAL[a,?
0dyemPfjzifh yGm;ap&m\/
*gxmt& 0dyemtmHk ypKyefw&m;udkom ,l&ygonf? xdkUaMumifh olUaSUem;u *gxm
jzpfwJhtwDwH emEGm*ar,s? ey#duacF tem*wH/
,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyw tem*wH/ (r? 3? 226/)
a,m*D? a,m*Dyk*dKvfonf/ twDwH? twdwftmHkodkU/ emEGm* ar,s? tpOfrvdkuf&m/ tem*wH?
tem*wftmHkudk/ ey#duacF? rawmifhw&m/ (uom? tb,faMumifhenf;)/ ,H? tMuifw&m;onf/ twDwH?
vGefcJhavNyD/ wH? xdkw&m;onf/ y[DeH? uif;ycJhavNyD/ ,H p? tMuifw&m;onfum;/ tem*wH?
ra&mufvmao;/ wH? xdktem*wfw&m;odkU/ tywH? 0dyemPfjzifh ra&muftyf ra&mufEdkif/ wom?
xdkUaMumifhaywnf;/
pum;t& twdwftem*wfrSeforQudk y,f&rnf? vHk;0 rpOf;pm;&[k qdkvdkonfr[kwf?
0dyemIaomtcg ypKyefudkom I twdwf tem*wfudk rI&[k qdkvdkygonf? twdwf tem*wfrSd?
twdwfwGif bmrQrjzpfcJh? tem*wfrSm bmrQ jzpfrnfr[kwf[laom teuft"dyg,f vHk;0rxGufyg bk&m;/
128
tpodkU
xdkUjyif omoemawmf xifSm;aom tewvuPokwfwomwd[ bdua0 ,H udd lyH twDwmem*wypKyEH tZwH 0g A[d'g
0gMoVm&duH 0g okckrH 0g [DeH 0g yPDwH 0g ,H 'la& oEdau 0g?oAH lyH/ y /
orynm, '|AH (0d? 3? 20/) ponf/
bdua0? &[ef;wdkU/ wom? xdkUaMumifh/ udd? wpfpHkwpfckaom/ twDwm em*wypKyEH? twdwf
tem*wf ypKyef jzpfaom/ tZwH 0g? twGif;oPmef aomfvnf; jzpfaom/ A[d'g 0g?
tyoPmefaomf
vnf;jzpfaom/
MoVm&duH
0g?
Murf;wrf;onfvnf;
jzpfaom/
okckrH
0g?
El;nHhaysmhaysmif;onfaomfvnf; jzpfaom/ [DeH 0g? ,kwfnHhonfaomfvnf; jzpfaom/ yPDwH 0g?

jrwfonfaomfvnf; jzpfaom/ 'la& 0g? a0;onfaomfvnf; jzpfaom/ oEdau 0g? eD;onfaomfvnf;
jzpfaom/ ,H lyH? tMuifkyfonf/ twd? &Sd\/ oAH? tvHk;pHkaom/ wH lyH? xdkkyfudk/ y / ynm,?
ypa0uPm Pfynmjzifh/ orm? aumif;pGm/ '|AH? IrSwftyf\/
ygVdawmfrSm
twdwfESifh
tem*wfudk
ypKyefESifh
wpfajy;nD
a[mqdkxm;ygonfbk&m;?
twdwfcEm tem*wfcEm ypKyefcEm[l umvoHk;yg; aocsmpGm a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/

ae&mwGif owdcsyfzdkUvdkonfrSm OD;Ou|0g'DwdkUonf tewvuPokwfudk udufvSygonf[k
qdk\? wpfcg tewvuokwf a[maomtwdwf tem*wfudkrl y,fjyef\? ,if;wdkU\ pum;rsm;udk
rsufajcrjywf ajc&mcHvdkufvQif Zmwdkyfudk jrifEdkifMuayukef\/
onfrQru ig;yg;oDvtusdK;tjypf jyawmfrl&mrSmyif ypKyefESifh tem*wf tusdK;tjypfwdkUudk
yl;wGJ jyawmfrlcJhygonf/
om"uygVdawmfrSm" *[ywa,m 'kDavm oDv0dyaEm yrm'g"du&PH r[w abm*Zme ed*pwd?
t,H yXarm tm'Dea*g 'kDv oDv0dywd,m/ y/ yke py&H *[ywa,m 'kDavm oDv
0dyaEm um, ab'g y&H r&Pm tyg,H 'k*w
0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZwd? t,H yarm
tm'Dea0g 'kDv oDv0dywd ,m/ ('D 2? 72/) ('DCedum,f? r[m0* r[my&dedAme
okwfygVdawmf jzpfygonf/)
jrefrmjyef
OyoumwdkU avmu oDvrSdaom oDvysufaom olonf arhavsmhjcif;aMumifh rsm;pGmaom
pnf;pdrf qHk;HI;jcif;odkU a&muf\? um; oDvrSdol\ oDvysufjcif; aS;OD;pGmaom tjypfaywnf; /y/
OyoumwdkU wpfzef xdkUjyifvnf; oDvrSdaom oDvysufaomolonf cEmudk,f ysufpD;
aoNyD;onfrS aemuf raumif;aom vm;&m ysufpD; usa&muf&m i&J jzpf&\? um;
oDvrSdaomol\ oDvysuf jcif; ig;ckajrmuf tjypfaywnf;/ ('D jref 2? 84/)
129
tpodkU
odkUponfjzifh bk&m;Sifa'oemawmfonf 0dyoemI&eftwGufom ypKyefudk OD;pm;ay;

a[m\? usefaom udp&yfrsm; twdwf tem*wfudk ry,faom twdwftem*wfu kyfemrfobm0ESifh
tusdK;tjypfudkjyaom a'oemawmf jzpf\/
xdkUaMumifhtwdwfESifh tem*wfudk y,faom0g'onf Ak'"rESifh qefUusifaom t"r0g'om
jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;&ygonf bk&m;/
130
tpodkU

6/
Ak'tbd"rmudk
Ak'bmodw(bk&m;a[m)
r[kwf?
aemuftvGefusrS
om0u&[ef;rsm;
wDxGifaz:xkwf av[ef rSm;,Gif;pGm ajymqdka0zefjcif;ESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; bk&m;1/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
orm'd|dokawoe
toif;om;wdkUonf
Ak'Sifawmfjrwf
udk,fwdkifa[mawmfrlaom tbd"rmudk SifAk'aCmou oD[dkVfusrS yHkjyifuav;awGESifh wefqmqif

wDxGifcJhav[ef ajymqdka&;om; jzefUa0Muygonf/
2/
trSefrSm
Ak'oufawmfxif&Sm;
SdpOfuyif
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
tbd"rmudk
oiftHavhusufMu wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; tcsif;csif; aqG;aEG;Mu oHCmawmfrsm; pHkpHknDnD SdwJhtcg

oHCmrsm;tv,fwGif
tbd"rmqdkif&m
jyemrsm;udk
ar;Mu
ajzMuwJhtaMumif;
okwefrSma&m
0denf;yd#urSmyg awGU&ygonf/
3/
0denf;qdkif&m aS;OD;pGm avQmufyg&apbk&m;? &[ef;awmfrsm;wGif (10)0gvnf;&rS
tbd"rma&;&mvnf; qHk;roGefoifwufrS 0denf;aMumif;vnf uRrf;usifygrS omraPrsm; &[ef;i,frsm;

arG;jrLNyD; OyZm,f ay;Edkifygonf? 0denf;r[m0g ygVdawmf ,ckuJhodkU t*Fg&yfESifh pyf odkUa[m
awmfrlygonf/
y#dAavm a[mwd taE0go 0g o'd0d[m& 0g tbd"ar 0daewHk? tbd0dea, 0daewHk/
(0d 3? 93)
(aom
bduK?
xdk10-0g
&NyD;aom
&[ef;onf)
taE0go
0g?
twGif;aewynfhudk
aomfvnf;aumif;/ o'd0d[m& 0g? twlaewynfhudk aomfvnf;aumif;/ tbd"ar? tbd"rm/ 0g?

tbd"rmESifhqdkif&m kyf emrfbHk txl; cEmtxl; ponf/ 0daewHk? qHkrjcif;iSm/ y#dAavm? pGrf;Edkifonf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ tbd0dea,? ra&mr,Sufaomtm;jzifh wnfaeaom0denf;/ 0g?0denf;aMumif;qdkif&m
uHBuD; uHi,f toG,foG,f/ 0daewHk? oGefoifqHk;r enf;vrf;jyjcif;iSm/ y#dAavm? pGrf;aqmifEdkifonf/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ ponfjzifh txl;y a[mawmfrlygonf/
4/
yk*dKvfrsm;om
tbd"rmoabmw&m;rsm;onf
oif,lvdkMuygonf?
oif,l
odrfarGUeufeJ
cufcJaomaMumifh
PfeufeJwJh
oabmaygufem;vnfEdkifMuygonf?
odkUjzpf
Ak'vufxufawmfu &[ef;awmfwdkif; tbd"rm wufMuonf r[kwfyg? xdkUaMumifh wpfcsdefwGif

tSifr[marm*vmef tSifom&dykMwm tSiftEkk'g paom &[Emax&fBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl tSiftmeEmonf
a*god*FtrnfSdaom awmBuD;odkU oGm;a&mufMupOf b,fodkUb,fyHk tcsdefukefap&&if aumif;ygrnfvJ
b,fodkUaexdkifMu&if
a*god*FawmBuD;udk
wifhw,fap&ma&mufygrnfvJvdkU
ax&fBuD;rsm;udk
ar;avQmufwJhtcg tSifr[muyu "kwiftaMumif; aqG;aEG;&&if aumif;rnf/ tSiftEkk'gu
131
tpodkU
'dApuKPfESifhpyfwJh
y&durfvkyfief;qdkif&mawG
aqG;aEG;tcsdefukefap&vQif
a*god*FawmBuD;udk
wefqmqif&m wifhw,fap&m a&mufrnf ponfjzifh toD;oD; rdrdoef&mbufudk ajymMuygonf/

5/
orm"d BuD;rm;awmfrlaom tSifr[marm*vmefuawmh"m0kaom om&dykw a'G bduL tbd"ruxH uaxEd? aw tnrnH yOSH ykpEd?
tnrn yOSH yk|m 0dZEd? aem p oHoma&Ed? "rD p aeoH uxm y0wdeD a[mwd? {0laye
acg tm0kaom om&dykw bduKem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s - (r? 1? 275/)
tm0kaom om&dykw? IghSif om&dykMwm/ "? omoemawmf/ a'G bduL? &[ef; 2yg;wdkUonf/ tbd"ruxH? tbd"rmESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;udk/ uaxEd? ajyma[mMuukef\/ aw?
xdk&[ef;wdkUonf/ tnrnH? tcsif;csif;/ yOH ykpEd? jyemar;Muukef\/ yOSH yk|m? tjyeftvSef
ar;tyfukefonfSdaomf/ tnrn? tcsif;csif;tm; 0dZEd? ajzqdkMuukef\/ aem p oHoma&Ed?
pdwfqkwfepf roGm;apMuukef/ aeoH xdk&[ef;wdkU\/ "rDuxm p? w&m;pum;onfvnf;/ y0wdeD?
tMum;rvyf qufpyfum jzpfavhSdonf/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ tm0kaom om&dykw? ighSifom&dykMwm/
{0laye? odkUoabmSdaom/ bduLem? &[ef;jzifh wifhw,f apEdkif&myg\/
odkU rlvyPmo r[ma*god*Fokwf ygVdawmf ajzqdkxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/
6/
jyefvmMuNyD;
,if;tjyif tcgwpfyg; rsm;pGmaom &[ef;wdkUonf ypmbwftcg qGrf;cH&mt&yfrS

pnf;a0;nDrl&m
ajyma[maeMuygonf? xdktcg
wefaqmif;0ef;rSm
pka0;aexdkifMuum
tbd"rmw&m;pum;
aemif &[Emjzpfrnfh pdw[wd om&dykwrnfaom &[ef;wpfyg;onf
pdwfrygvS wpfaMumif;? oabmrydkifaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ud;Mum;ud;Mum; pum;0if ajymygonf?

xdktcg r[mayg|du rnfaom &[Emrax&fBuD;urm,om pdawm [wdom&dykwm ax&meH bduLeH tbd"ruxH uaxEmeH tE&E&m
uxH Moygawod? ,m0 uxm y&da,momeH tm,om pdawm tm*arwk/ (tH? 2? 344-5)
pdawm? pdw[laom bGJUtrnfxl;Sdaom/ tm,om [wd om&dykawm? tSif [wdom&dykwonf/
ax&meH bduLeH tbd"ruxH uaxEeH? ax&fBuD;&[ef;wdkU tbd"rm w&m;pum; ajyma[maeMuukefpOf/
tE&E&m?
tMum;Mum;/
rm
uxH
Moygawod?
pum;0ifpGuf
raESmuf,Sufygvifh/
,m0
uxmy&da,momeH? uxmwpf&yf vufpowf ukefqHk;onfhwdkifatmif/ tm*arwk ? qdkif;iHhygavmh/

odkU t*Fkw&edum, [wdom&dykwokwf ygVdawmf ajymqdkxm;onfudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/
oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkUbk&m;7/
oH*g,em rSwfwrf;rsm;jzpfaom plV0* yowduo*wdcEuESifh r[mo*wdcEu 2-
ckrSm wdkufdkuf tar;tajz ar;ajzyHk rygaomfvnf; okwefyd#utygt0if "k'uedum,fwGif tbd"rmudk
132
tpodkU
xnfhoGif; oH*g,em wifaMumif;rSm oDvuE0*t|uxm paom
BUDDHIST TRADITION
(ac:)
ax&0g' Ak'omoem tpOftvmrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tcdkiftcHh qdkxm;ygonf bk&m;/

8/
,HkMunfum
Ak'bmom0if r[kwfaom ygVdynmSif taemufEdkifiHom;wdkU\ pmayrsm;udk t&rf;yHk

Ak'Sifawmfjrwftm;
tbd"rmyif
rwwfav[ef
ajymqdka&;omjcif;um;
tvGef
,kwfnHhodrfzsif;&m a&mufygonf? xdkUaMumifh olwdkU\0g'onf t"r0g'om pifppfjzpfaMumif; wifoGif;

avQmufxm;&ygonf bk&m;/
133
tpodkU

7/
a&;om;rIESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;bk&m;Sif\ oAkwPfawmfonf rnfonfhom0uESifhrQrqdkifaom tomw&PPfawmf
jzpfonf? oAkw Pfawmf &awmfrlaomaMumifhom bk&m;[laom *kPfxl;udk &awmfrlcJhonf? odkU
oAkwPfawmfudk &jcif;onf yg&rDawmfudk tjynfht0 jznfhawmfrlaomaMumifhom &awmfrlcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? wjcm;taMumif;aMumifh oAkwPf &onfr[kwfay? a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmfonf
av;oacFsESifh urmwpfodef;Mumatmif yg&rDawmfw&m; tpm;pm;udk tm;yg;w& jznfhawmfrlEdkifcJhaom
aMumifhom oAkwPf &awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
xdkodkU yg&rDawmfjznfh&m toufudkyif y"merxm;? yg&rDw&m;udkom ud;pm;jznfh&onfh
y&rwyg&rDrsm;vnf;
trsm;tjym;
jznfhusifhcJhonf?
xdkUaMumifhyif
odp&mrSefu
{uEodonfh
oAkwPfxl;udk qGwfcl;&Sdawmfrljcif; jzpfygonf? MumMum todPf Smav todPf ydkjrifhav

ud;pm; todPfSmav todPf ydkjrifhav jzpf&jcif;onf obm0w&m; yifjzpfygonf bk&m;/
xdkodkU oAkwPfawmfudk&atmif yg&rDawmfrsm;udk pkaqmif;awmfrljcif;onf bk&m;[laom
*kPfxl;jzifh tcsD;usL;cH vdk r[kwfyg? oAkwPfawmfudk &vQif1/ odp&mw&m; tpm;pm;udk cGJjcm;ydkifydkif odawmfrlEdkifjcif;?
2/ a[mjypzG,f toG,foG,faom w&m;qifenf;rsdK;pHkudk odEdkifjcif;?
3/ ow0g teEwdkU\ tvdkqE tZmo, ponfwdkUudk odEdkifjcif;
[laom
oAkwPfawmf\
pGrf;tm;rsm;udk
{uef&Sdvm
ow0grsm;
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yg&rDawmfrsm;udk jznfhawmfrlcJhygonf? xdkoAkwPfawmf ESifhquf Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk qufvuf
avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/
Ak'Sifawmfbk&m;onf a'0'wftaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;BuD;odawmfrlygonf? rdrdudk aoaMumif;
MuHrnfudk vnf;aumif;? oHCmudk toif;cGJrnfudkvnf;aumif; twdtus odawmfrlygonf? odkUodygvsuf
tb,fhaMumifh a'0'wfudk &[ef;ycGifh ay;&oenf;? tajzuawmh Sif;ygonf? r[mukPmawmfocif
bk&m;Sif jzpfawmfrlaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
bk&m;Sif\ ukPmawmfonf BuD;rm;vSygonf? bk&m;Sif\ ukPmawmfESifh wk,SOfEdkifaom
ukPmw&m; avmuwGif rSdyg? xdkUaMumifh rdrdudkowfrnfh &efoludkyif &efolvdk oabmrxm;
aumif;usdK;&atmifom tusdK;aqmifawmfrlygonf? a'0'wfonf &[ef;tjzpfodkU ra&mufvnf; bk&m;ay:
jypfrSm;aom ,kwfrmrI BuD;udk {uefyrnfhol jzpfygonf? a'0'wfonf vlom;wpfa,muftaejzifhqdkvQif
134
tpodkU
omoemawmf\ tqHk;trudk &SdzdkU cufvSygonf? odkUaomf &[ef;ycGifh &onfhtwGuf a'0'wfonf

orm"domoemBuD;udk BuD;rm;pGm xlaxmifEdkifcJhygonf? ajrvQdK;rdk;ysH wefcdk;psmef &SdcJhygonf/
odkU orm"domoemudk jrifhrm;pGm xlaxmifEdkifcJhonfhtwGuf aocgeD;umv a'0'wf
owd&cJhygonf? ar;txd ajrrdcH&aomtcg toufyg yHktyfum bk&m;udk;uG,fcJhygonf? tdk;wdkUjzifh
ylaZmfcJhavonf? xdkUaMumifhyif a'0'wfonf aemufurmwpfodef;Mumaomtcg t|d& rnfaom
yapuAk'g jzpfum edAmefudk rsufarSmufy&ayvdrfhrnf/
taMumif;udk odjrifawmfrl bk&m;Sifonf a'0'wfudk &[ef;ycGifh ay;awmfrlcJhavonf?
("ry'?
|?
1?
95)
ukPmw&m;
BuD;rm;awmfrlvS
rdrdudkowfrnfholudkyif
odvsuf
&[ef;ycGifhay;awmfrlonfh bk&m;Sif\ ukPmawmfBuD;um; tHhtm;oifhpzG,f MunfdkzG,fBuD;ygwum;/

wGif rdrdudk owfrnfholrSef; twwfodvsufESifh Adrdom&rif;aomfrS odkUpdwfxm;Edkif\?
ol\q&m bk&m;Sifrlum; qdkzG,f rSdNyD/
bk&m;Sifonf ao;i,faom odumyk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fypfMuavm[l wpfxpfcs cdkif;awmfrrlcJh?
Ekwfy,fvdku Ekwfy,fMu[lom cdkif;awmfrlcJhavonf ('D? |? 2? 184)? Ekwfy,fvdku Ekwfy,fMu[laom
pum;onf ]]rEkwfy,fvdkuvnf; rEkwfy,fMuESifh}} [lvnf; t"dyg,fSdvmonf ('D? #D? 2? 185)? odkU
ESpfcGt"dyg,fSdaom pum;udk bk&m;Sif rdefUMum;awmfrljcif;onf &nfG,fcsuf (2) rsdK;Sdygonf/
(u)
wcsdKU
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
ao;i,faom
odumyk'frsm;udk
rvdkufemvdkMu?
xdk&[ef;awmfrsm;onf bk&m;Siftay: tm;rvdk tm;r& jzpfp&mSdonf? bk&m;Sifu

]]ao;i,faom
odumyk'frsm;udk
vdkufavsmpum;
oHCmu
rdefUMum;cJhaomaMumifh
y,fEkwfvdkvQif
y,fEkwfygav}}
xdk&[ef;rsm;onf
[k
bk&m;tay:
auseyfMuvdrfhrnf/
(c)
aemuftaMumif; wpfrsdK;vnf; Sdao;onf? ao;i,faomf odumyk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fvdku

Ekwfy,fMu[l bk&m;Sifu y,fEkwfEdkifonfhvrf;p ay;xm;ygvsuf bk&m;om;awmf
oHCmawmfrsm; rnfonfh odumyk'fudkrQ rEkwfry,f bk&m;SifynwforQ odumyk'frsm;udk
tao;tBuD; rcGJrjcm; av;av;pm;pm; vdkufemMuonf? toufyrm jrwfEdk;pGm
apmifhaSmufMuonf? ao;i,faom odumyk'frsm;udk y,fEkwfvdku y,fEkwfEdkifonf[k
bk&m;Sifudk,fwdkif
tcGifhyygvsuf
odumyk'fwpfyk'fwavrQ
ry,fEkwfMu?
bk&m;y&dedAmefpHNyD;aemufvnf; av;av;pm;pm; vdkufemusifhMuH Muygayonf [l

Ak'omoemESifh
pyfqdkifolrsm;u
tm;&Muvdrfhrnf?
rqdkifolrsm;uvnf;
av;pm;Muvdrfhrnf/
135
tpodkU
odkU

oAkwPfawmfjzifh
odjrifawmfrlaomaMumifhom
bk&m;Sifonf
ao;i,faom
odumyk'frsm;udk Ekwfvdkygu Ekwfygav [laompum;udk vdrmyg;eyf uRrf;usifpGm rdefUMum;awmfrlcJhjcif;

jzpfygonf/ ('D? #D? 2? 186)
rdrdudk,fwdkif usrf;pm rESHUvnf;aumif;? rlvusrf;&if; rMunfhEdkifvnf;aumif; em;rvnfjcif;udk
owdrxm;?
bk&m;Sif\
oAkwPfawmfBuD;udkom
apmfum;jcif;rSm
t"rorm;
jzpfaMumif;
oufaojyaejcif;om jzpfyg t"r0g' ay:vGifatmif qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg&ef avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
136
tpodkU

8/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ orxvrf;pOfESifh 0dyemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;NyD; oHo&mrS xGwfajrmuf&m
vrf;udk
ydwfyif[efUwm;
zsufqD;aeMuyHkESifh
ywfouf
usrf;*ef
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh
0daooapm'emyg bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ Mo0g'cH orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;onf Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\
orxvrf;pOf? 0dyemvrf;pOfrsm;udk ysufpD;atmif enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zsufqD;vsuf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;
a&;om;xkwfa0jcif;? a[majymyGJrsm; yvkyfjcif;? orx0dyem tm;xkwfMuaom yk*dKvfrsm;tm; uJh&JUjcif;?
if;wdkU\
tajccHoifwef;rsm;wGif
orx0dyemvkyfief;rsm;udk
Ak'0g'
r[kwf[k
twdtvif;
oifMum;jcif;rsm;udk avQmufxm;cJhygNyD bk&m;/

,if;odkU vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf ax&0g'ESifh qefUusifaom t"r0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;udk
wynfhawmfrsm; tudk; om"u xkwfaqmifavQmufxm; wifjyygrnf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;\ Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf ]]Aka'g a[H oa'0au}} (ck? 4/ 310/)/
oa'0au? ewfESifhwuGaom avmu/ Aka'g? bk&m;onf/ a[H? igjzpftHh/
]]oEma&H oa'0uH}} (ck? 4/ 310/) / oa'0uH? ewfESifhwuGaom avmuudk/ oEma&H?
oHo&mrS
u,fwifxkwfaqmifthH?
bk&m;jzpfvQif
jA[mewf
vl
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bHkoHk;&yf
bk&m;jzpfatmif
igusifhaqmifrnf?
oHk;bHkolwdkUudk
oHo&mrS
u,fwifxkwfaqmifrnf}}
[laom
&nfG,fcsufawmfBuD;jzifh bk&m;tjzpfodkU a&mufSdawmfrlvm&um; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmfjrwf

tm;vHk;onf oHo&mrSxGufajrmufa&;wnf;[laom 0drkwd&oodkUcsnf;om OD;wnfMuygukefonf bk&m;/
xdk 0drkwd&ownf;[laom oHo&mrS xGwfajrmufa&;onfvnf; usifhMuHtm;xkwfrISdrS &ygrnf?
xdkusifhMuH tm;xkwfrI twGufvnf; vrf;pOf Sd&ygrnf? xdkvrf;pOfudk odkU a[mMum;cJhygonf bk&m;/
{um,aem t,H bdua0 ra*g owmeH 0dok'd,m aomuy&da'0geH orwdurm,
'kua'gremeH tw*Frm, , t"d*rm, edAme opdud&d,m, ,'d'H pwma&m
owdy|mem/ ('D? 2? 213/)
bdua0? &[ef;wdkU/ ,'d'H-a, ar pwma&m owdy|mem? tMuif owdy|mefw&m;
av;yg;wdkUonf/ twd? Sdukef\/ t,H? owdy|mefav;yg;onf/ owmeH? ow0gwdkU\/ 0dok'd,m?
pifMu,fjcif;iSm/
aomuy&da'0geH?
aomuy&da'0wdkUudk/
orwdurm,?
vGefajrmufjcif;iSm/
'kua'greeH? 'kua'gre wdkU\/ tw*Frm,? csKyfNidrf;jcif;iSm/ ,? t&[wzdkvfudk/
137
tpodkU
t"d*rm,? &jcif;iSm/ edAm e? edAmefudk/ opdud&d,m,? rsufarSmufyjcif;iSm/ aum,aem ra*g?

wpfckwnf;aom vrf;aMumif;aywnf;/
]]cspfom;wdkU owdy|mefvrf;pOfonf ow0gawG pifMu,fzdkU aomuy&da'0 vGefajrmufzdkU 'ku
a'gre csKyfNidrf;zdkU t&[wzdkvf &zdkU edAmefudk rsufarSmufyzdkU wpfckwnf;aom vrf;aMumif;BuD;
jzpfonf}} odkU ponfjzifh ae&maygif;rsm;pGm a'oemaygif;rsm;pGmwdkU a[mMum;awmfrlygonf? xdk
a[mMum;awmfrlcsufwdkUonf orxvrf;pOf 0dyem vrf;pOfwdkU jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
rlvyPmoygVdawmf &x0deDwokwf atmufygtwdkif; a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;oDv0dok'd ,m0a'0 pdw0dok'wm? pdw0dok'd ,m0a'0 'd|d0dok'wm/ 'd|d0dok'd
,m0a'0 ucFg0dw&P0dok'wm/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'd ,m0a'0 r*gr*P'e0dok'wm/
r*gr*P'e0dok'd
,m0a'0
y#dy'gP'e0dok'wm/
y#dy'gP'e0dok'd
,m0a'0 P'e0dok'wm/ P'e0dok'd ,m0a'0 tEkyg'gy&dedAewm/ (r? 1? 204/)
jrefrmjyef
tusifhoDv txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf pdwform"d txl;pifMu,fHkrQ tusdK;Sd\? pdwform"d
txl;pif Mu,fjcif;onf tjrif txl;pifMu,fHkrQ tusdK;Sd\? tjrif txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf ,HkrSm;jcif;udk
vGefajrmufrI
(Pf)
txl;
pifMu,fHkrQom
tusdK;Sd\?
,HkrSm;jcif;udk
vGefajrmufrI
(Pf)
txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf r*f[kwfonf r[kwfonf (Pf) tjrif txl;pifMu,fHkrQom tusdK;Sd\?

r*f[kwfonf
r[kwfonf
Pftjrif
txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf
tusifh(tEkvHk)
Pftjrif
txl;pifMu,fHkrQom tusdK;Sd\? tusifh(tEkvHk) Pftjrif txl;pifMu,fjcif;onf r*fPftjrif

txl;pifMu,fHkrQom tusdK;Sd\? r*fPftjrif txl;pif Mu,fjcif;onf pGJ,lrI rSdaom xuf0ef;usif
Nidrf;at;HkrQom tusdK;Sd\/ (r jref? 1/ 210-1/)
0dok'dckepfcef; vrf;pOfwdkUwGif oDv0dok'donf oDvusifhpOf? pdw0dok'donf orxusifhpOf? usef
5-yg;aom
0dok'dwdkUonf
0dyemusifhpOfwdkU
jzpfMuygonf?
if;0dok'dwdkUonf
aemufqHk;
tEkyg'gy&dedAmef tusdK;jzpfaMumif; a[mMum;awmfrlygonf? onfum; bk&m;ocif rlv&nfG,fcJhaom

ow0gwdkUtm; oHo&mrS u,fwifvGwfajrmuf apaMumif; w&m;awmfwdkU jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
xdkrSwyg; pwkuedygw t*Fkw&ygVdawmf ,k*e'okwforxykA*FrH 0dyeH bma0wd (tH? 1/ 475/) / orxykA*FrH? orxaSUoGm;Sdaom/ 0dyeH?
0dyemudk/ bma0wd? yGm;\/
0dyemykA*FrH orxH bma0wd (tH? 1/ 475/) / 0dyemykA*FrH? 0dyemaSUoGm;Sdaom/
orxH? orxudk/ bma0wd? yGm;\/
orx0dyeH ,k*e'H bma0wd (tH? 1/ 475/) / orx0dyeH? orxESifh 0dyemudk/ ,k*e'H?
tpHkwGJ/ bma0wd? yGm;\/
138
tpodkU
uJhodkU Ak'omoemawmf orx0dyem yGm;&rnfh Mo0g'enf;vrf;rsm;udk a[mMum;xm;jcif;

Sdygonf bk&m;/
xdkrSwyg;vnf; ygxdu0* ygVdawmf 'okw&okwfuwar a'G "rm bma0wAm? oraxm p 0dyem p? ar a'G "rm bma0wAm/
('D 3/ 228/)
tb,fw&m;ESpfyg;wdkUudk yGm;aptyfukefygoenf;? orxw&m;udkvnf;aumif;? 0dyemw&m;udk
vnf;aumif; w&m;ESpfyg;wdkUudk yGm;aptyfygukef\[k a[mMum;xm;csuf Sdygonf bk&m;/
"rpMuma'oemawmfvm
rZry#dy'g
vrf;pOfonfvnf;
0dyemvrf;pOfw&m;wdkU
jzpfMuygonf? tewvuPokwf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom ]]aewH rr? aeaom[rod? ES araom twm}}

igh[m
r[kwf?
igr[kwf?
ighudk,fr[kwf[laom
w&m;wdkUonfvnf;
0dyemw&m;awmfwdkUom
jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
"rpMumudk
jrwfEdk;onf
tewvuPudk
txifBuD;onfqdkaom
OD;Ou|wdkU
vlpkonf
"rpMumESifh tew vuPokwfwdkUrSm ygaom 0dyemudkum; y,faeMujyefonf? xdkUaMumifh olwdkUonf

bk&m;a[mtppf "rpMum tew vuPokwfwdkUudk ajymjcif;r[kwfonfrSm xifSm;avonf/
uJhodkU Ak'yd#u ax&0g' orx0dyemwdkUonf bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwf\ y"me
&nfG,fcsufvrf;pOf oHo&mrS u,fwifa&;vrf;pOfwdkU jzpfMuygonf? tvGefta&;BuD;aom y"me
jzpfaomvrf;pOf?
orx
0dyemusifhpOfwdkUudk
Ak'0g'
ryg0if[k
ajymifajymif
wif;wif;
jiif;y,faeMujcif;aMumifh xdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf Ak'yd#u ax&0g'ESifh rnDGwfom t"r0g'rsm;

jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
139
tpodkU

9/
ouFef;0wf omoemta&cHum rodem;rvnfaomolwdkUtm; vSnfhzsm;vdrfnm q&mwpfql vkyfcJh

jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh xyfrHapm'emaom 0daooapm'emyg bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;0dea,m emr Ak'omoe tm,k 0dea, Xdaw omoeH XdwH a[mwd/ (0d? |? 1/ 11/)
]]0denf;onf omoemawmf\ touf? 0denf;wnfrS omoemwnfrnf}} jzpfaomaMumifh
&[ef;awmfwdkUonf
0denf;
odumyk'frsm;udk
ruJh&JU&?
uJh&JUygaomf
ygpdwftmywfoifhap[k
ynwfawmfrlxm;aMumif;udk ]]odum y' 0d0Pau ygpdwd,H}} [k ygpdwfygVdawmf vmSdygonf? 0denf;

ta&;BuD;aomaMumifh 0denf;udk uJh&JUvQif ygpdwftmywf ynwfxm;ygonf/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;0denf;w&m;awmfonf
tEkyg'gy&dedAmefodkU
qdkufa&mufonftxd
tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;
y&d0g&ygVdawmf Tefjyxm;awmfrlyHkudk wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyavQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/

0dea,m oH0&wm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ 0dea,m? 0denf;onf/ oH0&wm,? apmifhpnf;jcif;iSm/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ (0denf; onf apmifhpnf;zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/)
oH0a&m t0dy#dom&wm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ oH0a&m? apmifhpnf;jcif;onf/ t0dy#dom&wm,?
ESvHk;pdwf0rf; at;csrf;jcif;tvdkUiSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (apmifhpnf;jcif;onf pdwfESvHk;csrf;omrI jzpfzdkUyg
bk&m;/)
t0dy#doma&m ygrkZwm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ t0dy#doma&m? ESvHk;rom,mrI rjzpfjcif;onf/
ygrkZwm,? 0rf;om0rf;ajrmuf jzpfjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (pdwfESvHk;rom,mrI rjzpf&jcif;onf
0rf;om0rf;ajrmuf jzpfzdkUyg bk&m;/)
ygrkZH yDwwm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ ygrkZH? 0rf;om0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf/ yDwwm,? ESpfouf
Tifvef;jcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (0rf;om0rf;ajrmufjcif;onf ESpfoufTifvef;zdkUyg bk&m;/)
yDwd okcwm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ yDwd? ESpfoufTifvef;jcif;onf/ okcwm,? csrf;omjcif;iSm/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ (ESpfoufTifvef; jcif;onf csrf;omzdkUyg bk&m;/)
okcH orm"wm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ okcH? csrf;omjcif;onf/ orm"wm,? wnfMunfjcif;iSm/
a[mwd? jzpf\/ (csrf;omjcif;onf wnfMunfzdkUyg bk&m;/)
orm"d
,xmblwP'ewm,
(0d?
5/
288/)/
orm"d?
wnfMunfjcif;onf/
,xmblwP'ewm,? ,xmblwPftjriftusdK;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (wnfMunfjcif;onf

,xmblw-[kwfwdkif;rSef&mudkodwJh Pftjrif jzpfzdkUyg bk&m;/)
140
tpodkU
,xmblwP'eH edAd'wm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ ,xmblwP'eH? ,xmblw

Pftjrifonf/ edAd'wm,? oHo&m NiD;aiGUjcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (,xmblwPftjrifonf
oHo&mrSm NiD;aiGUzdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/)
edAd'g 0d&m*wm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ edAd'g? oHo&m NiD;aiGUjcif;onf/ 0d&m*wm,?
wyfjcif;uif;jcif;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (oHo&m NiD;aiGUjcif;onf wyfjcif; uif;zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/)
0d&ma*g 0drkwwm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ 0d&ma*g? wyfjcif; uif;jcif;onf/ 0drkwwm,?
vGwfajrmufjcif;iSm (0g) t& [wzdkvftvdkUiSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (wyfjcif;uif;w,fqdkwm vGwfajrmufzdkU
jzpfygonf bk&m;/)
0drkwd 0drkwdP'ewm, (0d? 5/ 288/)/ 0drkwd? vGwfajrmufjcif;(0g)t&[wzdkvfonf/
0drkwdP'ewm, ? 0drkwdPf jzpfjcif;tusdK;iSm/ a[mwd? jzpf\/ (vGwfajrmufjcif;onf
0drkwdP'e qdkwJh aypapuPmPf tjrif&zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/)
0drkwdP'eH
tEkyg'gy&dedAmewm,
(0d?
5/
288/)/
0drkwdP'eH?
0drkwdPf'eqdkwJh ypa0uPmPf tjrifonf? tEkyg'gy&dedAmewm,? tEkyg'gy&dedAmef tusdK;iSm/

a[mwd? jzpf\/ (0drkwdP 'eqdkwJh Pftjrifonf tEkyg'gy&dedAmef tusdK;zdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/)
uJhodkU
0denf;onf
tqifhqifh
tqufquftm;jzifh
tEkyg'gy&dedAmefwdkifatmif
qdkufa&mufonfh tusdK;BuD;rm;vSaom w&m;awmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/

txufyg a'oemawmfudk csKyfMunfhvQif 0denf;odum vdkufemusifhoHk;ygrS ,xmblwPf
&EdkifzdkUtaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;? vl0wfaMumifjzpfuvnf; 5-yg;oDv? 10-yg;oDv tpSdaom
vlUusifh0wf SdrS (0g) udk,fusifhw&m;SdrS tjrifrSef jrifEdkifonf[k odEdkifygonf bk&m;/
,ck 0denf;odumudk y,faom OD;Ou|wdkUonf bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& ,xmblwPf
tjrifrSefwdkUudk r&EdkifMuaMumif; xifSm;vSygonf? ]rsufpduef; wapraMumuf} [laompum;yHkuJhodkU
[kwfvdrfhEdk;Edk; qifuef;awmwdk; ajymMu a[mMu a0zefMujcif;wdkUom jzpfonf[k a'oemawmfESifh dS
odEdkifavmufMuygNyD bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;xdk0denf;w&m;awmfudk bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwf ynwfawmfrlwJhtcg tusdK;rSd taMumif;rJh
ynwfawmfrlcJhonf r[kwfyg? q,fyg;aom tusdK;w&m;eJU pyfwJh taMumif;w&m;wdkUudk tpGJy
ynwfawmfrljcif; jzpfw,fqdkwm yg&mZduPfygVdawmfawe [d bdua0 bduLeH odumy'H ynaymrd 'o tw0ao y#dp oHCok|Kwm,
oHCzmokwm, 'kruFleH yk*vmeH ed*[m, ayovmeH bduLeH zmok0d[m&m, 'd|"rdumeH
141
tpodkU
tmo0geH oH0&m, or&m,dumeH tmo0geH y#dCmwm, tyoEmeH yom'g, yoEmeH

bda,smbm0g, o'r|dwd,m 0de,mEk*[m,/ (0d? 1/ 24/)
pum;&yfwdkUudk q|oH*g,em jrefrmjyef pum;twdkif; avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;/
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU odkUjzpfvQif(1) oHCmawmf\ aumif;ygNyD[k vG,fulpGm usifhoHk;&ef?
(2) oHCmawmfrsm; csrf;omap&ef?
(3) tusifhoDv azmufzsufolwdkUudk ESdrfeif;&ef?
(4) tusifhoDvudk cspfjrwfEdk;aom &[ef;wdkUudk csrf;ompGm aeEdkif&ef?
(5) rsufarSmuf jzpfukefaom qif;&Jtxl;wdkUudk apmifhpnf;&ef?
(6) aemifjzpfvwHUukefaom qif;&Jtxl;wdkUudk y,fSm;&ef?
(7) rMunfdkao;aom olwdkUudk Munfdkap&ef?
(8) MunfdkNyD;aom olwdkUudk wdk; Munfdkap&ef?
(9) olawmfaumif;w&m; omoemoHk;&yf wnfwHh&ef?
(10) 0denf; pnf;rsOf;Oya'udk csD;ajrmuf&ef[laom tusdK; (10) yg;wdkUudk tpGJy &[ef;wdkUtm; odumyk'fudk ynwfawmfrlrnf[k rdefUawmfrl\/
(0d jref 1? 29/)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;xdkUjyif
bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwfonf
y&dedAmefanmifapmif;
avsmif;pufawmfrlpOftcgrSm
0denf;w&m;udk av;pm;zdkUudk a[mMum;cJhygonf bk&m;/

a,m a0g tmeE r,m "arm p 0dEka,m p a'odawm ynawm? aom a0g rrpa,e
owm/ (0d jref 1? 29/)
('DCedum,f r[m0*ygVdawmf? r[my&dedAmeokwf)
tmeEm iga[mMum;xm; ynwfxm;aom w&m;awmfESifh 0denf;awmfonf iguG,fvGefaomtcg
oifwdkU\ q&mbk&m;yif jzpfay\/ ('D 2? 126-7/)
uJhodkU 0denf;w&m;awmfudk av;av;pm;pm; vdkufem&ef bk&m;ocifudk,fawmfjrwfu a[mMum;
Tefjyxm;awmfrlygvsuf
0denf;w&m;awmfudk
ypfy,fIwfcs
ajymqdkaeMuaomolwdkUonf
edAmefw&m;awmfudk y,fjrpfwm;qD;&m a&mufaeonfudkvnf; odem;vnfjcif; rSdMuygukef/
142
tpodkU
xdkUjyif oH*g,emajcmufwefwif 0denf;yd#uawmf zwfy,fp&m xnfhoGif;p&m rvdktyf?

tynwH e ynmaywAH? ynwH e orkpdEdwAH? bk&m;Sif rynwfonfudk xyfrH rynwf& rxnfhoGif;&?
ynwfNyD; SdNyD; odumyk'frsm;udkvnf; rnfonfh taMumif;jycsufjzifhrQ ry,f&/
]*kuv[kauok *kau umwAH} odumyk'fESifh pyfvsOf; tav;tayghSdvQif tav;odkU
vdkuf&rnf?
uJhodkU
ynmSdaom
olawmfaumif;wdkU
vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhMuonf?
xdkUaMumifhvnf;
Ak'omoemawmf 2500-ausmftxd wnfwHhvmjcif; jzpfonf/

0denf;wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfap
tm;vHk;udkjzpfap
ypfy,f
rvdkufemaomfum;
omoemudk
toufxGufatmifvkyfjcif; jzpfaMumif; xifSm;vSay&m bmeJUrQ zHk;uG,f&rnf r[kwfygay/

odkUjzpfaomaMumifh 0denf;y,f 0denf;jzwf vkyf&yfonf omoemawmf oefUSif;wnfwHha&;twGuf
tE&m,fBuD;rm;vSygojzifh t"r0g'wHqdyf cyfEdSyfay;awmfrlMuyg&ef dkaopGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf
bk&m;/
143
tpodkU

10/
0denf;w&m;awmfudk
rypfy,fbJ
bk&m;Sif\
0denf;odum
yk'fawmfrsm;udk
toufwrQ
vdkufemusifhoHk; aexdkifMuaom &[ef;aumif; Sifaumif; oHCmawmfwdkUtm; yufyufpufpuf pGyfpGJykwfcwf

a&;omNyD; oHCmawmf udk apmfum;rI yjcif;ESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emyg bk&m;/
Ak'bmom0ifrSefvQif
bkef;BuD;yifjzpfap?
vlyifjzpfap
omoemawmf\wm0efudk
wu,fwrf; xrf;aqmifaeMuaom &[ef;aumif; Sifaumif; oHCmawmftaygif;udk uJh&JUIwfcsaompum;

rajymMum;0HhMuyg
bk&m;?
rme
a'go
tavsmuf
armufarmufrmrm
ajymrdMuygvQifvnf;
0efcsawmif;yefavh SdMuygonf bk&m;? oHCmawmfudk rapmfum;jcif;onf Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifrsm;

av;av;pm;pm;
apmifhxdef;xm;&rnfh
wm0ef0w&m;BuD;
jzpfygonf
bk&m;?
rav;rpm;
apmfum;MuvQifvnf; tjypfBuD;rm;vSaMumif; olawmfaumif;rsm;u ,HkMunfMuygonf bk&m;/

oHCmawmftm; qJa&;apmfum;rd Nydwm jzpf&Smaom ausmif;'g,umwpfa,mufudk
tSifr[marm*vmef &[EmtSifjrwfu jrifawGU& ar;aomtcg Nydwmu jyefvnfajzMum;yHkudk

ayw0wK ygVdawmf atmufygtwdkif; ygSdygonf bk&m;/
wm[H 0peH okwGm? bdua0g y&dbmodoH/
w ur0dygaue? aywavmuH awm *awm/ (ck? 2? 213/)
tSifbk&m;-wynfhawmf udk;uG,fxm;aom xdkq&mawmfBuD;\pum;udk Mum;& olawmfaumif;
&[ef;awmfwdkUudk wynfhawmf qJcJhrdygonf/ xdkqJcJhaom uH\ tusdK;tm;jzifh wynfhawmfonf
Nydwmb0odkU a&mufcJh&ygonf bk&m;/
pum;onf oHCmudk apmfum;ojzifh Nydwmb0odkU a&muf&Smaom ausmif;'g,uma[mif;
Nydwm\pum; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;3/
bk&m;Sif\ omoemawmfudk ,kwfavsmhapatmif yvkyfojzifh A[kokwSif &[ef;BuD;ESifh
todkif;t0dkif;rsm; t0Dpd vm;MuyHkrsm;vnf; usrf;pmrsm; ygSdygonf bk&m;/

aomyd uydavm {0H wH omoeH MooumaywGm umvH uawm t0Dpdr[med&a, edAwd?
omyd rmwm p b*deD p wa0 'd|mEk*w tmyZd[Gm ayoav bduL taumormem
y&dbmormem umvH uwGm ed&a, edAwok/ (okwedygw |? 2? 43/)
144
tpodkU
A[kokwBuD;rm; o'gw&m;rSdaom xdkuydv &[ef;BuD;onfvnf; ("r[l vnf;rSd?

0denf;[lvnf;rSd
ponfjzifh)
odkUajymqdkum
uyjrwfpGmbk&m;\
xdkomoemawmfudk
qkwf,kwfapaomaMumifh uG,fvGefavaomf r[mt0Dpdi&J jzpfcJh&NyD? xdkuydv&[ef;qdk;\ r,fawmfESifh

ESrwdkUonfvnf; xdkuydv&[ef;qdk;\ 'd|mEk*wdodkUvdkufum oDvjrwfEdk;Muaom &[ef;aumif;wdkUudk
qJMuarmif;rJMuaomaMumifh aoaomf i&J jzpfcJhMuNyD/
usrf;pmt&
A[kokwBuD;aomfvnf;
vrf;rSm;vdkufu
aemufvdkufrsm;ygi&Jvm;&yHkudk
owdyp&m jzpfygonfbk&m;/
oHCmawmfrsm;udk pGyfpGJuJh&JUvQif b0oHo&mtjzmjzm ab;'kursm;pGm uHvmrnfhta&;udk
olawmfaumif;rsm;onf awG;qaMumufvefUMuygonf bk&m;? o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVdawmf ygSdaoma,m edEd,H yoHowd? wH 0g edEwd a,m yoHoda,m/
0dpdemwd rkace aom uv? uvdem awe okcH e 0dEwd/ (oH? 1? 154/)
uJh&JUxdkufoludk csD;rGrf;olESifh csD;rGrf;xdkufoludk uJh&JUolonf yg;pyfjzifh tjypfudk qnf;yl;SmazG\?
xdktjypfaMumifh
csrf;omudk
r&Edkif[laom
a'oemt&
"rvrf;aMumif;
ajzmifhatmif
txl;owdxm;Mu&ygonf? olawmfaumif;wdkUonf oHCmqdkvQif ykxkZOfoHCmudkyif rpGyfpGJvdkMuyg/

t&d,moHCmudk pGyfpGJzdkUta&;rSm a0;vSygonf/ ynmt&m {w'*f&awmfrlaom vuf,mawmf&H &[Em
tSifom&dykMwmESifh 0denf;t&m {w'*f&awmfrlaom &[EmtSifOygvd wdkUvdk olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;
tay:um; EIwfjzifh xkwfazmfpGyfpGJ&ef rqdkxm;bd pdwfjzifh rjypfrSm;&JMuyg bk&m;/
5/
a,m aom bdua0 bduK taumouy&dbmoaum t&d,ly0g'D ojA[pm&DeH?
w y tm'De0g yg#ducFg? uwar y? yg&mZdaum 0g a[mwd qdEy&dAaEm? tnw&H 0g

oHudvd|H tmyw tmyZwd? AmVH 0g a&m*gwu zkowd? orLaVm umvH ua&mwd? um,
ab'g y&H r&Pm tyg,H 'k*w 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZbd? a,m aom bdua0 bduK taumouy&d bmoaum t&d,ly0g'D ojA[pm&DeH? w ar y tm'De0g yg#ducFg/ (tH 2? 220/)
&[ef;wdkU
oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkUudk
qJa&;wwf
a&GwfBudrf;armif;wwf
t&d,myk*dKvfwdkUtm;
pGyfpGJwwf aom &[ef;onf tjypfig;rsdK;wdkUudk rcRwf&vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyfukef\/

tb,fig;rsdK;wdkUenf;[lrl(1) avmukw&mw&m; jywf avmukw&mw&m;rS qHk;IH;\?
(2) npfEGrf;aom tmywfwpfrsdK;rsdK;odkUrlvnf; a&mufMu\?
(3) jyif;xefaom a&m*godkUrlvnf; a&muf\?
(4) awGa0vsuf ao&\?
145
tpodkU

(5) cEmudk,f ysufpD; aoNyD;onfrS aemuf csrf;omuif;aom raumif;aomvm;&m
ysufpD; usa&muf&m jzpfaom i&JodkU a&muf\/
&[ef;wdkU oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkYudk qJa&;wwf? a&Gwf Budrf;armif;wwf? t&d,myk*dKvfwdkUtm;

pGyfpGJwwfaom&[ef;onf tjypfig;rsdK;wdkUudk rcRwf &vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhtyf\/ (tif jref 2? 227/)
q&mawmftSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;6/
t&d,mudk jypfrSm;vQif avmukw&mw&m;xl;rS qHk;IH;jcif; paom tjypfig;rsdK;
uH&onfudk olawmfaumif;rSeforQ b,folrS rvdkvm;Muyg? uHvnf; ruHvdkMuyg? bk&m;udkvnf;

r,HkMunfMuaom
t"rorm;rsm;taetm;jzifhum;
t&d,moHCmudk
apmfum;&Jjcif;udkyif
*kPfxl;BuD;wpfck[k xifcsif xifMuyg vdrfhrnf bk&m;? xdkUaMumifhyif t&d,moHCmudkyg apmfum;Mujcif;

jzpfygonf bk&m;/
oufawmfxifSm; bk&m;Sif\wynfh &[EmBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom tSifom&dykw&mESifh
tSifOygvdwdkY
"rtajccHoabmxm;
0denf;tajccH
oabmxm;
uGJjym;Muav[ef
orm'd|d
okaowe0g'DwdkU a&;om;Mujcif;rSm &[EmtSifjrwfBuD;rsm;udk apmfum;jcif;oufouf jzpfygonf bk&m;?

bk&m;w&m;awmf rSefvQif "rt&m jzpfap? 0denf;t&m jzpfap? &[EmrSeforQ pdwfwloabmwl
t,loDv
wlrQMuygonf
bk&m;?
,HkrSm;
oHo,
rSdMuyg
bk&m;?
uJhodkU
&[Em
tSifjrwfBuD;rsm;ESifhwuG oHCmawmfrSeforQudk Iwfcsapmfum; jcif;onf "rvrf; vdkufvdk Muolrsm;

rvkyf&Jaom tvkyfjzpfygonf? omoemawmfwpf&yfvHk;udk apmfum;aom olwdkU\ oHCmapmfum;jcif;onf
t"rorm;wdkY\ t"rvkyf&yfom jzpfygojzifh t"r0g'tjzpf pdppf qHk;jzwf ay;awmfrlMuyg&ef
wynfhawmfrsm;u avQmufxm;Muygonf bk&m;/
146
tpodkU

11/
y&dwf[k ac:qdkaom bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk rGwf aumif;[kqdkNyD; y&dwfGwfrIudk qefUusif
Ak'bmom q&mpOfquf vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emyg

bk&m;/
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;yxrapm'emvTmwGif bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;udk rGwfaumif;[kqdkNyD; y&dwfGwfrIudk qefUusif
Ak'bmom q&mpOfquf vdkufemusifhoHk;cJhaom vrf;pOfudk zsufqD;aejcif;tay: t"r0g' jzpfaMumif;
avQmufxm;cJhygonf?
xdk
avQmufxm;csufudk
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ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfrsm;
taxmuftxm;jzifh ,ck xyfrH wifjy avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;onf apm'emrIudk y&mwGif apm'emESpf&yfvHk; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|0g'
vufopfaTtbd"rm0g'SifwdkU\
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jzpfygonf bk&m;/
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apm'emvTmwGifyg0ifaom if;wdkU y&dwfrGwfqdkaom apm'emrIrSm r[kwfaMumif; jiif;qdkoGm;ygonf
bk&m;/
147
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wynfhawmfrsm;onf atmufyg ocifjrwfqdkif\ ay;pmt& apm'em&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;?

ocifjrwfqdkif\ay;pmudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; em;qifawmfrlMuyg bk&m;/
odkU
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU?
urmat;ukef;ajr? &efukef/
aeUpGJ? 2-1-81/
dkaoav;jrwfpGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf tSifoljrwfrsm; bk&m;wynfhawmfonf 1-1-81 aeYu awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm&odkU acw a&mufoGm;ygonf bk&m;?
xdktcg
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oDwif;oHk;
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atmufyg
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if;wdkUrSm(1) *dkPf;*P0g'pGJ rxm;Muyg?
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(3) a&pufcs yk*dKvfa&; tydkif,ljcif;rsdK; ryMuyg?
(4) y&dwf rGwfMuyg?
(5) wPSm'd|dESifh ,SOfaom qkawmif; qkay;rI rvkyfMuyg?
(6) twdwf tem*wfqdkif&m ur0g'udk a&SmifMuOfMuygonf/
ocifjrwfqdkif
trSwf-4? pdefcs,fvrf;?usduqH&yf
aT*Hkwdkifpmwdkuf? &efukef/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm;onf
pk'dwu
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csifhcsdefEdkif&ef
ewfrSDudk,fawmfrsm;
y&dwfrGwfMuygqdkaom taxmuftxm;udk wifjyavQmufxm;&ygonf bk&m;/

udpESifh pyfvsOf; OD;qEm"duonf y&dwfGwf a&pufcs ponfvkyfygu ocifjrwfqdkifu
r[kwfrrSef a&;om;jcif;om jzpfygonf bk&m;? OD;qEm"duESifh ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU tjyifrSm Sif;Mu&efom
&Sdygonf bk&m;/
pk'dwu OD;qEm"duudk,fwdkif yxrapm'emvTm wifoGif;pOfu Hk;awmfaSUwGif if;wdkU
y&dwfGwfMuaMumif;
0efcHajymqdkjcif;udk
wynfhawmfrsm;u
0rf;ajrmufEkarmf
om"kac:ygaMumif;
avQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
148
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; q&mpOfquf oif,lcJh&onfrSm y&dwfBuD;(11)okwfom jzpfygonf bk&m;?

y&dwfawmfrsm; bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfrsm; ygygonf bk&m;? vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|url if;a[maom
wdwfacGwGif y&dwfBuD;rsm;udk r,HkrMunf ypfy,f ykwfcwfxm;ygonf bk&m;? r,HkMunfHkrQru y&dwfBuD;
(12)okwf [lvnf; aumif; t&nf;BuD;vufusef[l vnf;aumif; tremy ajyma[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;vlwdkif;\ udk,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rmrIonf ya,m* Owk tm[m& pdw ur [laom
tajccHtaMumif;rsm;ay:wGif wnfSdaeygonf bk&m;/
txufazmfjyyg
tajccHtaMumif;w&m;rsm;
rnDrQ
obm0vrf;aMumif;
azmufjyefvsuf
a0'emwpfck jzpfay:vmaom Ak'bmom &[ef;SifvlwdkUonf acwfrD aq;q&m0efESifh aq;rsm;udk

rSD0JMuonfhenf;wl y&dwfcsnf y&dwfa& paom pdwfyjyifenf; uHjrifhwifenf; emrf aq;wdkUjzifhvnf;
,xmblw obm0usus ukpm;vsuf SdMuygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifudk,fawmfwdkif EIwfawmfwGwfwGwf Gwf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom edum,fig;&yf
yd#uoHk;oG,f
ygVdawmfrsm;rS
tSnfudk
ajrmfjrifawmfrlMuaom
aS;acwf
omoemawmfapmifh
rax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf xdky&dwfawmfrsm;udk waygif;wnf pkaygif; xkwfEkwf y&dwfBuD;[laom trnfjzifh

oD;jcm; usrf;wpfapmiftjzpf pDpOfxm;cJhMuygonf bk&m;/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh orm'd|dokawoe paom taygif;ygwdkUonf y&dwfawmfrsm;udk r,HkMunf
ykwfcwfqJa&;
xm;aomfvnf;
bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfwdkif
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
cGifhycJhaMumif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
&[ef;wdkUtm;
ygVdtaxmuftxm;rsm; Sdygonf bk&m;/

'DCedum,f
ygxdu0*f
tm#mem#d,okwfygVdawmf
atmufygtwdkif; tm#mem#d, t&Htwm;udk oif,lavhvm aqmifxm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;awmfrlxm;onfudk

awGU&ygonf bk&m;/
O*PSmx bdua0 tm#mem#d,H &uH y&d,mykPmx bdua0 tm#mem#d,H &uH? "ma&x
bdua0 tm#mem#d,H &uH? twoH[dwm bdua0 tm#mem#d,m &um bduLeH bduLeDeH
OygoumeH OygodumeH *kwd,m &um, t0d[om, zmok0d[m&m,mwd/ ('D? 3? 174/)
149
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU
tm#mem#d,rnfaom
y&dwft&Htwm;udk
oif,lMuukefavmh?
&[ef;wdkU
tm#mem#d,rnfaomy&dwf\ t&Htwm;udk tzefzef avhvmMuukefavmh? &[ef;wdkU tm#mem#d,rnfaom

y&dwft&Htwm;udk
aqmifMuukefavmh?
&[ef;wdkU
tm#mem#d,rnfaom
y&dwft&Htwm;onf
tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifhpyf\? tm#mem#d, rnfaom y&dwft&Htwm;onf &[ef;a,mufsm; &[ef;rdef;r

Oygouma,mufsm;
Oygodumrdef;rwdkU\
tumtuG,f
tapmifhta&Smuf
jzpfjcif;iSm
rqif;&Jryifyef;jcif;iSm csrf;ompGm ae&jcif;iSm jzpf\/ ('D? jref-3? 194/)

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;0denf;yd#u
ygpdwfygVdawmf
bduKeD0dbif;
wd&pmeuxm
odumyk'f
ESpfck\
temywd0g&wdkUvnf;temywd *kwwm,? y&dwH y&d,mykPmwd/

temywd *kwwm,? y&dwH 0gapwd/ (0d? 2? 402-403/)
[k ab;&efrS vHkcHa&;twGuf y&dwfudk oif,lydkUcsaom &[ef;rdefrtm; tmywfrS uif;vGwfcGifhay;aom
ynwfcsufudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;/
odumyk'f cGifhytyfaom y&dwf[lonfy&dwEd ,uy&wem*r@vm'dab'H oArd 0wd - (0d |? 3? 215/)
[laom t|uxmESifh tnD wapo&JEkdifrEef? ajrGEdkifrEef ponfwkdU jzpfygonf bk&m;/ bk&m;a[m
r[kwfaom rEefrsKd;udkyif oif,lcGifh ydkUcscGifh yawmfrlonfqkdvQif bk&m;a[mjzpfonfh y&dwfwkdUudkrlum;
txl;qdkzG,frSd cGifhyjyD;yif jzpfygawmhonf bk&m;/ xkdUtjyif &[ef;rdef;rwkdUtm; cGifhyonf qkdxm;ojzihf
&[ef;a,mufsm;ESifhwuG vl'um? 'umrwkdUtm;vnf; cGifhyjyD;yif jzpfygawmhonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;NrwfpGmbk&m;
bmoma&;vkyfief;wpf&yf
y&dedAmefpHvGefawmf
jzpfcJhygonf
rljyD;aemufvnf;
bk&m;/
t|uxmq&m
y&dwfonf
ta&;MuD;aom
tSifr[mAk'aCmorax&f
ay:xGef;csdefjzpfonfh omoemESpf udk;&mausmf wpfaxmifcefUvnf; y&dwfGwfzwfrIudk Ak'bmom0ifwkdU

vkdufemusifhoHk;cJhMuaMumif; od&ygonf bk&m;/
yg&mZduPf t|uxm ('k? 67) vnf; vlwkdUtwGuf y&dwfGwfay;rIESifh ywfouf
&[ef;awmfwkdU vdkufemp&mrsm;udk jyqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/ if;onfvnf; xkdtcgu vlwkdUonf rdrdwdkU
ta&;udp ay:aygufvmaomtcg &[ef;awmfwkdUudk yifh y&dwfw&m; em,lavhSdyHk taxmuftxm;wpf&yf
jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xkdusrf;yif y&dwfa&? y&dwfcsnf taMumif;rsm;udkyg wygwnf; jyqdkxm;ojzifh
150
tpodkU
y&dwfa&? y&dwfcsnfwkdUudk ab;&efwm;qD;a&;twGuf ,HkMunfpGm toHk;yjcif;onfvnf; xkdtcgu

tom;usvsufSdaom bmoma&;vkyfief; wpfckjzpfaMumif; odEkdifygonf bk&m;/
jrefrmEkdifiHvnf; yk*HacwfOD;ydkif;uyif y&dwfGwfzwfrI &SdcJhaMumif; ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm;
t& od&Sd&ygonf bk&m;/ usefppfom;rif;MuD;onf eef;awmfaqmufvkyfaomtcg tSift&[H tr;Sdaom
&[ef;awmf (4108) yg;wkdUudk y&dwfr*Fvm GwfapcJhonf[k usefppfom;rif;w&m;MuD;\ eef;awmf
rGefausmufpm jrefrmjyef pmrsufESm (47-48) wGif awGUSd&ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;y&dwfawmfrsm;onf
twefwefaom
ab;&eftE&m,frsm;udk
umuG,fwm;qD;Edkifonf[k
qkdaomfvnf; y&dwfGwfzwfem,lenf;rusygu tusKd;&rnf r[kwfygbk&m;/ y&dwfGwfzwf em,lenf;

usap&ef y&dwfGwfolwkdU jynhfpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;ESifh y&dwfem,lolwkdU jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;udk
odxm;&ygrnf bk&m;/
'DCedum,f
ygxdu0*f
t|uxm
tm#mem#d,okwf
pmrsufESm
149
vmaom
y&dwfGwfolwkdUjynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;rSm (1) teufo'gwkdUudk okwfoif aumif;pGm oif,lxm;jcif;?

(2) yk'fAsnf;wkdUudk r,kwfap&? jynfhpHkatmif avhvmusufrSwfxm;jcif;?
(3) vmbfvmbudk riJh? ArwmaSUxm; Gwfqdkjcif;?
wdkU jzpfygonf bk&m;/
rdvdEyOm (155) vmaom y&dwfemolwkdU jynfhpHk&rnfh t*Fg (3) yg;rSm
(1) yOmeE&d,uH rSdjcif;?
(2) edw,rdpm'd|d r[kwfjcif;?
(3) y&dwfwefcdk;ukd ,HkMunfjcif;?
wkdU jzpfygonf bk&m;/
pum;t& owdy&ef wpfcsufrSm rdrdwdkUudk,fwdkifu Ak'"r t,lrSefrS? wdrf;,drf;aeolrsm;
jzpfygu y&dwftmedoif y&dwftusKd; r&Ekdifygbk&m;/ xkdUaMumifhyif OD;Ou|wkdUu rdrdwkdUrcHpm;Edkifonfh
t&omjzpf ]ajracG;u opfyifay:u oyspfoD;csOfonf} [k ajymaom yHkjyifuJhokdU y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
y,favoavm pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU bk&m;wynfhawmfrsm; avQmufxm;cJhonfh y&dwfawmfrsm;onf bk&m;udk,fawmfwkdifa[m Ak'bmodw
jzpfjcif; q&mpOfquf vdkufemusifhoHk;tyfonfh Ak'bmom0if &[ef; Sif vlwkdU\ wefzdk;rjzwfEkdifonfh
151
tpodkU
bmoma&;tarG? ,Ofaus;rI tarGMuD;wpfck jzpfjcif;? y&dwfawmfrsm;udk Gwfol? emol ESpfOD;ESpfzuf

t*FgpHkpHkjzifh Gwfzwfo&Z,f em,lu ypKyef oHo&m ESpfjzmtusKd; yGm;wkd;aMumif; jzpfjcif;wkdUudk ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmf
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh
avQmufxm;wifjyjyD;
jzpfygonf/
xkda'oemawmfrsm;t&
y&dwfawmfrsm;ESifh y&dwfGwfzwf o&Z,fawmfrlMuaom oHCmawmfrsm;? y&dwfemol Ak'bmom0ifrsm;

tay:
ykwfcwfpGyfpGJ
ajymqkdrIrsm;onf
t"r0g'rsm;om
jzpfaMumif;?
xdkt"r0g'udk
a&;om;a[majymaeMuolrsm;onfvnf; t"r0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; 0dedp, yay;awmfrlMuyg&ef

152
tpodkU

0daoo apm'em trSwf (12)
12/
yxrapm'emvTmwGif yg0ifaom trSwf (12) apm'em (ouFef;ESifh 0wfxnf? qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;)
udpudk ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm om"uwdkUjzifh xyfrHavQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
xkdtrSwf (12) apm'emvTmwGif Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU txGwftjrwfxm;
qnf;uyfudk;uG,f&m jzpfaom "gwfawmf? arGawmf? apwDykxdk;? kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk ylaZmforI y&m

Ak'bmom0ifrsm;
o'gw&m;ysufjym;atmif
rawmfrw&m;
a&;om;
ajyma[mjcif;rsm;udk
apm'emxm;cJhygonf bk&m;/
2/
rawmfrw&m; a&;om;xm;csufrsm;teuf(u) ouFef;ESifh vlwdkU\ t0wfykqdk; bmrQrxl;jcm;? twlwl[k qdkxm;jcif;?

(c) bk&m;Sif\ qHawmfESifh jrif;jrD;? jrif;jrD;u ydktoHk;0ifonf[k qkdxm;jcif;?
(*) "mwfawmf? arGawmf tpSdonfwkdUudk trIdufodkufrsm;[k qkdxm;jcif;?
wkdUonf t&[w'ZouFef;ESifh "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfwdkUudk r,HkrMunf ypfy,f tremy a&;xm;jcif;

jzpfygonf bk&m;/
3/
orm'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'gp&d,MuD;jzpfaom OD;Ou|onf toHk;0ifrIESifh
wefzdk;SdrIudk cGJjcm;rodEkdifSmaomol jzpfygonf/ kyfrsufvHk;onf toHk;0ifrIudkom MunfhwwfjyD;

emrfrsufvHk;u wefzdk;udk odwwfygonf bk&m;/ olUrSm kyfrsufvHk;om Sdygonf bk&m;/ Oyrm-wefzkd;ukd
odyfrodaom awmom;wpfa,muftm; pdefwpfyGifhESifh ykqdk;wpfxnfudk b,f[m,lrvJ ar;vQif ykqkd;udkyJ
,lygvdrhfrnf bk&m;/
odkUjzpfwefzdk;udk rodolyDyD Ak'bmom0ifwkdUu wefzdk;xm;aom t&[w'ZouFef;ESifh qHawmf
ponfwdkUudk ykwfcwfa0zefrdjcif; jzpfSmygonf bk&m;/
ouFef;ESifh 0wfaMumif uGmjcm;yHk

4/
,if;odkU ykwfcwfxm;csufrsm;onf atmufyg ax&0g'yd#u? a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh
vHk;0qefUusif t"r0g'rsm;om jzpfonfhtjyif if;t"r0g'udk xlaxmifcJhaom OD;Ou|ESifhwuG

taygif;tygrsm;onf t"r0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; apm'emtyfygonf bk&m;/
5/
ouFef;ESifh vlwkdU\ t0wfykqdk;\ jcm;em;yHkudk ax&my'gef ygVdawmf atmufygtwkdif;
a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;/
yaE 'doGme umom0H? qdwH "dVrudwH/
od&o tOdv uwGm? *EdwAH od'ZH/ (ck? 3? 52/)
153
tpodkU
t&[w'Z ac: &[ef;omraPwkdU\ ouFef;udk vrf;udvrf;Mum; rpifrsm; tvdrf;vdrf;

uyfjidaeaomfvnf; vlwkdUSdcdk;ylaZmftyf\/ yg&mZduPf t|uxmyAZdw y&dabm*g [d tm*g&dumeH apwd,Vmeda,m (0d |? 2? 67/)
[k zGifhqkd\/ rSef\/ &[ef;wkdU toHk;taqmifjzpfaom ouFef;ponfonf? vlyk*dKvfwdkUtm; apwDxdkuf\/
wGif pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;tm; ar;vdkonfrSm jynfaxmifpk qkdS,fvpforw jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
tvHudk vufESD;pkwfuJhodkU toHk;yxdkufygoavm? jycJhygoavm[k ar;vdkygonf/
6/
uRefoabmuf
wynfhawmfrsm;\ jrefrmEdkifiHudk ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJU vufatmuf

jzpfae&onfhb0rS
wkdif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmif
ud;yrf;aqmifGufoGm;Muaom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; paom tmZmenfacgif;aqmifMuD;rsm; Sdygonf bk&m;/ xkdtmZmenfMuD;rsm;\

wkdif;jynfhtay: yay;zl;aom aus;Zl;w&m;udk axmufxm;*kPfyonfhtaejzifh jynfolvlxku tjrJwef;
trSwfw&Sdap&ef kyfxkMuD;rsm;? "mwfyHk yef;csDum; ponfrsm; xkvkyfa&;qGJ rSwfwrf;wifum aus;Zl;qyf
*kPfyvsuf SdMuygonf bk&m;/
7/
xdkenf;yrmru qHawmf"mwfjrwfocif oHk;vlUSifonf oHk;avmuom;rsm; tkd em ao
0#f'kuab;qkd;rS u,fwifawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;? ,ckvnf; jrwfAk'\ enf;rSef pepfrSefwkdUjzifh

u,fwifaeqJ jzpfygonfbk&m;/ aemifudkvnf; jrwfAk'omoem ruG,frcsif; u,fwifaeOD;rnf
jzpfygonf
bk&m;/
odkUaom
rEIdif;,SOftyf
aus;Zl;awmf
*kPfawmf
teEtaygif;udk
atmufarh,HkMunfrIjzifh qHawmf "mwfawmf arGawmf ponfwkdUukd jrwfEkd;orI dkaoorI udk;uG,forI

yaeMu&ygonf bk&m;/
8/
qHawmf "mwfawmf arGawmf ponfwkdUukd bk&m;Sif\ ukd,fyGm;awmftjzpf dkaojrwfEdk;
Sdckd;ylaZmfMuukefaom
ow0gwkdUonf
"mwfawmf
arGawmfESifh
apwDkyfyGm;awmfrsm;udk
ylaZmf&m
oufawmfxifSm; bk&m;uJhodkU pdwfxm;EkdifvQif tusKd;w&m; twlwl&Edkifonf/ pdwfxm;rIomvQif

vkd&if;y"mejzpfonf[k atmufygtwkdif; bk&m;Sifa[m a[mMum;xm;cJhygonf bk&m;/
a,m ap ylaZ,? orK'H? wd|EH avmuem,uH/
"mwHk omoyrwrd? edAKwmyd ykZa,/
oar pdwyom'rSd? orH yknH r[*wH/
wom xkyH u&dwGme? ykaZ[d Zde"mwka,m/ (ck 3? 168/)
wd|aE edAKaw pmyd? oar pdaw orH zvH/
apawmyPd"da[wk [d? owm *pEd ok*w/ (ck 2? 66/)
154
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
vloHk;yg;wkdU\
tMuD;tr;
em,ujzpfawmfrlaom
oufawmfxifSm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
ylaZmfouJhokdU y&dedAmef pHvGefawmf rljyD;aom bk&m;Sif\ rkefnif;aphrQavmufaom "mwfawmfudkvnf;

ylaZmfav/
Munfdkaomfpdwf ,dkzdwfwlnDvQif aumif;rIukokdvfvnf; wlrQonf/ xdkUaMumifh apwDykxdk;
yvkyf bk&m;"mwfawmfrsm;udk ylaZmfav/
oufawmfxifSm; bk&m;jzpfap? y&dedAmef pHvGefawmfrlaom bk&m;jzpfap? pdwfxm;rI wlrQvQif
tusKd;&vm'fvnf; wlrQayonf/ rSef\/ pdwf\ awmifhwarQmfvifhcsuf t&omvQif ow0gwkdUonf
ok*wdbHkodkY a&mufMu&jrJ jzpfayownf;/
9/
pMu0aw;rif;?
apwDykxdk; wnfxm;udk;uG,fxdkufaom bk&m;jrwfpGm? yapuAk'g? bk&m;wynfhom0u?

av;yg;wkdUudk
xlyg&[
xkdufonfukdvnf;
bk&m;jrwfpGm
atmufygtwkdif;
rdefUawmfrlygonf bk&m;/
pwma&mar tmeE xlyg&[m/ uwar pwma&m/ wxm*awm t&[H ormorKa'g
xlyg&a[m? yapuAk'g orKa'g xlyg&a[m? wxm*w om0aum xlyg&a[m? &mZmpu0wD
xlyg&a[mwd/ ('D? 2? 117/)
jrefrmjyef
tmeEm av;yg;ukefaom yk*dKvfwdkUudk apwDwnfxdkufukef\/ tb,fav;yg;wkdUenf;[lrlylaZmftxl;ukd cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
apwDwnfxkduf\/ yapuAk'gudk apwDwnfxkduf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ om0uudk apwDwnfxkduf\/
pMu0aw;rif;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ (av;yg;wkdUwnf;)/ ('D? jref? 2/ 136/)
10/
bk&m;Sif
udk,fawmfjrwf\
"mwfawmf?
arGawmf?
qHawmf
paom
apwDykxdk;
kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;udk vlewfjA[m ow0gtaygif;wkdU Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;udk ycJh&m y&dedAmef pHvGefawmf

rljyD;aom bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfjrwfESifh xyfwlxyfrQ Munfvifaom yoEo'gjzpfrIjcif; wlnDvQif
wlaomtusKd;tmedoifrsm;udk
&Sdckd;ylaZmfaomoltm;
cHpm;xkdufonf[k
bk&m;jrwfpGm
atmufyga'oemawmfjzifh rdefYawmfrlygonf bk&m;

udOmeE tw0oH y#dp wxm*awm t&[H ormorKa'g xlyg&a[m? ]]t,H w
b*0awm t&[awm ormorK' xlayg}} wd tmeE A[kZem pdwH yoma'Ed? aw ww pdwH
yoma'wGm um, ab'g y&H r&Pm ok*w o*H avmuH OyyZEd/ 'H acg tmeE tw0oH
y#dp wxm*awm t&[H ormorKa'g xlyg&a[m/ ('D? 2? 118/)
155
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
tmeEm tb,fodkUaom tusKd;xl;udkpGJ ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom (tvHk;pHkaom

w&m;wkdUudk) udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkdufoenf;/
tmeEm ]] (apwD) onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk)
udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDawmf[k vltrsm;wdkUonf pdwfjzihfMunfdkukef\/
xkdolwkdUonf
xkd
(apwD)
pdwfjzifhMunfdkjyD;aom
cEmudk,fysufpD;
aojyD;onfrSaemuf
aumif;aomvm;&m ewfjynfodkU a&muf&ukef\/

tmeEm ]]tusKd;xl;udk pGJ ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk)
udk,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk apwDwnfxkduf\/ ('D? jref? 2? 137/)
11/
uvd*FaAm"dZmwf t|uxm pmrsufESm (229) vnf; bk&m;Sif udk,fawmfjrwf
y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrljyD;aemuf
lyum,jzpfaom
cEmawmfudk
pGJjzpfaom
om&D&du
"mwfawmf?
bk&m;Sif\ toHk;taqmifjzpfaom oydwf y&du&m paom y&dabm*? bk&m;Sifudk &nfrSwf

xkvkyftyfaom kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfwdkUonf apwDxkduf\ [k zGifhqkdrdefUawmfrlxm;ygonf bk&m;/
12/
'DCedum,f ygxdu0* t|uxm pmrsufESm (81-82) vnf; "mwfawmfawG SdaeorQ
bk&m;Sifvnf; oufawmfxifSm; Sdonfrnfay\ [k jyqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/

13/
odkU ponfjzifh ouFef;awmf? qHawmf? "mwfawmf paom ylZm&[ ylaZmfxdkufonfwkdUudk
ylaZmforIy&m tusKd;&yHk tzHkzHkudk tjrGufrQ avQmufxm;jyD;ygjyD bk&m;/

vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwkdU\ "mwfawmfarGawmf ponfrsm;tay: uJh&JUIwfcs
ykwfcwfqJa&;rIrsm;onf
t"r0g'rsm;omjzpf
xkdt"r0g'rsm;udk
vkdufema&;om;
jzefUjzL;aeolrsm;onfvnf; t"r0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf

bk&m;/
156
tpodkU

13/
bmomomoem\ wifhw,frIwpfck[k qkdxkdufaom Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
"avhxkH;pHrsm;udk tvkdqkd;jzifh tjrpfrSvSefvsuf wl;zdzsufqD;aejcif;ESifh ywfouf 0daoo apm'emcsufyg

bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;1/
,if;apm'emcsuf trSwf (13) wGif
(u)
bk&m;Sdckd;jcif;?
ypnf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh
ylaZmfjcif;?
*kPfawmfyGm;jcif;?
OykofoDv
aqmufwnfjcif; ponfwkdU tusKd;Sdonf[k r,HkMunfjcif;?

(c)
apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;[k jrifjcif;?
(*)
yk*Hbk&m;ykxdk;rsm; xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmuf xm;jcif;udk rESpfoufjcif;?
[laom tcsufoHk;csufudk awGU&ygrnf bk&m;/

2/
&wemoHk;yg;udk ypfy,fxm;Muonfh vlMurf;vl&rf;wkdU aexkdif&m tdrf? aus;Gm? &yfuGuf?
rdUe,f? wkdif;jynfrsm;rSm at;csrf;om,mrI rSd 'kutwd jzpfMurnfudk odjrifMuaom Ak'bmom

rdaumif;zcifrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ om;orD;rsm;udk i,fpOfrSp Moumo oifay;jcif;? qDrD;awmf? qGrf;awmf?
yef;awmf uyfvapjcif;? wdyd aom b*0g ponfh *kPfawmfwkdUudk oifay;jcif; ponfjzifh
vl,Ofaus;uav;rsm;jzpfatmif yjyifay;wwfMuygonf/ Ak'jrwfpGm\ ausmif;'um temxydPfvnf;
ol\om; umvudk uav;uduf rkefUzdk;ay;yif Ak'bmom ouf0if,HkMunfatmif yvkyfcJhygonf/
tb,faMumifhenf;qkdaomf cka&maemifyg at;csrfom,m csrf;omMuzdkUyif jzpfygonf bk&m;/
3/
bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfjrwfuvnf; rdrdpum;udk em;axmifrnfh apmifhaSmufxdkufolwkdUukd
&wemoHk;yg; ouf0if,HkMunfa&; oDvaqmufwnfa&;wdkU oGif;ay;&rnf[k r[m0*oH,kwf ygVdawmf

yXr rdwmrpokwf enf;Tefvrf;jy xm;ygonf bk&m;/
,ckenf;Tefcsufudk om"utjzpf wifjyygrnf bk&m;/
a, aw bdua0 tEkuar,smx? a, p aomwAH ran,sKH? rdwm 0g trpm 0g mwD
0g omavm[dwm 0g? aw bdua0 pwlok aomwmywdr*Fok orm'aywAm? eda0aowAm?
ywd|maywAm/
uwarok pwlok Aka' ta0pyoma' orm'aywAm eda0 aowAm ywd|m aywAm
]]wdyd aom b*0g/ y/ owma'0 rEkmeH Aka'g b*0g}} wd/ "ar / y/ oHaC/ y/
t&d,uaEok oDavok orm'aywAm eda0aowAm ywd|maywAm tca@ok/ y/ orm"d
oH0wedauok/
157
tpodkU

a, aw bdua0 tEkuar,mx? a, p aomwAH ran,sKH rdwm0g trpm 0g mwD 0g
omavm[dwm 0g? aw bdua0 arok pwlok aomwmywdr*Fok orm'aywAm eda0aowAm

ywd|maywAm/ (oH? 3? 317-318/)
ygVdem;rvnfolawGtwGuf jrefrmjyefudk xkwfEkwfazmfjyygrnf bk&m;/
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU ... tpOfoem; (apmifhaSmuf) xkdufukefaom olwkdUukdvnf;aumif;? rdrdpum;udk
vdkufemvdrhfrnf[k rSwfxif&ukefaom rdwfaqG? cifyGef;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdUudk vnf;aumif;? aomwmyef
t*Fgav;rsKd;wkdU
aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/
oGif;xm;tyfukef\/
wnfaptyfukef\/
tb,fav;yg;wkdUenf;/ xkdjrwfpGmbk&m;onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf;

t&[H rnfawmfrl\/ y/ ewfvlwkdU\ q&mjzpfawmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; owma'0 rEkme
rnfawmfrl\/ (opmav;yg; w&m;wkdUudk) odapawmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; Ak' rnfawmfrl\/
bkef;wefcdk;MuD;awmfrlaom taMumif;aMumifhvnf; b*0g rnfawmfrl\-[k jrwfpGmbk&m; rwkefrvIyf
Munfdkjcif; aqmufwnfaptyfukef\ oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ w&m;awmf/ y/
oHCmawmf/ y/ rwkefrvIyf Munfdkjcif;ESifh jynfhpHk\/ rusKd;rayguf rajymufrusm;ukefaom/ y/
wnfMunfrI orm"dudk jzpfapwwfaom t&d,mwkdU ESpfouftyfaom oDvwkdU aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/
oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ &[ef;wdkU ... tpOfoem; (apmifhaSmuf) xkdufukefaom
olwkdUukdvnf;aumif;?
rdrdpum;udk
vdkufemvdrhfrnf[k
aqGrsKd;om;csif;wkdUudk
vnf;aumif;?
aomwmyef
rSwfxif&ukefaom
t*Fgav;rsKd;wkdU
rdwfaqG?
cifyGef;?
aqmufwnfaptyfukef\/
oGif;xm;tyfukef\/ wnfaptyfukef\/ (oH? jref? 3? 319/)

4/
,Ofaus;rI
jrefrmEkdifiHawmf
*kPfta&mifukd
&wemoHk;yg;tay:
apwDykxdk;rsm;onf
xGef;ajymifaponfhtjyif
Munfdkjcif;wnf;[laom
jrefrmhusufoa&udkaqmifum
zl;jrif&ol
Ak'bmom0if
aumif;rIukodkvfw&m;rsm;
jrefrmEkdifiH\
olawmfpifwkdU\
wkd;yGm;aponfhtjyif
bk&m;pum;awmfudk vkdufemyusifhMuojzifh vlUGmewfxH edAmefwdkifajrmuf aumif;usKd;a&mufapEkdifygonf/

Oyrm trdtz "gwfyHkudk jrifvQif rdb*kPfaus;Zl;udk jyefvnfatmufarhEkdifjcif;? rdb\qHk;rpum;wkdUudk
jyefvnftrSwf& vkdufemjcif; ponfwkdUuJhokdUyif jzpfygonf/
5/
tn0g'D yk*dKvfwkdUonf OD;Ou|\ "mwfyHukd &ifxkd; tjrwfwEdk; yaeMuygvsuf
Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ udk;uG,f&m apwDykxdk;usumrS tkwfcJausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf[k

apmfapmfum;um; ajym&ufjcif;rSm vl,Ofaus;wdkU\ tajccHw&m;uav;rQ rSd&m a&mufaeMuygonf/
apwDykxdk;udk
tkwfcJausmufcJrsm;udk
twkvkyfxm;onf[laom
pum;onf
ax&ty'gef
158
ygVdawmf-
tpodkU

wH ykyH MopdedwGme? ok*EH *EdwH okwH/
xlyH uwGme ykvdae? Ak' tbda&my,/ (ck? 3? 316/)
ponfjzifh oJyHkapwD yvkyfum ykef;nufyef;udk v'gef;cJhaom ukodkvfaMumifh &[Em tjzpfodkUwkdifatmif

a&mufcJhaom ykEm*ykyrax&f\ jzpfawmfpOf a'oemESifh qefUusif&um; t"r0g'om jzpfygonf bk&m;/
6/
EkdifiHawmftpdk;&ESifhwuG
Munfdko'gyGm;
Ak'bmom
bk&m;udk&nfrSef;um
aS;tusqHk;aom
jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdUonf
tm;xm;udk;uG,f&m[k
jrefrmh,Ofaus;rI
yk*HSd
apwDykxdk;rsm;udk
todtrSwf
yMuonfhtjyif
wpf&yftaejzifhvnf;
tvGefjrwfEdk;Muygonf/
tvGefESpfoufMuygonf/ tvGefcifrifMuygonf/ tvGefwefzkd;xm;Muygonf/ tvGef*kPf,lMuygonf/

xdkUaMumifh rysufrpD;atmif xdef;Mu? odrf;Mu? apmifhMu? aSmufMu? yMu? jyifMuESifh
rQumvMumatmif wnfapcJhMuygonf/
8/
yk*Hbk&m;rsm;
ajrivsif'PfaMumifh
ydusysufpD;oGm;aMumif;
owif;Mum;&aomtcg
,Ofaus;aom Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdUonf 0rf;enf;yufvuf pdwfvufrcsrf;rom vGefpGmESajrmrI

jzpfMu&ygonf/ yjyifay;rnfholudk rSef;qwrf;wMuonf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&u yk*Hbk&m;rsm; jyifqifzkdU
tvcHvdkufonfqkdvQif
wpfOD;csif;taejzifhvnf;aumif;?
wpf&yfuGufcsif;
taejzifhvnf;aumif;?
wpfrdUe,f? wpfoif;? wpfzGJUcsif; taejzihfvnf;aumif; ololigig o'gjzLazG;vsuf tvay;um

,Ofaus;rI jrwfEkd;olwkdU\ wm0efudk ausyGefapcJhMuygonf/ EkdifiH&yfjcm; wkdif;jynfrsm;uyif ay;Mu?
urf;Mu?
ulMu?
vMuygonf/
udk,fwkdif
ray;vEkdifolwkdUuvnf;
olwpfyg;
ay;vonfudk
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac:Muygonf bk&m;/

9/
odkUaomf
ukd,fwkdif
ray;rvonfhtjyif
ay;Mu
vMuolrsm;ukdyif
jiLplMujyD;
]]csKd;uyfaeaom tawG;tac:[lonf ajymif;vJ&ef cJ,Of;ygbdawmif;}} [k uJh&JUvsuf Ak'bmom

jrefrmwdkU\
,Ofaus;rIorkdif;udkjzwf
tdkif;ZmwfoGif;csifolrsm;
tHkeJUusif;eJU
tzGJUeJU
toif;eJU
SdaeMuygwum;[k owdxm; "roHa0* yGm;Mu&ygonf bk&m;/

10/
em;rvnfjcif;?
Moumo
tjcm;aom
uefawmhcef;udk
toem;cHaeonf[k
bmomt,lrsm;ESifh
ajymjcif;onf
a&maxG;aejcif;aMumifh
Ak'bmompepfudk
jzpfygonf/
bmoma&;
tjrifrSdolwdkU\ a0zefcsufrQ jzpfygonf/ pifppf Moumo uefawmhcef;onf tpOftvm MuD;rm;aom

Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rIudk xif[yfapvsuf Sdygonf/
11/
Ak'u aTudk rukdif& qkdygvsuf bk&m;aTcs&aumif;vm;[k ajymjcif;onfvnf; rqDrqkdif
pum;jzpfwef; ajymjcif;om jzpfygonf/ xkdokdU ajymolrsKd;tm; w&m;jy&ef rvG,fyg/ pum;aumif;

pum;qkd;udkyif cGJjcm;od&ef vG,frnfhvlpm;awG r[kwfyg bk&m;/
]od'wjzpfaom bk&m;} [k pum;oHk;xm;jcif;onf ]]oufawmfxif&Sm; oAk jrwfpGmbk&m;}}
[laom oHk;dk;oHk;pOfudk zsuf (0g) jrwfpGmbk&m;udk vlomref taetxm;rsKd; a&mufatmif ynmom;ygyg
159
tpodkU
ESdrfa&;xm;aom pum;jzpfygonf bk&m;/ xkdoufSdbk&m;rSm '&0rfrxm;&yJ aTwd*HkapwDMuD;rsm; '&0rf

xm;&rvm;[k
aighxm;ygonf/
pum;udk
tav;teuf
rSwfom;xm;oifhygonf/
aTwd*HkrSm
'&0rfrSdapcsif jzpf[efwlygonf/ aTwd*HkrSmu ppfrSefaom Ak'bmom0ifwkdUu v'gef;xm;onfh

&wemawGu Sdaeayoudk; bk&m;/
12/
apwDykxdk;qkdif&m
tm;vHkudk
pkaygif;
Iwfcsa&;om;rIrsm;onf
aumufcsufcsMunfhvQif
tm*r,kwd
OD;Ou|ESifh
obm0,kwdvHk;0rSd/
taygif;ygwkdU\
Ak'omoem\
oefUSif;wnfwHh jyefUyGm;a&;udk tE&m,fyonfh t"rpum;&yfrsm;om jzpfygojzifh omoemawmftwGuf

xufjrufaom tqHk;tjzwf ay;yg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
160
tpodkU

14/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lyjcif;? oydwfoGwfjcif;? paom bmomrI
ukodkvfa&;qkdif&m udprsm;udk tydkoufouf tjzpfjzifh a[majyma&;om; zsufqD;jcif; apm'emqkdif&m

0daoo apm'em ycsufygbk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ou|0g'DwdkUonf oDvcH,ljcif;? qkay;qk,lyvkyfjcif; paom ukodkvfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
ryvkyfMuonfhtjyif xkdvkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmifMuaom &[ef;Sifvlrsm;udkyif trsKd;rsKd; tzHkzHk tremy
ajymqkda&;om; aeMuygonf bk&m;/ xdkuJhodkU ajymqkda&;om; ,lqcsufrsm;onf Ak'yd#u ax&0g'ESifh
rudkufrnD zDvmqefUusifaeaom t"r0g'rsm; jzpfaMumif; wynfhawmfrsm; wifjyavQmufxm; vdkygonf
bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;wynfhawmfwkdY\ Ak'jrwfpGmonf udk,fawmfwkdif av;oacFsESifh urmwpfodef; umvywfvHk;
bk&m;jzpf&ef
yg&rDawmfwkdUukd
jznfhqnf;yl;awmfrlwJhtcg
'geyg&rD?
oDvyg&rDwkdUudk
tpxm;jyD;
jznfhqnf;yl;awmf rlcJhjcif; jzpfygonf/ xkduJhodkU udk,fawmfwdkif 'gerI-oDvrI ponfwdkUudk usifhoHk;awmf

rljyD;aemuf
oHo&mrS
uRwfvrf;SmMuolwkdUtm;vnf;
'gerI-oDvrI
ponfwkdUudk
yvkyfMu&ef?
xkdodkUyvkyfolwkdY vm;a&muf&rnfh *wdwkdUudk "r[',0dbif; odkUa[mMum;awmf rlygonf/

'geH 'wGm oDvH orm'd,dwGm OaygoxurH uwGm uw OyyZEd/ 'geH 'wGm oDvH
orm'd,dwGm OaygoxurH uwGm tayuap cwd,r[momvmeH o[AswH OyyZEd/ y/
tayuap y&edrdw0w0wDeH a'0geH o[AswH OyyZEd/ (tbd? 2? 437/)
'geudk ay;v oDvudk aqmufwnf OykofoHk;jcif; trIudky tb,fbHk jzpfukefoenf;?
'geudk ay;v oDvudk aqmufwnf OykofoHk;jcif; trIudk y tcsKdUwkdYonf cwd,r[momvac: rif;
aoaX;wkdU\
taygif;tazmf
ykPm;aoaX;wkdY\
tjzpfodkU
taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU
a&mufukef\/
a&mufukef\/
tcsKdUwkdUonf
tcsKdUwdkYonf
jAm[P
r[momvac:
*[ywdr[momvac:
olMuG,faoaV;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf pwkr[m&mZfewfwkdU\

taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf wm0womewfwdkU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU
a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf wkodwmewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf
edre&wdewfwkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ tcsKdUwkdUonf y&edrdw0w0wdewfwkdU\
taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&mufukef\/ (taygif;tazmftjzpf[lonf tygt0if[k qkdvdkonf/)
xdkrSwyg;vnf; Ak'jrwfpGmwdkU\ tEkykAduxm [lonf tpOfjzpfaom w&m;pum; (a[mMum;&m)
wkdUvnf; 'geuxm? oDvuxm? o*uxm ponfwdkUudk tOD;rl a[mawmfrlavh Sdygonf/
161
tpodkU
'geuxm oDvuxmESifh ywfouf Ak'jrwfpGm a[mMum;awmfrlcsufwkdUonf ax&0g'

yd#uwfawmf tjynfhtESuf Sdaeygonf/ odkUygvsuf OD;Ou|0g'D orm'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG
taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkUu 'gerI oDvcHrIwkdUudk qefUusifajymqdkaeMuygonf/ ,if;wkdU\ xkdokdU
qefUusifajymqkdrI ,lqrIwkdUonf Ak'tvdkawmfus "r0g'D jzpfEdkifygrnfvm; bk&m;/ pifppftm;jzifh
t"r0g' rdpm0g'omvQifjzpfaMumif; wifjyavQmufxm;ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ou|0g'D orm'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh wuG taygif;yg aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkUonf
Ak'bmom0ifwkdU\
qkawmif;ywemyjcif;?
qkay;jcif;rsm;udkvnf;
qefUusifbufy
uJh&JUIwfcs
a0zefajyma[m Muygukefonf/
wynfhawmfrsm;\ Ak'jrwfpGm udk,fawmfwkdifyif yg&rDq,fyg;? p&d,oHk;yg;? pGefUjcif;MuD;
ig;yg;wkdUudk yvkyfqnf;yl;awmfrlpOfu woedygwf q'EZmwf ]]oAkwmP y#da0"m, ar 'H yknH ypa,m a[mwkwd 'aE 'wGm}}
(Zmwu? |? 5? 53/)
uREkfyf\ aumif;rIonf oAkwmPfudk xkd;xGif;odSdjcif;\ taMumif; jzpfygapownf;[k
tpG,fwdkUudkvr[medygwf a0E&mZmwf]]oAkwmP ypa,m a[mwkwd yweH uwGm O'uH ygawwGm}}
(Zmwu? |? 7? 326/)
oAkwmPf\
qkawmif;ywemrI
taMumif;
yawmfrlygonf
jzpfygapownf;[kbk&m;/
oHo&m0#frS
qkawmif;rIudky
a&pufcsjyD;
uRwfvGwfvdkolwdkUtm;vnf;
rdrdwkdU
ukodkvfvufudkif SdpOfwGif qkawmif;ywemy&ef TefMum;awmf rlcJhygonf/

aw&oedygwZmwu tudwdZmwf odMum;rif;u]]0&H uy aw 'rd/ ,H udOd reodpod}} (ck? 5? 267/)
uyEG,fjzpfaom tudwd&aoh? oif\ pdwf tvkdSd&mqkrsKd;udk igay;rnf[k qkay;EkdifyHkudk
vnf;aumif;?
AmvH e ya e okaP? e p Amave oH0ao/
Amavevmy ovmyH? e ua& e p a&mpa,/ ( ck? 5? 267/)
Amvyk*dKvfudk ig rjrifvkd rMum;vdk/ Amvyk*dKvfESifh twlraevdk/ Amvyk*dKvfESifh ESD;aESmajymqkdrIudk
igryvdk? igrESpfoufvdk- [laom qkudk tudwd&aohu qkawmif;yHkudkvnf;aumif; awGUjrif&ygonf/
162
tpodkU
O'gef;ygVdawmf
oky0gomokwf
aomwmyef
om0dum
jzpfaom
oky0gomonf
bk&m;Sifudkvnf;aumif;? w&m;awmfjrwf (edAmef) udkvnf;aumif;? oHCmawmfwkdUudkvnf;aumif; rjywf

atmufarhqifjcifvsufESifhyif om;oaEudk ckepfESpfwkdif vG,fxm;&jcif;? ckepf&ufwkdifwkdif *ArkV[laom
arG;zGm;cuf a0'emudk cHpm;&jcif; Sdae\/
xdktaMumif;udk aumvd,rif;om; oky0gom\ cifyGef;tm; avQmufapcdkif;aomtcg bk&m;ocif
udk,fawmfjrwfu okcdeD a[mwk oky0gom aumvd,"Dwm ta&m*g? ta&m*H ykwH 0dZm,wk-( ck? 1? 94/)
[k rdefUMum;vdkufavonf/ (qkay;vdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/) odkU qkay;rdefUMum;jcif; pum;ESifh
wpfydifeufyif oky0gomonf csrf;omvsuf a&m*guif;oGm;um a&m*guif;aom om;awmfav;udk
zGm;jrifEkdifavonf/
xdkodkU qkay;jcif;? qkcH,lEkdifjcif;wkdUrSm qkcH,lvdkoluvnf; ukodkvfvufudkif Sdaevsuf &Sdonf/
oky0gom\ twdwfuHqkd;uvnf; ukefcef;csdef a&mufaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh bk&m;ocif udk,fawmfjrwfu
qkay;vdkufonfESifh csrf;omjcif;? a&m*guif;jcif; jzpf&avonf/ tu,f bk&m;ocif udk,fawmfjrwfu
xkdodkU qkray;rdygu oky0gomtm; xkdaemufvnf; txkduftavsmufaom umvywfvHk; xdkqif;&Jonf
ruRwfrvGwf pGJjrJaeOD;rnfyif jzpfaMumif;udk O'gef;t|uxm (tya&0g'tm;jzifh) jyqkdxm;awmfrljcif;
Sdayonf/
oH*g,emwif ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf r[m0gygVd t*Fkw&edum,f "ry' ponf xkdodkU
qkay;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif;wkdUudk rsm;pGm awGUjrif&ygonf/ yapuAk'g tSifjrwfwkdUonf opmav;yg;udk
tus,ftm;jzihf a[mjyawmfrljcif; r&SdMuyJ ]]pdwH ywdwH wk,SH? cdyar0 ordZwk}} [k qkay;rIudkom
yawmfrlcJhMuygonf/ ay;tyfaom olonfvnf; jynfhpHkpGm qk,lol ukodkvfSiftwGuf vdktyfaom tusKd;
&SdoGm;ygonf/
bk&m;tavmif;awmf okar"monf 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajcawmf&if;0,f t*FgSpfyg;ESifh
jynfhpHkpGm bk&m;qkudk awmif;awmfrlcJh&m 'DyuF&m bk&m;ocif udk,fawmfjrwfuvnf; bk&m;jzpfqkudk
ay;aomtm;jzifh Asm'dwfpum; >rufMum;awmfrlcJhygonf/
uJhokdU
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmf
qkawmif;ywemyjcif;?
qkay;jcif;wdkUudk
Ak'0g'vrf;pOf
(usifhpOf) wpfcktjzpf a[mxm;cGifhyxm;ygvsuf OD;Ou|0g'D orm'd|d okawoetzGJU0ifrsm;ESifhwuG

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qefUusifaom
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163
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oydwfoGwfqGrf;auR;jcif;udk
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bk&m;ocif udk,fawmfjrwfonf wda&muk#okwf ygVdawmfOEar O'uH 0k|H? ,xm edEH y0wwd/
{0ar0H awm 'dEH? aywmeH Oyuywd/ (ck? 1? 81/)
ukef;jrifh GmoGef;tyfaom rdk;a&onf csKdifh0Srf;&Sd&modkU pD;qif;ouJhodkU twlyif rSmbuf
b0u ay;vtyfaom tv\tusKd;onf xkdrSmbuf ayw*wd Sdol (b0woGef uG,fvGefol) wdkUtm;
jzpfayonf[k a[mawmfrltyfygonf/
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um, ab'g y&H r&Pm aywd0do,H OyyZwd/ a,m aywd0do,dumeH owmeH tm[ma&m?
awe aom ww ,maywd/ awe aom ww wd|wd/ ,H 0g ye awm tekya0pEd
rdwmrpm 0g mwdom avm[dwm 0g/ awe aom ww ,maywd/ awe aom ww wd|wd?
'H acg jAm[P XmeH? ,w Xdw wH 'geH OyuywDwd/ (tH? 3? 479/)
jrefrmjyef
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t,lSd\/ xdkolonf cEmysufa<u aovGefonf\ aemuf jydwmbHkXmeodkU a&muf\/ xkdolonf
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ay;vtyfaom tv'gejzifh xdkjydwmonf xdkjydwmbHk rQwae&\/ xkdtv'gejzifh xkdjydwmonf
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jzpf\/ ,if;jydwmbHkXme wnfaeaom jydwmtwGuf xkdtv'geonf a&muf\/ (tif jref? 3? 469/)
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&nfrSef;
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t"r0g'
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rdpm0g'om
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164
tpodkU

15/
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bk&m;/
Oyg'gef\ t"dyg,frSef
Oyg'gef[laom
pum;udk
tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf
t"dyg,fazmfjcif;ESifh
ywfouf
Sif;vif;
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tm0kaom
Oyg'gemed?
umrkyg'geH?
'd|Kyg'geH?
oDvAwkyg'geH?
tw0g'kyg'geH- (r? 1? 62/)

[l rlvyPmo ygVdawmfrSm ygonfhtwkdif; Oyg'gef[lonf1/ umrkyg'gef?
2/ 'd|Kyg'gef?
3/ oDvAwkyg'gef?
4/ tw0g'kyg'gef[lav;rsKd; Sdygonf bk&m;/
]]Oyg'geEd 'V*[PH}} [l t|omvdeD t|uxm pmrsufESm (415) t|uxm q&mawmf
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bk&m;/ zm;udk a>rief; jrJpGmzrf;ouJhodkU tvGJtrSm; tpGJw&m; tm;MuD;jcif;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;/
trSm;ESifh
trSef
a0zefEkdifaom
trSefazmfay;onfudkvnf;
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ta&;rpkduf
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bk&m;/
t|uxm
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umrkyg'gef\ t"dyg,f
wdyd#u ygVd-jrefrm tbd"mef twGJ (5) pmrsufESm (562) rSm vdkcsifzG,fumrudk jrJjrHpGm ,lwwf
pGJvrf;wwfaom oabm? vdkcsifzG,f umrudk jyif;xefpGm ,lwwf pGJvrf;wwfaom oabm[k umrkyg'ge=
umrkyg'gefudk bmomjyefqkdxm;ygonf bk&m;/ rlvyPmo ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef pmrsufESm (68)
]]umr*kPf pGJvrf;jcif;? umrkyg'gef}} [k bmomjyefxm;ygonf bk&m;/ xkdodkU jrefrmjyefqkdxm;jcif;onf
uw uwrH umrkyg'geH? a,m umarok umrpaEm = xkdOyg'gef av;yg;wdkUwGif vkdcsifzG,f umrudk
165
tpodkU
jyif;pGm,lrI pGJvrf;rI[lonf tb,fenf;/ vdkcsifzG,f umrwkdU tMuifvdkcsif awmifhwrI umrpE

ponfjzifh "ro*FPD ygVdawmf pmrsufESm (241) ponfwkdU bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrljcif;ESifh nDGwfrSefuef
vSygonf bk&m;/
]]umarok
umrpaEm=
umr*kPfwkdU
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[l
bk&m;Sif
rdefUMum;awmfrljcif;rSm t"dyg,fvGefpGm Sdygonf bk&m;? vkdcsifrIqEonf ukodkvfqdkif&mvnf; Sdygonf/

tukodkvfqdkif&mvnf; Sdygonf/ ukokdvfqEudk umrkyg'gef ac: r&yg/ tukodkvfavmbrl
pdwfESifh,SOfaom qEudkom umrkyg'gef ac:&rnf[k bk&m;Sif Sif;jyawmfrljcif; jzpfygonf/
t|omvdeD t|uxm pmrsufESm (402) ]]umrpaEmwd umrocFgawm qaEm? e uwKurswm
qaEm? e "rpaEm = umrpE [lonf pGJrufvkdvm;wwfaom wPSm[k qkdtyfaom qEwnf;? yjcif;iSm
tvdkSdtyfaom qE (uwKurswm qE) r[kwf? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkvm;aom ("rpE) r[kwf}} [l
t|uxm q&muvnf; Sif;jyxm;ygonf bk&m;/
umrkyg'gef\
t"dyg,frSefudk
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bk&m;SifESifh
t|uxmq&mwkdU
Sif;jyxm;aom pum;rsm;udk rav;rpm; ab;z,fxm; rjzpfyg bk&m;/ rav;rpm; ab;z,fxm;vQif

tvGJvGJ tacsmfacsmf t"dyg,fazmfrdMurSm {uefyif jzpfygonf/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdY bk&m;umr*kPf w&m;wkdU om,mpGJvrf;jcif; oabmonf umrkyg'gef jzpfygonf bk&m;? tbd"rm
w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh tukodkvfpifppf jzpfaom avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh avmbapwodufudk
ac:ygonf bk&m;/ ukodkvfudpyvkyf&ef vdkvm;aom qE? edAmefw&m;udk vkdvm;aom qErsKd;onf
ukodkvfqEom jzpfMuygonf bk&m;? umrkyg'gefw&m; r[kwfygbk&m;/
]]r[m0do,H [d wH t|pdworma,m*g = xkdumrkyg'gefonf avmbrlpdwf Spfyg;ESifh
wGJ,SOfjcif;aMumifh (usef Oyg'gefw&m; oHk;yg;xuf) t&mus,fonf}} [laom 0dok'dr*ft|uxm
'kwd,tkyf? pmrsufESm (205) yg pum;udk arhxm; rjzpfyg bk&m;? arhxm;vQif jzpfap? rodMuvQif jzpfap?
wpfrsKd;rsKd;
jzpfaevQif
edAmefcsrf;om
vdkcsifrIudkyif
wPSmavmbtjzpf
umrkyg'geftjzpf
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ukodkvfqEESifh tukodkvfavmb tajccH obm0ESpfrsKd;udk uGJuGJjym;jym; em;rvnfMuyJ
tjrifrSefobm0udk SmazGonfkqdkvQif trSefray: trSm;udkom azmfrdMu 'd|Kyg'gefMuD;om MuD;vmrnf
{uefjzpfonfudk owdyoifhvSygonf bk&m;/
166
tpodkU

'd|Kyg'gef\ t"dyg,f
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmf tSifoljrwfwkdU bk&m;'d|Kyg'gefudk bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfESifhtnD ,cktcg Sif;vif;avQmufxm;ygrnf bk&m;?

pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,lxm;aom t,lrSm;onf 'd|Kyg'gefjzpfygonf bk&m;/ (t,lrSm; pGJvrf;jcif;? 'd|Kyg'gef)
[l rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef pmrsufESm (68) bmomjyefxm;ygonf bk&m;/ t,lrSm;
pGJvrf;jcif; qkdaom pum;udk txl;owdyzkdU ta&;MuD;ygonf bk&m;? t,lrSef pGJjrJjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gef
rjzpf? t,lrSm; pGJvrf;jcif;om 'd|Kyg'gefjzpfonf[k qkdvdkjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
]]ty0do,med
w&med
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usef
'd|Kyg'gef?
oDvAwkyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gefwkdUonf tukodkvfavmbrl? 'd|d*wor,kwf pdwf (4) yg;ESifh wGJ,SOfjcif;aMumifh

umrkyg'gefavmuf t&mrus,f? t&musOf;\}} [l 0dok'dr*ft|uxm 'kwd,tkyf pmrsufESm (285)
t|uxmq&mu taotcsm Sif;jyxm;ygonf bk&m;/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAwkyg'gef? tw0g'kyg'gef
oHk;rsKd;vHk;yif tukodkvfoufouf jzpfkHrQomru tjrifrSm;aom 'd|dapwoduf w&m; wpfrsKd;wnf;udkyif
emrnfoHk;rsKd;cGJum toD;tjcm; ac:a0:xm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? taMumif;ESifh ywfouf
Sif;Sif;vif;vif; ,lqEkdifatmif rlvyPmo t|uxm? yxrtkyf? pmrsufESm (223) ]]oDvAwkyg'ge?
tw0g'kyg'ge 0Z oA'd|duwawH t"d0pe = 'd|Kyg'gef[laom a0g[m&onf oDvAwkyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gef
'd|dESpfrsKd;rSwpfyg;
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pGJpGJvrf;vrf;
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'd|Kyg'gef[lonf
tb,fenf;?
bk&m;Sifonf
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ar;awmfrljyD;vQif
udk,fawmfwkdifyif
jyefvnfajzMum;cJhygonf/
(1)
ewd'dEH - ay;v&jcif; tusKd;onf rSd/ (odkU ,ljcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfygonf/)
(2)
ewd okuw'ku#meH urmeH zvH 0dygaum - aumif;pGm ytyf? raumif;ojzifh

ytyfaom aumif;rI raumif;rI uHwkdU\ tusKd;rsm;? tusKd;quf zv? tusKd;&if;
0dygufonf rSd/
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'd|Kyg'gef jzpfygonf/)
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167
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(ow0grsm; aoqHk;oGm;jyD;aemuf a&muf&aom ewfbHk ewfb0udk r,HkMunfjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gef?

jA[mhbHk
jA[mhb0udk
r,HkMunfjcif;onf
'd|Kyg'gef?
i&JbHk
i&Jb0?
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jydwmb0udk
r,HkMunfjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gef/)
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Sdygonf bk&m;/ wdkufdkufbmomjyefqkdcsufrsm;rSmvnf; "ro*FPD ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef pmrsufESm (444)
rS jzpfygonf bk&m;/
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jA[mESifh
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jzpfygonfbk&m;/
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q|oH*g,emtxd oH*g,em (6) wef wifxm;jyD;aom ygVdyd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifh jrefrmjyefrsm;udk
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,HkMunfjcif;onf ukodkvfo'gw&m; ppfppf{uef jzpfaeaMumif; twdtus awGU&od&rnf jzpfygonf
bk&m;/
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oDvAawe ok'Dwd ,m {0lyg 'd|d - xkdOyg'gefav;yg;wkdUwGif EGm;? acG; ponfwdkU\ tavhtusifhudk
pifMu,f\[k jyif;pGm ,lrI pGJvrf;rI oDvAwkyg'gef [lonf tb,fenf;/ omoemawmfrS tjyifty
jzpfukefaom &[ef;? ykPm;? orP? jAm[PwkdU\ EGm;? acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhoDvjzihf udavomrS
pifMu,f\/ EGm;? acG; ponfwkdU\ tusifh0wfjzifh udavomrS pifMu,f\/ EGm;? acG; ponfwkdU\
tavhtusifh oDvAwjzifh udavomrS pifMu,f\[k odkUoabmSdaom tjrifrSm;rIonf oDvAwkyg'gef
jzpfygonf bk&m;/ ("ro*FPD ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef-445)
ygVdawmf a[mawmfrlxm;onfhtwdkif; EGm;vdkacG;vdk av;bufaxmufoGm;jcif; ponfudk
udavomjidrf;aMumifh tusifhaumif;tjzpf ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;onf oDvAwkyg'gef jzpfygonf/ vGJvGJrSm;rSm;
usihfjcif;rsKd;[k omrntm;jzifh ajymEkdifygonf/
168
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bk&m;Sif Tefjy qdkqHk;ronfhtwkdif; edAmefa&mufaMumif; yg&rDaumif;udk pkaqmif;jcif;? 'geyjcif;?

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169
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(2) uHaMumifh jzpfaom tusKd;0dyguf emruEm urZkyf?
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om"uoGif; qufSif;ygrnf bk&m;/
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om"uudk xkwfjyygrnf bk&m;/
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t|uxm/ 137)
umrb0[lonf umr0p&w&m;/ lyb0[lonf lyg0p& w&m;/ tlyb0[lonf tlyg0p&
w&m;wkdUwnf;/
umrb0qkdwm bmvJ
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w&m;wkdU[k qkdtyf\/ (pdwf apwoduf kyfwkdUudk umrm0p&)
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uHudkvnf;aumif;? uHaMumifh jzpfaom tusKd;0dyguf emruEm u#wmkyfudkvnf;aumif;? umr (11)
bHkudkvnf;aumif;? xkd tusKH;0ifaom pdwf apwoduf kyfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? umrb0[l
170
tpodkU
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bk&m;/
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ykaA ed0goEd oreE&mwDwH b0H tm' uwGm ww ww ed0kwoEmeH/
(yg&mZduPf t|uxm ? y/ 128)
tzGifh oH0Pemrsm;t& aS; aezl;aom cEmtpOfudk atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh,SOfaom
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'dAo'dowm 'dAH /y/ 'yd 0D&d,bm0emAvedAwH PpuK wm'doar0gwd
'dAowm 'dAH/ (yg&ZduPf t|uxm ? y/ 132)
tzGifh oH0Pemrsm;t& ewfrsufpduJhodkU jrifpGrf;Edkifaom Pfonf 'dApuKPf rnfygonf
bk&m;/
t&[wra*g [d tmo00demoeawm tmo0geH ca,mwd 0kpwd/
(yg&ZduPf t|uxm? y/ 136)
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to0u,Pf rnfygonf/
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171
tpodkU
(c)

Zvdwyx0d,H ywdaw ZvdwumvokwH ygawwGm/ y / ua&mEm {w wpEDwd
umVokawm=
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vJusolwdkUudk
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(C)
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rD;vQHrsm; 0ifa&mufavmifuRrf;ojzifh atmf[pfcHae&aom t&yfonf Zmva&mk0 rnf\/
(i)
'Gg&udk;aygufrS tcH&qdk;onfh rD;cdk;rsm; 0ifa&muf arTaESmufojzifh atmf[pfcHae&aom

t&yfonf "lra&mk0 rnf\/
(p)
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(q)
twdyd, wmaywDwd ywmyaem = tvGeftMuL; txl;ylavmif ap&m t&yfonf ywmye

rnf\/
(Z)
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(0g) tjypfrSd aumif;aom oabmom jzpfaom qE(vdkcsifrIrsdK;)um; Oyg'gefr[kwf? onfum;
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tbd"rmwwfolwdkU odonfh tod jzpfygonf? xdkUaMumifh awGUu&m Oyg'gef jzpfaejcif;um;
tbd"rmtajccHrJhaom
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bk&m;?
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172
tpodkU

0daooapm'em trSwf(16)
16/
jyifqifzGifhqdk a&;om;jcif; apm'emqdkif&m 0daooapm'emyg bk&m;/

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udavao[d t&umwd t&da,m ,'g'dem tm&umo' t&d,ma'aom/ olpd? 39/
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162/ yg&mZduPf *Pdopf? 1? 34? wdkUMunfh/
(3) t&d+ [e+ uGd / udavom&a,m [e[Dwd t&a[m/ aom {0 t&da,m/ "mef? #D?
435/
(4) t&+Ps/ t& *rae 0g/ t&wd t"d*pwd r*zv"arwd t&da,m/ "mef? #D? 435/
t& *rae? aPsm? um&m*arm/ "mef? #D? 693-6? tm,D-oH
jyqdkavQmufxm;csufrsm;onf wdyd#u ygVd jrefrmtbd"mef twGJ-3? pmrsufESm 530-rS
jzpfygonf bk&m;/
tbd"meftaetm;jzifh t&d,qdkaomyk'fonf
(1) tm&umo'grS t&d, jzpfvmonf/
(2) t, yk'f+&d, yk'f+ t ypnf;tm;jzifh t&d, jzpfvmonf/
(3) t&[ yk'fu t&d, jzpfvmonf/
(4) t&yk'f Psypnf;tm;jzifh t&d, jzpfvmonf[k qdkygonf/
xdkuJhodkU jzpfvmaom xdkt&d,o'g\ teufrsm;udk xdkwdyd#u ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mefusrf;BuD;
qufvuf jyqdkxm;ygonf/
t&d,qdkonfrSm
(1)
(u) tjypfrSd tjypfuif;aom? aumif;aom/

(c) udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;-pifMu,f-aom? jzLpifaom jrifhjrwfaom/
(*) edAmefudk tvdkSdaomolwdkUonf odtyf-a&muftyf-aom/
(C) rcRwfr,Gif;-rSefuef-aom/
(i) qkwf,kwfysufpD;aMumif; w&m; rjzpfwwfaomol/
(p) ow0gwdkUtm; aumif;aomusifh0wfukd oif,lapwwf oifay;wwfaomol/
173
tpodkU
(2)

t&d,myk*dKvf(u)
udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;aom tusdK;pD;yGm;rJhudk rjzpfapwwfaom tusdK;pD;yGm;udk

jzpfapwwfaom
owavmuonf
udk;uG,f&m[l
qnf;uyftyfaom
udavom&efoludk owfwwfaom r*fzdkvfw&m;udk &aom-jzLpifoefUSif;aom

yk*dKvf? y#da0"t&d,myk*dKvf/
(c)
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ponfjzifh jyqdk xm;ygonf bk&m;/

t&d,mqdkonfrSm
tmpm&t&d,m?
'et&d,m?
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uJhodkU jrifhjrwfaom olawmfpif t&d,mocifrsm;udk Ak'omoemawmf tav;*ky
wefzdk;xm;cJhMuygonf? uJhodkU tav;*ky wefzdk;xm;tyfaom t&d,mocifrsm;udk yHysufyef;ysuf
jzpfatmif uyfoD; uyfoyf zsufqD;Muygonf bk&m;? ]]t&d,mqdkwJh pum;udk yk'fcGJvdkufawmh
t&+,+tm qdkwJh yk'foHk;ckudk pyffxm;wm jzpfw,f? 'DoHk;yk'frSm t&-u= vltar? ,-u= vltaz?
tm= vkyfwm? vltar vltazawG vkyfvdkUjzpfwm t&d,m}} vdkU qdkvdkw,f[k a&;om;MuonfrSm
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qdkwm[mvnf; xdkenf;wl r[kwfwkwf Avkkupum;rsm; jzpfygonf/
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174
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csKyfcs,fvdk wpfbufudk tjypfSmvdk avhvmoifMum;jcif; tv*'Lyryk*dKvfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf?
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tbd"rmyd#u
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&Edkifaom edAmef r[kwfyg/
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jrefrmjyef
tb,fw&m;wdkUonf tmHkyaomtm;jzifh wPSm'd|dwdkU uyfa&muftyfaom uHonf (tusdK;\
tjzpfjzifh) rpGJ,lvnf; rpGJ,ltyfukefonfjzpf vGefpGm pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;
(tmHk) vnf; r[kwfaom tEkyg'dPtEkyg'ged,w&m;wdkU jzpfukefoenf;? (wPSm'd|dwdkU tmHkytyfonfh
uH\ tusdK;vnf;r[kwf? Oyg'gefwdkU\ tmHkvnf;r[kwfaom w&m;rsm;um; tb,fenf;) bHkoHk;yg;
tusHK;r0if ukefaom (avmukw&mjzpfaom) r*fwdkUonfvnf;aumif; udavomwdkUudkowfvsuf edAmefodkU
oGm;wwfaom
r*f\
tusdK;(zdkvf)
wdkUonfvnf;aumif;
taMumif;w&m;wdkU) ryjyiftyfaom oabm ]]tocFw"mwf}}

w&m;wdkUonf
(wPSm'd|dwdkU
tmHkytyfonfh
(uH-pdwf-Owk-tm[m&-[laom
(edAmef) onfvnf;aumif; Sd\/
uH\tusdK;vnf;
r[kwf?
Oyg'gefwdkU\
tmHkvnf;r[kwfaom) tEkyg'dP tEkyg'ged, w&m;wdkU jzpfukef\/ (tbd jref 1? 369/)

pwma&m r*g ty&d,myEm pwm&d p omrnzvmed edAme/ (umr? ly? tly) bHkoHk;yg;
tusHK;r0ifukefaom r*Fav;yg;? xdkUjyif zdkvfav;yg;? xdkUjyifedAmefonfSd\? if;"ro*FPDygVdawmf
a[mawmfrlygonf bk&m;/ (tbd 1? 267/)
175
tpodkU
xdkrSwyg; edAmef\*kPfawmfyk'f wckjzpfaom ]]tEkyg'gy&dedAme}} [laomyk'fudk wdyd#u ygVdjrefrm

tbd"mefusrf;BuD;u wpfpHkwpfckaomw&m;udk wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh r,lrl csKyfNidrf;jcif; csKyfNidrf;aomw&m;?
aemiftcg y#doaE\ taMumif;rjzpfaom csKyfNidrf;jcif; csKyfNidrf;aomw&m;[k t"dyg,f zGifhqdkxm;ygonf
bk&m;/
uJhodkU ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm; edAmefonf wPSm'd|dwdkU\ tmHk r[kwf? wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh
r&tyf? rodtyfaom w&m;tjzpf a[mMum;awmfrlygvsuf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&ayrnf[k
qdkxm;jcif;onf rdpm0g'D t"r0g'DwdkU\ rdpm0g' t"r0g'omjzpfygonf bk&m;/
176
tpodkU

17/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ Mo0g'ay;q&mBuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ "rpMumvufopfESifh
pyfvsOf; 0daoo apm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ "rpMumvufopfESifh ywfouf vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif
r[kwfr[wf vkyfZmwfcif;um teufay;cJhyHkrsm;ESifh orm'd|dokawoetzGJU\ em,uBuD;wpfOD;jzpfol
tbd"rm q&mpdef qdkol\ ukd,fvdk&mudk,fqGJ teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk rlvapm'emvTm trSwf(17)wGif
azmfjyapm'emxm;NyD;cJhygNyD bk&m;/
ocifjrwfqdkifESifh orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ "rpMum tewvuPokwf y#dporkyg'f
wpfpdwf wpfa'owdkUudkom bk&m;a[m[k a[majymjzefUa0xm;aom pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacG
ponfwdkUudk (pmaypdppfa&;odkU rwifMubJ wdwfwqdwf jzefUa0xm;aom vufurf;pmapmif pmtkyfrsm;yg
rusef) pkaqmif;SmazG Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHtaxmuftxm;tjzpf wifjyNyD; rlvapm'emvTmwGif
wifjyavQmufxm; apm'emNyD;ygNyD bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;tygwdkU ESpfoufvSygonf jrwfEdk;vSygonf qdkaom "rpMumudkvnf;
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
udkufnDatmif
'd|"arm
paom
ygVdyk'frsm;udk
udk,fvdk&m
udk,fqGJ
teufay;xm;MuaMumif; avQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfygonf? bk&m;Sif\ tvdkawmfus teufay;&rnfudk

tb,fhaMumifh aMumufGHU aemufwGefUaeMuaMumif;rsm;udk if;wdkU\ t"r0g'udk ppfaq;qHk;jzwfaomtcg
txif;om; ay:vmrnf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
ae&mwGif'd|"arm
paom
"rpMumygVdyk'frsm;ukd
Ak'jrwfpGm
tvdkawmfus
q&mawmfOD;Ak"f
teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk qufvufavQmufxm; azmfjycGifhyyg bk&m;/

(1)
'd|"arm? jriftyfNyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonf jzpf/
(2)
yw"arm? a&muftyfNyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonf jzpf/
(3)
0d'dw"arm? odtyfNyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonf jzpf/
(4)
y&da,m*gV"arm? Pfjzifh ouf0iftyfNyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonf jzpf/
(5)
wdP0dpdudapm? ul;ajrmufNyD;aom wpfq,fhajcmufyg;aom ,HkrSm;jcif;? Spfyg;aom

,HkrSm;jcif; Sdonf jzpf/
(6)
0d*wuxHuaxm? odkUavm odkUavm awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif; uif;onf jzpf/
177
tpodkU
(7)

owKomoae?
jrwfpGmbk&m;
omoemawmf?
a0om&Zyawm?
&J&ifhjcif;odkU
a&mufonfjzpf/
(8)
ty&ypa,m? udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf odjriftyfaomaMumifh olwyg;wdkUtm; ,HkMunfjcif;

rjzpfrl/
]]opmw&m;}} [lonf txuf "rpMumw&m;pmudk,f a[mMum;xm;aom 'k-o-ed-r opm

av;yg; jzpfygonf/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;txufazmfjyyg
'd|"arm
paom
yk'fwdkU\
bk&m;Siftvdkusteufrsm;udk
atmufyg
t|uxmzGifhESifhtnD azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/

'da|m t&d,op"arm {awemwd 'd|"arm/ {o ea,m aooya'okyd/ wdPm 0dpdudpm
taeemwd wdP0dpdudapm/ 0d*wm uxHuxm tmwd 0d*wuxHuaxm/ a0om&Zyawmwd
a0om&ZH yawm? uw owKomoae/ em ya&m ypa,m e y& o'g, {w 0wwDwd
ty&ypa,m/ (r? |? 3? 66/)
jrefrmjyef
jriftyfNyD;aom t&d,opmw&m; Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf 'd|d"r rnf\?
<uif;aom
yw"r
0d'dw"r
y&da,m*gV"r
yk'fwdkUvnf;
tpDt&iftwdkif;yifwnf;?
vGefajrmuftyfNyD;aom 0dpdudpm Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf wdP0dpdudpm rnf\? uif;aom

tb,fodkUygvdrfh[k ajymqdkaMumif; 0dpdudpm Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh aomwmyefonf 0d*wuxHux
rnf\? a0om&Zyw [lonfum; uif;aom GHUSm;jcif;Sdol\ tjzpfodkU a&mufoenf;? jrwfpGmbk&m;\
omoemawmf uif;aom GHUSm;jcif;Sdol\ tjzpfodkU a&mufNyD? aomwmyef\ olwyg;[laom pGJ
jzpf&monf (0g) ,HkMunfxdkufolonf rSd? olwyg;udk ,HkMunfjcif;aMumifh omoemawmf usifhonf
r[kwfaomaMumifh aomwmyefonf ty&yp, rnf\/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;txufazmfjyyg
ygVd
t|uxmrsm;t&
bk&m;Sifonf
'd|"arm
paom
yk'frsm;udk
opmav;yg;w&m;udk odjrifNyD;aom t&d,myk*dKvfrsm;udk &nfG,f a[mxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifygonf

bk&m;/
"rpMumudk bk&m;a[mygVd? t|uxm? #DumESifhtnD ay;&aom teufESifh OD;Ou|ay;xm;aom
teuf b,fvdkuGmjcm;aeonfudk trSefw&m; pl;prf;vdkonfh vli,frsm; EdIif;,SOfMunfhoifhygonf/
178
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;tbd"rmq&mpdefqdkola&;aom
tw0g'ESifh
wm0womtbd"rm
pmtkyfwGif
"rpMum
a'oemawmfvm 'kuopm a[myk'frsm;udk olxif&m jrif&m aygufwwfu& teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk rlv

apm'emvTm avQmufxm; apm'emNyD;ygNyD bk&m;/
tbd"rmq&mpdef &rf;um;pGm teufay;xm;aom 'kuopm a[myk'frsm;udk q&mawmf OD;Ak"fu
bk&m;Siftvdkawmfus teufay;xm;yHkrsm;udk avQmufxm; azmfjyyg&ap bk&m;/
Zmwdyd? y#doaEae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kum? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif;jzpf\/
Z&myd? qdk;&Gm;a[mif;jrif; tdkrif;&ifha&mf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kum? qif;&Jjcif;\taMumif;
jzpf\
Asm"dyd? zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kaum? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/
r&Prd? ao&jcif;onfvnf;? 'kuH? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/
tyda,[d?
rcspfrESpfvdktyfaom
ow0gocFg&wdkUESifh/
ora,ma*g?
twlwuG
aygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kaum? qif;&J\/

yda,[d? cspfESpfvdktyfaom ow0gocFg&wdkUESifh/ 0dya,ma*g? auGuGif; uif;uGm
SJcGmzJMunf raygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kaum? qif;&J\/
,H ydpH? tMuif y#doaEae&jcif; paom oabmw&m; ightm; rjzpfygrl aumif;avpG
ponf jzifh awmifhwjcif;udk/ e vbwd? r&tyf/ wrd? xdk awmifhwwdkif; r&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kuH?
qif;&J\/
oHcdawe? tusOf;tm;jzifh? y? ig;yg;ukefaom/ Oyg'geuEmyd? Oyg'gef\ tmHkjzpfaom
cEmwdkUonfvnf;/ 'kum? qif;&Jukef\/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ bk&m;tvdkawmfus teufrsm;onf (0de,yd#uom&w'DyeD#Dum r[mcEu?
y0*,uxm? "rpuy0weokwf tzGifh pmrsufESm 171? 172? 173? 174? 175) wdkUrS
zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm;ESifh tnD teufjrefrmjyefqdkxm;jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/
ae&mwGif acwfvli,frsm; jrifomatmif tppfESifhtwk EIdif;,SOf jyyg&ap bk&m;/
Zmwdyd - ief;ief;wuf pGJvrf;jcif; jzpfvmjcif;aMumifh/ 'kum? qif;&Jjcif; tusdK;w&m;
jzpf&acs\/ (q&mpdef) (twk)
Zmwdyd - y#doaEae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kum? qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif; jzpf\/ (q&mawmf
OD;Ak"f ) (tppf)
179
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU bk&m;tbd"rmq&mpdef qdkolonf ol\ tw0g'ESifh wm0wom tbd"rmpmtkyfyif ]]t,ar0 aom

t&da,m t|*aum ra*g}} ygVdudk vdif0kpfrrSef o'g[eftaerus teufay;xm;onfudkvnf; rlv
apm'emvTm wifjyavQmufxm;cJhygonf bk&m;? ]]t&da,m? jrwfaom / t, ar0 ra*g? r*fonfvQif/
t|*aum? t*FgSpfyg;ESifh jynfhpHk\}} [laom teufonf o'grSef yk'frSef teufrSef jzpfygonf? cdkifcHhaom
bmompum; rSeforQ pnf;urf;Sdygonf? ygVd ouw paom bmompum;BuD;rsm;onf pnf;pepfSdaom
bmomrsm; jzpfygonf? xdkUaMumifh ygVdbmomudk o'grrSef aygufwwfu& vkyfypfygu t"dym,frSef
r&Edkifawmhyg? pufbD;pD;wwfolonf vJatmif b,fvdkvkyfvkyf rvJyg? ygVdwwf ynmSifrsm;onfvnf;
rSm;atmif wrifvkyfwmawmif rrSm;yg? OD;Ou|wdkU q&mpdefwdkUrSmum; ygVdo'gESifh ygVdpmayudk aumif;pGm
rwwf pufbD;rpD;wwfaom oluJhodkU jzpfaeayonf/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh tbd"rmq&mpdefwdkU\ bk&m;a[m "rpMuma'oemtay: bk&m;Sif\
tvdkawmfudk
qefUusifvsuf
teufjrefrmjyefqdkxm;MuyHkonf
bk&m;Sif\
tvdkawmfus
ax&0g'yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifhtnD
jyefqdkxm;Muaom
teufay;yHkonf
vdkufemaeMuaom
"rpMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh
t"r0g'rsm;om
olwdkUonfvnf;
jzpfaMumif;
wynfhawmfrsm;
avQmufxm;cJhaom
aS;q&mpOfquf
teufjrefrm
vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh
"rpMumvufopf
avQmufxm;ygonf
xdkt"r0g'rsm;udk
t"r0g'Drsm;omjzpfaMumif;
bk&m;?
tqHk;tjzwf
ay;awmfrlyg&ef
180
tpodkU

0daooapm'em trSwf ( 18 )
18/
twaemrwd- rdrdxif&majymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m
jzpfav [ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifhywfouf 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;1/
twaemrwd=
rdrdxif&m
ajymqdkonfh
vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh
bk&m;ra[monfudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh ywfouf ]bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m

vkyfrIonf} bmomoemzsuf tytrlrsdK; jzpfaMumif; oufaoom"ursm;jzifh avQmufxm;yg&ap bk&m;/
2/
yd#uoHk;oG,f edum,fig;jzm a'oemawmfonf olvdkigvdk omrefyk*dKvfwpfa,mufu
awG;awmMuHpnfNyD; a[mxm;aom a'oemr[kwf? av;toacFsESifh urmwpfodef; umvywfvHk;

yg&rDawmfrsm;udk jznfhqnf;yl;NyD;rS oHk;avmuxG#fxm; bk&m;tjzpfodkU a&mufNyD;aom w&m;tm;vHk;udk
tukeftpif odjrifawmfrlonfh bk&m;Sifu oAkwaTPfawmfBuD;jzifh odjrifNyD; a[mMum;xm;aom
w&m;a'oemawmfrsm; jzpfygonf bk&m;? xdkw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;rSm jznfhzG,f pGufzG,f y,fzG,f EkwfzG,f
rSdaMumif;udk oDvuefygVdawmf omrnzvokwf odkU a[mMum;xm;ygonf bk&m;/
aom "rH a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZuvsmPH y&da,maomeuvsmPH? omwH oAseH
au0vy&dykPH y&dok'H jA[p&d,H yumaowd/ ('D? 1? 59/)
ygVdawmfudk atmufygtwdkif; Sif;vif; azmfjytyfygonf bk&m;-
uvsmP*kPf
Ak'jrwfpGm a'oemawmfrsm;onf yxryg'jzifh tp aumif;jcif;? 'kwd, wwd,yg'jzifh
tv,f aumif;jcif;? pwkwyg'jzifh tqHk; aumif;jcif;*kPf/
ed'gef;jzifh tp aumif;jcif;? tv,fpum;&yfjzifh tv,faumif;jcif;? ed*Hk;pum;&yfjzifh tqHk;
aumif;jcif; *kPf/
yxrtEkoaEjzifh tp aumif;jcif;? tv,ftEkoaEjzifh tv,faumif;jcif;? tqHk;tEkoaEjzifh
tqHk; aumif;jcif; *kPf/
oDvorm"djzifh tp aumif;jcif;? 0dyemr*fwdkUjzifh tv,faumif;jcif;? zdkvf edAmefwdkUjzifh
tqHk; aumif;jcif;*kPf? odkU tp v,f tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh jynfhpHkaom
a'oemawmfrsm; jzpfMuygonf bk&m;/
181
tpodkU

ow*kPf
Ak'jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonf rsufarSmuftusdK; wrvGeftusdK; avmuDtusdK; avmukw&m tusdK;

ESifh jynfhpHkyg\/
ouFmoe
tusOf;tm;jzifh jyqdktyfaom teuf?
yumoe
aS;OD;pGm jyqdktyfaom teuf?
0d0&P
tusOf;udk tus,fzGifhqdktyfaomteuf?
0dbZe
jyqdktyfNyD;onfudk wzefa0zeftyfaom teuf?
OwmeDu&P
zGifhqdkNyD;onfudk txl;wvnf tus,fw0ifh zGifhqdktyfaom teuf?
ynmye
a0zeftyfNyD;udk (ay:vGifonfxuf ay:vifatmif) jynfhjynfhpHkpHk

odaptyfaom teuf/
qdkcJhNyD;aom tusdK;pD;yGm; teufrsm;ESifh jynfhpHk<u0aom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
oAse*kPf
Ak'jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonftu&
wpfvHk; wpfvHk;aom tu&m?
y'
0dbwftqHk;Sdaom emrfyk'f? tmcsmwfyk'f? Oyom&yk'f? edygwfyk'f?
Ase
teuft"dym,fudk jywwfaom 0gus?
tmum&
0gusudk rsm;pGmaom tjym;wdkUjzifh a0zefrI yaMumif; pum;?
edkwd
tjym;tm;jzifh a0zefNyD;onfudk xkwfaqmif tus,fqdktyfaom 0d*[

tusOf;pum;/
eda'o
t<uif;tusefrSdatmif Tefjytyfaom 0d*[ tus,fpum;/
qdkcJhNyD;aom o'grsm;ESifh jynfhpHk<u,f0aom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
au0vy&dykP*kPf ponf
Ak'jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonfxnfhoGif;jznfhpGufzG,f&m rvdkatmif jynfhpHkaeonf jzpfyg au0v y&dykP*kPf?
tjypfruif;ojzifh
wpfpHkwpf&m
xkwfEkwfy,fzsuf&rnfh
w&m;rygSd
tvGefoefUpifaom
y&dok'*kPf?
oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;tif jrwfaom w&m;tpOfudk xifjrifatmif azmfjyEdkifonfh
jA[p&d, yumoe*kPf?
*kPfawmfwdkUESifh avmufvHkjynfh0 wifhw,fvSaom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
182
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf t&SifjrwfwdkU bk&m;3/
qdkcJhNyD;aom aus;Zl;*kPfwdkUESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom Ak'jrwfpGm a'oemawmfonf(1) ygVda0g[m& pum;vHk; toHk;tEIef;\ eufeJjcif; = "r*rD&?
(2) teufoabm\ eufeJjcif; = tw*rD&?
(3) a[mMum;yHk tpDtpOf\ eufeJjcif; = a'oem*rD&?
(4) ygVdteufwdkUudk xdk;xGif odEdkifaom Pf\ eufeJjcif; = y#da0"*rD&-
[laom eufeJjcif;av;rsdK;wdkUESifh jynfhpHkaom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf? odkUjzpf&um; tapmufvnf;euf

tajymvnf;us,faom
ork'&m0,f
,kefoli,fonf
axmufwnf&m
r&ouJhodkU
jznfhusifh
qnf;yl;tyfaom ukodkvf taqmuftOD; rSdolwdkU ouf0ifusufpm;&ef cufcJNyD; axmufrD&efvnf;

rvG,faom a'oemawmf jzpfygonf bk&m;/
rQavmuf tzufzufu *kPfaygif;pHkaewJh bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf rnfolurQ r[kwfr[wf
vkyfZwf ygVdudk xnfh bk&m;a[m rvkyfoifhyg bk&m;? vkyfcJhvQifvnf; Ak'jrwfpGm vufxufawmftcgu
t&d|&[ef;\ vrf;odkUom jref;&zdkUSdygonf bk&m;/
t&d| &[ef;
Ak'jrwfpGmvufxufawmftcg t&d|rnfaom "ruxdu &[ef;wpfyg; SdcJhzl;ygonf bk&m;?
olu tbd"rmyd#uESifh okwefyd#uudk wwfuRrf;NyD; 0denf;yd#uudk em;rvnfyg? odkUyg Ak'jrwfpGm
"ra'oem atmufyg vkyfygVdudk xnfhvdkufygonf bk&m;/
wxm[H b*0wm "rH a'odwH tmZmemrd/ ,xm a, ar tE&m,dum "rm 0kwm
b*0wm? aw y#dao0awm emvH tE&m,m,/ (r? 1? 184/)
arxke y#dao0ew&m;wdkUudk psmef r*fzdkvf\ tE&m,fudk ywwf\ [k bk&m;a[mxm;aomfvnf;
tMuif enf;vrf;jzifh rSD0Joltm; tE&m,frjzpfEdkif? bk&m; a[mxm;aom psmef r*fzdkvf\ tE&m,fudk
ywwfaom arxkey#dao0ew&m;wdkUonf tE&m,frjzpfEdkifaom enf;vrf;udk igodxm;onf/
&[ef;wdkUu r[kwfrSefaMumif; bk&m;Sifu odkUra[maMumif; Sif;vif;jyaomfvnf; vufrcH?
rSefrSef rSm;rSm; qdkNyD;om;pum;udk rpGefUEdkif[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ ,lqaeonf? bk&m;Sifu ac:,lqHk;r&mtx p ye wGH armCyk&do twem 'k*[dawe tarS ap0 tAmpduod? twme ceod?
A[k tyknH yo0od/ wH [d aw armCyk&do b0dwd 'DC&wH t[dwm, 'kum,/ (r? 1?
185/)
(rlvyPmoygVdawmf? tv*'Lyrokwf)
183
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm; xdkodkU a[mxm;ygvsuf oifonf rdrdonf raumif;aom

pGJ,l jcif;jzifh igwdkUudkvnf; pGyfpGJbd\? rdrdudk,fudkvnf; wl;zdzsufqD;bd\? tukodkvfw&m;wdkUudkvnf;
rsm;pGmyGm; apbd\? r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm; oifhtm; xdk,kwfnHhaom rdpmt,lonf
umvSnfjrifhpGm tpD; tyGm;rJhjcif; qif;&Jjcif;iSm jzpfvwHU/
uJhodkU rdefYqdkNyD; &[ef;wdkUtm; atmufygtwkdif; ar;awmfl\/
]&[ef;wdkU... xdktaMumif;udk tb,fodkU rSwfxifMuukefoenf;? vif;wowfrsdK; jzpfzl;aom
t&d| &[ef;onf omoemawmf PftaiGUtoufrQ Sdao;oavm} [k ar;awmfrl\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m; tb,frSm SdEdkifygtHhenf;? rSdEdkifyg bk&m;}} [k &[ef;wdkUu avQmufxm;Muukef\/
xdkodkU
qHk;raomfvnf;
t&d|&[ef;onf
rwkefrvIyf
ikwfwkwfxdkifum
t,lrpGefUbJ
ZGwfayaeygonf bk&m;/
xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;uynm,dwd acg wGH armCyk&do {awe oaue ygyaue 'd|d*awe? (r? 1? 185/)
r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom a,mufsm;? oifonf rdrd\ ,kwfnHhvSaom t,ljzifh i&J
ponfwdkU xifSm;vwHU/
odkU rdefYqdkawmfrlNyD; t&d|udk oHCmh*dkPf;rS ESifxkwfvdkufNyD; &[ef;aumif;wdkUtm;vnf;
t&d|&[ef;uJhodkU ryMu&ef t|uxmq&m tSifr[mAk'aCmou atmufygtwdkif; owday;jyefygonf/
t&da|e 0d, e wkarS[d r,SH omoae uvvH 0g up0&H 0g yudydwAH/ (r? |? 2? 16/)
]]&[ef;wdkU oifwdkUonf t&d|&[ef;uJhodkU ig\ omoemawmf THUGefESifh trdIufodkufudk
rxnfhoGif;&}} [k owday;ygonf/
u@uomraP
xdkodkU owday;aeonfhtMum;rS t&d|&[ef;\ oHa,mifaemufvdkuf t&d|&[ef;\ rdpmt,ludk
tvHxlay;rnfh
u@uomraPqdkwJh
arxkey#dao0etrIonf
psmefr*fzdkvf\
udk&ifBuD;wpfOD;
ay:vmjyefygonf?
oluvnf;
tE&m,fryEdkif[k
qufvufa[mjyefonf?
olU0g'udk
vludufvnf; rsm;onf? vlaovljzpfuJhodkU qef;opfwJh tbd"rmyJqdkNyD; topftqef;udufolwdkU

0dkif;0dkif;vnfaeMuonf?
'DtxJ
omoemawmfordkif;rSm
wpfavQmufvHk;Iyfvmaom
qA*Dudk,fawmfBuD;wdkUu aSUqHk;rS yg0ifaeonf? 'Dudk&ifudk auR;Muonf? ay;Muonf twltdyf twlpm;

aexdkifum rolawmfcsif; oDwif;avGUavGU aygif;zufarGUaeMuonf? u@u omraPudk t,lrSefatmif
a[mvnf; r&/
184
tpodkU
xdktaMumif; bk&m;Sif odaomtcg &[ef;wdkUudk ac: atmufyg twdkif; ESifxkwfcdkif;vkdufonf/

tZwa* aw tm0kaom u@u e ap0 aom b*0g owm ty'dodwaAm?
,Hyd pan orPka'om vbEd bduL[d o' 'd&wwd&wH o[ao,sH? omyd aw ewd?
p& yda& 0de/ (0d? 2? 182/)
a[h armifu@u oifonf igwdkUq&m bk&m;jrwfpGmudk ,aeUupNyD; q&mvdkU rnGefjy&? tjcm;
udk&ifaumif;rsm;vdk twl ESpfnoHk;n tdyfcGifhvnf; r&awmh? olpdrf;jyify a[h vlt awmf&moGm;
ysufpD;ygav/
pum;udkajym
omoemawmfrS
oefUSif;a&;vkyf
xkwfypf&rnf[k
&[ef;wdkUudk
rdefUawmfrlygonf bk&m;/
taygif;toif;vkyfaom
qA*D&[ef;wdkUudkvnf;
ac:
uJh&JUIwfcsNyD;
aemif
taygif;toif;vkyfvQif ygpdwftmywfoifhap[k tmPmawmfrSwf odumyk'fudkyif ynwfcJh&ygonf

bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;Ak'jrwfpGmonf rdrd\ omoem r[kwfr[wf vkyfZwfygVd r[kwfrw&m; 0g'trSm;
xnfhoGif;jcif;udk rQyif jyif;jyif;xefxef udk,fawmfwdkif ta&;,lcJhygonf bk&m;/
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|\
wynfhBuD;
ocifjrwfqdkifESifh
orm'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf
ygVdtaetxm;rrSef o',kwdvnf;rSd? teuft"dyg,frrSef tw,kwdvnf;rSdaom]]avmuork',
twd?
avmueda&m"
ewd}}
[laom
pum;udk
ba'u&wokwf
a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif; oDvuef a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif;? oH,kwf a[mcJhonf[kvnf;aumif;

vdrfvnfa&;om;
teufazmf&mrSmvnf;
olwdkUcsif;yif
rnDGwfMuyg
bk&m;?
ed'ge0*oH,kwf?
upmea*gwokwf xdkonfh avmuork', twd? avmueda&m" ewd qdkwJhpum; rygonfhtjyif

teuft"dyg,fvnf;
rygyg
bk&m;?
,if;
upmea*gwokwfvm
ygVdrSef
teufrSefudk
wifjy
avmuork',H acg upe ,xmblwH orynm, yawm ,m avmau ewdwm?
om e a[mwd/ avmued a&m"H acg upme ,xmblwH orynm, yawm ,m avmau
twdwm? om e a[mwd/
jrefrmjyef
upeocFg&avmu\ jzpfaMumif;jzpf&m (tEkavmr y#dporkyg'f) udk rSefaom 0dyemynm
r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifaomol\ (oEmef) avmu rSdonf\tjzpf jywfonf\
tjzpf[laom Oap' t,lrjzpf? upme ocFg&avmu\ csKyfjcif; csKyf&m y#davmr y#dporkyg'fudk rSefaom
185
tpodkU
0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm jrifaomol\ (oEmef) avmu Sdonf\tjzpf

jrJonf\tjzpf [laom ow t,l rjzpf/
pum;&yfrsm;rSm upmea*gwokwf jrefrmjyef trSef jzpfygonf bk&m;? trSefudk trSeftwdkif;
xkwfjyvdkufojzifh trSm;udkvnf; trSm;[k odomjcm;em; uGJjym;pGm jrifawGU&ygonf bk&m;/
bk&m; ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m[k vdrf&J nm&Jjcif;ESifh ywfouf{uH "rH twDw? rkom0g'd ZEKaem/
0dwdPy&avmu? ewd ygyH tum&d,H/
vdrfnm&JNyD; wrvGefb0udk y,fSm;olonf ry&Jaom tukodkvf 'kpdkuf [l rSd? vdrf&Jolonf
bmrqdk vkyf&Jonf [laom "ry'ygVdawmfvm pum;ESifhtnD &wemoHk;yg;udkvnf; apmfum;&JMuygonf
bk&m;/
xdkUaMumifh bk&m;ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfNyD; tajymIyfonfudk oabm[kwf ay:vGifatmif
"ruefESifhnd qHk;jzwfay;awmfrlMuyg bk&m;/
186
tpodkU

0daooapm'em trSwf ( 19 )
19/
Ak'\jzpfawmfpOf
Ak'0ifrsm;udk
raxrJhjrify
ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf
oa&mfapmfum;
a&;om;jcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; bk&m;omrnapm'emtrSwf
19-wGif
pk'dwuwdkU\
pmtkyfpmwrf;
ponfwdkUrS
aumufEkwf
azmfjyxm;aom pmydk'ftrSwf (u) rS (e) txd pum;&yfrsm;onf Ak'bk&m;ociftm; rdkrao

*g&0uif;rJhpGm ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum; a&;om;xm;aom pum;rsm;jzpf xdkpum;&yfrsm;onf
t*Fkw&edum,f?
yryPmou?
udrdv0*f
udrdvokwf
a'oemawmft&
t*g&0
5-rsdK;wGif
tusHK;0ifaeygonf bk&m;? olawmfaumif;w&m; ysufpD;atmif (t&SnfcdkifcHh rwnfwHhatmif) zsufqD;&m

a&mufaeygonf bk&m;/
t*g&0 5-rsdK; qdkonfrSm1/ bk&m; rdkaojcif;?
2/ w&m; rdkaojcif;?
3/ oHCm rdkaojcif;?
4/ odum rdkaojcif;?
5/ tcsif;csif; rdkaojcif;ig;rsdK; jzpfygonf bk&m;? t*g&0 5-rsdK;aMumifh bk&m;ocif y&dedAmefpHvGefNyD;aemuf olawmf
aumif;w&m;rsm; ysufpD;&jcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? Ak'jrwfpGmomoemawmfBuD; ysufpD;&jcif;rSmvnf;
t*g&0 5-rsdK; xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmifaejcif;yif t&if;cH jzpfygonf bk&m;/
t*g&0 5-yg; ygVdawmf

aum Ek acg baE a[wk aum ypa,m a,e wxm*aw y&dedAKaw o'arm e pd&|dwdaum
a[mwDwd/
(1) " udrdv wxm*aw y&dedAKaw bduK bduKeda,m Oygoum Oygoduma,m
ow&d t*g&0g 0d[&Ed tywdm/
(2) "ar t*g&0g 0d[&Ed tywdm?
(3) oHaC t*g&0g 0d[&Ed tywdm?
(4) odum, t*g&0g 0d[&Ed tywdm?
(5) tnrnH t*g&0g 0d[&Ed tywdm?
t,H acg udrdv a[wk t,H ypa,m a,e xxm*aw y&dedAKaw o'arm e
pd&|dwdawm a[mwDwd/ (tH 2? 216/) (y*Fkw&ygVdawmf? udrdvokwf)
187
tpodkU

t*g&0 5-yg; jrefrmjyef
]]tSifbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpH,lawmfrlonfSdaomf olawmfaumif;w&m; MumjrifhpGm

rwnfwHhEdkifaom taMumif;taxmuftyHhum; tb,fygenf;}} [k avQmuf\/
udrdv jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpH,lawmfrlonf&Sdaomf omoemawmf &[ef; &[ef;rdef;r
Oygoum OygodumrwdkUonf(1) jrwfpGmbk&m; dkaorI wkyf0yfrI rSdukefrl aeMuukef\/
(2) w&m; dkaorI wkyf0yfrI rSdukefrl aeMuukef\/
(3) oHCm dkaorI wkyf0yfrI rSdukefrl aeMuukef\/
(4) oDvodum dkaorI wkyf0yfrI rSdukefrl aeMuukef\/
(5) tcsif;csif; dkaorI wkyf0yfrI rSdukefrl aeMuukef\/
udrdv
jrwfpGmbk&m;
y&dedAmefpH,lawmfrlonfSdaomf
olawmfaumif;w&m;
MumjrifhpGm
rwnfwHhEdkifaom taMumif;taxmuftyHhum; onfyifwnf;[k (rdefYawmfrl\)/ (tif jref 2? 217/)

ae&mwGif ,if;wdkU\ a0zefcsufonf w&m;vrf;aMumif;rusaMumif;udk omrnapm'em
(yxrapm'em) ygaom aumufEkwfcsuf tpOfvdkuf tenf;i,fpD azmfjyygrnf bk&m;/
(u)
bk&m;jzpf&ef
tavmif;awmfewfom;tm;
awmif;yef&onfrSm
BuD;onfhtavsmuf
ywf0ef;usifu
pMu0Vmwdkufwpfaomif;rS
avmu\
xHk;wrf;pOfvmt&
wdkufwGef;awmif;yefMujcif;onf
ewfjA[mtaygif;wdkUu
udptwdkif;twmBuD;vQif
"rwmyif
jzpfonf?
Ak'0if
rl&if;pum; pMu0Vmwdkufwpfaomif;rS ewfjA[mwdkUu toif bk&m;jzpfrnf[k vmajymonf r[kwfyg?

bk&m;jzpf&ef vlUjynfodkUqif;NyD; oaE,lyg[k awmif;yefjcif; jzpfygonf? a0zefolu tavmif;awmfu
rod? ewfjA[mwdkUu udwifodESifhonf[k a0zefjcif;rSm Ak'0ifpmom;udk em;vnfatmif rzwfEdkif
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
(c)
vlUjynfodkUqif;
bk&m;jzpf&ef
awmif;yefjcif;onf
udk,fhudk,fudk
owfaozdkU
awmif;yefjcif;jzpfaMumif; a0zefcsufrSmvnf; Ak'0ifudkususee zwfzl;olrsm;tzdkU &,fp&mjyufvHk;rQom

jzpfygonf? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tavmif;awmfewfom;onf olUyg&rDt& olUtcsdeftcg usa&mufom
aowauwkewfom;b0rS pkaw r,fawmfrm,m0rf; oaE,ljcif; jzpfygonf? a0zefcsufonf
a0zefol rSefuefaom oabmxm; rSdaMumif; ay:vGifapygonf/
(*)
r,fawmfrm,m tdyfrufcef; qifjzLawmf tdyfrufay;onfudkvnf; t[dwfwd&pmefBuD;
ay;&rvm;[k a0zefjyefonf? tu,f a0zefpmygonfhtwdkif; ewfom;vSvSav;udk tdyfrufay;ygu

a0zefolwdkUu r,fawmfrm,monf ewfom;ESifh tdyfrufxJrSm azmufjyefonf[k a0zefMurnfom
jzpfygonf? taumif;rjrifcsifolwdkUonf tbufbufu tjypfSmrnfom jzpfygonf/
188
tpodkU
(C)

o*gxm0*oH,kwfvm
ewfokwfawGu
Ak'Sifawmftm;
tapmfum;qHk;[k
a0zefpGyfpGJcsufudk yd#uwfwwf ynmSdolawmfaumif;wdkUu yH;awmfrlMuygonf/

(i)
ewf\w&m;udk bk&m;Sifu vdkufem&av[ef trSwfjya0zefcsufonfvnf; r[kwfyg?
pifppf ewfudk tid;BuD;vSpGmjzifh tjypfSmaejcif;om jzpfygonf/

(p)
wm0womrSm
oEKdwewfom;u
tbd"rmw&m;a[maom
wpfBudrfrQ
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;
qGrf;rauR;&aumif;vm;[k
r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;aom
a0zefxm;ygonf?
a0zefcsufum;
rqdk;vSyg? wm0womrSm bk&m;Sif tbd"rma[monfudk oG,f0dkufvufcH&m a&mufygonf/

(q)
aeUwdkif;
trSwfjypum;&yf jrwfpGmbk&m; tbd"rmw&m; wm0womrSm a[mawmfrlpOf

ajrmufuRef;odkU<uNyD;
r,fawmfrdewfom;tm;
qGrf;cH
qGrf;bkOf;ay;ae&onfudk
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;u
MunfhaeEdkif&uf&efaum[k
&efawGUxm;ygonf?
olwdkUomqdkvQif
'DvdkMunfhrae&ufygbl;[k qdk&ma&mufojzifh b,fqdk;vdkUwkef;[k rSwfcsufyvdkygonf bk&m;/

(Z)
OD;aTjynfhuvnf; ,cktcgrSm t&daraw,sbk&m;tavmif;ESifh ywfouf tHhzG,fo&J
xl;uJaomjzpf&yfrsm;udk rawGU& rcsifhr&JjzpfaeaMumif; od&ygonf? rawGU[kqdkonfrSm wdkawmif;vSwJh

vlUb0umvav;twGif; OD;aTjynfh rawGUwmvm;? ,aeU urmay:rSmSdwJh vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;awGu
rawGUwmvm;? tHhzG,fo&Judk awGU&&ifvnf; 'gbk&m;tavmif;aMumifhyJ[k b,fol odEdkifovJ? 550Zmwfedygwfawmfrsm;udk '@m&DawGyJ[k pGJvrf;rSwfxifaewJh Oyg'gefuav;udkzwfNyD; pOf;pm;vQif tjrifrSef
jyef&ygvdrfhrnf bk&m;/
(ps)
anmifyifwpfyifrSm trnfrodolwpfOD;u r,fawmfrm,mtm; tavmif;awmfod'w
oaE&atmif ay;vdkufaMumif; Ak'0ifuqdkowJh? ax&0g' Ak'0if tapmifapmifrSm 'Dvdkrygygbk&m;/

(n)
oaE,lcJhonf
tavmif;awmfewfom;onf ewfjA[mwdkU\ awmif;yefcsuft& r,fawmfrm,m0rf;

qdkonfhtwGuf
zcifoka'g'eonf
zcif&if;r[kwf[k
aTtbd"rmu
qdkygonf?
'ghaMumifhvJ aTtbd"rm[k tjrwfwEdk; emrnfay;Muonf xifyg\ bk&m;/

(#)
bk&m;tavmif;
zGm;jrifwkef;u
tusdK;tuef;awG
aumif;onf?
ewfjynfi&Jjynf
jrif&onfqdkwmudk urmYordkif;rSm rygwJh? aTtbd"rmu rauseyf? vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 2600-u

wu,fhtjzpftysufudk rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifwJh urmYordkif;q&mrsm;udk aTtbd"rmq&mwdkUu qufvuf
ta&;,lMu&ef wdkufwGef;ygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;apm'emtrSwf
19-wGif
azmfjyxm;aom
(u)rS
(#)txd
pum;&yfrsm;onf
bmoma&;jyufvHk;rsm;yif jzpfMuaomfvnf; Ak'ESifhAk'0Houdk ajymifavSmifjyufacsmf oa&mfapmfum;

*g&0uif;rJhpGm yrlxm;aomaMumifh rodem;rvnfSmolrsm;taejzifh txiftjrif vGJrSm;NyD; oGm;Ekdifygojzifh
189
tpodkU
bk&m;zsuf w&m;zsuf oHCmzsuf tcsif;csif; zsufqD;aom pum;&yfrsm;om jzpfaeygaomaMumifh

"rvrf;aMumif; rapmif;&atmif wnfhrwfay;awmfrlygrnfhtaMumif; avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
190
tpodkU

20/
ax&0g'vm oH*g,em (6)wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymaqG;aEG; a&;om;xdk;ESufvsuf
omoemzsufvkyf&yfrsm;udk vkyfudkifaeMurIESifh ywfouf 0daooapm'emcsufyg bk&m;/

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&m;awmfrsm; bk&m;1/
oH*g,em (6)wef wifawmfrlvmcJhMuwJh Sifr[muy tpSdaom bk&m;om;awmf
ax&fjrwfBuD;rsm;onf
Ak'jrwfpGm
45-0g
umvMumatmif
a[mazmfTefjy
qHk;rawmfrlcJhaom
pum;awmfa'oem tESpfrsm;udk rayghysuf rao;odrf rwnfNidrf racsmufcsm; azmufjym; aGUavsm

roGm;&avatmif wpfyGifhpD a<uvifaeaom yef;rsm;udk pDum pOfum uHk;oDxm;ouJhodkU pkpnf;ukH;oD
tpDtpOfusatmif u@jcm; ydkif;umGwfqdk xm;awmfrlcJhMuygonf bk&m;/
2/
yxroH*g,emordkif;udk
jzpfawmfrlaom
aemufaMumif;jyefMunfhvQif
Sifr[muyax&fonf
okb'&[ef;BuD;\
acgif;aqmifoHCax&f
xdwfvefUzG,faumif;aom
0denf;w&m;awmfudk IwfcsuJh&JUonfh pum;udkMum;& ]]0denf;usifh0wfonf omoemawmf\ a&aomufjrpf

jzpfonf?
a&aomufjrpf
ykyfaqG;vQif
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193
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194
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197
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206
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OD;qEm"du\ aom"emed'gef;
OD;qEm"du\ aom"em trSwf(5)
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207
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208
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aom"em trSwf(5)
(OD;qEm"du\ acsycsuf)
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209
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tusKd;&if;onf tu,f SdtHh? xdkodkUSdcJhaomf igonf udk,fcEmysufpD; aoNyD;onfrS
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&tyfaom 'kwd,axmufwnf&maywnf;/
210
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(3)

raumif;rIudk ycJhvQif yonf rnftHh? igonf wpfpHkwpfckaom raumif;rIudk tm;rxkwfcJh?
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211
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Sdvdrfhrnf[kumvtvdkufteufESifho'gwdusatmif
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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;-
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('D?1?65?66/)
212
tpodkU
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oHk;aqmifMuNyD;vQif rSm;aom toufarG;rIjzpfukefaom odkUaom zDvmjzpfukefaom twwfwdkUjzifh
toufarG;Muukef\/
onfwdkUonfum;
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y&dwftusKd;&rnfxuf omoemwGif; vljzpfusKd;IH;rnfudk ydk aMumufoifhygonf tSifoljrwfrsm;
bk&m;/
213
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aom"em trSwf (14)
ao,sxmyd 0gao| t,H tpd&0wD e'D yl&m O'u orwdwdum umuay,sm?
txyk&daom tm*ap,s yg&wdaum yg&*grD yg&*a0oD yg&H w&dwkumarm? aom Mo&dar

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0gao| tpd&0wDjrpfonf urf;rSmem; usD;aomufEdkifavmufatmif urf;ESifhtnD a&jynfhvsuf
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tuyd,om0Zqk (0g)rtyfaom tjypfSdaom qk[k qdkaumif;qdkEdkifaumif;rnf xifygonf? taMumif;rSm
214
tpodkU
pGefUvTwfv'gef;&ef tcGifhawmif;jcif;udk tyfaom tjypfuif;aom qk[k qdkxm;&m &,l&efodrf;ydkuf&ef

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omoemh0efxrf; Sif&[ef;wdkUonf tuyd,om0ZqkrsKd;udk ray;rd&ef txl;owdyoifhygonf?
]]a,m bdua0 lyH tbdeEwd? 'kuH aom tbdeEwd}}[laom a'oemawmfrSm kyfudk ESpfoufpGJvrf;olrSm
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215
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aom"emtrSwf (21)
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmftSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;? bk&m;wynfhawmf

av;jrwfpGm avQmufxm;tyfygonf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emcsufrsm;teuf bk&m;wynfhawmfESifh wdkufdkufoufqdkifaom
apm'emcsuftrSwf (21)udk avQmufxm; aqG;aEG;cGifhyyg bk&m;-
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ponfrsm;jzpfaMumif;
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t|omvdeD t|uxm pmrsufESm (4)/
,if;jiif;cHkyGJ
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arm*vdykwwdawa&aewH XydwH XydwH [laom yk'fonf wwd, oH*g,em wifNyD;csdefudk
Tefjyaeygonf/
216
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wynfhawmfonf
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217
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ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf (1)
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aom"emcsuf
ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"emtrSwf (2)
vlaovljzpf[l pdwful;ayguf&m vdkufvHa[majym a&;om;rIESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuftay:
aom"emcsuf
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aom"emcsuf
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a&;om; a[majymrIESifh ywfouf tay:apm'emcsuf aom"emcsuf
ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf(6)
av[ef rSm;,Gif;pGm ajymqdka0zefjcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf
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aom"emcsuf
tpodkU

oHCmawmfudk apmfum;rI yjcif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emcsuftay: aom"emcsuf
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ocifjrwfqdkif\ aomemtrSwf (13)
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ocifjrwfqdkif\ aom"em trSwf(17)
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tpodkU

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aom"em trSwf (20-21) racsyvdk
tpodkU

ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyvTmed'gef;
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218
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aom"em trSwf (1)
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238
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239
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242
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245
tpodkU

aom"emtrSwf (10)
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246
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tpodkU

aom"emtrSwf (11)
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247
tpodkU
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248
tpodkU

aom"emtrSwf (12)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;-

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249
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250
tpodkU

aomemtrSwf (13)

,ck aom"emvTm trSwf 13-udk avQmufMum;ygrnf bk&m;/
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251
tpodkU

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252
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tpodkU

aom"emtrSwf (14)

,ck apm'emvTmtrSwf (14)ESifh ywfouf Sif;vif;csycsufyg bk&m;/
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253
tpodkU
tcsufrSm qGrf;oGwfjcif;udk wdkufdkuf ajymqdkjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;? rQavmufjzifh tcef;

u@tm; jyefvnfavQmufxm;&ef jynfhpHkNyD[k ,lqaMumif;yg bk&m;/
254
tpodkU

aom"emtrSwf (15)
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;apm'emvTm trSwf(15)tm; jyefvnfacsy Sif;vif;vdkygonf bk&m;/

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255
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256
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aom"emtrSwf (16)
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257
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258
tpodkU

aom"em trSwf(17)
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259
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260
tpodkU

aom"em trSwf (18)
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261
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262
tpodkU

aom"em trSwf (19)
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264
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265
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266
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267
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268
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269
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270
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271
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272
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273
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274
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orm'd|dokawoetzGJUrS acsycsuf
trSwf (1)apm'emvTmudk aom"emycsufvTmyg bk&m;/

apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;\ apm'em trSwf(1)wGif ]]bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonf}}[laom
apm'emudk atmufygtwdkif; aom"emytyfygonf bk&m;/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tSifoljrwfwdkU bk&m;apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
bmom[laom
a0g[m&ESifh
omoem[laom
a0g[m&wdkU\
t"dyg,fudk ruGJjym;MuaomaMumifhom pum;&yftwGuf qwfqwfcg emusnf;jcif; jzpfMu[ef

wlygonf bk&m;? trSefrSm jrefrma0g[m&wGif Ak'0g'ESifh ywfouf ,cifu bmom[laom toHk;tEIef;
r&SdcJhyg? omoem[lom oHk;avhoHk;x &SdcJhygonf/ ukef;abmifacwf bBuD;awmfrif;vufxufwGif
c&pf,mefomoemy q&ma'gufwm*syfqif a&mufSdvmNyD;aemuf
(Religion)udk
bmom[k t"dyg,fjyef&mrS
pwif Ak'[laom yk'fESifh wGJzufNyD; Ak'bmom[laom toHk;tEIef; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;/

bmom[laom a0g[m&\ rl&if;t"dyg,frSm ajymqdkoHk;EIef;aom bmompum; "avhxHk;pH[lom
t"dyg,f&ygonf? ,cktcgwGif t,l0g' udk;uG,frI[laom t"dyg,fwdkUjzifh oHk;EIef;aeMuygonf bk&m;/
bmom[lonf
od&Sd&ygonf? xdk
systems
offaith
(Religion)
and
(Religion)
yifjzpfygonf? pum;udk apm'u q&mawmfrsm; azmfjycsuft&
udk teuft"dyg,f zGifhqdkcJhaomf
worship)
(Religion means one of the prevalent
[k t"dym,f &ygonf bk&m;[k ,HkMunfjcif; Sdcdk;udk;uG,fjcif;
xHk;wrf;pOfvmonfomvQif bmomjzpfygonf bk&m;/

bmom[laom a0g[m&wGif zefqif;Sif xm0&bk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfjcif; xm0&bk&m;\
wefcdk;jym#dumudk
,HkMunfjcif;
udk;uG,f0wfyjcif;[laom
t"dym,frsm;
yg0ifaeygonf/
xdkUjyif
urmYynmSifwdkUuvnf; ]]bmom}}\ t"dym,fudk odkUzGifhqdkMuygonf/

(1)
pdefUaomrwfpftufuGDeuf\ tvdk xm0&bk&m;\ tvdkqEawmftwdkif; if;\trIawmfudk ausyGefatmif xrf;Gufjcif; (0g)

xm0&\ *kPfawmf aus;Zl;awmfudk atmufarhqifjcifjcif;onf ]]bmom}}rnf\/
(2)
qm*RefqDvD\ tvdk rsufjrifurmavmutwGif;
xifSm;Sd
Sdcdk;xdkuf?
dkaoxdkuf
ylaZmfxdkuf
zl;ajrmfuefawmhxdkufaom t&m[lorQudk Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; csD;rGrf;xdkuf axmyemxdkufaom

t&mwdkUudk csD;rGrf;axmyemyjcif;onf ]]bmom}}rnf\/
275
tpodkU
(3)

z&uf'&pf[m&pfqH\ tvdk -
o0dnmPu- t0dnmPu (0g) oufSdoufrJh urmavmu"mwfudk pDpOfay;aeaom
(0g) vTrf;rdk;BuD;pdk; tkyfcsKyfaeaom (0g) urm\ aumif;rI qdk;rI wufrI usrI
[lorQwdkUudk pDrHaeaom wefcdk;yg0gonf SdcJh\/ if;udk dkaoudkif;dIif;jcif;onf
]]bmom}} rnf\/
(4)
qDqDdk\tvdk teEwefcdk;awmfSif
urmavmu\
zefqif;Sifjzpfaom
xm0&bk&m;udk
MunfdkdkaovSpGm Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif; cpm;qnf;urf;jcif;onf omvQif ]]bmom}}rnf\/

(5)
*sdrf;'fum'f\tvdk -
IyfaxG;rsm;jym;vSaom avmurIwm0ef0w&m;awG rsm;ajrmifvSapumrl xm0&bk&m;\
*kPfawmfaus;Zl;awmfwdkUudk
arhavsmhjcif;r&SdbJ
tjrJwap
w-o
atmufarhvsuf
csD;usL;axmyem yjcif;onfomvQif rkcstm;jzifh ]]bmom}} rnfacs\/

(6)
qeuf\ tvdk -
bmomqdkonfum;
t0wfwefqmaomfvnf;aumif;
"roDcsif;
usL;&ifhoDqdkjcif;
vnf;aumif; qkawmif;arwmywemudk yjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? txl;xl;aom r*Fvm

tcrf;tem;rsm;udk
yvkyfjcif;
t[kwfaomfwrlum;
aomfvnf;aumif;
oefUSif;pifMu,f
wnfSdEdkifaom
wnfNidrfaom
t&mr[kwf?
pdwfomvQif
wnfSdjzpfay:Edkifaom t&mjzpfownf;/
(7)
roQL;tmEdk;vf\ tvdkwpfpHkwpfa,mufaom
vlom;\
twGif;pdwf"mwf
xdxdrdrd
vufawGUodSd
xifjrifvmaom tcsufudk azmfjyjcif; (0g) ',moH,kw ormpm& (0g) MuifempdwfESihf

,SOfaom tusifhonf ]]bmom}} rnf\/
(t&SifOuX\ uyjyem 3-4)
Ak'omoemawmfonf bmom t,l0g'ESifh rqdkifyg? Ak'Sifawmfjrwfuvnf; uJhodkUaom
bmomt,l0g'ESifh ywfouf t*Fkw&ygVdawmf r[m0*f wdwm,eokwf (q|rljrefrmjyef pmrsufESm
192-yk'fa& 62-) &[ef;wdkU rSm;aom t,lwdkUonf oHk;rsdK;wnf;? ,if;t,lwdkUudk ynmSdwdkUu
ar;jref;pdppf ppfaq;tyfukefaomf xdkUxuf vGefyifvnf; ryjcif; tud&d,rQom wnfukef\/
tb,foHk;rsKd;wdkU enf;[lrl -
(1)
&[ef;wdkU
ow0gonf
tvHk;pHkaom
csrf;omjcif;okcudk
vnf;aumif;?
qif;&Jjcif;'kuudk vnf;aumif;? csrf;om qif;&Jr[kwfaom vspfvsLIjcif;oabm
276
tpodkU

Oayumudkvnf;aumif;
cHpm;\?
xdkcHpm;rI
tm;vHk;onf
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhomvQif jzpf\[k ,lavhSdaom orPjAm[P tcsdKUwdkUonf Sdukef\/

(2)
&[ef;wdkU ow0gonf tvHk;pHkaom csrf;omjcif; okcudkvnf;aumif;? qif;&Jjcif;

'kuudkvnf;aumif;? csrf;om qif;&Jr[kwfukefaom vspfvsLIjcif;oabm Oayumudk
vnf;aumif; cHpm;\/ xdkcHpm;rItm;vHk;onf avmuudk tpdk;&ol zefqif;rI[laom
taMumif;aMumifh jzpf\[k ajymavh ,lavhSdaom orP jAm[PtcsdKUwdkU Sdukef\/
(3)
&[ef;wdkU
ow0gonf
qif;&Jjcif;'kuudkvnf;aumif;?
Oayumudkvnf;aumif;
tvHk;pHkaom
csrf;om
cHpm;\?
csrf;omjcif;okcudkvnf;aumif;?
qif;&Jr[kwfaom
xdkcHpm;rI
vspfvsLIjcif;oabm
tm;vHk;onf
taMumif;rSd
taxmuftyHhrSdrl jzpf\[k ajymavh ,lav&Sdaom orPjAm[PtcsdKUwdkUonf

Sdukef\/ onfwdkUudk Ak'jrwfpGmu trSm;vrf;pOf rSm;aomt,l0g'[k qdkawmfrl\/
odkUaom trSm;vrf;pOf bmomudkom bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkvdk&if; jzpf[efwlygonf bk&m;/
xdkbmom udk;uG,frIrSmvnf; ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI jzpfygonf/ ]]udk;uG,f}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;wGif
]]udk;}}[lonfrSm tm;udk;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ tm;udk;jcif;onf vdkcsifrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ vdkcsifrI[lonf
tarQmfavmbjzpfonf/ tarQmfavmbonf tukov"r jzpfonf/
]]uG,f}} [laompum; uG,f[lonf umuG,fapmifhaSmuf&efjzpfonf? umuG,fapmifhaSmuf
jcif;onf
aMumufGHUxdwfvefUjcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf?
aMumufGHUxdwfvefUjcif;onf
a'gojzpfonf/
a'goonf tukov"r jzpfonf? xdkodkU avmb a'go tukov"r jzpfjcif;onf tajctae

tjzpfrSefudk ydwfzHk;rIarm[aMumifh jzpfonf/ odkUjzpf urmYbmomBuD;rsm;wGif taMumuftarQmfESifh
,SofwGJvsufSdonfudk awGUSd&ygonf bk&m;/ odkUaom taMumuftarQmfESifh ,SofwGJvsufSdaom
bmomudk pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,HkMunfouf0ifjcif;onf bdef;ESifh wlonf[k qdkvdk[ef wlygonf bk&m;/
omoemqdkonfrSm
bmomESifh
vGefpGm
uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf
bk&m;?
omoem[lonf
tqHk;tromvQif jzpfygonf/ Ak'omoem[k qdk&m Ak'\tqHk;tr jzpfygonf/ Ak'onf 0gawmf (20)

&[ef;wdkUtm; atmufygtwdkif; qHk;rcJhygonf bk&m;/
oAygy tu&PH? ukovlyor'g/
opdwy&da,m'yeH? {wH Ak'geomoeH/
[k - omoem[laom yk'f\ t"dym,foabmudk azmfxkwf a[mMum; qHk;rawmfrlcJhygonf bk&m;/
]]oAygy?
tvHk;pHkaom
raumif;rIwdkUudk/
tu&PH?
ryvkyf&jcif;/
ukov?
ukodkvfaumif;rIudk/ Oyor'g? jynfhpHkapjcif;/ opdwy&da,m'yeH? rdrdpdwfudk jzLpifapjcif;/ {wH

oHk;rsdK;onf/ Ak'geH Ak'jrwfpGmwdkU\/ omoeH? tqHk;tr jzpfonf/
277
tpodkU
Mo0g'ygwdarmufwGifyif okwf-0denf; tbd"rm-"ruEmSpfaomif;av;axmif tusHK;0ifvsuf

Sdaeojzifh onfyif Ak'omoem jzpfonf[k wynfhawmfrsm; odSdrSwfom;cJh&ygonf bk&m;?
bmomjyefrIwGif wynfhawmfrsm; ygVdwGif uRrf;usifrI rSdyg bmomjyefrSm;,Gif;cJhaomf jyifqif
zwfIyg&ef avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;/
bmom,HkMunfudk;uG,frIwGif
Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf
,HkMunfudk;uG,frIyaeol
0uvdtm;
ESifxkwfcJhzl;\? ESifxkwfaompum;&yfwGif ]]tvH0uvd-udlay &rao? AmveEdaw}} 0uvd? tdk0uvd? /

tvH? awmfNyD? AmveEdaw? vlrdkufwdkYom rypf&ufatmif pGJrufaeaom/ lay? o0dnmPu kyfum,/
ud&rao? tb,faMumifh arGUavsmfaebdoenf;/ xdktcg 0uvdonf Ak'xHrS cGJoGm;\/ Ak'onf
0uvdudk jyefvnfac:,l qHk;r&mwGif a,m [d ywd o'rH? aom rH ywd y@dawm/
tyrmaem o'rH? rH yrd e ywd/
a,m? tMuifyk*dKvfonf/ [d? {uef/ o'rH? a[mMum;aom w&m;udk;/ ywd? I\ jrif\
Munfh\/ aom y@dawm? xdkynmSdonf/ rH? ighudk/ ywd? Munfhol Iol jrifol rnf\/ o'rH?
a[mMum;onfh w&m;udk/ tyrmaem? rI rjrif rMunfhaom olonf/ rH? ighudk/ yrd? IjrifMunfh
aeygaomfvnf;/ e ywd? ightm; rsuf0g;xifxif rawGUjrif&acs/ odkU 0uvdokwefwGif
,HkMunfudk;uG,frIbmomudk vufcHrI ryonfrSm xifSm;vSygonf bk&m;/
if;jyif jynfaxmifpk qdkS,fvpforw jrefrmEdkifiHawmf omoema&;OD;pD;Xme yHkESdyfwdkufrS
xkwfa0onfh a'gufwm0gvfydkvm&m[kvm tSifoljrwf a&;om;ypkaom jrwfAk'a'oem pmtkyfwGif
pmrsufESm 17-rSp awGUSd&onfrSm ]]bmom0g'wdkif;vdkyif ,HkMunfrI (rsufpdrSdwf,HkMunfrI)ay:wGif
tajcwnfMuavonf/ Ak'0g'rSmrl ouf0if,HkMunfrIay:wGif tajcrybJ jrifrI odrI em;vnfrIay:wGifom
tajccHavonf? Ak'0g'pmayrsm;wGif awGUSdaom o'g[laom pum;vHk;udk trsm;tm;jzifh ]]ouf0ifrI?
,HkMunfrI}}[k bmomjyefavhSdMuonf/ odkU&mwGif ]]o'g}} qdkonfrSm ]],HkMunfrI}} rnfumrQ rwr[kwf?
udk,fwdkif ausauseyfeyf Sif;Sif;vifvif;BuD; odSdem;vnf jzpfay:vmaom ]]pdwfcs,HkMunfrIrsdK;}}
jzpfayonf/ trsm;em;vnfaom Ak'0g'ESifh usrf;pmrsm;wGif omrefa&;om;oHk;pGJ&m o'gqdkonfrSm bk&m;
w&m; oHCmwdkUtm; udk;uG,f,HkMunfonf qdkaom t"dym,frsdK; Sdonfudkrl 0efcH&ayrnf/}}
,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 18-pmaMumif;a& 10 atmufwGif ]]tjcm; bmom0ifwdkU em;vnfMuaom
]]ouf0ifrI}}? odkUr[kwf ]],HkMunfrI}} ponfwdkUonf Ak'0g'ESifh ywfoufjcif; rSday? ,HkMunfjcif;[laom
udponf odjrifrI (tjynfhtpHk odSdem;vnf;rI) rSdrS jzpfay:ayonf/ odjrifem;vnf;onfESifh wpfydifeuf
,HkMunfjcif;[laom
jyemonf
rSdEdkifawmhacs/
vufxJwGif
ausmufrsufGJwpfvHk;udk
qkyf0Sufxm;onf[k ajymygrl udk,fwdkifrsufpdjzifh rjrif& ,HkMunf&aom udprQom jzpfayonf/

vuf0g;udkjzefU ausmufrsufGJudk xkwfjyygvQif rsufpdjzifh udk,fwdkifjrif&NyDjzpf ,HkMunfHkudp
278
tpodkU
r[kwfawmhay/ onfudk &nf aS;usaom Ak'usrf;pmrsm;wGif ]]ausmufrsufGJ odkUr[kwf zefcg;oD;udk

vuf0g;jyifwGif jrif&ouJhodkU oabmaygufem;vnfonf}}[laom toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk azmfjyavhSdygonf/
,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 19? pmaMumif;a& (8) atmufwGif ]]odjcif; jrifjcif;omvQif y"mejzpf
,HkMunfjcif;rSm t&mr[kwfygacs? Ak'\ a'oemawmfrsm;wGif ]]{[d ydu}}[k ygSd&m ]]vm
IvSnfhavmh}}[kom zdwfac:ayonf/ ]]vm ,HkMunf}} vufcHyg[k rqdkay? pmrsufESm (88) wGifvnf; ]]Ak'bmomxGef;um;aom wdkif;jynfrsm; bmoma&;ESifhywfoufaom tcgBuD;&ufBuD;rsm;wGif
pdwfMunfEl;zG,faumif;aom dk;&m"avh tcrf;tem;yGJrsm; yvkyfavh SdMuaomfvnf; if;wdkUonf edAmefodkU
ydkUaqmifaom r*fvrf; tppftrSefESifh rnfodkUrS roufqdkifay/ odkUaomf r&ifhoefao;aom yk*dKvfwdkU\
bmomw&m;? Munfdkpdwfudk jznfhpGrf;xufoefap r*fvrf;odkU wjznf;jznf; a&mufapaom tultnD
taxmuftyHhtjzpfjzifhrl if;wdkUonf wefzdk;Sdoifhoavmuf Sdayonf}} [l ygSdygonf/
txufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk axmufIjcif;jzifh bmomESifh omoem uGJjym;um bmomonf
bdef;ESifhwlonf[l ajymqdk[efom Sdygonf bk&m;/
rZdredum,fwGif odkU awGUSd&ygao;onf bk&m;/
ykPm; twlomvQif edAmefonf wnfSdonfomwnf;? edAmefoGm;aMumif; vrf;c&D;onf
wnf&Sd\/ edAmefodkU TefjyEdI;aqmfol igonf wnfSd\/ odkUygvsuf ig\ wynfhwdkUonf igodkU
ajymqdkqHk;raomf
tcsdKUaom
&[ef;wdkUonf
ysufpD;jcif;udk
vGefajrmuf&mjzpfaom
edAmefudk
NyD;pD;apEdkifukef\/ tcsdKUaom &[ef;wdkUonfum; rNyD;pD;apEdkifukef? ykPm; t&m igonf tb,fodkU

yEdkifthHenf;? ykPm; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf edAmefvrf;c&D;udk TefMum;olom jzpf\[k (rdefUawmfrl\)
(Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf - *Puarm*vmeokw? ESm-60)
okwf\ rdefUqdkcsuft& Ak'jrwfpGmonf edAmefvrf;c&D;udk TefMum;olom jzpfaMumif;
xifSm;aeygonf/ ]]igonf tb,fodkU yEdkiftHhenf;}}[laom Ak'rdefUMum;awmfrlcsufonf zefqif;Sifbk&m;
u,fwifSifbk&m;wdkUuJhodkU udk;uG,fcHbk&m; r[kwfaMumif; oabmaygufEdkifygonf/
Ak'jrwfpGmonf udk;uG,fylaZmfrIxuf usifhMuHtm;xkwfrIudkom t"duxm;aMumif; atmufyg
rdefUrSmawmfrlcsufrsm;u oufaocHaeygonf bk&m;/
]]tmeEm ... rQavmuf (ylaZmfrI)jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;udk tdktaoyonf rrnfao;? tav;yonf
rrnfao;?
jrwfEdk;onf
rrnfao;?
ylaZmfonf
rrnfao;?
yoonf
rrnfao;?
tmeEm
tMuif&[ef;jzpfap? &[ef;rdef;rjzpfap? Oygoum jzpfap? Oygodumr jzpfap (avmukw&m) w&m;ESifh

avsmfaomw&m;udk
usifhvsufae\/
usifhvsuf
xdkolonf
ae\/
avsmfaomtusifhudk
tjrwfqHk;
ylaZmfjcif;jzifh
usifhvsuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
ae\/
w&m;ESifhavsmfpGm
tdktaoyonfrnf\/
tav;tjrwfyonf rnf\/ jrwfEdk;onf rnf\/ ylaZmfonf rnf\/ yoonf rnf\/
279
tpodkU
tmeEmwdkUaMumifh (omoemawmf) (avmukw&m) w&m;ESifh avsmfaomw&m;udk usifhvsuf

aeukeftHh? avsmfaom tusifhudk usifhvsufaeukeftHh? w&m;ESifh avsmfpGmusifhvsuf aeukeftHh[k odkU
ESvHk;oGif;vsuf oifwdkU usifhMuHtm;xkwf&rnf tmeEm}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/
(r[m0*fygVdawmf/ jrefrmjyef q|rl pmrsufESm 132 - 133)
]]tmeEm jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tavmif;awmfudk ylaZmfrI oifwdkUaMumifhMu rpdkufukefvifh? tmeEm
igwdkufwGef;\? jrwfaom tusifhom tm;xkwfMuukefavmh? jrwfaom tusifh rarhravsmh jyif;pGm
tm;xkwfvsuf (edAmefodkU) pdwfudk apvTwf aeMuukefavmh}}
(r[m0*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef q|rl? pmrsufESm 135)
Ak'omoeaumifpD urmat; &efukefu yHkESdyfaom em&'ax&a&;
pmrsufESm 15-rSm atmufygtwdkif; awGUSd&ygonf/
Buddhism in a Nutshell
pmtkyf
(Is it a Religion Chapter 3)
A Buddhist does not seek refuge in the Buddha with the hope that he will be saved by His personal
purification. The Buddha gives no such guarantee. It is not within the power of the Buddha to wash away the
impurities of others. One could neither purify nor defile another. The Buddha, as teacher, instructs us, but we
ourselves are directly responsible for our purification.
,if;tydk'f\ tvdkt&qdkvQif ]]Ak'bmomwpfa,mufonf arQmfvifhcsufESifh udk;uG,ftm;udk;rI

yonfr[kwf?
rdrdpifMu,fzdkUtwGuf
bmtmrcHcsufrQ
ray;yg/
y,fazsmufoefUpifay;Edkifaom
rdrdbmom
Ak'onf
wefcdk;'dyg'f
tm;xkwfrS
wyg;olwdkU\
Sdolvnf;
&rnfjzpfonf/
rpifMu,frI
r[kwfyg/
Ak'jrwfpGmonf
tukodkvfrIwdkUudk
wpfa,muf\
tukodkvfudk
wpfa,mufu oefUpifray;Edkifyg/ vlom;wdkU\ pifMu,frItwGuf vlom;wdkUu rdrdbmom vkyf&rnf

jzpfonf/ Ak'jrwfpGmonf vlom;wdkU\ tmp&d,wxm*w bk&m;Siftjzpf TefjyqHk;r Mo0g'omay;Edkifol
jzpfonf}}[k qdkxm;ygonf/
rsufarSmufacwfwGif
r*fzdkvfqdkufa&mufa&;
Ak'bmom0ifwdkUonf
oum,'d|dywfa&;
Ak'\
t"du
edAmetajcqdkufa&mufa&;
tqHk;trawmfjzpfonfh
twuif;pifa&;wdkUxuf
udk;uG,frIESifh tcrf;tem;wdkUudkom t"duxm; pGJpGJvrf;vrf; vkyfudkifaeMuonfrSm rsufjrifudk,fawGUyif

jzpfygonf/ tESpfom&xuf tumudkom OD;pm;ay;aeMuygonf/ tESpfrSm xdktumtcGH\ atmufwGif
epfryfaeygawmhonf bk&m;/
bmoma&;qdkonfrSm udk;uG,frI 0wfyrI qkawmif;rI tcrf;tem;rsm;udkom t"duxm;aomt&m
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280
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vif;a&mifjcnfatmufwGif rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf&ifaumhvsuf apm'u&[ef;awmfrsm; q&mpOfquf

rysuf&avatmif apmifhaSmufxdef;odrf; omoemyEdkif&ef aom"em ytyfygonf tSifjrwfwdkU bk&m;/
rSwfcsuf/
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281
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aom"emtrSwf (3)
trSwf (3) apm'emvTmudk aom"emycsufyg bk&m;/

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(q) trSwfyg pmydk'fESifh ywfouf aom"emyygonf bk&m;/
apm'emtcsufwGif
apm'utSifjrwfwdkUu
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
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pmydk'f\ aSUquf aemufquf pmydk'frsm;udk wifjycGifh yawmfrlyg bk&m;/
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1/
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tqdk;t0g;awG r[kwfyg/ taumif;pm;awG jzpfygonf[l uHwdkifuHr rnfolu ajymEdkifrnfenf;?
0efcHEdkifrnfenf;?
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2/
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tJ'DvkyfxHk; tqifajyapvdkvQif vlwdkUonf olwdkU&JUqHk;IH;rI (0g) ratmifjrifrI twGufvnf;
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3/
bk&m;ocifudk
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tjrJwap
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4/
pifppfaomfwrlum;
qdktyfcJhNyD;aom
ewfqdk;
ewf0g;
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282
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ausmfvGefaeojzifh
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jzpfMuukef\/
5/
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jzpfavawmh ownf;/
6/
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7/
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8/
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txufatmufbHkwdkUomjzpfaMumif; tuGif;uGif; rkefUwD[if;uJhodkU Sif;Sif;vif;vif;BuD; ay:vGifaeygonf
bk&m;/
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rSm;,Gif;aeygaMumif; avQmufxm; aom"emjcif;jzpfygonf tSifbk&m;/
rSwfcsuf/
/ trSwf (4) apm'emudk aom"emjcif; ryay/
283
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aom"em trSwf (5)
trSwf(5) apm'emvTmudk aom"emyygonf bk&m;/

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284
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trIudprsm;udk aqmifGuf&mvnf; ykcufESifh tokbacgif;Mum;umv? odkUr[kwf zGm;aoumvtwGif;
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bk&m;/
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285
tpodkU
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csKyfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;/ a'aomrd? a[mMum;aythH/
bj'muokwefwGif
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286
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288
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2/
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bk&mYa'oem xl;jrwfpGmudk uG,fumxdef;, apmifhaSmufMuaom ax&EG,fvm oHCmawmftaygif;
aSUaqmifaumif;onf/
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tdrf&mraxmif
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wH tE&m,H? vlaovljzpf qdk;npf,kwfrm rdp0g' ygyacgifzsm; xdkuJhodkUaom tE&m,frsm;udk/ umr
0daem',D? wdkif;vHk;jynfay: tESUHausmfrQ tkwfatmf oH>ruf uHBuD;pGuf azsmufzsufESdrfeif;Muapumrl-
3/
oaom oHaCm? wdkif;jynft0Sef; &[ef;taygif; xdkonfhaSUaqmif aumif;onf/
yomouAvH? tkyfcsKyfol yomou EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ AvcGeftm; trsdK;tpm;jzpfaom/ tmPH?

MoZmwefcdk; Oya'trsdK;rsdK; pdk;rdk;csKyfjcm rif;tm;Pmudk? tv'ge? trSDo[J tpGJrdrd r&SdavaomaMumifh/
oAaom? wpfckr<uif; jrpf&if;rxm; tvkH;pkHaom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh/ wH? qdkcJhavNyD; xdktE&m,fBuD;udk/
OrLvdwa0?
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350
tpodkU
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,om?
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4/
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0efaqmifajrmufvsuf xdkUaemufwoD; ajrmufcsD;wnfzGJU av;q,fhig;yg;r[mem,ursm;uvnf;aumif;/

&nmp?
jynfaxmifpkzGm;
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tEk,kwmum?
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omoemhtpOf jrwfokH;tif\ MunfvifoefUSif; wnfwHhjcif;udk xefjyif;BuD;rm; qExm;Muukefonfjzpf/
a0ykvayum? BuD;rm;cHhx,f tESHUv,f jyefUus,fpnfum; wdk;yGm;jcif;udk tvdkSdMuukefonfjzpf/
wH,kwH? rdpm0g' ygynpfaus; xdk&efab;ESifh pyf,SOfaom/ 0dedp,H 0&H? rsufESmraxmuf trkef;a&mufzdkU
cspfaMumufrkef;xm; y,faomtm;jzifh azmufjym;r,dkif vGefMuHhcdkifonfh ydkifEdkifaumif;jrwftqkH;tjzwfudk/
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5/
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tm;ukefESuf/
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351
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EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf (2)
vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp,
ed'gef;
---------0drkwd
1/
edum,fig;&yf yd#uwfokH;ykH "ruEm Spfaomif;av;axmif[k qdktyfaom jrwfAk'\
tqkH;tr omoemawmfonf b0oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufa&;wnf;[laom wpfckwnf;aom ]]0drkwd}}

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oabmjynfhpkHap&rnfh oabmt"dyg,ftm;jzifh&o t&om[l jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlcJhayonf?
xdkUaMumifh Ak'omoemawmf\ wpfckwnf;aom t&omonf ]]0drkwd &o}} yifjzpfaMumif; odtyfay\?
taMumif;udkO'gef;ygVdawmf Oaygoxokwf atmufygtwdkif; a[mMum;awmf rlxm;ayonf/
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2/
]]0drkwd}}[laom
taMumif;uif;vsuf
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rSday?
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tajccHjzpfaom taMumif;w&m;wdkUudk Ak'Sifawmfbk&m;u TefjyawmfrlcJhayonf? ,if; ]]0drkwd}} \

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&ifhusufapwwfaom? wpfenf;tm;jzifh t&[wzdkvfPfudk &ifhoefapwwfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm;[k
qdkvdkayonf/
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3/
ygVdawmf
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(201)
onmacgif;pOf
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bk&m;Sif
a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ayonf/
,if;onmig;yg;wdkUum; atmufygwdkUyif jzpf\/

(u) tedponm
- t&m0wKwdkif;udk rjrJ[k todtrSwfxm;jcif; em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;
(c) tedap 'kuonm
- rjrJaom t&m0wKwdkif;udk 'ku(auseyfzG,f rSdaom oabm)[k todtrSwf

xm;jcif;
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352
tpodkU
(C) y[meonm
- tedp 'ku tewjzpfaom oabmw&m; tm;vkH;udk wG,fwmrIrSdbJ

y,fpGefU&rnf[k em;vnf oabmaygufjcif;
(i) 0d&m*onm
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wyfrufjcif; uif;ap&rnf[k todtrSwfxm;jcif; em;vnf oabmaygufjcif;
wdkUjzpfavonf/
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ac:
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrSvGwfajrmufjcif;
taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk 15-yg; ta&twGuftm;jzifh jynfhpkHus,f0ef;pGmzGifhjy a[mMum;awmfrlayonf? ,if;

0drkwdtaMumif;w&m; 15-yg;wdkUonf atmufygwdkUyif jzpfMu\/
(1-3) o'gw&m;
rSdoludk
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a&SmifMuOfjcif;
o'gw&m;SdolESifh
aygif;oif;jcif;
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teuft"dyg,f
pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif; (o'g)
(4-6) ysif;&doludk aSmifMuOfjcif; vkHUv0d&d,SdolESifh aygif;oif;jcif; ory"mefw&m; av;yg;udk
pOf;pm;vdkufem tm;xkwfjcif; (0D&d,)?
(7-9) owduif;rJholudk aSmifMuOfjcif; owdaumif;olESifhaygif;oif;jcif; owdy|mefav;yg;udk
pOf;pm;vdkufemtm;xkwfjcif; (owd)?
(10-12)orm"denf;olaSmifMuOfjcif; orm"daumif;olESifh aygif;oif;jcif; orm"d psmef0darmu
w&m;rsm;udk pOf;pm;vdkufemtm;xkwfjcif; (orm"d)
(13-15)ynmrSdoludk
aSmifMuOfjcif;
oHk;oyfusufpm;&rnfh
ynmSdolESifh
aygif;oif;jcif;
okwefwdkUudkGwfzwfemMum;
eufeJaomPfjzifh
teuft"dym,fwdkUudkpOf;pm;jcif;
yGm;rsm;jcif; (ynm)/
txufyg
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o*wdokwfESifh
]]0drkwd&o}}
y#dord'gr*f
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0dyemPfwdkUyifjzpfaMumif; awGUSd&ayonf/
4/
txufazmfjyyg ]]0drkwd&o} \ taMumif;jzpfaomw&m;rsm;udk oHk;oyfqifjcifonfSdaomf
odkUawGU&ayonf/
]]o'g}
vGwfajrmufrI&Sda&;twGuf
jynfhpHkatmif
,HkMunfrI
jynfhpHkatmif
avhvmyGm;rsm;&rnfh
pl;pdkuf,HkMunfrIjzifh
xlaxmif&rnfjzpfonf?
w&m;rsm;rSdao;vQif
tm;xkwf&rnfjzpfonf?
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS
Sdatmif?
rjynfhpHkao;vQif
,if;odkUrdrdudk,fwdkif
o'gw&m;
&ifhoefyGm;rsm;atmif yvkyf&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh o'g,HkMunfrIjynfh0olrsdK;ESifhom qufqHaygif;oif;

zdkUvnf;
vdktyfayonf?
omoem"rtay:
t,HktMunfrSdol
o'gw&m;acgif;yg;olrsdK;udkvnf;
a0;pGmaSmifMuOf&rnfjzpfayonf? odkU o'gw&m; udkxlaxmif&m MunfdkzG,fjzpfaom bk&m;a[m
353
tpodkU
w&m;awmfrsm;udk tcsdeftcGifh&wdkif; Gwfzwfjcif; emMum;jcif; teuft"dym,f pOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;rsm;udk

rkcsraoG
yvkyf&ayvdrfhrnf?
odkUaom
o'g"mwfudk
aAm"dyud,w&m;taetm;jzifh
o'daÈ[lvnfaumif;? o'gAdkvf[l vnf;aumif; ac:qdk&avonf/

5/
aAm"dyud,w&m;[lonfum; aAm"d+yu+,[laom &if;jrpft& ]]aAm"d}}onf r*fPf
zdkvfPfwdkifatmifaom todPf jzpf ]]yu}}onf tpdwftydkif; taMumif;t*Fg tzdkUtpk [laom

teuf
Sd\/
]],}}onfum;
jzpfonf[laom
teufudk
jyayonf?
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh
aAm"dyud,w&m;[lonf r*fPfzdkvfPftxd rSefuefaom todPfynmudk &&m&aMumif;jzpfaom

taMumif;t*Fg tzdkUtpk jzpfaom w&m;[k qdkvdkayonf/
6/
0drkwd&o &SdcHpm;Edkifa&;twGuf vHkUv0D&d, pdkufxkwfzdkYvnf; vdkayonf? b0oHo&mrS
vGwfajrmufrI &Sda&;twGuf xdkifNyD; pOf;pm;aekHrQ awG;awmMuHpnfaekHrQ qifjcifpdwful;aekHrQjzifh

udprNyD;Edkifacs? ory"mef enf;rSef vrf;rSeftwdkif; wu,fwrf; usifhMuHud;ukwf tm;xkwfygrS udpNyD;rnf
jzpfayonf? tcsdKUolwdkUonfum; oDvSdzdkUrvdk? w&m;tm;xkwfzdkUrvdk? rdrdpdwftwGif; todPf&vQif
udpNyD;onf[k rSwfxifMuonf? trSefum; xdkodkU r[kwfay? ppfrSefaom aAm"dPfudk &Sda&;twGuf
orm0g,mr vHkUv0D&d,oefoefjzifh tm;xkwfzdkU vdktyfayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh "m;onf aoG;rS xufonf?
xufrS ckwfvdk&mudk ckwfEdkifouJhodkU jzpfayonf/
7/
0drkwd&o\
taMumif;jzpfaom
todPf[lonfum;
vlomrefvlNydef;wdkU\
todPfrsdK; r[kwfay? kyfemrf"rwdkU\ twGif;oabmudk xdk;azmuf odjrifjcif; r*fzdkvfESifh avsmfatmif

odjrifjcif;[k qdktyfaom y#da0"Pf tEkavmrPfrsdK;udk qdkvdkayonf? xdkPfrsdK;udk &Sdatmif
enf;rSefvrf;rSef ZGJoefoefjzifh tm;xkwfzdkU trSefvdktyfayonf? ,if;odkUtm;xkwfrIrsdK;udk ory"mefvHkUv[k
ac:ayonf/
ory"mefqdkonfrSm rjzpfao;aom tukodkvfudk rjzpf&atmif tukodkvfjzpfrdvQif tvm;wl
tukodkvfrsdK; xyfrjzpf&atmif aSmifMuOfy,fSm;Edkif&ef ud;pm;jcif; rjzpfao;aom ukodkvfudk jzpfatmif
jzpfNyD;aom
ukodkvfudk
txHk&
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ud;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;rsdK;
jzpfayonf?
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a0;pGmaSmifMuOf&rnf
jzpfonf?
tu,f
tm;xkwfvdkpdwfrSdbJ
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vlysif;vlnHhESifh
aygif;oif;rdygvQif
tjcm;wpfbufwGifrl
rdrdonfvnf;
ZGJvHkUv0D&d,
SdolrsdK;ESifh
aygif;oif;zdkU&ef vdktyfayonf? odkUrSom rdrdvnf; ud;pm;tm;xkwfrItSdef wdk;wufvmEdkifayonf?

odkUaom
ory"mefvHkUv0D&d,rsdK;udk
0D&d,daÈ
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0D&d,d'dyg'f
0D&d,oarmZif
orm0g,mrr*if trnfjzifh aAm"dyud,w&m;pkwGif bk&m;Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrlayonf/

8/
vGwfajrmuf&ef
0drkwd&o &Sda&;twGuf tjcm;vdktyfaom taMumif;wpf&yfrSm qif;&J[lorQwdkUrS

aS;Iaom
tvGefcdkifrmonfh
owdudkarG;jrL&ef
jzpfayonf?
owdjrJatmif
354
tpodkU
xlaxmifay;zdkUvdktyfayonf?
owdudk
rdrdudk,fvnf;aumif;?
cHpm;rIa0'emvnf;aumif;?
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rjywfowdcsyf yGm;rsm;&rnf[k bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrlxm;ayonf? ,if;uJhodkU um, a0'em pdw
"rwdkU owdjrJatmifyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaepOftcgwGif owduif;ol arhavsmhayghqolrsm;udk rrSD0JbJ
aSmifMunf&rnf? rdrduJhodkU owdSdol owdjrJolrsdK;ESifhom aygif;oif;qufqH&ef vdktyfayonf? odkUaom
owdrsdK;udk owdaÈ owdAdkvf owdoarmZif ormowdr*iftrnfjzifh aAm"dyud,w&m;pkwGif
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*lacsmifwdkU owdy|mefvkyfief;udk tpOfwpdkuf tm;xkwfaeMujcif;onf kyf0g'Drsm;tjrifjzifh tydktvkyf
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r[mowdy|meokwf
ponfwdkU
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usifhMuHyGm;rsm;
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9/
0drkwd&otwGuf
tjcm;vdktyfaom
taMumif;wpf&yfrSm
orm"dyif
jzpfayonf?
owdy|mefvkyfief;udk vkyfonfjzpfap 0dyem oufoufudkIrSwfonfjzpfap orm"donf rygvQif

rNyD;aomw&m; jzpfayonf? pdwfrwnfNidrfvQif PfrMunfvif? trSefoabmudk rjrif? xkdUaMumifh
ynmPf pl;Sxufjrufa&;twGuf orm"dwnf&ef vGefpGmvdktyfvSayonf/
aS;tcgu
a'gPtrnfSdaom
q&mBuD;onf
rdrd\wynfh
tZKetm;av;twwfudk
oifMum;ay;aomtcg opfyifcGMum; wifxm;aom iSufkyfudk csdef jrm;jzifhypfap&m odkU

qdkzl;avonf? tjcm; tjcm;aom wynfhwdkUonf iSufkyf\ rsufvHk;udk xdrSefatmif ypfrnf[k
csdefG,faomtcg EIwfoD;udka&m tjcm; tarG;tawmifwdkUudkyg jrifaeMuavonf? vdkjrifaeorQ
iSufkyf\ rsufvHk;udk xdrSefatmif rypfEdkifMuayukef? odkUjzpf oifonf iSufkyf\ rsufvHk;rSwyg; tjcm;
bmudkrQ rjrif&atmif pl;pdkuf Munfhyg? iSufkyf\ rsufvHk;wpfckwnf;udkomjrifatmif pl;pdkuf MunfhNyD;
ypfaomtcg oif\jrm;onf iSufkyf\ rsufvHk;udkom xGif;azmuf oGm;vdrfhrnf[k qHk;rzl;avonf/
(r[mbm&w? aS;a[mif;ouwusrf;)
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10/
0drkwd&o &Sda&;twGuf tjcm;vdktyfaom taMumif;wpf&yfrSm ynmPfyif jzpfonf?
kyfemrf"r ocFg&wdkUudk 0dyemwif IjrifyGm;rsm;aomol? kyfemrfwdkU\ oabmobm0udk odjrif&ef

avhvmvdkufpm;ol rnfolrqdk eufeJaom PfynmSd&ef vdktyfayonf? odkUaom PfynmrsdK;
355
tpodkU
&ifhoefvmapa&;twGuf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ okwef tbd"rm w&m;awmfrsm;udk rjywf Gwfzwf&rnf?

emMum;rSwfom;&rnf? teuft"dym,f qifjcifpOf;pm;&rnf jzpfayonf? uJhodkU Pfynm BuD;jrifhatmif
ud;pm;vHk;yrf;aeaom
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txl;aSmifMuOfMu&rnf? ynmSdol y&rwobm0wdkUudk uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm ajymjyoifMum;Edkifol 0dyem

usifhvrf;
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orm'd|dr*if [laom trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ayonf/
11/
txufwGif qdkcJhaom orm"dESifh ynmwnf;[laom obm0ESpf&yfonf 'GefwGJ
aeayonf? orm"dESifh ynmudk wGJpyftoHk;yrSom tcsif;csif; taMumif;y pGrf;&nf xufjrufvmayrnf?

orm"dSdavav tjrifrSef &avav jzpfayonf? taMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;u atmufygtwdkif;
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/
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r[yvm a[mwd r[medoHom? ynmy&dbm0dwH pdwH ora'0 tmoa0[d 0drkpwd}} ('D? 2? 102/)
tusifhoDvjzifh rTrf;xHktyfaom pdwf\ wnfMunfrI orm"donf vGefpGm tusdK;&if; tusdK;quf
BuD;rm;vS\?
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trSefpifppf vGwfajrmufav\/
orxESifh 0dyem
12/
Ak'jrwfpGm
av;oacsFESifh urmwpfodef;umvywfvHk; ud;pm;tm;xkwf xlaxmifawmfrlcJhaom

omoemawmf
vlom;wdkUtm;
edAmefwnf;[laom
oHo&mvrf;qHk;yef;wdkifodkU
ta&mufydkUaqmifEdkifaom w&m;wpfpHk Sdayonf? ,if;onfum; tjcm;r[kwf? txuf qdkcJhaomorm"dESifh

ynmyif jzpfonf? ,if;orm"dESifh ynmonf orxESifh 0dyemyifjzpfayonf? avmukw&mpcef;odkU
wufvSrf;Mu&m
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aus;Zl;youJhodkU
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orm"dudkjyefvnf aus;Zl;yayonf/
tu,f 0dyemonf udavomxkxnfudk xkESufzdcGJonfhvufeufjzpfonfqdkvQif orm"donf
xdkvufeufudk ypfrvGJatmif xdef;csKyfwnfhrwfay;onfh ud&d,mwefqmozG,f jzpfayonf? 0dyem
ynmonf eD0&PtIyftaxG;wdkUudk ckwfxGify,fSif;onfh "m;vufeuf jzpfonfqdkvQif orm"donf
xdk"g;vufeufudk xufjrufatmif aoG;&rnfh "m;aoG;ausmufyrm jzpfavonf/
13/
udpNyD;onf[k
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh
ajymqdkwwfrIrsdK;onf
,ckacwftcg
orm"dxlaxmif&ef
trSm;pifppfomjzpfonf?
rvdk?
0dyemIvQif
orm"drygvQif
0dyemtom;
356
tpodkU
rwufaMumif;
vufawGUtm;xkwfzl;olwdkif;
odMuayonf?
xkdUjyif
orxESifh
0dyemonf
bk&m;a[mr[kwf? r*opmwGif yg0ifaom ormorm"dESifh orm'd|dudk csJUum;zefwD;xm;jcif;rQom

jzpfonf[laom
tjrifrsdK;onfvnf;
Ak'omoemawmfudkzsufqD;onfh
tjrifrsdK;om
jzpfayonf?
a0ae,sow0gwdkU\ b0xGufajrmufvrf;udk ydwfqD;umuG,faom "rtE&m,fwpfrsdK;yif jzpfavonf/
wpfqifhxuf wpfqifh jrifhaom usifhpOf

14/
r[mork'&monf
urf;pyf
eufdIif;onf
r[kwfay?
urf;pyfrStwGif;ydkif;odkU
wjznf;jznf;om eufeuf oGm;avonf? Ak'omoemhusifhpOfrsm;onfvnf; r[mork'&muJhodkUyif

vG,f&mrS cuf wdrf&mrS eufom oGm;avonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh p usifhvQifusifhcsif;
t&[wzdkvfayguf edAmefodkU a&mufoGm;onf r[kwfay? yxrOD;pGm orm0gpm ormurE ormtmZD0
[laom oDvr*ifwdkUudk trSefwu,fjynfhpHkatmif yGm;rsm;&rnf? xkdUaemuf orm0g,mr ormowd
ormorm"d[laom orm"dr*ifwdkUudk owdy|mef paom usifhvrf; MuHvrf;trSefwdkUjzifh xlaxmif&rnf?
odkU
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cdkifcdkifBuD;
tajccHNyD;rSorm'd|d
ormouFy
[laom
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qGwfvSrf;&ayonf? uJhodkU oDv orm"d ynmudk yGm;rsm;&mwGif yk*dKvf\ yg&rDtvdkuf taES;

tjrefSdavonf?
vufawGUusifhMuHtm;xkwf
w&m;xl;&aomtcg
xdkodumoHk;yg;onf
jynfh0pHkvifoGm;aMumif; O'gef;ygVdawmf Oaygoxokwf a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ayonf/
&wempk&m omoem
15/
bk&m;Sif\ tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufemusifhoHk;&m vlwdkU\ tajccHyg&rD tEkt&ifhtvdkuf
pdkuf0goemESifh eD;pyfoifhavsmf rSefuefygrS rkcstusdK;SdEdkifaMumif; xdkO'gef;ygVdawmfyif qufvuf

a[mxm;ayonf? vlonf Pfwdrfol PfeufeJol Pfynm tv,ftvwfSdol[l oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;
SdEdkifonfjzpf&m
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vdkufzufaom
usifhenf;MuHenf;wdkUudk
usifhoHk;rSomvQif vdktyfaomtusdK; NyD;pD;Edkifayonf/

16/
taMumif;ESifh
ywfouf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
omoemawmfjrwfonf
&wemrsdK;pHk
wnfSdaom r[mork'&mESifh wlnDonfhtaMumif;udk O'gef;ygVdawmfBuD;yif awGU&ayonf? ork'&mwGif;

ykvJ oEm aMumifrsufGJ ckoif; aT aiG ywjrm;eD ywjrm;ajymuf paom &wemrsdK;pHk SdouJhodkU
omoemawmfvnf; owdy|mefav;yg; ory"mefav;yg; 'dyg'fav;yg; aÈig;yg; Adkvfig;yg; aAmZif
7-yg; r*if&Spfyg;wnf;[laom tusifhjrwf &wemrsm; Sdayonf? ,if;usifhpOfrSefwdkUudk txufwGif
qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; aAm"dyud,w&m;[k qdk&ayonf/
357
tpodkU

&wem[lonf wpfrsdK;wnf; r[kwf
17/
avmu &wemtrsdK;rsdK; &Sdonfhteuf aTudkom &wem[kvufcH pdef aMumif eDvm
ponfwdkUudk &wemr[kwf[k jiif;qdkygvQif xdkvlrsdK;udk pdwfrESHUaomol[k qdkMuvdrfhrnf jzpfonf?

enf;twl r*i&Spfyg;udkom usifhpOfw&m;[kqdkNyD; tjcm;aom owdy|mef ory"mef paom
usifhpOfw&m;wdkUudkrl bk&m;a[mw&m; r[kwf[kqdkvQif xdkolrsdK;udk pdwfrrSefaomol odkUwnf;r[kwf
Ak'omoemawmfjrwfudk xdyg; ykwfcwfol [l qdk&vdrfhrnf jzpfayonf? trSefum; txuf qdkcJhNyD;aom
o'g 0D&d, ponfh ]]0drkwdy&dygpeD,}} w&m;rsm;onfyifvQif aÈig;yg; Adkvfig;yg; ponf
jzpfaomaMumifh
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tewvuPokwfavmufudkom
uGuf,lNyD;
usefaomw&m;awmfwdkUudk jiif;y,frnfqdkvQif omoemawmf\ tE&m,fom jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
a[mpOfw&m;rsm; (tEkykAduxm)
18/
tm;avsmfpGm
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
tdrf&mwnfaxmif
vlyk*dKvfwdkU\
vlYabmifaeaom
yg&rDtEkt&ifhudk
t<uif;rJhodjrifawmfrlonfh
ynmEke,fao;onfh
y&dwfowfrsm;tm;
w&m;a[m&mwGif a[mpOfw&m; (tEkykAduxm)udk a[mawmfrlavhSdayonf? taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;

t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf
t|uedygwf
O*okwf
O*ol<u,fu
&[ef;wpfyg;tm;
atmufygtwdkif;
avQmufxm;zl;avonf/
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csOf;uyfcJhygonf? bk&m;Sifonf wynfhawmftm; tv'geESifhpyfaom w&m; tusifhoDvESifh
pyfaomw&m;
ewfjynfa&mufaMumif;
aumif;aomw&m;
umr*kPftmHkwdkU\tay:
tjypfjrifzG,fw&m; xdkumr*kPftmHk TefAGufrS vGwfxGufap&ef usifhMuHyGm;rsm;&rnfhw&m;odkUvQif tqifhqifhtm;jzifh w&m;udk a[mawmfrlygonf bk&m;/}}

19/
O*ol<u,fqdkolonfum; bk&m;Sif oufawmfxifSm;SdpOftcgu wpfOD; wpfOD;vQif
y&dwfowftjcHt&Hig;&mpDSdaom
OygoumSpfOD;teuf
wpfOD;yg0ifol
jzpfayonf?
usefaom
OygoumckESpfOD;rSm "rduOygoum 0domcOygoum "r'dEOygoum pdwol<u,f [wutmV0u

plVtemxydPf r[mtemxydPfwdkU jzpfMuavonf/
20/
xdk
vl0wfaMumif
OygoumwdkUonf
Ak'bmom0ifwdkU
Sdtyfaom
Oygoumt*Fg(7)yg;wdkUESifh trSefwu,f jynfhpHkMu\? Oygoumt*Fg(7)yg;[lonfwdkUrSm atmufygwdkYyif

jzpfaMumif; t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf owuedygwf a[mMum;xm;ayonf/
(1) &[ef;awmfrsm;udk rjywfrvyf zl;awGUjcif;?
(2) w&m;em&ef owdarhavsmhrI rSdjcif;?
(3) jrwfaom oDv wnfjcif;?
358
tpodkU
(4) ax& e0 rZdr jzpfaom &[ef;awmfwdkU MunfdkrIrsm;jcif;

(5) xdyg;vdkaom pdwf tjypfSmvdkaom pdwf rSdbJ w&m;emjcif;
(6) Ak'omoemawmfrS wyg; tjcm; tvcHxdkufol (udk;uG,fxdkufol)udk rSmjcif;
(7) tjrwfwEdk; aSUwef;wif yvkyf&rnfhtrIrsdK;udk omoemawmfom yvkyfjcif;
7-yg;wdkUaywnf;/
azmfjyyg Oygoumt*Fg(7)&yfwdkYwGif trSwf(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) t*Fg&yfwdkUonf txl;
ta&;BuD;aom
t*Fg&yfrsm;
jzpfMuayonf?
omoemapmifh
oDv0E
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk
av;pm;Munfdk dkaopGm w&m;em,ljcif; omoe"rESifh ywfouf tar;ykpm jyemrsm;udk

ar;avQmufem,ljcif;onf w&m;tqifhtwef; txufwef;odkUwufvSrf;vdkaom Ak'bmom0if Oygoum
Oygodumrrsm;tzdkU rSdrjzpf Sd&rnfh t*Fg&yfrsm; jzpfayonf? <uif;aom t*FgESpf&yfonfvnf;
txufyg t*FgwdkUyif tusHK;0ifNyD; jzpfoGm;avonf/
orm'd|d[lonf tb,fenf;
21/
]]orm'd|d}}[laom pum;vHk; ]]'d|d}}[laom pum;vHk;onf tjrif jrifjcif;yif jzpfonf?
odkUaomf tjrifonfum; rsufpdjzifh jrifEdkifonfhtjrifrsdK; r[kwf? ynmPfjzifh jrifaom tjrifrsdK;

jzpfonf? 'd|d tjrif[laom pum;t& bmudkjrifonf qdkonfh tjrifcH&rnfhtcsuf Sd&rnfjzpfaMumif;
odEdkifayonf? ,if;uJhodkU jrif&rnfht&mESifh jrifyHk jrifenf;rSefuefrIudk ]]orm}}[l qdkayonf?
jrif&rnfht&mvnf; rrSef jrifyHkjrifenf;vnf;rrSefygvQif ormr[kwfbJ if;\qefUusifbuf rdpm
jzpfavonf? odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ]]orm'd|d}} ESifh ]]rdpm'd|d}} onf tvGefrwnfhaomobm0ESpf&yf
jzpfavonf? ]]orm'd|d orm'd|d}}[k qdkNyD; jrif&rnfht&mESifh jrifyHkjrifenf; rrSefruef jzpfaeyguvnf;
trSefwu,f orm'd|dr[kwfbJ rdpm'd|d jzpfaewwfayonf? odkUrdpmtjrif jzpfaevQif ]]orm'd|d}}[laom
a0g[m&onf tESpfom& rSdbJ tvGefcsLcsmonfhuav;udk armifoHacsmif;[k ac:qdkxm;ouJhodkU
kVD(txifpGJ)pum;om jzpfayonf/
22/
trSefjrif&rnfh
uJhodkU orm'd|dESifh pyfvsOf; rSm;,Gif;wdrf;apmif; cRwfacsmfrSdap&ef jrwfpGmbk&m;onf

t&mrsm;ESifh
trSefjrifyHkjrifenf;wdkUudk
txl;wvnf
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhavonf?
rlvyPmoygVdawmf orm'd|dokwf(1) jrif&rnfh trSefw&m;rsm;ESifh jrifyHkjrifenf;wdkUudk atmufygtwdkif;

a[mMum;xm;ayonf/
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tukodkvfESifhukodkvf\
taMumif;&if;rlv
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taMumif;&if; rlvwdkUudk rSefuefpGmodjrifjcif; tm[m&\ taMumif;&if; tm[m&\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;

tm[m&csKyfNidrf;jcif;odkU
a&mufapwwfaom
trSefw&m;='kuopm?
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trSefw&m;=ork',opm?
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359
tpodkU
trSefw&m;=eda&m"opm? xdkeda&m"opmodkU a&muf&ma&mufaMumif;jzpfaom tusifhw&m;=r*opmwdkUudk

odjrifjcif;
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tjrifrsdK;SdoljzpfvQif
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bk&m;Sif tqHk;trudk tjynfht0 cH,lol jzpfvmayonf/
23/
wenf;tm;jzifh
orm'd|donf
uruwmorm'd|d
'o0wKuorm'd|d?
pwkoporm'd|d[l (3)rsdK;Sdavonf? xdk(3)rsdK;wdkUwGif ow0gwdkUonf rdrdwdkU yvkyfaom ukodkvf

tukodkvfuHonfomvQif udk,fydkifOpm SdMuukef\? uHomvQif trd uHomvQiftz jzpfMuukef\? uH\
aumif;arG qdk;arGudkom cHpHMu&ukef\? uHomvQiftaMumif;t&if; Sd\? uHomvQif aqGrsdK; jzpf\?
uHomvQif udk;uG,f&m tm;xm;&m jzpf\? rnfolrqdk rnfolry rdrdrIqdkonfhtwdkif; rdrdyvkyfaomuH\
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jrifjcif;onf rSefuefaom jrifyHk jrifenf; jzpfayonf/
24/
'o0wKuorm'd|dqdk&m rSefrSefuefuef jrif&rnfh tcsufq,f&yfudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf?
,if; tcsufq,f&yftay: rSefuefaomjrifyHk jrifenf;ESifh qufpyf odkU odrSwftyf\? ay;vrI

tylaZmfBuD; ylaZmfrI omrnylaZmfrI okpdkuf'kpdkuf yvkyfrI\ tusdK;&if;tusdK;quf rdbudk
ypkvkyfauR;rI\ tusdK; i&J Nydwm ewfodMum; jA[m paom Oyywfow0grsm; ypKyefb0 wrvGefb0
b0 aemufb0wdkUudk xl;aomPfjzifhod a[mMum;Edkifaom olawmfaumif; &[ef;ykPm;rsm; SdrI?
q,fcsufonf
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jzpfavonf?
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qdkvdkonfrSm tv vjcif;\ tusdK;Sdonf ukodkvf tukodkvfuH\tusdK;&if; tusdK;quf Sdonf
ponfjzifh jrifjcif;rsdK;udk qdkvdkonf/
25/
qdkcJhNyD;
'o0wKu
jrifuGif;jrifuGuf
q,frsdK;onf
PfynmjzifhomjrifEdkifaom
tcsufrsm; jzpfonf? yuwdrsufpdjzifh jrifEdkifaomtcsufrsdK; r[kwfay? odkUjzpf yuwdrsufpdjzifh

rjrif&onfhtwGuf
tusdK;rSd
rkcsrSd[k
,lqvQif
rdpm'd|d=rSm;aomtjrif
jzpfayonf?
jrifp&mum;twlwlyif jzpfonf? jrifyHkjrifenf;udk vdkuf ormESifhrdpm uGJjym;oGm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;

txl;owdcsyftyfayonf? tv\tusdK; Sd\ ponfjzifh jrifjcif;onf tb,fhaMumifh orm'd|d
jzpf&oenf;qdkaomf obm0usaomaMumifh jzpfonf? obm0tm;jzifh tusdK;SdaeaomaMumifhjzpfonf?
tv\tusdK;
rSd
ponfjzifh
jrifjcif;onf
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rdpm'd|d
jzpf&oenf;qdkaomf
360
tpodkU
obm0rusaomaMumihf obm0ESifh vGJacsmfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf? Sdygvsuf rSd[k xifjcif;onfom

trSm;pifppfjzpfayonf/
26/
pwkoporm'd|dqdk&m
kyfemrf"r[laom
Oyg'geuEmig;yg;
wPSm
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362
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363
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364
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365
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366
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touf"mwfom? ysufa<uygrl
ESpfjzm ywf a0? aoBuD;aovdrfh
a'oemawmfenf;? zsufqD;apmfum;
rsm;jym;vlaygif;? ysufapaMumif;wkdUukd
pkaygif;vkyfMu? tm;xkwfMuonfh
t"rab;&ef? Nidrf;atmifBuHrS
okH;wefomoem? wnfNrJumjzifh
usifh&my#dywf? tusifh"mwfaMumifh
jrifhjrwfr*fzkdvf? edAmefukd? tvkd&Sdol
&vdrfhrnf .....
(rpdk;&drfpmoifom;)
tpodkU

vlaovljzpf 0g'gEk0g'0dedp, qHk;jzwfcsuf
apm'emtrSwf(1)
bmomrJh kyf0g'DESifhpyfaom apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/

1/
apm'uyk*dKvfwdkUonf vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkU\ bmomrJh kyf0g'DwdkU
jzpfyHkudk atmufyg taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjy apm'emMuonf/

(u)
]]'DaeU Ak'bmomqdkwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;eJU bdef;pm;vdk jzpfaeMuNyDudk;? bdef;qdkwm

rpm;cifwHk;uawmh tvum;aygh? rpGJygbl;? bdef;rI rpm;&vdkU bmrQ rjzpfao;ygbl;? tJ
bdef;uav; enf;enf;0ifNyD; pGJvmNyDqdkawmh 'Dbdef;uvGJvdkY wjcm;bmrSvJ rvdkcsifbl;
rMum;vJ rMum;csifbl;? bdef;qdkwJh bdef;yJ pGJawmhwmyJ? om;r,m;awmif bdef;avmuf
rrufawmhbl;? tckvnf; 'dkUwpfawGrSm bdef;pGJaewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfcdkif;ovdk
jzpfaeNyD? [dk uGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m bdef;yJvdkU ajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh
wu,frSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU}}
(twGJ-1? trSwf-8? opm"ra&;&mpmapmif? OD;Ou|a[maom "rpMumrS)
(c)
]]trSefrSm yvkyfol(um&u)onf kyfwHk; kyfcJ tppf rkcs jzpf\? odkUjzpfvQif

cHpm;ol(a0'u)aum bmoabm jzpf&rnfenf;? if;vnf; kyfobm0yif {uE
jzpf&ayrnf}}
(*)
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-56 rS)
]]kyfonf tajccHjzpf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmOfwdkUonf kyfudk rSD&m wnf&mxm;

jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;w&m; 0g-tcdk;owd (0g) kyf\ t[kefrQom jzpfayonf}}/
(OD;udkudkav;a&; oHk;q,fhwpfbHk0g' Ak'vufrcHpmtkyf? ESm-202 rS)
(C)
]]tcsdKUu tSifbk&m;[m kyfudkom a[maew,f? pdwfuav;udk vkyftHk;rSaygheJU

ajymaew,f? usKyfwdkU 'umrBuD;awGu aumif;ygNyD pdwfuav;udk vkyf&atmif
b,frvJawmhvdkU
jyefar;vdkufMu&r,f?
tvkyfvkyfqdkwm
wu,fSdwJh
kyfudk
aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSmyJ? pdwfudk aumif;atmifvkyfvdkU r&ygbl;}}

(OD;Ou|\ tdka,m*D oifb,fqDoGm;rvJ? ESm-80? 81 rS)
(i)
]]emrfonf bmvJqdkOD;? blw"mwfwdkU\ owdyif jzpfaejyefonf? taMumif;rlum;

avESifh
awaZm
awGUvQif
]]tm;touf}}[ljzpfaomowdonf
kyfobm0\
yifudkvuPmaMumifhyif jzpfonf? xdk 0ga,mESifh awaZmwdkUonf rnfonfh"mwfpif

y&rmtEkjrLwGifrS
oD;jcm;
uif;vGwfpGm
rSd?
tm
0g
aw
wdkUrSm
tpOfwGJpyfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf? odkUjzpf&m blwj'Afpif rlvy&rmPkjrL obm0txd
367
tpodkU

tqifhqifh
tuJcwfavhvmaomtcg
blwkyfwdkUyif
kyf[kvnf;aumif;
emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; kyfobm0 tajccHcsnf;

jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/}}
(ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'0dyem yxrwGJ? ESm-84? 85 rS)
(p)
]]kyfemrf 2-ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? y&rwfyx0D y&rwftmayg y&rwf0ga,m

y&rwfawaZmwdkUrSm tjrJtwl tajy;wnDwnf; kyfvnf; emrf emrfonfyif kyftjzpf
'GefwGJum
tpOftwl
jzpfysufaeonfudk
jzpfrSef;odonf/}}
awGUjrifrSom
csufcsif;
jzpfonfudk
(ocifjrwfqdkif\ Ak'0dyem yxrwGJ? ESm-103 rS)
ap'uyk*dKvfwdkUonf aumufEIwfcsufrsm;udk azmfjy OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf jrwfAk'

rSefuefpGm
a[mMum;xm;aom
emrfw&m;rsdK;udk
todtrSwf
ryMubJ
olwdkU\
kyfMurf;0g'D
q&mYq&mBuD;rsm;\aemufodkU aumufaumufygatmifvdkufum Ak'tbd"rmomoemudk ausmcdkif;olrsm;

jzpfaMumif; wifjyMuonf/
2/
wpfzef
0daooapm'em
]]ur
um&aum
ewd
0dygup
a0'aum}}
paom*gxmudk rdrdwdkU\ kyf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif vdk&mqGJ yvkyfol um&u cHpm;ol a0'uwdkUonf

kyfwHk; kyfcJ jzpf\ [k qdkxm;yHk ,if;t,lonf oum,'d|dom jzpf t"r0g' jzpfaMumif;? kyfvnf;
emrf emrfvnf; kyf[laom tcsuf emrfonf kyf\ tcdk;owd kyf\ t[kef[laom pum;onf
yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh rnDaom pum;omjzpfaMumif; 0dok'dr*ft|uxmudk udk;um; wifjyoGm;Muonf/
3/
xkdUjyif bmomonf bdef;ESifh rwlyHk? &wemoHk;yg;tay: ouf0ifrIonf o'gw&m;om
jzpf ,HkMunfrI tpGJ r[kwfyHk? xufoefaom ,HkMunfrI oefUSif;aom o'gw&m;om jzpfaMumif;

t*yom'okwfudk udk;um;vnf;aumif;? bdef;onf pGJvmaomtcg tusdK;rJhudk jzpfapwwfaomfvnf;
&wemoHk;yg;
,HkMunfudk;uG,frIrSmum;
csrf;omokcudkom
ay;wwfaMumif;
r[memrokwfudk
udk;um;vnf;aumif; wifjyMuNyD; Ak'bmomudk bdef;ESifhwlonf[k qdkjcif;onf omoemawmfudk

jypfrSm;vdkaom y'k|pdwfjzifh pGyfpGJjcif; jzpf t"r0g'om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMuonf/
pk'dwuwdkU\ acsycsuf
4/
pk'dwuwdkUwGif
ocifjrwfqdkifESifh
orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUuom
acsyajzqdk
aTtbd"rm OD;aTjynfESifh OD;qEm"du 2-OD;wdkUu racsyMuacs? AS;OD;pGm ocifjrwfqdkifu bmomESifh

omoem pum; 2-&yfwGif bmomudky,f omoemudk vufcHaMumif; atmufygtwdkif; acsqdkoGm;onf/
]]bmomqdkaom
pum;rSm
xm0&bk&m;t,lrS
qif;oufvmaom
tw0g'tajccHjzpf
omoem0iftaejzifh vufrcHyg bk&m;? ,ckvufSd bmomqdkonfrSmum Ak'a[m jAm[Pa[m a0'a[m

ta[m 3-rsdK; pkaygif;um tm;vHk; yd#uwfwGif yg0ifaeaom tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfMuygonf?
368
tpodkU
oHo&mvnfapwwfaom w&m;rsm;jzifh IyfaxG;aeygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh bmom[laom t,ludk

vufrcHyg/
omoemwnf;[laom
oHo&m0#fqif;&Jtaygif;rS
vGwfajrmuf&m
'kuNidrf;&m
udavomukefcef;&m w&m;rsm;udkom vufcHygonf bk&m;}}[k qdkum t*FkwdK&f wa,m"rokwfudk

udk;um;wifjy acsyoGm;cJhayonf/
5/
orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUu
]]apm'uq&mawmfwdkUonf
bmomESifh
omoem
ruGJaomaMumifh qwfqwfcg emusnf;um rSm;,Gif;pGm apm'emwifrdMuygonf? bmom[lonfrSm

(Religious)
[laom pum;vHk;rS jzpfay:vmygonf}}[k qdkum ,if;pum;vHk;\ teuft"dym,fudk
t*Fvdyftbd"mefusrf;vm-wdkufdkuftzGifhESifh tjcm;tqdk 8-rsdK;udk OD;Ou|\ uyjyemrS xkwf

wifjyoGm;Muonf/
6/
txufyg apm'em aom"emwdkUESifh pyfvsOf;---
(u)
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqdkif
orm'd|dokawoeokawoD
qdkolwdkU\
0g'onf kyf0g' [kwf r[kwf?

(c)
Ak'bmomonf bdef;ESifh wlonfqdkaom &DvD*sif;ac:aom bmoma&;rsdK; [kwf r[kwfESifh

OD;Ou|onf Ak'bmomudk ykwfcwfjcif; [kwf r[kwf?
(*)
tarQmf taMumuf i&JbHk ewfbHk ponfESifh ywfouf yd#uwfpmayt&vnf;aumif;

avmuDynmrsm;t&vnf;aumif; od&rnfh tcsufrsm;ESifh?
(C)
bmomESifh ywfouf ocifjrwfqdkif\ acsyvTm aom"emcsufonf rSef rrSef?
(i)
kyf0g'Drsm;onf
Ak'bmom
[kwf
r[kwf?
kyf0g'tjrifjzifh
Ak'0g'
Ak'"r
Ak'yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk a0zefjcif;onf w&m; rw&m;?

tcsufwdkUudk
tav;xm;
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;u
oHk;oyfqHk;jzwfMurnf
jzpfayonf/
bmom[laom pum;vHk;ESifhpyf pdppfcsuf

7/
pk'dwu
orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU
xkwfjyoGm;aom
(&DvD*sif;)
bmom[laom
pum;vHk;\ teuft"dym,frsm;rSm 20-&mpkESpf tpydkif; avmufu ajymcJhMu zGifhqdkcJhMuaom teufrsm;

jzpf ,aeY 20-&mpkukefcgeD;umv acwfrrDawmhay? if;jyif pum;wpfvHk;\ teufudk zGifh&m
Meaning
= pum;vHk;\ wdkufdkuf teufESifh
Derivative Meaning
Literal
= qifhyGm;teuf 2-rsdK;vHk;udk zGifhjyrS
jynfhpHkEdkifonf? wpfckckudkom qkyfudkif qdkacsaomf trSm;odkU a&mufwwfayonf? ,ck pk'dwuwdkU

qdkcJhaom teufrsm;rSm rlvteufrsm; jzpf acwftavsmuf qifhyGm;ajymif;vJvmaom teufrsm; rygbJ
<uif;usefaeayonf? xkdUaMumifh rjynfhpHkay/
369
tpodkU
8/

ae&m
vef'efom;
twGif;a&;rI;jzpfaom uG,fvGefol
Ak'0g'D
Mr.Iggleden
ppfppfBuD;
jzpfaom
ygVdpmaytoif;BuD;\
qdkol ynmSifBuD;\ tbd"rwo*F[usrf; tzGifhed'gef;
a&;om;csufrS Religious [laom pum;vHk;\ acwfrDaom 0d*d[f (0g) y&dbmomudk xkwfjyaytHh

(A)
The world Religion is derived from Latin Religionem and Relegere. The first is quite clear it
means; reverance to the gods, fear of god, conciousness of wrong, religious scruple. The
second though quite different, is equality clear, it means to gather together, to collect, to
ponder over to give heed, to observe, care for.
(u)
Religious
[laom pum;vHk;onf vmwifbmom
[laom
yk'frsm;rS
qdkvdkonfrSm
qif;oufvmonf?
ewfrsm;udk
dkaojcif;
Roligionem
[laom yk'f
yxrpum;vHk;onf
ewfbk&m;udk
Relegere
t"dym,fSif;onf?
aMumufGHUjcif;
rSm;,Gif;aom
udk;uG,frIESifh pyfonfh aMumufGHUxdwfvefUpdwf [l jzpfayonf? 'kwd,pum;vHk;onf

t"dym,f
tawmfuGJjym;oGm;aomfvnf;
twlwuG
pkaygif;jcif;
Sif;ayonf?
aG;aumufjcif;
'kwd,pum;vHk;\
awG;awmpOf;pm;jcif;
teufrSm
*kxm;jcif;
MunfhIoHk;oyfjcif; owdyjcif; [l jzpfayonf/
(B)
With two equally valid, yet so very different way of defining religion it is without doubt a
prectical thing to do to look at the Buddhist teaching on a comparative basis to see in
accordance with which definition it should be understood and as the outcome of that how its
study should be approached. What then can be said to define the characteristics of Buddhism
as a religion?
(c)
wef;wlnDwl cdkifvHkoavmuf t"dym,fjcm;em;vSaom &DvD*sif; 0d*d[f 2-ckeJU pyfNyD;

EIdif;,SOfavhvmwJh tajccHrlt& rnfonfh0d*d[fjzifh Ak'"rudk em;vnf&rnf? ,if;\
tusdK;quftjzpf
xdkAk'"rudk
b,fyHkb,fenf;
avhvm&rnfqdkwmudk
IjrifoHk;oyfjcif;[m yxrqHk;vufawGU vkyf&rnfhtcsuf jzpfw,fqdkwm oHo,SdzG,f

rvdkyg? ,if;odkUjzpfvQif Ak'"r\ vuPmwdkUudk &DvD*sif;tjzpf 0d*d[fy&ef rnfodkU
qdkEdkifygoenf;/
(C)
Buddhism is a religious system which is no way seeks to discuss a relationship existing

between mankind and a deity; rather it sets out to view the conditions existing both within
oneself and without examining the relationships between them seeking to observe and
comprehend in results the nature of the causes governing them and pointing to the way by
which the Tangle caused by ignorance may be unravelled and a stable atate attained, void of
370
tpodkU

conditioning influences. It seeks then to view clearly and with acute penetration all that is of
the mind and all that is of material qualities, and unclouded by ignorance, to see them as they
are in realith.
(*)
Ak'"ronf
vlom;ESifh
ewfjA[mwdkUtMum;
Sdaeaom
tquftoG,fudk
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ raqG;aEG;aom bmoma&; oabmw&m;wpfck jzpfonf? pifppfrS

ow0gwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ twGif;tjyif Sdaeaom tajctaersm;udk IjrifoHk;oyfaom
,if;twGif;tjyifESpfck Sdaeaom tquftoG,fudk pHkprf;ppfaq;aom ,if;wdkUudk
tkyfpdk;jc,fvS,faeonfh
taMumif;w&m;wdkU\
oabmoGm;udk
tusdK;rSae
IjrifoHk;oyfaom t0dZm (rodem;rvnfrI)u zefwD;ay;vdkufonfh tIyftaxG;udk

ajzSif;yHk
enf;vrf;Tefjyaom
wnfNidrfaomtajctaeudk
(tjyiftyrS)taMumif;yzefwD;aom
(jA[m
AdEdk;
&yHk&enf;
wefcdk;Sif
azmfjyaom
xm0&
cdk'g
ponfwdkU\) MoZmtmPm rSdyHkudk azmfjyaom bmoma&; oabmw&m; jzpfonf/
(D)
The Buddha's teaching is therefore a process which by a proper practice in gaining

understanding of the true nature all there is , Leads to the stable state. It, as this statement
makes clear, the Buddha's teaching is shown to be the gaining of understanding of the True
nature of all there is of mind and material qualities, then clearly it is the second definition of
religion that is most nearly applicable to it, i.e; to gather together, collect, ponder over, to give
heed to, observe, and care for.
(C)
xkdUaMumifh Ak'"ronf oifhawmfaom tavhtusifhtm;jzifh t&mtm;vHk;\ obm0rSefudk

em;vnfrI
&&m&aMumif;
jzpfNyD;
wnfNidrfaom
tajctaeudk
azmfaqmifaom
usifhpOfwpfckjzpfonf? tqdkt& Ak'0g'onf kyfESifhemrfSdorQ tm;vHk;\obm0rSefudk

em;vnfrI &apwwfaom0g' jzpfaMumif; azmfjyEdkifygvQif 'kwd,0d*d[fonf Ak'"rESifh
tawmfudkufnDaom
&DvD*sif;\
0d*d[f
jzpfonf?
,if;onfum;
tqufrjywf
pkaqmif;jcif; awG;ac:pOf;pm;jcif; *k"ryjcif; aphpyfpGmavhvmjcif; owdSdjcif;yif

jzpfonf/
12/
,if;odkUqdkvQif
'kwd,0d*d[ft&
Ak'0g'udk
(&DvD*sif;)
bmomw&m;[k
&J&JqdkEdkifawmhonf? odkU Ak'0g'udk &DvD*sif; (bmomw&m;)[k qdkvdkufojzifh xm0&0g'DwdkU\

ewfbk&m;rsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif; aMumufvefUjcif; qkawmif;jcif; udk;uG,f0wfyjcif; [laom
Ritual
Rite and
ESifh vHk;vHk; rqufpyfaom Ak'w&m;awmfudk rdrd&& useydkifydkif qdkEdkifavawmh\/
371
tpodkU
13/

wpfaMumif;rSmvnf; bmom[laom pum;vHk;onf ygVdpum;rS qif;oufvmonf?
bmoD,aw
uxD,awwd
bmom?
Ak'
bmom
Ak'bmom-Ak'Sifawmfjrwf
a[majymawmfrltyfaomaMumifh Ak'\ tqHk;tr[lorQ pum;awmf[lorQonf Ak'bmom rnf\? ,if;udk

t*Fvdyf
bmomtm;jzifh
Buddhism
or
Buddha's
teaching
[k
ac:qdk&onf?
Ak'bmom
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkU\ tv,fwGif Ak'bmom [k qdkvdkufonfESifhwpfydifeuf Ak'Sifawmfjrwf\

tqdktqHk;tr
w&m;pum;
em;vnfoGm;\?
Ak'omoem
xdkrSwqifh
[laom
teuft"dym,fudk
&wemoHk;yg;udk
,cktcg
,HkMunftm;xm;
wpfcsufwnf;
yGm;rsm;qnf;uyfjcif;udk
oabmaygufoGm;awmh\? &DvD*sif;rS vmaom bmomt,l[laom teuft"dym,frSm pyf[yfzmax;

qGJ,l ajymrS em;vnf&aom teuft"dym,frsdK;om jzpfavawmhonf/
14/
Oyrm lyg'Dok oEd owm=lygHk ponfwdkU pGJvrf;uyfNidwwfaomaMumifh tvHk;pHkaom
vlewf ponfwdkUonf ow (ow0g)rnfukef\? 0pewt& rlvteuftm;jzifh lygHk tpSdaom

tmHkig;yg;
umr*kPfw&m;wdkU
pGJvrf;uyfNidwwfaom
ow0gwdkUudkrS
ow[kac:qdk&aomfvnf;
(edpE&m*) lygHk ponfwdkU pGJvrf; uyfNidjcif; rSdaom&[EmwdkUudkvnf; twGifkVDtm;jzifh ow [k

ac:qdk&ouJhodkU jzpfonf? xkdUaMumifh ]]ouwaMumifh &onfhynwf? ouwfaysmufvsuf? rnfrysuf?
oufouftwGif
kVDwnf;}}[k
qdkvdkonfrSm-udk;uG,f0wfyjcif;
aS;q&mawmfrsm;
ed,mrfvuFm
qkawmif;jcif;teufxGufaom
rdefUrSm>rufMum;awmfrlcJhMuonf?
&DvD*sif;
[laom
pum;vHk;rSm
zvS,fxm;onfqdkaomfvnf; Ak'bmom[laom pum;udk qdkvdkufonfSdaomf ,cktcg xdkrlvteuf

aysmufysuf &wemoHk;yg; udk;uG,f qnf;uyfjcif; Ak'tqHk;trudk vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif;[laom teuf
,if;Ak'bmomudkcH,laom
bmom0if[laom
teufwdkUrSm
trsm;wumwdkUwGif
wGifus,faeaom
trnfynwfwpfck jzpfawmhonf? bmrQ yifra&aomufjrpfteufudk xkwfazmfaezG,f rvdk[k qdkvdkayonf/

15/
xkdUaMumifh Ak'w&m;awmfudk &nfTef; OD;Ou|udk,fwdkif-

]]'DaeU Ak'bmomqdkwJh vlpm;awGrSm bdef;ESifh bdef;pm;awGvdkjzpfaeNyDudk;? . . . tckvnf;
'dkU vlawGrSm bdef;pGJaewJh bdef;pm;awG bdef;jzwfcdkif;ovdk jzpfaeNyD? [dk uGefjrLepfrsm;u bmom[m

bdef;yJvdkU ajymwm aoaocsmcsm awG;awmh 'Dae&mrSm wu,frSefwmudk; 'umBuD;&JU}}
[k
opm"ra&;&mpmapmifwGif
ygonfhtwdkif;
ajyma[mcJhjcif;
jzpfonf?
rSefvS\-pk'dwuwdkUu
]]bmom[laom pum;udk xm0&0g'DwdkUudk &nfG,fqdkaom pum;yg}}[k qifajcay;aomfvnf; txufyg

OD;Ou|\pum; ]]'DaeU Ak'bmomqdkwJh vlpm;}}[k wdkufdkufyif qdkvdkufojzifh rnfodkUrS rjiif;omawmhay?
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk dkaoav;pm; ppfrSefaom o'gw&m; tjynfht0jzifh cdkifcdkifrmrm
&wemoHk;yg;udk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaejcif;udk OD;Ou|u tpGJOyg'gef[lvnf;aumif; o&P*HkoHk;yg;udk
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372
tpodkU
16/
bmomw&m;onf bdef;ESifh wlonfqdkaom pum;onf uGefjrLepfwdkUu qdkvmaomtcg
,HkMunfrIoufoufudk tajccHjzpfaom bmomw&m; (Oyrm-xm0&0g'D &0g'D cdk'g0g'D) wdkUudk

&nfTef; olwdkU\IaxmifhrS qdkaompum; jzpfaomaMumifh tvGef cdkifvHkaom rSefuefwdusonfh pum;
jzpfonf?
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17/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\
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cdkifvHkvSayonf? rSefvS\-&wemoHk;yg;udk ,HkMunfo'g MunfdkpGmjzifh atmufarhESvHk;oGif;aomyk*dKvfrSm
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pdwfcsrf;omjcif; udk,fcsrf;omjcif; pdwfwnfMunfjcif;udk &Sdayonf/
18/
,if;
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf
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NyD;ajrmufonfomjzpfonf/
373
tpodkU

tarQmfESifh taMumuf
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19/
ae&m Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh taMumif;tusdK;udkomjy qHk;rawmfrlyHkudk t>rufrQ
(u)
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jytHh/
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awG;awmylyef\? 'k*wdbHkodkU a&mufaomf ydkyif ylyefqif;&J&\/
("ry'? ,ru0*f *gxm 17)
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ygyH ar uwEd wywd? bda,sm wywd 'k*w *awm/ (1? ck? 15)
(c)
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2-wefaom
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("ry'? ,ru0*f *gxm 16)
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aom arm'wd aom yarm'wd? 'doGm ur0dok'drwaem/ (ck? 1? 15)
(*)
ow0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf raumif;rIudk yrdvQif xdkraumif;rIudk xyfwvJvJ

ryrdapoifh?
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e wrSd qEH u,d&mx? 'kaum ygy Opa,m/ (ck? 1? 30)
374
tpodkU
(C)

ow0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf ukodkvfudk yrdvQif xdkukodkvfudk xyfumwvJvJ y&m\?
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jzpfonf/
20/
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(rZdryPmoygVdawmf? trv|du &m[kavm0g'okwf)
21/
tusdK;udkjyum qHk;rawmfrlvsuf wpfxyfwnf;om pm;jcif;\tusdK;udk a[mawmfrlyHkum;
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375
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pm;vQif tema&m*guif;jcif; tm;tifESifh jynfhpHkjcif; csrf;ompGm aeEdkifjcif;udk (oifwdkUudk,fwdkif)

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,om Ak'g e b,H 'awGm waZwGm yZ[mayEd? tmedoHoHye 'awGm yZ[mayEd?
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22/
wpfenf;
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(Reward
and
qkvmbfESifh
Punishment)
tjypf'Pfudkjyum
ajcmufcsnfwpfvSnfh
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xdkvrf;avQmufvQif xdkt&yfodkU a&mufaMumif; jyawmfrljcif;om jzpfonf/
23/
w&m;tusifhudk
omoemawmf\
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usifhMuHcdkif;apumrl(0g)omoemawmf\
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wom [d "da&m "ly|dwwD?
umar p ygay p taoormaem/
o[myd 'kaue Za[,s umar?
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[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mrdefUawmfrlonf/
jrefrm tusOf;
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ryusifhbJ rsuf&nfvnfGJ idkyGJqifum qif;&JpGmjzifh 0wKtmkHudk pGefYy,fum (w&m;usifh)rI xdkyk*dKvfrsdK;udk
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24/
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udk;=tm;udk;onf? tm;udk;jcif;onf vdkcsifjcif; jzpf avmb=tarQmf jzpfonf? uG,f=umuG,fonf?
376
tpodkU
umuG,fapmifhaSmufjcif;onf aMumufGHUxdwfvefUjcif;=a'go taMumuf jzpfonf? avmb a'goonf

arm[aMumifh jzpfonf[k MuHMuHzefzef orm&y&dap' yMujcif;onf pdwfrrSefaom olwdkU\ pum;om
jzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
OD;Ou|ESifh kyf0g'
25/
kyf0g'ESifh ywfouf pdppfoHk;oyfaytHh? ]]yvkyfol um&uonf kyfwHk; kyfcJ?
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ok'"rm y0wEd? {a0wH or'eH/
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[k 0daooap'emvTm apm'emwifxm;Muonf/
26/
,if; apm'emwifcsufonf obm0"rESifh udkufnDaom ,kwdSdonfh apm'em jzpfayonf?
XifSm;aptHh-emrfoabmw&m;ESifh uif;kyfcsnf;oufoufjzifh yvkyfjcif; cHpm;jcif; jrifjcif; Mum;jcif;

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ywwfbdouJhodkU uwKoabmtm;jzifh wifpm; ywwfol ponfjzifh qdkvQif avmua0g[m&
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27/
pifppfrSm Ak'a'oemawmfu Tefjyonfhtwdkif; qdkvQif kyfw&m;onf tuef;ESifhwl
emrfw&m;onf tusdK;ESifh wlonf? tuef;onf tusdK;udk xrf;ydk; vrf;oGm;aomtcg vrf;aumif;

vrf;qdk; tedrfh tjrifh ponfudk tusdK;u jrif tusdK;\ vrf;Tefcsuftwdkif; tuef;u vdk&mc&D;odkU
a&mufatmif oGm;&bdouJhodkU kyfw&m;onf olUcsnf;oufouf yjcif; cHpm;jcif; ponf rywwfrl
377
tpodkU
emrfw&m;\ appm;csuft&om yjcif; cHpm;jcif; paom udpudk NyD;ap&onf? xkdUtwlyif emrfw&m;csnf;

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aqmifGufEdkifonf/
28/
,if;odkU
kyfESifh
emrfwdkU
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
olUoabmolaqmifvsuf
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twGif;odkU 0if cHpm;jcif; yvkyfjcif; paom udpudk aqmifGufwwfaom rnfonfhtw0dnmOfrQvnf;
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jzpfay:vmaponf? odkU qdkvdk ]]ok'"rm y0wEd? {a0wH or'eH}}[k 0dok'dr*f t|uxmq&m
rdefUqdkawmfrljcif; jzpfayonf? ]]yvkyfol=um&u? cHpm;ol=a0'uonf kyfw&m;om jzpf\}}[k qdkaom
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\pum;onf Ak'0g'udk kyf0g'jzpfatmif udk,fvdk&m udk,fqGJ ajymcsufom jzpf
usrf;*ef"rESifh rnDonfrSm xifSm;vSayonf/
xkdUjyif ur um&aum ewd-[laom ygVdudk OD;Ou| ,lqonfhtwdkif; o'genf;usus?
teufay;&onfSdaomf ur um&aum=uHudk ywwfaom um&u kyfwHk;kyfcJonf? ewd=rSd [l
jzpfayonf?
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o'genf;
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awGU&ayonf/
kyfvnf;emrf? emrfvnf; kyf[kqdk&m pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

29/
jzpfay:vmaom
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t[kefrQom
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31-bHk0g'
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]]tvkyfvkyf qdkwm wu,fSdwJh kyfudk aumif;atmif tvkyfvkyfMu&rSm? pdwfudk
aumif;atmif vkyfvdkU r&bl;}}
[laom OD;Ou|\ tqdkonfvnf;aumif;?
]]tqifhqifh
tuJcwf
avhvmaomtcg
blwkyfwdkUwGif
kyf[kvnf;aumif;?
emrf[kvnf;aumif; ponfjzifh jzpfaeaomaMumifh tm;vHk; kyfobm0 tajccHcsnf; jzpfaeonfudk

awGU&ayonf}}
[laom Ak'0dyem yxrwGJ? ESm-84? 85 a&;om;xm;aom ocifjrwfqdkif\ tqdkonfvnf;aumif;?
,if;pmtkyf ESm-130 xyfrHazmfjyaom]]kyfESifhemrf 2-ckrSm wpfckESifhwpfck ruGJay? kyfvnf; emrf? emrfonfyif kyftjzpf
'GefwGJum tpOf twl jzpfysufaeonfudk awGUjrifrSom csufcsif; jzpfonfudk jzpfrSef odonf}}
378
tpodkU
[laom ocifjrwfqdkif\ 'kwd,tqdkonfvnf;aumif; kyf0g'udktajccH Ak'"rudk ujyufuacsmf

a&;om;ajyma[mjcif;rQom jzpfonf? teufoabmrsdK;udk rnfonfhtcgrS Ak'jrwfpGm ra[may? Ak'0g'
twGif;odkU xdkolwdkU\ kyf0g' oGwfoGif;vmjcif;om jzpfonf? wpfenf;qdkaomf Ak'0g' rsufESmzHk;wyf
kyf0g'udk jzefUjzL;aejcif;jzifh Ak'omoemudkysufpD;atmif tm;xkwfaejcif;om jzpfonf/
30/
20-&mpkacwf topftqef;vkyf aSUwef;wif ajymqdka&;om;aeaom OD;Ou|\
tqdkudk Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; ryGifhray:rD ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif ay:xGef;aeaom jAm[PvlrsdK; usm&fAmu

paom q&mBuD;wdkU\ kyf0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeyHkudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUSd&onf/
usm&fAmu kyfMurf;0g'
u-
ajr a& av rD; "mwfBuD;av;yg;onf trSefoabmawG jzpfonf/
c-
"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkU\
tpktaygif;udk
udk,fcEm?
tmkHpdwf?
tmkH
[l
ac:a0:orkwfMuonf/
*-
,if; "mwfBuD;av;yg;rS pdwf[laom todoabm ay:vmonf/
C-
waq;ponfrS rl;,pfapwwfaom owd ay:vmouJhodk ,if; "mwfBuD;av;yg;rS

0dnmOfay:vmonf? "mwfBuD; av;yg;wdkUuomvQif pOf;pm;awG;awmukef\/
i-
pdwf 0dnmOfjzifh txl;ytyfaom kyfMurf;BuD;yif tw(0g)ow0gjzpfonf/
p-
a&yGufonf a&\ tay: kwfcsnf;jrif kwfcsnf;aysmufoGm;ouJhodkU ZD0onfvnf;

kwfcsnf;jrif kwfcsnf;aysmufoGm;avonf/
379
tpodkU
q-
edAmef(0g)vGwfajrmufjcif;[lonf aoqHk;uG,fvGefjcif;yifwnf;/
Z-
pD;yGm; OpmESifh umrcsrf;omonfom ow0gwdkU\ vdk&iftusdK;jzpfonf/ (w&m;usifhjcif;

vGwfajrmufjcif; [lonf pifppfteuft"dym,frSday/)
ps-
avmuom;wdkU\ vrf;pOfudkom vdkuf&rnf/ (avmukw&mvrf;aMumif;[l rSd/)
n-
wrvGefb0 Sdaom ow0g[l rSdaomaMumifh wrvGefavmu[lonfvnf; rSday/
#-
rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwdkUjzifh xdawGUcHpm;tyfaom rsufawGU vufawGUonfom

cdkifvHkaom yrmPjzpfonf (rsufawGU vufawGU r[kwfaom t&monf rcdkifvHk? yrmP
rrnf/) (avmum,wokwf ac:
31/
(NAd[wfqywd) a&;aomokwf)
txufygokwfwGif(c) trSwfpum;t& y tm 0g aw "mwf 4-yg;udkyif
cEmudk,f[lvnf;aumif;? p o C Z u ac: yom' 5-yg;? qif; oH eH pm; awGU tmkH 5yg;[lvnf;aumif; ac:onf[kqdkxm;&m kyfonf emrf? emrfonf kyf[k qdkaom vlaovljzpf
q&mwynfhwdkU\ 0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf;usae\/
32/
OD;Ou|ESifh
ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUonf
avESifh
awaZm
awGUvQif
tm;^touf[l
ay:vm\[k qdkMu\? OD;udkudkav;u emrfonf kyf\tcdk;[k qdk\? (C)trSwfjy txufygokwfvm

t&ufrsdK;aphrS rl;,pfapwwfaom owd ay:vmouJhodkU "mwf4-yg;rS 0dnmOfay:vmonf[laompum;ESifh
wpfom;wnf; usavawmh\/
33/
(n)trSwfjy
pum;t&
wrvGefavmu[lonfvnf;
rSday[laom
wrvGefb0Sdaom
ow0g[l
avmum,wokwftqdkonf
rSdaomaMumifh
pk'dwuwdkU\
ycufESifh
380
tpodkU
acgif;tMum;om pOf;pm; tjcm;bmudkrQ rpOf;pm;[laom tqdkESifh ESpfaygif; 3000-cefU jcm;aomfvnf;

rjym;ruGJ wpfom;wnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGUMu&\/
34/
(#)trSwfjy rsufawGUvufawGUom cdkifvHkaom yrmP jzpfonf[laom tqdkESifh
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|?
ol\wynfh
ocifjrwfqdkif?
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;\
vufawGUrsufawGU0g'onf {&m0wDjrpfa&ESifh csif;wGif;jrpfa&uJhodkU wpfom;wnf; a&maESmnDGwf

avawmh\/
35/
xkdUjyif Ak'jrwfpGmray:rD ESpfaygif; 500-avmuf apm ay:xGef;cJhaom trnfrxifSm;ol
a&;onfh qaEm*sOyedoQ'f odkU qdk\/
pm;vdkufaom tpmonf oHk;rsdK;uGJ xGufonf? tMurf;pm;"mwfwpfpkonf usifBuD; jzpfonf?

tvwfpm;
"mwfwpfpkonf
tom;jzpfonf?
tEkqHk;jzpfaom
"mwfwpfpkonfum;
pdwf0dnmOf
jzpfay:vmonf/
(t"sm, 6? u@ 5? tydk'f 1)
aomufvdkufaom a&onf 3-rsdK;uGJ xGufonf? tMurf;pm;"mwfwpfpkonf usifi,f jzpfonf?

tvwfpm; "mwfpkonf aoG; jzpfonf? tEkqHk;jzpfaom "mwfwpfpkonfum; touf jzpfay:vmonf/
(t"sm, 6? u@ 5? tydk'f 2)
36/
xdkrSwyg; kyfESifhemrfudk xyfwl ,lqaom
Vulgar materialism
kyfMurf;0g'\ oabmudk
Sif;jyOD;rnf/
0g'onf q,fhudk;&mpk 0ef;usifwGif *smreDjynf pwif acwfpm;vmaom0g' jzpfonf?
vlApfAsL;ceJ
Molescholt)
(Kari Vogt lud B chner)
qdkol
trnfSd *smreftrsdK;om;ESifh *sufaumharmav;aSmY
'wfcsftrsdK;om;wdkUonf
kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;
jzpfMuonf?
olwdkU
(Jacou
tqdkum;
wHawG;tusdwfrsm;rS wHawG;,dkxGufovdk tonf;rS onf;ajc,dkxGufovdk OD;aESmufrS pdwfac:aom

kyfwpfrsdK; pdrfhxGufaeonf[k qdkMu\? pdwftpOfonf OD;aESmufwGif xif[yfaom kyf\ t&dyftoGif
381
tpodkU
jzpfaomfvnf; jrifaumif;aom t&dyf r[kwf? xdawGU&aumif;aom t&dyftoGifr[kwf? "mwfyHkdkuf,l

r&aumif;ay/
Brain is instrument of thinking or organ of thought, but it is mind or thinking itself.
]]OD;aESmufonf
awG;ac:pOf;pm;&ef
vufeufud&d,m?
wpfenf;-
pOf;pm;awG;awmonfh
t*Fg&yfjzpfonf? odkUaomf ,if;OD;aESmufonfyif pdwf(0g)tawG;tac: jzpfonf}}[l qdkavonf/

(jrefrmvkyfom;aeUpOf? 15-3-68? armifcspfvIdif)
37/
txufyg pdppfcsufrsm;t& kyfvnf; emrf? emrfvnf; kyf twlwlyif jzpfonf[laom
OD;udkudkav;? OD;Ou|? ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUESifh orm'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf avmum,wokwf

NAd[wfqywdq&m
a&;om;xm;aom
Ak'ryGifhay:rDu
ay:cJhaom
aS;a[mif;jAm[PvlrsdK;
usm&fAmu0g'ESifh wpfxyfwnf; wlnDaeonfudk awGU&\? xkdUjyifaS;a[mif;qaEm*s OyedoQm'fusrf;

tqdkESifhvnf;aumif;?
vl'fApfAsL;ceJESifh
*sufaumharmav;aSmhwdkU\
kyfMurf;0g'ESifhvnf;aumif;
cRwfpGyfwlaeonfudk awGUMu&ayonf/
38/
aS;a[mif;
odkUjzpf
,aeU
kyfMurf;0g'udk
awmifwGif;BuD;
OD;Ou|wdkU
jyefvnfqef;opfxm;jcif;rQom
a&;om;ajyma[maeaom
jzpfaMumif;
0g'onf
v,fjyifqifoGm;ouJhodkU
xifSm;vSayonf? xkdUaMumifh awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|\ 0g'onf kyf0g'? OD;Ou|\onf kyfMurf;0g'D?

OD;udkudkav;\ 0g'onf kyf0g'? OD;udkudkav;onf kyfMurf;0g'DwpfOD;? ocifjrwfqdkif\ 0g'onf kyf0g'?
ocifjrwfqdkifonf kyfMurf;0g'DwpfOD;? orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ 0g'onf kyf0g'? orm'd|dokawoD
qdkolwdkUonf kyf0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif;udk cyfSif;Sif; odSdrSwfom;EdkifMuayonf? Ak'[laom pum;vHk;
orm'd|d[laom pum;vHk;rsm;udk tumtuG,f,lNyD; kyf0g'vufeufjzifh Ak'omoemudk twGif;uae
ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;aeMuaom yk*dKvfrsm;\ Zmwfkyfudk ay:vGifatmif omoemawmfBuD;\ aemifa&;udk
arQmfawG;IiJhNyD; azmfxkwfpdppfvdkuf&ayonf/
39/
OD;Ou|onf kyf0g'DwpfOD;yDyD bk&m;w&m;ygVdrsm;udk teufay;&m kyf0g'bufodkU vkNyD;
teufay;avhonf? tdk a,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ ESm-87 OD;Ou|u ]]emrH? emrfonf/ lyH? kyfudk/
y#dp? pGJ/ y0wwd? jzpfay:vm\/ qdkvdk&if;rSm emrfonf kyfu jzpfonf? kyfonf tm[m&u
jzpfonf}}[k qdkxm;&m ,if;tqdk b,fu&ovJar;vQif txufyg OyedoQm'fudk trSDyaom kyf0g'u
&onf[k ajz&ayrnf? trSefrSm OD;Ou| udk;um;aom ygVdonf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyonfhtwdkif;
0dok'dr*f 'k-ESm-230 vm t|uxmq&mSif\ ygVdjzpfonf? t|uxmpum;udk wpfydkif;wpfp
tzsm;qGwf,lNyD; OD;Ou| qdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;Ou|onf t|uxmudk y,fcsifaomtcg y,f
,lcsifaomtcg ,ljyef\? trSefpifppf rlrSdol[k qdk&ef Sd\/
t|uxmpum; tjynfhtpHkrSm odkUjzpfonf-
382
tpodkU

]],xm p '@mbd[#H ab& edm, oa' y0wrmae tnmab&D? tanm oa'g?
ab&do'g tordm? ab&Doa'e oknm? oa'g ab&d,m okanm? {0ar0H 0wK'Gg&m&r

ocFgwH lyH edm, emar y0wrmae tnH lyH? tnH emrH? emrlyg tordm? emrH laye
oknH? lyH emare oknH? tyd p acg ab& y#dp oa'g0d, lyH y#dp emrH y0wwd/}}
(tbd"rorkp,? 28)
jrefrmtusOf;
wkwfjzifh pnfudk acgufvdkufaomf pnfudk rSD toHjzpfay:vm\? odkUjzpfay:vm&mrS pnfu
wjcm;? toHu wjcm;? pnfESifhtoHwdkU obm0csif; ra&m,SufouJhodkU pnfonf toHrS uif; toHonf
pnfrS uif;ouJhodkU xdkenf;twl 0wK-'Gg&-tmkHkyfudk rSD emrfjzpfay:vm&m kyfu wjcm; emrfu
wjcm;? kyfESifhemrf obm0csif; ra&m,SufMu? emrfonf kyfrS uif; kyfonf emrfrS uif;onf? pifppfum;
pnfudk pGJtoHjzpfouJhodkU kyfudk pGJ emrfjzpfay:vmonf [lvdk/
t"dym,fSif;vif;csuf
40/
Ak'jrwfpGmonf y|mef;ygVdawmf y#dp0 g&udk o[Zmw0g&ESifhvJvS,f a[mawmfrl&m
pGJ jzpf\[lonfudk twltuG jzpf\[lonfESifh vJvS,f Munfhawmfrlapvdk\? kyfudk pGJ emrf jzpfonf?
kyfESifhtwlwuG
emrf
jzpfonf?
twlwuG[k
qdkvdkufjcif;jzifh
o[um&Du&Pac:aom
wGJzuftaMumif;awGvnf; Sdao;onf[k Ak'jrwfpGm Tefawmfrlonf? ,if; wGJzuftaMumif;awGum;

pnfudk
acgufrnfyaomtcg
acgufaMumif;jzpfaom
wkwf
wkwfudk
udkifaom
vuf
wD;cwftHh[ljzpfaom pdwf wD;cwfol\ vHkUvya,m* paomtaMumif;rsm; jzpfonf? ,if;udk &nfG,f

q&mto*Fa&;aom tbd"rorkpusrf;vnf; odkUqdkonf/
]]taMumif;wdkU\ nDGwfjcif;onf wGJzuftaMumif; rnf\/ 0dnmOfjzpfzdkU&ef aÈonf

rysufpD;Sd&m\?
tmkHonfvnf;
xifjcif;odkU
a&muf&m\?
xdktm;avsmfaom
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;onf
aS;Iwnf&m\}} ponfjzifh rdefUqdkxm;avonf/

41/
pnfudk wD;cwf jzpfay:vmaom toHudkMum;&mum; ]]aomw y#dp oa' p OyZwd
aomw0dnmPH wdPH o*Fwd zam}} (oH? 1? 301) paom ed'ge0*foH,kwf 'kuokwf ygVdawmfESifh
EdIif;,SOf&m\? ygVdawmfvnf; y#dp\ teuft"dym,fudk odkU aumuf,l&rnf[k t|omvdeD
t|uxmq&m rdefUrSmawmfrl\? ]]toHbdEwm aomw tmygx*wwm o'geH tmumooEddwH
reodum&a[wkuH pwl[d ypa,wd OyZwd aomw0dnmPH o' or,kaw[d}} (tbd? |? 1? 321)
383
tpodkU
(t|omvdeD t|uxm) aomwyom'ESifh o'gkHudk tpGJy aomw0dnmPf jzpf\ [l&m

aomwyom'vnf;
rysufpD;ygrS
o'gkHvnf;
xifjcif;odkU
a&mufygrS
[if;vif;jyifvnf;SdygrS
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;vnf; SdygrS ,if;odkU taMumif;av;csuf nDrSomvQif aomw0dnmPf Mum;odpdwf jzpfonf?

jzpfaomf wpfckckcsif; jzpfonfr[kwf/ or,kwfw&m;wdkUESifh twlwuG jzpfonf? odkU aumuf,l&rnf[k
jyTefawmfrl\/
42/
odkUqdkaomf OD;Ou| tvdkSdaom kyfrS emrfjzpfonf[laomteufonf tuGufrvnf
ysufjy,favawmh\? rSef\-pnfudk toHjzpfatmif wD;&m wD;cwfol\ wD;rnf[laom pdwf wD;qJcP

jzpfaom reodum& emrfw&m;rsm; rygbJ todkUvQif toHjzpfay:vmrnfenf;/ xkdUaMumifh OD;Ou|ESifh
wynfhtodkif;t0dkif;wdkU\ kyf0g'tjrifjzifh vkyforQonf y&rw tbd"rmoabmw&m;ESifh rnDGwf&um;
t"r0g'omjzpfonf[k trSwf(2) oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
jAm[Pur0g'ESifh Ak'ur0g' jcm;em;csuf

43/
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu ]],ckvufSd bmomqdkonfrSmum; Ak'a[m jAm[Pa[m
a0'a[m ta[moHk;rsdK; pkaygif;um tm;vHk; yd#uwfwGif yg0ifaeaom tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfygonf?

oHo&mvnfapwwfaom w&m;rsm;jzifh IyfaxG;aeygonf bk&m;? xkdUaMumifh bmom[laom t,ludk
vufrcHyg}}[l acsyajzSif;xm;onf? jAm[Pa[m a0'a[m[k pum;2-vHk; xyf qdkojzifh
ocifjrwfqdkifonf jAm[PwdkY\
(Vedic
System)
a0'usrf;*efvm oabmw&m; tpDtpOfudk
em;rvnfaMumif; xifSm;onf/ ,if; a0'usrf;*ef tpDtpOf[lonfrSm(1) a0'oHk;yHk? wpfenf; av;yHk?

(2) jAm[Pusrf;?
(3) tm&Psuusrf;?
(4) OyedoQm'fusrf; [l tMurf;pm;tm;jzifh av;rsdK;Sdonf/
44/
a0'oHk;yHkqdkonfrSm-
(1) &d*fa0'?
(2) qmrmefa0'?
(3) ,*sK&fa0'-
[l jzpfonf? xdkwGif &d*fa0'om y"metusqHk; jzpfonf? ,if;&d*fa0'wGif rD; ae E aomr 0kP

yl&Sef paom ewfbk&m;rsm;\ wefcdk;tSdeft0gudk azmfjycsD;usL;jcif; qkawmif;jcif;rQom ygSdonf?
qmrmefa0' [lonf xdk&d*fa0'xJrS aumufEkwfaG;xkwf rD;ylaZmf&mtcg Gwfqdk&rnfh *gxm rEefrsm;
aygif;xnfh pDpOfxm;aomusrf; jzpfonf? ,*sK&fa0' [lonfrSm ,ZfylaZmfrIESifh pyfaom tpDtpOf
384
tpodkU
,ZfylaZmf&rnfh ,Zfyka&m[dwf\ *kPft*Fg vuPm ponfrsm;udk txl;azmfjyaomusrf; jzpfonf?

aemufwdk;jzpfaom tmx&fAa0'[lonfrSm a&m*ga0'emvuPmrsm; azmfjyjcif; aq;0g;ukojcif;
taqmiftzGJUrsm;
pD&ifjcif;paom
xdkufonfhtavsmuf
twwfynmrsm;
,liifoHk;pGJvsuf
xdka0'oHk;yHk(0g)av;yHkrSm
Ak'0g'xJodkU
Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf
a0'udk
xyfrHjznfhpGufvsuf
pkpnf;pDpOfxm;aom
tenf;i,frQyif
usrf;rQom
yg0ifvmp&m
tvsOf;oifhwdkif;
txufyg
a0'oHk;yHkrS
jzpfonf?
xkdUaMumifh
rSday?
taMumif;rlum;
tESpfom&rSdaMumif;
tBudrfBudrf
a[mawmfrlcJhaomaMumifhwnf;/
45/
jAm[Pusrf;[lonfrSm jA[mBuD;udk toufoGif; yZmywd (=ow0gwdkU\ocif)
[d&n*A(=aTOBuD;xJ oaEwnfvmaom wefcdk;Sif) &(=tpdk;&ol) 0dem,u(=ow0gwdkU\

tSifocif OD;aqmifaSUoGm;) paom pum;vHk;wdkUjzifh awG;awmMuHq &Edkifaumif;aom *kPfyk'frsm;jzifh
wefqmqifvsuf urmBuD;udk zefqif;oltaejzifh a&;om; pDpOf wDxGifvmMuaom usrf; jzpfonf?
a0'acwfwGif urmavmuudk zefqif;ol[laom wefcdk;Sif ray:ao;? ,ck jAm[Pusrf;udk pD&ifaom
acwfusrS zefqif;ol wefcdk;Sif[laom &edrmeay:vmonf? a0'Eusrf; awGU&aom jA[ef[laom
Supreme
Reality
ac:
y&rwwG
oabmudk
jAm[Pusrf;
ewfbk&m;tjzpf
awGU&onf?
jAm[PacwfwGifvnf; Ak'"rwGif tusHK;0ifEdkifavmufp&m rnfonfhtcsufrQ rygSday? taMumif;rlum;

Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf wdwm,weokwf (tH? 1? 174)paom okwfwdkU zefqif;Sif0g'udk rdpmt,l[k
IwfcsawmfrlcJhaomaMumifhwnf;/
46/
tm&Psuusrf; [lonfum; OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm; ray:rD awmae rD;ylaZmfaom
&aohwdkU\ tawG;tac:rS jzpfay:vmaom zDavmfaqmfzD oabmw&m;a&;&mrsm; pwifxkwfazmfvmaom

usrf; jzpfonf? yx0D paom xlvobm0 kyfMurf;w&m;rsm; pdwf-re paom odrfarGUaom
obm0w&m;rsm; aMomif;[kac:aom jyP0 oabmw&m;rsm; 3-rsdK; xkwfazmfvmonf? xdkusrf;udk
awmaeaom
&aohwdkU\
vuf&mjzpfaomaMumifh
tm&Psuusrf;[k
ac:onf?
xdkusrf;yg
tawG;tac:rsm; odrfarGUeufeJ cufcJaom todynmrsm; rygvSao;? OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;\ tajccH

tpysdK;avmufESifh Zmwd0g' ur0g' paom tcsuftvufrQom yg0ifonf? odkUaomf aemufay:
OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;udk
ponfjzifh
txufyg jAm[Pusrf; tm&Psuusrf;wdkUrS
vrf;pudk ,l csJUxGifyjyifxm;aMumif; awGU&onf? xkdUaMumifh xdktm&Psuusrf;vm oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh

Ak'0g'oabmw&m;rsm;um; xef;vsufcJESifh ikyfoD;uJhodkU rEdIif;,SOfEdkifavmufatmif t&omuGmjcm;
aeayonf? ,if;odkU jzpfaomaMumifh Ak'"r xdkusrf;vm tqdktrdefUrsm; yg0ifvdrfhrnfavm[k
awG;awm,HkrSm;zG,fyif rSdacs/
47/
OyedoQm'fusrf;[lonfum; ,if;
Vedic System
av;rsdK;wGif aemufydkif;tusqHk; jzpf
tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; tawmftxufwef;us eufeJvmayonf? q&mteD;odkU eD;uyfpGm csOf;uyfxdkifae
385
tpodkU
,Hk,HkMunfMunf

&if;&if;ESD;ESD;
aqG;aEG;oifMum;&mrS
jzpfay:vmaom
aqG;aEG;csufrsm;[laom
t"dym,ftm;jzifh Oyedom'(0g)OyedoQm'f[k ac:onf/

48/
oQHu&musm&,\ tqdktm;jzifh
]]tvHk;pHkaom tusdK;rJhudk ywwfaom oHo&mudk zsufqD;wwf oHo&m\ taMumif;jzpfaom

t0dZmudk avsmh&Japwwf jA[mhxHodkU a&mufapwwfaomaMumifh Oyedom' rnfowwf}}? ,if;
OyedoQm'fusrf;rsm;udk
,ckacwfynmSifrsm;
todtrSwfycsuft&
usrf;aygif;
150-cefUSdonf[k
od&onf? ,if;wdkUwGif tcsuftvufwifjyyHk Sif;vif;jcif; aS;usjcif;[laom Iaxmifhjzifh q,fhESpfusrf;

q,fhoHk;usrf;cefUom ynmSifrsm;\ av;pm;jcif;udk cH&onf? tESpfom&tm;jzifh obm0wynm
'e[lorQwdkU\ a&aomufjrpfozG,f txnfudk,ftaetm;jzifh wnfSd twGif;pdwfESifh ywfoufaom
awG;ac:rIordkif;wGif tdEd,om;wdkU\ vGefpGm ta&;ay;jcif; urmYynmSdrsm; avhvmrSwfom;jcif;
todtrSwfyjcif;udk cHEdkifavmufatmif tawmftoifh tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;vmayonf? odkU&mwGif
Ak'"rESifh EdIif;pmvQif awmifydkUi,fESifh [dr0Emyrm tuGmBuD;uGm aeonf? Ak'"rusrf;*efrsm;xJodkU
yg0ifaeonf[k t&rf;rJhpGyfpGJMuaom taemufEdkifiH ordkif;ynmSifwdkUESifhwuG ,if;wdkU\aemufvdkuf
OD;Ou| q&mwynfhwdkUonf rnfonfhtcsufonf jAm[P0g' rnfonfhtcsufonf Ak'0g'[l
cGJa0ydkif;jcm;wwfaom
todPfenf;Muojzifh
rdrdwdkU
PfrrSDaom
tcsuf
r,HkMunfEdkifaom
tcsufwdkUudk jAm[P0g'[k vufdI;xdk;um yd#uwfawmfrS zwfy,fvdkMu\? Oyrm-uruwmESifh

ykaAuwa[wk'd|dwdkUudk okyfruGJjcif; tewudktajccHaom Ak'\ ur0g'ESifh twudktajccHaom
jAm[PwdkU\ ur0g'vHk;axG;a&m,Sufvsufaejcif; ewfjynf i&Jjynf toHcsif; trnfcsif;wlkHrQjzifh
teufoabm tESpfom& rnfodkU uGJjym;onfudk EdIufeJjcif;rSdbJ 2-ckvHk;udk wef;wlnDwlxm;um
Ak'"rxJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;udk bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkaeMuayonf? xkdUaMumifh apm'emwifvTm 21csufwdkUwGif tusHK;0if ygvmorQaom xdktqdkrsm;udk 0dep,q&mawmfrsm;u qdkif&mqdkif&m ajzSif;vsuf
qHk;jzwfcsuf csay;awmfrlMuonf/
49/
a0'usrf;vm
ur0g'udk
tenf;i,f
aumif;aomuHudk apmifhaSmufwwfaom ol?
a0'aSUydkif;
ewfwdkUudk
aumif;uH-raumif;uHudk
urmavmuBuD;\ vkyfief;udp[lorQ\ wnf&m?
jrifwwfol?
jyif;xefaom tusifhudk aqmifcJhol ponfjzifh ewfwdkUudk
trSefw&m;\ vJavsmif;&m?
csD;usK;cJhNyD; aemufydkif;
xkwfjyOD;tHh?
ESifh
(aumif;rI raumif;rI) wdkUudk cGJjcm; pOf;pm;vmcJhMuonf?
386
tpodkU
,ckb0rwdkifrD aS;umv aumif;rI raumif;rIudk ycJhjcif; ,if;aMumifh ,ckb0 tajctaetrsdK;rsdK;

jzpfay:vm&jcif; aovGefNyD;aemuf a&muf&mb0opf uH\tusdK; zvudk cHpm;&jcif; ow0gwdkUudk
uHuom
ewfjynf
zefwD;jcif;?
a&mufaMumif;vrf;?
bdk;bGm;ESifh
twlwuGoGm;a&mufaexdkifa&;vrf;aMumif; ponfrsm;udk zefwD;jcif; ,ZfylaZmfrItrsdK;rsdK; tpDtrH

aumif;rIudk ud;yrf; tm;xkwfjcif; urmavmuBuD; SdSdorQ t&mrsm;udk
trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
ow0gwdkUuHu pDrHjcif; ow0gwdkU cH&pH&orQonf aS;uHaMumifhom jzpf&jcif;[laom tcsufrsm;onf

[dkrSm onfrSm usJjyefUaeaom a0'du ur0g' tqdktrdefUrsm; jzpfMuonf/
50/
oabmw&m;rsm;udk pOf;pm;aomf uruwmESifh ykaAuwa[wk'd|dESpfrsdK;vHk;yif
a0'duur yg0ifaeonfudk awGU&rnf? aumif;uHaMumifh aumif;usdK;&jcif; raumif;uHaMumifh

raumif;usdK;&jcif;onf a0'ESifh Ak'0g'wlnDaom tajccH jzpf\? odkUaomf a0'onf aumif;rItpDtrHudk
,ZfylaZmfrI OD;pm;ay; qdkonf? ,if;udk
y"mey
jzLpifMunfvifaom
ac:onf Ak'0g'onf pdwfjzLpifrI pdwfnpfl;rIudk
pdwfjzifh
yvkyfjcif;
ajymqdkjcif;
MuHpnfawG;awmjcif;wdkUudk
ukodkvfuH[kac: avmb a'gowdkUjzifh npfEGrf;aom pdwfjzifh yvkyfjcif; ajymqdkjcif; MuHpnf

awG;awmjcif;wdkUudk tukodkvfuH[k qdkonf? a0'duur0g'tvdk ow0gESifh avmuudk wefcdk;Sif
zefqif;SifwdkUu
ow0gwdkUuHtavsmuf
zefwD;onf[k
qdkonf?
Ak'0g'u
A[d'avmuBuD;udk
ow0gwdkU\ uHESifhwuG Owked,mr ADZed,mr "red,mrtaMumif;wdkUu zefwD;onf[k Tefjyonf?

a0'duur0g't& ow0gwdkU cHpH&orQ aS;uHaMumifhom jzpfonf[k ,lonf? (ykaAuwa[wk'd|dyif
jzpf\) Ak'0g'uHt& ow0gwdkUudk aS;uHuvnf;aumif;? aS;uHcsnf;om r[kwfrl ,ck ypu
rdrdvkyfaqmifrI
ypKyefuHuvnf;aumif;?
ured,mr
pdwed,mr
"red,mrwdkUuvnf;aumif;
zefwD;onf[k ,lonf/
,if;odkU
uGJjym;onfhtcsufu
a0'duur0g'ESifh
b,foif;[l
Ak'\ur0g'wdkU
uGJuGJjym;jym;
wlnDMuonfhtcsufu
em;vnfrI
rSdMuaomaMumifh
b,f[m
OD;Ou|ESifh
vufusefwynfhausmfwdkUu [dELjAm[P0g'awG yd#uwfpmayxJ 0ifaeonf[k vSefUum yd#uwfawmfudk

tcgrsm;pGm y,frSm;cJhMuavonf? Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf rD;vkyfauR;aom qHuspf&aoh ur0g'D y&AdkZfwdkUudk
&[ef;ycGifh ay;awmfrlcJhonfrSm taMumif;tusdK;udk y,faom
Annihilationist
ac:aom ta[wku
tud&d, ewdu0g'Drsm; r[kwfaomaMumifh jzpfavonf? tcsKyfrSm Ak'onf ykaAuwa[wk'd|dudk

y,fawmfrl ,ZfylaZmfrI rygaom ur0g'udk vufcHawmfrlonf? a0'duur0g' zefqif;rI ygonf?
,ZfylaZmfrIudk OD;pm;ay;onf? ykaAuwa[wk'd|d ygonf? odkUaom jcm;em;csufudk ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU
rodEdkifSmMuay/
387
tpodkU

ewfESifh i&Jqdkif&m [dEL0g'ESifh Ak'0g'
EdIif;,SOfavhvmoHk;oyfcsuf
51/
AdoQEkyk&mPftvdk twv? 0dwv? edwv? *bwdrm? r[mwv(e*g;rif;BuD;rsm;
ae&mbHk) okwv? ygwmv[l atmufbHk 7-bHk Sdonf? wpfzef y'fryl&mPftvdk-

1/ twv (r[mrm, ewfrif;BuD;\ aus;uRefrsm;ae&m)
2/ 0dwv ([mwauaT& ac:aom od0\ yHko@mefu tkyfcsKyfaomae&m)
3/ okwv (Avdewf tkyfcsKyfaomae&m)
4/ wvmwv (rm,ewfrif;BuD; tkyfcsKyfaomae&m)
5/ r[mwv (e*g;rif;BuD;rsm; ae&mbHk)
6/ &omwv (a'pESifh 'ge0wdkY ae&mbHk)
7/ ygwmv (0gokuDe*g;rif; tkyfcsKyf&mbHk)
[l atmufbHk ckESpfbHk Sdonf/
52/
Sd0 yk&mPftvdkum; ygwmv wv twv wmv 0d"dygwmv S&fu&mblrd
0dZvbHk[l trnftrsdK; uGJonfhtjyif ocsFmrSmvnf; 8-bHk jzpfaeonf? rQum; yk&mPfusrf;tvdk

atmufbHkac: 'k*wdbHkrsm;jzpfonf/
txufbHk ckESpfbHk
1/ blavmu (t0Dpdi&JrS jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyftxd ajravmu)
2/ bl0 (jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyfrS "l0HMu,ftxd ae&m)
( The world of intermediate space )
3/ qG&favmu 5-bHk
(1) ra[E&bHk
(2) r[&f; (jA[mBuD;\ om;orD;rsm;ae&m)
(3) Zeavmu (qewf? qmeE? qewfukrm&wdkU ae&m)
(4) wy&favmu (a0&m*Dewfrsm;\ ae&m)
(5) qwsavmu (0g) jA[avmu (jA[mBuD;\ ae&m)
bHka&mufvQif b0ukefNyD[k qdkvdkonf/
a0'EESifh ocsFm0g'tvdk avmu 8-rsdK; (0g) bHk 8-bHk? (txufatmufa&mvsuf)(1) jA[avmu (txufwef; ewfwdkU\ ae&mbHk)
(2) ydw&davmu (bdk;bGm;rsm;? &aohrsm;? yZmywdrsm;ae&m)
(3) aomravmu (vESifh tjcm;*d[frsm;ae&m)
(4) aÈavmu (atmufwef; ewfwdkUae&m)
388
tpodkU
(5) *EAavmu (av[mjyifSd 0dnmOfwdkUae&m)
( Place of Heavenly Spirits )
(6) &uoavmu (&udKofwdkU ae&m)

(7) ,uavmu (bDvl;wdkU ae&m)
(8) ydompavmu (wap rifpmwdkU ae&m)
53/
c&pfESpfray:rD ESpf 150-cefY (Ak'yGifhawmfrlNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;500-cefU) u ay:xGef;aom
ywvdrked a&;onf[k qdkaom a,m*okw t0Dpdi&JBuD;\ txufbufwGif ygwmvi&J ckESpfbHk

azmfjyxm;onf/ t0Dpd i&JrS txuf i&JajcmufbHkum;-
(1) r[mumv i&J (wpfcJeuf rmausmaom kyf0wKrsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf Sdonf)
(2) tr&Do i&J (a&xkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf Sdonf)
(3) a&muf&0 (a&mk0 r[kwf) (rD;jzifh 0dkif;&Hvsuf Sdonf)
(4) r[m a&muf&0 (a&xkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf &Sdonf)
(5) umvokw (avt,OfavvdIif;rsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf &Sdonf)
(6) oEwmrd&S& (tarSmifxkBuD; 0dkif;&Hvsuf Sdonf)
t0Dpd i&JBuD;atmuf ygwmv i&JckESpfbHk [lonfum;(1) r[mwv
(2) &omwv
(3) twv
(4) okwv
(5) 0dwv
(6) wvmwv
(7) ygwmv [l jzpfonf/
54/
rEkoH[dwmac: rEkowd tcef; 11? *gxm 24-rS 28-txd i&Jaygif; 21-ck awGU&onf?
,if;wdkUum; wmNrdoQ tEwmNrdoQ r[ma&muf&0 a&muf&0 e&u umvqlw& r[me&u

qef*sD0e r[m0Dusd wye qrfjywmye qH,mwe pumvdku uk'frv ykwdNrdwdu avm[oQHuk
&d*sDoQ yEme qmvfrvd tqdyMw0e vdk['g&u [l jzpfonf/
55/
0doQPkyl&mPf
tcef;
2^214-rS
ta&twGufocsFmESifh
trnfemruGJjym;aom
i&Jrsm;vnf; Sdao;onf? yl&mPfusrf;wdkU\ jzpfay:&mumvoufwrf;udk ynmSifrsm;u c&pfESpfray:rD

ESpfaygif; 600-rS c&pfay:NyD;aemuf ESpf 400-twGif; tESpfwpfaxmifcefUwGif acwftoD;oD;[k
cefUrSef;Muonf? ,if; yk&mPfusrf;wdkUwGifom trsm;tm;jzifh i&JbHkESifh txufbHkrsm; awGU&onf/
56/
Ak'bk&m;Sifonf
(bDpD
6-&mpk)
yGifhawmfrlcJhonf?
xkdUaMumifh
i&JbHktrsdK;rsdK;
ewfbHktrsdK;rsdK;udk azmfjyxm;aom yk&mPfusrf;rsm;onf Ak'acwfaemufydkif;rS ay:vmMuaom usrf;rsm;
389
tpodkU
jzpf ,lp&mSdvQif Ak'usrf;rsm;rS ,l qdkMurnfom jzpfayonf? atmufbHkrsm;[k qdk&m tawmftwef

wlnDrI
awGU&aomfvnf;
txufewfbHk
jA[mbHkrsm;taMumif;um;
trnfa&mta&twGufyg
wpfpdwfwpfa'orQ wlnDonfudk rawGU&acs? Ak'pmayrsm;um; ewfjynfajcmufxyf jA[mESpfq,f

twdtus oufwrf;ESifhwuG azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&\? xdkewfjynf jA[mjynfodkUa&mufaMumif;
usifh0wf usifhpOfrsm;vnf; vQdKU0SufzHk;uG,fjcif; rSdbJ twdtus azmfjyxm;onf? xdk txufwef; vlUjynf
ewfjynf
jA[mhjynfwdkUudk
roGm;a&mufvdkawmhbJ
vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; 0dyemvrf;pOf twdtus
,ckb0yif
31-bHkrS
vGwfvdkygvQifvnf;
tjynfht0 Sdayonf? rnfolrqdk vufawGU
usifhoHk;Munfhygu {[dydu*kPfESifh nDGwfpGm tprf;toyfcHEdkifaom usifhpOfrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&rnf/

57/
jrefrmjynf
w&m;Xmewpfck
0dyemtvkyfudk
pGrf;pGrf;wrH
tm;xkwfoGm;aom
taemufEdkifiHom; a,m*DwpfOD;u olUudk,fawGUudkazmfxkwfoGm;zl;\? {[dydu*kPfudk ,HkMunfpGm

a'gufwm t,fvDZbufawaemhwif*efu odkU a&;om; azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
It is a challenging experience for a Westerner to undergo a course in meditation at the International

Center. He not only may explore new realms of consciousness, but he can scarcely avoid the atempt to re-phrase
his experiences. Where possibe, in terms of his traditional religious beliefs. Furthermore, certain incidents,
certain expressions in both the Old and New Testaments spring to life, so to say, and take on new and vivid
meaning. For instance, the Biblical verse "If the eye be single the whole body will be full of light" may be
expertiences subjectively as almost literl truth by one who in practising Samadhi is able to approach onepointedness in his concentration. Indeed, many biblical phrases that to a Westerner may have seemed vague or
merely allegorical take on specific meaning thus recalling the fact that Judio-Christianity is a faith of eastern
rather than Western origion.
International Buddhist New Forum November
1961.Vol.1.No.11.
]]taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftzdkU tjynfjynfqdkif&m ur|mef;Xme orm"davhusifhcef;

,ljcif;onf pdrfac:aom avhusifhrIwpf&yfjzpfonf? ol\ raem0dnmOf[laom pdwf"mwf\ tcef;opfudk
odEdkifkHrQru rddk;zvm bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftaetm;jzifh awGUaeusjzpfaom ol\ tawGUtuHrsm;udk
topfjyifqif&ef rud;pm;bJ aeEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? onfomru "ropf "ra[mif; ormusrf;pm
vmSdaom
tjzpftysuf
tawGUtuHrsm;onf
yHko@meftopf
t"dym,ftopfaqmifvdrfhrnf[k
qdkvdkufyg&apawmh? Oyrmtm;jzifh-oif\ rsufvHk;onf oif\ cEmudk,ftwGif;0,f wpfoefwnf;

pl;pdkuf aecJhvQif oif\ wpfudk,fvHk;onf tvif;a&mifjzifh jynfhESuf aevdrfhrnf}}[l vmaom
"rusrf;pmtqdkudk ol\ orm"dvkyfief; {u*wmusatmif vufawGUusifhoHk;aom xdkoltzdkU
twdtus
teufrSef
taemufEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftzdkU
t"dym,frSeftm;jzifh
arS;rSdef
twGif;usus
ae[efSdaom
(0g)
awGUuHcHpm;&ygvdrfhrnf?
ya[Vdqef
ae[efSdaom
390
tpodkU
ormusrf;pmtqdktrdefU
tajrmuftrsm;onfum;
c&pf,mefbmomw&m;onf
taemufEdkifiHrS
r[kwf?
t"dym,ftopf
taSUEdkifiHrS
aqmifygvdrfhrnf?
tpycJhonf[laom
tcsufudk
owd&apygvdrfhrnf/
58/
]]rQavmuf
aumif;uifwpfckvHk;
av,mOfysHtzHkzHk
jynfhrwwf
*d[fwktaxGaxGESifh
oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;aeonfh
i&Jjynf[lvnf;aumif;
rawGU&yg}}[k
tjrifuav;jzifhqdkjcif;om
jzpfonf?
kyf0g'Drsm;\
ork'&mudk
,kefoli,f
acwfwGif
tmumo,mOfrsm;jzifh
ewfjynf[lvnf;aumif;?
qdkjcif;onfum;
axmufrrDouJhodkU
rsufarG;wpfqHk;
us,fjyefUaom
avmu"mwftwGif; olwdkU rsufvHk;jriftm; ao;aeyHkudk zGifh[0efcHcsufom jzpfonf? odkU&mwGif

urmajrBuD;twGif; i&JjynfSdEdkifaMumif;udkrl odyHynmu axmufcHouJhodkU SdaeacsNyD/
59/
urmajronf tcsif;tm;jzifh tDauGwmwGif 7917-rdkif? ywfvnftem; 34902-rdkif?
xktm;jzifh oef; 260-ukArdkif Sdonf? twGif;wGif t&nfaysmf vIyfSm;aeaom oH eDum,f udkazmhowKrsm;

Sdonf? twGif;ydkif;A[dkcsufrwGif tylSdefonf ay 60 qif;wdkif; qif;wdkif; 1-'D*&D zm&if[dkuf ylEIef;ESifh
wGufcsufygu 35000-'D*&D Sdrnfjzpf&m aexuf 35-qrQ ydk ylrnf? xdkodkU t&nfaysmf ylavmifaeaom
owKaygif;pHkudk 3-rdkifrQ xkxnfSdaom ausmufom;jyifBuD;jzifh ywfvnf tkyfqdkif;xm;onf? xdktay:urS
ausmufom;wpfvTm xyfaeonf? xdkausmufom;vTmonf urmYwdkufBuD;rsm;atmufwGif rdkifaygif; 40cefUrQ xlaom xkx,fjzifh wnfSdonf/ um; ,aeU odyHq&mwdkU\ ,lqcsuf jzpf\/
60/
(Where
there
is
liquid
There
is
life)
t&nf"mwfSdaumif;aomae&m
toufSdaumif;onf[laom odyHed,mrtwdkif; tvGefyl t&nfaysmfaeaom txuftqdkyg owK&nfSd&m

a'oonf i&Jr[kwf[k rnfol qdkEdkiftHhenf;? um; i&JSdEdkifyHk odyHynmu axmufcHaomoufaownf;?
(ewfjynf-jA[mhjynf taMumif;udk apm'em trSwf-15 0dedp, pdppfMuukeftHh/)
ocifjrwfqdkif\ bmomt,lESifh ywfouf

ajzSif;acsycsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf
61/
ocifjrwfqdkifu rlvyPmo r[moma&myrokwf (r? jref?1? 259) ]]&[ef;wdkU . . .
omoemawmfBuD;onf vmbfoyum tausmftapm SdrItwGufr[kwf? oDv[laom tusdK;SdrItwGuf

r[kwf?
omoemawmfonf
'kurS
vGwfajrmufrI
twGufomvQif
jzpfonf?
onfvQif
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62/
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63/
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65/
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396
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bmomjyefESpfrsKd;udk
EdIif;,SOfMunfhaomtcg
ocifjrwfqdkif\
bmomjyef
Oyg'dEuHw&m;onf Oyg'dEkyfw&m;udk tusKd;y\[k tusOf;t"dym,f xGuf\? q|rl jrefrmjyef

tZswudk,fudk
pJGjzpfaom
Oyg'dEuH\
tusKd;jzpfaom
kyfw&m;
(0g)
urZkyfw&m;[k
t"dym,fxGufonf? ocifjrwfqdkifum; y"metm;jzifh uHudk t&aumuf\? q|bmomjyefu urZkyfudk

ajym ae\? rnfrQ uGmjcm;aeonfudk owdyMu&m\? okwf ESpfokwfjzifh ocifjrwfqdkif qdkvdkonfrSm
Oyg'gefESifh uHw&m;onf wJGjzpfaeonf? rQom qdkvdk\/
402
tpodkU
15/

wpfzef qufvuf vlonf wpfcsdefwpfcgwGif ESvHk;aoG;&yf aoqHk;ygonf? ESvHk;rD;
OomawaZm (urZawaZm ac:) ESvHk;tdrfapmifh rD;Nidrf;oGm;aomtcg aoonf[k ac:&ygonf bk&m;?

xdkaoolrS aemufqHk;ESmacgif;rS xGufaom avonf if;\ ESvHk;wGif pka0;aom "mwfwdkU\
tjyifavmuodkU ysHUvGifhvmygonf? ,if;avudk r[m&m[kavm0g'okwft& Oyg'dE"mwf[k ac:ygonf?
odkU qdkxm;avonf/
aom"em ]]vlaocgeD; ESmacgif;rS xGufaom avonf tjyifavmuodkU ysHUvGifhoGm;\}}[laom
pum;&yfonf vlaovljzpf0g'\ rsKd;aphjzpfaom *EA"mwfqdkonfudk csdef ajymaom pum; jzpf\?
odkUaomf ,if;avudk r[m&m[kavm0g'okwft& Oyg'dE"mwf[k ac:ygonf[k ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]wdkU}}
vdkufNyD;
pum;owfxm;yHkrSm
rMunfhEdkifolrsm;taejzifh
ynmom;
ocifjrwfqdkif\
ygvSayonf?
acsycsufudk
r[m&m[kavm0g'okwfrl&if;udk
zwfvdkufaomtcg
aocgeD;
ESmacgif;rS
xGufaomavudk Oyg'dE"mwf[k owfrSwfNyD; bk&m;Sifuyif vufcHxm;ovdk em;vnfoGm;Edkifonf?

odkUr[kwf aocgeD;xGufaom *EA"mwfqdkwm bk&m;a[m w&m;ESifh tnDygwum;[k arSmufrSm;pGm
em;vnfoGm;Edkifonf? odkUjzpf pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkif\ wifjycsufonf ynmom; ygvSonf[k qdkjcif;
jzpfayonf/
odkU&mwGif ,cktcg ygVdawmf t|uxm #dum jrefrmjyefusrf;*ef tjynfhtpHk dSaeNyD; xdkusrf;wdkUudk
zwfwwfol em;vnfol oiftHydkUcs aeMuol omoemapmifhyk*dKvfrsm; dSaeMuonfjzpf ocifjrwfqdkif\
]ypm;csuf}udk ukpm;EdkifMuayonf/
trSefpifppf aocgeD; (ESmacgif;rS jzpfap? atmuf'Gg&rS jzpfap) xGufaom avESifh ywfouf
ocifjrwfqdkif
wGef;ydkUcsifaom
tcsufESifh
r[m&m[k
avm0g'okwf
jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[maom
Oyg'dE"mwfavoabmum; vHk;0rwlacs? <uufESifh qifuJhodkU t&m&mwGif uJGjym;jcm;em;ayonf?

tcsufudk ydk xifSm;ap&ef bk&m;a[m r[m&m[kavm0g'okwf jrefrmjyef aumufEkwfcsufudk
azmfjytyfayonf/
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tZswoEmef jzpf\? tcsKdUum; A[d'oEmef jzpf\? &m[kvm. . .tZswoEmef jzpfaom

0ga,m"mwf[lonf
tb,fenf;?
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jzpfaom
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axmufyhHcdkifrmaom axmufyHhcdkifrmjcif;odkUa&mufaom tMuif Oyg'dE"mwfoabmonf dS\?

Oyg'dE"mwfoabmonf tb,fenf; [lrl-txufodkU qefwufaom av atmufodkU pkef
qif;aomav 0rf; wnfaomav tltwGif; wnfaomav? t*FgBuD;i,fodkU tpOfavQmuf
wwfaomav xGufouf 0ifoufav xdkUtjyiftZswoEmef jzpfaom udk,fudk pJGjzpfaom
axmufyHhcdkifrmaom axmufyHhcdkifrmjcif;odkUa&mufaom tjcm;tvHk;pHkaom Oyg'dE"mwfoabmonf
403
tpodkU
dS\? &m[kvm. . .tvHk;pHkaom "mwfoabmudk tZswoEmef jzpfaom 0ga,m"mwf[l

qdktyf\/
trSeftm;jzifh
tMuif
tZswoEmefjzpfaom
0ga,m"mwfonf
vnf;aumif;?
tMuif
A[d'oEmef jzpfaom 0ga,m"mwfonf vnf;aumif; dS\? xdktvHk;pHkaom 0ga,m"mwfonf

0ga,m"mwfcsif; wlonfomwnf;? tvHk;pHkaom 0ga,m"mwfonf igydkifOpm r[kwf? xdk0ga,m"mwfonf
igr[kwf? xdk0ga,m"mwfonf rdrdudk,f twr[kwf[l odkU xdk0ga,m"mwfoabmudk razmufrjyef
[kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; aumif;pGm 0dyem PfynmjzifhItyf\? odkU xdk0ga,m"mwfudk razmufrjyef
[kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; aumif;pGm 0dyemPfynmjzifhINyD; 0ga,m"mwf NiD;aiGU\? 0ga,m"mwf
pdwfonf wyfjcif; uif;\/ (r/ jref?2? 92 93/)
(rZsdrPo ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef)
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf txiftSm; azmfjycsufrSm xdk0ga,m"mwfudk 0dyemI&ef qHk;rjcif;om
jzpf\? 0ga,m"mwfudk NiD;aiGUNyD; 0ga,m"mwf pdwfwyfNidjcif; uif;ap&ef jzpf\? vlaovljzpf
q&mwynfhwdkU
qJG,lcsifovdk
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xGufaom
0ga,m"mwfu
tmumoxJ
ysHUvGifhaeNyD;
tcsdeftwefMumaomtcg vlwpfOD;OD;\ ESmacgif;xJ jyef0if okufawGjzpfyGm;apvsuf vlrsKd;aph usjyef&m}}

qdkonfh vHk;0 rjzpfEdkifaom pdwful;tdyfrufudk taxmuftul ryacs/
wpfzef o*gxm0*oH,kwf rvdumokwf 75-udk taxmuftxm; y ]] jrwfpGmbk&m;u
odkU a[mygonf bk&m;? tpJGqHk; tcspfqHk;onf rdrdudk,fudkomwnf;? tb,ft&yfodkU vSnfhvnf
SmazGapumrl b,ft&yfwGifrS rdrdudk,fxuf ydk cspftyf ESpfouftyfaom oludk rawGUEdkif? twdkif;
omwnf;? odkUvQif tw0g'kyg'gefonf aSUaqmifOyg'gef jzpfaeonf[k q&mawmf tSifOu|
rdefUqdkygonf bk&m;? bk&m;a[m w&m;udk ausmfNyD; wd&pmefESifh rdk;ay:u ewfjA[m jzpfEdkifonfqdkaom
t,ludk q&mawmf tSifOu|u pOf;pm;jcif; ryawmhyg bk&m;}}[k ocifjrwfqdkifu aom"emwifvTm
qdk\/
16/
xdkUjyif vlaovljzpfjyem 113- olwdkUq&mwynfhESpfa,muf aqG;aEG;yHkudkvnf;
odkU a&;om;xm;\/
]]q&mawmf qdkvdkwmu tw0g'kyg'gefu vJG&if usefwJh Oyg'gefw&m; taMumuftuef
udk,fa&;udp tBuD;tus,f toufeJU xdvm&if ywfvdkU &w,f? ywfatmif jywfatmif
jzpfEdkifMuw,f? 'Dvdk r[kwfvm;-q&mawmf}} ]]at;av- 'D tw0g'kyg'gefqdkwmu todrme
w&m;BuD;yJuG? todrmeqdkwmu 'dkU O'gef;ygVdawmft& pmpum;eJU ajym&&if t&[wr*f
t&d,mtqifh a&mufrS ywfwJh w&m;BuD;yJ? tvGefcdkifwJh tpJGBuD;yJuG}}
404
tpodkU
wpfzef pmrsufESm 118- ..

]]udkif; 'gjzifh 'D tw0g'kyg'gefudk ykxkZOfutp tem*grftxd pJGwJh tpJGtm;vkH;&JU
tpJGbk&if xdyfacgifwifqdkwm 'dkU twnfy,if uefUuGufp&m dSao;ovm;}}[k qdkyHkudk
a&;om;xm;onf/
17/
txufyg
tqdkoHk;&yfwGif
OD;Ou|rS
tp
ol\wynfh
tqufqufwdkUonf
tw0g'kyg'gefESifh umrkyg'gefudk a&maxG;xufatmuf aZmufxdk;ajymif;jyef ,lqvsuf dSaMumif; awGU&\?

trSefrSm tw0g'kyg'gefonf tem*grftxd cdkifcdkifjrJjrJ rywfao;bJ dS\? odkU tw0g'kyg'gefESifh
umrkyg'gefwdkUonf okyfoabmtm;jzifh uGJjym;vsuf dSMuonf/
wpfzef
uJGjym;aeaom
tw0g'kyg'gefESifh
todrmeudk
]]'Dtw0g'kyg'gefqdkwmu
todrmew&m;BuD;yJuG}}[k twlxm; OD;Ou| qdk\? trSefum; rlvyPmo orm'd|dokwf ponf

todrmeESifh tod'd|d ESpfrsKd;dSaMumif;? tod'd|dac: 'd|Kyg'gefonf aomwmyefb0yif uif;jywfNyD;
jzpfaomfvnf; todrmeum; tem*grfyk*dKvftxd dSaeao;aMumif; vmonfudk owdryrdjcif;aMumifh
qdkrdjcif; jzpf\? XifSm;aptHh/
]],awm acg/ y#d,mEko,H y#d0daema'wGm todwd 'd|drmem Eko,H orl[edwGm t0dZH
y[m, 0dZH Oyga'wGm 'da|0 "ar 'ku Eua&m a[mwd}} (r? 1? 500/)
tMuiftcg / y/ xdk&[ef;onf y#dCmEko,udk y,fcGm ig[l jzpfaom 'd|dESifhwlaom
rmemEko,udk Ekwfy,f t0dZmudk y,f 0dZmPfudk jzpfap rsufarSmufb0 'ku\ tqHk;udk y\/
ygVdawmf 'd|d rmemEko,H [laom pum;wGif tod'd|dESifh todrmeESpfrsKd; yg0ifEdkifaomaMumifh
t&[wr*fzdkvfudk qdkvdk&um; todrmeudkom ,lapvdkonfjzpf t|uxmq&mu. . .todwd
'd|drmeEko ,Ed 'd|do'doH rmemEko,Ed 0kwH a[mwd. . .[k ,if;t|uxm 209- trSmtxm;
rdefUMum;awmfrlonf? t"dym,fum; tw0g'kyg'gefac: 'd|mEko,udk aomwmywdr*fjzifh y,fNyD;jzpf
t&[wr*ft&mwGif rmemEko,udkom ,l&rnf[k qdkvdkayonf/
teuft"dym,fudk rodjzpfap odvsuftrSefudk rsufuG,fyvdkjzpfap tw0g'kyg'gefudk
]]t&[wr*f t&d,mtqifha&mufrS ywfwJh w&m;BuD;yJ? tvGefcdkifwJh tpJGBuD;yJ}}[l vnf;aumif;
]]tm;vHk;&JU tpJGbk&if xdyfacgifwif}}[lvnf;aumif; OD;Ou|onf wpfwpfcGcG rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
qdkxm;ayonf/
wynfhBuD; ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]tw0g'kyg'gefu vJG&if usefwJhOyg'gefawG[m ywfatmif
jywfatmif jzpfEdkifMuw,f? 'Dvdkr[kwfvm; q&mawmf}}[k oludk,fwdkifu em;rvnfonfhtwdkif; ar;&m
]]at;av}}[k q&muvnf; a&m vdkuf\/ odkUvQif q&mwynfh ESpfOD;om;wdkU\ trSm;a'oemonf
aom"emtajzvTm vm xif[yfvsuf dSaeayonf/
405
tpodkU
xdkUjyif rvdumokwfudk udk;um; tw0g'kyg'gefu aSUaqmifOyg'gef jzpfaeonf[k q&mawmf

tSifOu|u rdefUqdkygonf [laom pum;ESifh pyf pdppf&mwGif odkUawGU&\/ rvdumrdzk&m;u
]]tSifrif;jrwf. . . tuREkfyftzdkU rdrdxufydk cspf&rnfhol wpfpHkwpfa,mufrQ rdSyg}}[l ajzqdkNyD;aemuf
aumorif;BuD;tm; ]]tSifrif;BuD;rSmaum rdrdxuf ydk cspf&rnfhol wpfpHkwpfa,muf dSygovm;}}[k
ar;&m ]]r,Srd acg rvdau ewanm aumpd twem yd,wa&m}}=tb,frvdum. . . ighrSmvnf;
rdrdxufydk cspf&rnfhol rdS}}[k jyefajymNyD; aumovrif;BuD;onf taMumif;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;xH
oGm;a&muf avQmufxm;aomtcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u o*gxm0*oH,kwf yxr rvdumokwf 75-
atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlcJhonf/
]]rdrdxufydk cspf&rnfholudk tvHk;pHkaom t&yfSpfrsufESmwdkU pdwfjzifh (0g-aphaph pyfpyf)
vSnfhvSnf Smaomfvnf; rnfonfhae&mrS rawGUEdkif? enf;twdkif; tjcm;aom ow0gwdkUonfvnf;
rdrdudk,fudk toD;toD; cspfjrwfEdk;Muonfom jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fusKd;udk,fpD;yGm;udk tvdkdSaom
olonf olwpfyg;udk rnOf;yef; rEdSyfpuf&m}} (rnOf;yef; rESdyfpufygavESifh)/
oAm 'dom tEky&d*r apwaom? ae0Z0g yd,w&rwem uGpd/
{0H yda,m ykxk twm ya&oH? wom e [ ao y&rwumar/ (oH? 1/ 75/)
18/
ae&m
yae'Daumovrif;
rvdumrdzk&m;wdkU
ajymaompum;
bk&m;Sif
a[mawmfrlaom w&m;pum;awmfwdkU rdrd-rdrd[laom toHk;tEIef;onf ]]tw}} udk qdkvdkaom rdrd r[kwf?

tw0g'ESifh rnfodkUrQ ywfoufjcif; rdSacs/ trSefum; orkwdopm
(Conventional
[k
Truth)
ac:qdkMuaom avmua0g[m& toHk;tEIef;om jzpf\/ rdrdudk,fudk Tefjyaom pum;om jzpfayonf/

oAkbk&m;SifwdkUonf udk,fwdkif xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlxm;aom w&m;"rrsm;udk jyefvnf
a[mMum;aomtcg orkwdopmjzpfaom avmua0g[m&rsm;udk toHk;y a[mMum;&ayonf? ,if;odkU
a[mMum;&m rdpmPfdSolwdkUtaejzifh rdrdvdk&m qJG teufaumufr,lEdkif&ef y&d,m,f pum;vHk;rsm;pGm
ul ay;cJhonf? odkU&mwGif pkPd,pum;ajy r[kwfbJ ygVd*gxmrsm;rl y&d,m,fwl ul ray;Edkifay?
rdpmPfdSolwdkUonf
tcsufudk
tuGufaumif;,l
ygVda0g[m&\
teufudk
rdrdvdk&m
qJG,lazmfjyavonf/ txl;ojzifh tew0g'u EdSrfxm;jcif; cHae&aom tw0g'DwdkUonf t>rufaxmif&ef

tuGufacsmif;aeonfhtm;avsmfpGm qifwl,dkrSm; vkyf&rnfh ae&mrsKd; 0ifyl;Muavonf? txufyg
ygVd*gxm ygdSaom twem twm twaem[laom ygVda0g[m&rsm;\ ]]rdrdudk,f}}[laom teufrSefudk
z,fNyD; ig ig ig [laom twteufudk oGwfoGif;,lMuavonf/
19/
rppf dkufa';ApfESifh olr\ae&mudk qufcHaom rppf tdkifbDa[mfemwdkUu odkUaom
avmua0g[m& orkwdopmtoHk;udk t>rufaxmifum "rpMumESifh wpfqufwnf; a[mxm;aom

tewvuPokwfawmfBuD;udk rod[efaqmif Ak'onf twudk ry,f? tew0g'qdkonfrSm Ak'\
wynfhom;ajr;wdkUu aemufrSxGifaom 0g'[k qdkMuonf? ,if;odkU taemufEdkifiHu emrnfBuD;aom
406
tpodkU
ygVdynmSifBuD;rsm;\ trSm;udk jrefrmjyef rEav;rdU Ak'bmomtoif; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol

a'gufwmqdkeDu 1953 ckESpf? arvxkwf tv,fvrf;r*Zif;
(The Middle Way)
ESm (40) odkU
acsya&;om;cJhavonf/
I have read with great concern the article by Miss I.B.Homer on the above subject in your Journal of
November 1952. She seems to be entertaining the impression that "early Buddhism of the Vinaya and the
Suttapitaka does not exactly Teach not-self". In support of this view she has marshalled a number of extracts
from the scriptures, but without any convincing results. Commenting on these quotations she strangely adds that
some of these passages "have been too much overlooked" and that these mentin "the logical opposite of Anatta".
I was certainly suprised to see that a Pli scholar of the eminence as Miss Horner understood the
passages in the way she did. My shock is, however tempeered by the feeling that perhaps she is following in the
footsteps of illustrous Pali scholar, the late Mrs.Rhys Davids, who towards the end of her days began to suggest
similar ideas.
I humbly and respectfully suggest that most of the passages quoted by Miss Horner would be clearer in
the meaining if understood in terms of the conventional of the word "self".
Yours R.L Soni
Burma.
1952-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvxkwf r*Zif;yg rppf tdkif bD a[mfem a&;aomaqmif;yg;udk zwfrd

tawmf pdwfraumif; jzpfcJhygonf? 0denf;yd#uESifh okwefyd#uyg0ifaom aS;usaom Ak'"ronf
tew0g'udk wduspGm roifMum;[laom tjrifudk olr vufcHcJh[ef dSonf/ rdrd\ tjrifudk cdkifjrJap&ef
ygVdawmfrsm;rS
aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk
olrxkwf
jycJhavonf?
odkU&mwGif
odomaom
tusKd;
wpfpHkwpf&mrdS jzpfcJhavonf? olr\ aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk Sif;vif;&m pmydk'frsm;udk vltrsm;wdkUu

rsufpdvQHcJhonf[l vnf;aumif;? pmydk'frsm;u tew0g'udk qefUusifaeaMumif; azmfjyonf[l
vnf;aumif; olru xl;qef;pGm qdkonf? rppfa[mem uJhodkUaom xifSm;onfh ygVdpaumvm;
wpfa,mufu pmydk'frsm;udk enf;twdkif; em;vnfxm;onfudk awGU& trSefyif thHMordygonf/
odkU&mwGif emrnfausmf ygVdynmSif uG,fvGefol rppfdkufpfa';Apfonf olruG,fvGefcgeD;tcg tvm;wl
t,ltqrsm; ,lqoGm;cJh&m olr\ ajc&mudk rppfa[mfem vdkufaejcif; jzpfrnf[k awG;rd pdwfoufom&m
&ygonf/ rppfa[mem udk;um;xm;aom (twa0g[m& ygaom) pmydk'ftrsm;rSm avmua0g[m&
tm;avsmfpGm ]]rdrd}}[laom pum;vHk;\ teufudk em;vnfvdkufygu t"dym,f Sif;vif;oGm;rnf[k
av;pm;pGm tMuHyygonf/
oif\-tm&f t,fv qdkeD
Armjynf/
407
tpodkU
20/

OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfhwdkUonf ig ig[m ightdrf igh,m igESifhpyfaomol paom
avmua0g[m& toHk;tEIef; [lorQwdkUudk tw0g'kyg'gef [k xifrSwf ,if;udk vlaovljzpf0g'\

tajccHyxm;jcif;onfvnf; rSm;,Gif;vSonf/
aoqHk;ol vlwpfa,muf\ Oyg'dE"mwfonf avxkwGif;odkU tjcm;"mwfrsm;ESifh ta&mtpyf rdS
oD;jcm;
vGifhyg;oGm;yHk
xdkvGifhaom
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rlvwl&m
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pyf&ef
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ESmacgif;twGif;odkU &IavESifhtwl ygoGm;MuyHk "mwfwl&m vlomvQif if;wdkU\ aoG;ESifh a&mpyfum

aoG;rS okuftjzpfodkU ajymif; vdkufygoGm;yHkudkvnf; OD;Ou|u rnfonfh ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumrSmrS
tqdktvm rdSbJ rdrdxif&mjrif&m taMumif;,kwdy qdkcJhonf/
r[mwPSmocF,okwf
y#doaEaecef;
*EA[laom
y#doaEaernfh
ow0gudkvnf;
*EA"mwf[k SmSmazGazG xkwfvkyfwDxGifcJhonf? tqdk ,kwdwdkUum; tw0g'kyg'gef[laom

uGif;qufonf usKd; Oyg'dE"mwf[laom uGif;qufvnf;jywf *EA"mwf[laom uGif;qufvnf;
yJhaeojzifh vlaovljzpfwnf;[laom vdktyfaom tusKd;udk qufpyf ray;Edkifatmif dSawmh\? xif&m
jrif&m pyf[yfzmax;xm;aom uGif;qufrsm;jzpf vlaovljzpf0g'tjzpfjzifh qufpyfvnf; r&EdkifbJ
dSavawmhonf/ (aemuf tus,fSif;OD;tHh)
21/
wGif ocifjrwfqdkif Tefjyxm;aom taMumif;,kwdrsm;teuf vlESifh wd&pmefwdkUonf
wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; tudufcsif;vnf;rwl todcsif;vnf;rwlMu? vluyef;udk vSrSef; od wd&pmefu

pm;zG,f[k xifonf [laom ,kwdudk jy\/ ,kwdonf cdkifvHkjcif; rdSay? wd&pmefrSmvnf; tod
dSonfom jzpf\/ olwdkUvnf; tvSty udufonfyif? wd&pmefwdkUvnf; vluJhodkUyif om,maomtoHudk
udufonf? ykavGoHcsKdcsKd wl&d,moH omomudk uJR EGm; jrif; aus;iSuf tpdSaom ow0gwdkUonf pdkuf
em;axmifwwfMuonf? vlonf tcsKd tzef tief tcg; udufovdk om;aumif iSufaumifwdkUvnf;
udufonfyif/
22/
ocifjrwfqdkifu aoG;oGif;&mwGif vl-vlcsif;rS aoG;oGif; &onf? wd&pmefaoG;udk
oGif;r&[k ,kwdwpfck jy\/ taMumif;jycsufonf vufawGUusus rSm;avonf? vl-vlcsif;yif

jzpfaomfvnf; wpfrdaygufwnf;yif aoG;csif; wlygoavm? aoG;trsKd;tpm; rwlvQif vlvlcsif;yif
aoG;oGif; r&ay? wpfzefvnf; wd&pmefwdkU\ taoG;tom;udk tjrJrjywf pm;aomufrDS0Jaeaom vlwdkU\
aoG;ESifh
rwnfhcJhygvQif
xdkwd&pmefwdkU\
taoG;tom;onf
tqdyfawmufjzpfav&m\?
a&m*g
pJGuyfaeaom tcsKdUolrsm;onf arsmufaoG;ESifh t&ufudk aomuf&rS a&m*gaysmuf emvHxl vmMu\?

usef;rm0zd; vmMu\? tcsufudkaxmufvQif vlUaoG;ESifh wd&pmefaoG;onf a&mpyf r&avmufatmif
rwnfh[k qdkEdkifzG,f rdSaMumif; odomvSayonf/
23/
tdyfruf ruf&mwGif vlonf vlUtaMumif;udkom rufonf? wd&pmeftaMumif;udk rruf?
ewfjA[mtaMumif;udk rruf? xdkUaMumifh atmufodkUvnf; rqif;? txufodkUvnf; rwuf[k ,kwdjyjyef\?
408
tpodkU
tdyfrufruf&mwGifvnf; taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;dS&m "mwfacsmufcsm; rufjcif; wpfpHkwpf&m jzpfysuf&ef

edrdwftjzpf tdyfruf rufjcif; awGUuHcHpm;zl;onfudk pJG rufjcif; ponftaMumif;rsm;teuf
rdrdtawGUtuHudkom
trsm;tm;jzifh
rufwwfonfrSmvnf;
"rwmvdkyif
jzpf\/
odkUaomf
wd&pmeftaMumif; rruf[k rnfol qdkEdkifygoenf;/

xdkUaMumifh
,kwdvnf;
aCmouolaX;tavmif;onf
zJGpkay:
wdkifpdkufjcif;uJhodkU
acG;rBuD;taMumif;udk
pOf;pm;,if;
cdkifjrJjcif;
uG,fvGef
rdS
jzpfayonf?
acG;jzpfoGm;aMumif;?
EGm;owform; 0ufowfrm;wdkUonf aocgeD;aomtcg EGm;vdkatmf 0ufvdkatmfonfudk Mum;odaeMu

&aMumif; "ry't|uxmvmonf? tdrf arG;xm;aom acG;uav; aMumifuav; ponfwdkUudk
pdwfrcsEdkif t&yfwyg; c&D;oGm;,if; tdyfrufaxG&m rufMuonfrSmvnf; rjiif;omaom tcsufjzpfonf/
24/
toHvTifh&mwGif rDwmcsif; wlrS zrf; &onf[k ,kwdwpfck qdk\? odkUaomf xdk,kwdvnf;
vlaovljzpftwGuf usm;uefay;Edkifjcif; rdSay/? tbd"rm oabmw&m;t& r[mbkwf "mwfkyfwdkUonf

bkwftqufquftm;jzifh t&yf&yfwGif ysHUvGifhae&m ow0gwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf tmumo"mwf
reodum& aomwyom' oHk;rsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd; csKdUwJhaevQif xdkbkwftqufqufrSvmaom
toHudk rMum;Edkif[k qdkxm;onf r[kwfavm? taMumif;rpHkvifvQif teD;tem; uyfvsufdSaom
toHudkyif rMum;Edkif? Oyrm-em;yif dSaomfvnf; aomwyom' tvGeftm;enf;vQif rMum;Edkif?
txl;yjyifxm;aom
ud&d,maomfvnf;aumif;
'dAaomw
tbdnmOf
paom
emrf"mwf
txl;ud&d,maomfvnf;aumif; rdScJhygvQif a0;uGmaom t&yfrS toH odrfarGUao;i,faom toHrsm;udk

rMum;Edkifay/
xdkenf;twdkif; tqif; ta&miftrsKd;rsKd; teD;tem;yif dSaomfvnf; puKyom' tvGef
tm;enf;aevQif rjrifEdkif? tmHku tvGef rIefrTm; ao;i,faevQifvnf; puKyom' tm;aumif;apumrl
rjrifEdkif? xdkUaMumifh oabmprS ydkrdkuJvGefaom tultnDjzpfonfh rsufrSefrS p rSefajymif;txd
kyftultnD 'dAKpuK paom emrftultnD rygvQif xdklygHkudk Sdyif dSaomfvnf; rjrifEdkifonfum;
vlwdkif; vufcHxm;aom obm0"ryif r[kwfavm? xdkUaMumifh ,kwdvnf; rcdkifvHkay/
25/
qdkcJhNyD;aom taMumif;tcsuf oufaoom"u ajrmufjrm;pGmwdkUjzifh pdppfcsuft&
kyf0g'udk tajccH [dk[mjyif onf[mpGuf zsufvdkzsuf jznfhvdkjznfh taMumif;rwef rcdkifvHkaom

,kwdwdkUudk jyvdkjy OD;Ou| zefwD;cJhaom vlaovljzpf0g'bufu aSUaevdkufaom ocifjrwfqdkif\
acsyaom"emcsufonf avmuDavmukw&m ed,mr "rESifh rnDGwfonfjzpf w&m;r0ifonfhtjyif t"r
avQmufvJcsufrsm;om
jzpfaMumif;
trSwf(2)
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
pdppfoHk;oyf
qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
409
tpodkU

oHa,m*okwfESifh vlaovljzpf
26/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u orm'd|dokwoetzJGUcsKyf\ opm"rpmapmif twJG1? trSwf
(1) awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|u Oyg'gef rjywfao;wJhvl aovQif vlyJjzpfr,fvdkU oHa,m*okwf

bk&m;a[maMumif;
azmfjyxm;csufonf
oHa,m*okwfESifhvnf;aumif;
tjcm;
trSefwu,f
dSaeaom
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf
bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;
qefUusifvsufdSaMumif;
apm'emwifcJhMu\/ ,if; apm'emudk pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu jyefvnfacsy&mwGif OD;Ou|\

tmabmftwdkif;yif a,musfm; rdef;rwdkUonf Oyg'gefaMumifh aoaomtcg rlv vlUb0yif jyefjzpfaMumif;
acsy avQmufxm;cJhayonf/
vlao vljzpf rjzpf(0g) vlaovQif vlomjzpf rjzpf[laom tcsufESifh ywfouf apm'u
pk'dwuESpfbuf vk ajymaeMuaom t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf owuedygwf oHa,m*okwfudk Munfh&mwGif
odkUawGU&ayonf/
]]wd bdua0 tZwH wdÈd,H reodua&mwd wdukwH wmuyH/ y/ {0H acg
bdua0 wd wwH emwd0wwd? (tH/ 2? 440/)
(tH-owuedygwf oHa,m*okwf)
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU. . .trow0gonf rdrdoEmef jzpfaom trow0gwdkU\ aÈ tytrl/ y/
toGiftjyif trow0gwdkU\ rmef tvdk toH tqifwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\? olronf xdkckESpfrsKd;wdkU
wyfruf\? tvGefarGUavsmf\/ xdkolronf xdkckESpfrsKd;wdkU wyfrufonf jzpf arGUavsmfonf jzpf
xdkolronf tjyify zdkow0g\ aÈ/ y/ tqifwefqmudk ESvHk;oGif;\/ xdkckESpfrsKd;aom zdkow0g\
aÈponfwdkU wyfruf\/ tvGefarGUavsmf\? xdkolronf xdkckESpfrsKd;aom yk&dodaÈ ponfwdkU
wyfrufonfjzpf tvGef arGUavsmfonfjzpf tjyifty aygif;azmf,SOfwJGjcif;udk tvdkdS\? aygif;azmf
,SOfwJGjcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom okca0'em aomrea0'emwdkUudkvnf; tvdkdS\/
&[ef;wdkU. . . trow0g\ tjzpf tvGef arGUavsmfaom ow0gonf tzdkow0gwdkU
aygif;azmf,SOfwJGjcif;odkU a&muf\? &[ef;wdkU odkUvQif trow0gonf trow0g\ tjzpfudk
rvGefajrmufEdkif/
zdkow0gtwGufvnf; twlyif a[mawmfrlygonf? xdkUjyif trow0gonf trow0gtqifhrS
vGefajrmuf tzdkjzpfvmyHk tzdkow0gonf tzdkow0gtjzpfrS vGefajrmuf tr jzpfvmyHkudkvnf;
ajymif;jyeftm;jzifh a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/
okwf oum,'d|dESifh b0wPSmudk tajccHNyD; tzdktr jzpfwwfyHk tMurf;pm;udk a'oemtpOf
a&mufonftm;avsmfpGm a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
410
tpodkU
27/
oHa,m*okwfudk tusOf;csKyfaomf odkU &ay\/
(1)
rdef;ronf
rdrdb0udk
oGifjyif[efyefudk
om,m\?
oabmus\?
wGJ,SOfjcif;aMumifh
rdrdb0udk
a,mufsm;ESifh
jzpfay:vmrnfh
arQmfvifhawmifhwonfhtwdkif;
om,m,if;
wJG,SOfjcif;udk
MunfEl;rIudk
wJG,SOfjcif;odkU
a,mufsm;wdkU\
arQmfvifhawmifhw\?
arQmfvifhawmifhw\?
a&muf\?
odkUyvQif
rdef;ronf
rdef;rb0udk rvGefajrmufEdkif/
(2)
a,musfm;onf
oGifjyif[efyefudk
wGJ,SOfrIaMumifh
rdrdb0udk
om,m\?
oabmus\?
rdef;rESifh
jzpfay:vmrnfh
rdrdb0udk
om,m,if;
wJG,SOfjcif;udk
MunfEl;rIudk
arQmfvifh
arQmfvifh
rdef;rwdkU\
awmifhw\?
awmifhw\?
arQmfvifhawmifhwonfhtwdkif; wJG,SOfjcif;odkU a&muf\? odkUyvQif a,musfm;onf

a,musfm;b0udk rvGefajrmufEdkif/
(3)
txufyg tcsufESpf&yfudk ajymif;jyef vSefaomtm;jzifh rdrd rdef;rb0udk rom,m?

rdef;rtoGiftjyifudk oabmrus? zdkESifhwJG&ef rarQmfvifh? ,SOfwJGMunfEl;rIudk rvdkvm;?
zdkESifh r,SOfwJGaom rdef;ronf rdef;rb0udk vGwfajrmufEdkifonf/
(4)
xdkenf;twl a,musfm;b0udk rom,mol a,musfm;oGifjyifudk oabmrusol rESifhwJG&ef

rarQmfvifhol ,SOfwJG MunfEl;rIudk rarQmfvifhol rESifh r,SOfwJGol a,musfm;onf
a,musfm;b0udk vGefajrmufEdkifonf/
txufyg
tcsufav;csufudk
oHa,m*okwfu
azmfjyayonf/
oHa,m*okwf\
tqdktrdefUonf oum,'d|dESifh b0wPSmt& zdkrjzpfwwfyHkudk a,bk,senf;tm;jzifh a[mMum;aomokwf

jzpfayonf? ow0gwdkU\ pdwfqEtvdkuf zdk r jzpfwwfyHkudkom azmfjy\? a,musfm;ao a,mufsm;jzpf
rdef;rao rdef;rjzpf[k rlao rdSaMumif;vnf; okwfuyif azmfjy\? xdkESifh wpfqufwnf;yif vlaovQif
vljzpf&rnf[laom owfrSwfcsufrsKd; (0g) ow'd|dt,lrsKd;udkvnf; okwfu vHk;0 rjyacs/
xdkUjyif oHa,m*okwfvm twd0wwd vGefajrmuf\ [laom pum;udk ]]twd0wwDwd
tebd&wmwd {0H 0kwm, Av00dyem, t&d,r*H ywGm twd0w0d}[k t|uxmq&mawmf
teufzGifhxm;\? jrefrmvdkaomfum; ]]vGefajrmuf\}}[k qdk&mwGif aSUem;u ]]rarGUravsmf}}[laom
pum;ESifhtnD cGeftm;dSaom 0dyemPftjrifjzifh t&d,r*fudk &a&mufjcif;tm;jzifh vGefajrmufjcif;
jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf/
a,musfm;b0 raysmfaoma,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;b0udk vGefonf? rdef;rb0udk rwG,fwmaom
rdef;ronf rdef;rb0udk vGefonfqdk&m vGefyHkvGefenf;um; ta&;BuD;\? a,musfm;b0udk rwG,fwm
rpJGvrf;oltaejzifh a,musfm;b0udk vGef\ qdkonfum; rdef;rjzpfoGm;onf[k qdkvdkonf r[kwfay?
411
tpodkU
odkUjzpfvQif

rnfodkU
vGefoenf;?
t"dym,ftwGif;ikyfae\?
xdkUaMumifh
t|uxmq&mjrwfu
vGefonfqdkonfrSm t&d,mr*fudk &oGm;jcif; jzpfonf[k teufrSefudk 0ifNyD; azmfay;jcif; jzpfayonf/

pifppf oHa,m*okwfonf oHo&m0#ftwGif; vnfwwfyHkESifh oHo&m0#frS uRwfvGwf
xGufajrmufyHkudk azmfjyaom okwfaywnf;? OD;Ou|wdkUvlpk qdkvdkouJhodkU vlaovljzpf ow'd|dt,ludk
azmfjyaomokwf r[kwfacs/ OD;Ou|wdkUonf rdrdwdkU vlaovljzpftwGuf ygVdawmfrsm;udk toHk;cs&ef
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif
udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;udkyif
ow'd|dt,ldSol
rdpm'd|dBuD;wpfOD;
jzpfatmif
pGyfpJGapmfum;MuavNyD? oHo&m0efum; av;pG/

28/
xdkUjyif
bk&m;a[mygVdawmf[lonf
oHa,m*okwf
wpfokwfwnf;om
dSonf
r[kwfay? tjcm;aom axmufxm;zG,f&m okwfygVdawmfrsm; 0denf;w&m;awmfrsm; tbd"rmw&m;rsm;vnf;

rsm;pGm dSayonf? xdkxdk ygVdawmf tqdktrdefUrsm;ESifh ndEIdif;csdefqwwf&ef vdkayonf? vlaoNyD;aemuf
ewfjzpfyHk vlaoNyD;aemuf i&JusyHk vlaoNyD;aemuf acG;jzpfyHk vlaoNyD;aemuf NydwmjzpfyHk vlaoNyD;aemuf
tol&um,fjzpfyHk vlaoNyD;aemuf edAmef0ifpHyHk ponfjzifh a[mMum;aom okwfaygif;rsm;pGm dSavonf/
r[m0*ygVdawmf
Ze0obokwf
vlaoNyD;aemuf
ewfjzpfyHkudk
odkU
azmfjyxm;\?
Adrdom&rif;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfudk aS;OD;pGm trv|d0eO,smOf emMum;&onfh tcsdefrS

p aomwmyeft&d,mjzpfcJhonf? rif;BuD;onf vlUb0rS pkawaomtcg rdrd tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm
aexdkifcJhzl;aom pmwkr[m&mZfewfbHk wG,fwmrIaMumifh xdkbHk ewfom; oGm; jzpfavonf? Ze0ob
ewfom;[k trnfwGif\/
ewfom;onf
jrwfpGmbk&m;xHarSmuf
a&mufaomtcg
odkU
avQmufxm;avonf?
Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. . .bk&m;wynfhawmfonf aS;tcgu wynfhawmf aecJhzl;aom bHk ewfb0rS

vlUb0udk ckESpfBudrf? xdkvlUb0rS ewfb0odkU ckESpfBudrf? aygif; 14-Budrfwdkifwdkif (ewftjzpf? vltjzpf)
jzpfcJh&onfudk rSwfrdygonfbk&m;-[k avQmufxm;avonf ('D? 3? 167/) ('DCedum,f r[m0*f
Ze0obokwf)
tu,f vlUbHk vlUb0 vlrif;pnf;pdrfudk wG,fwm Oyg'geftpJGtvrf;aMumifh jzpfpwrf;qdkvQif
Adrdom&rif;onf
aoNyD;aemuf
Ze0obewfom;[l
a[mMum;csufonf
vlom
jyef
txiftSm;jzpfavonf?
rkcsa'oem
r[kwf?
jzpf&efdSonf?
tcsufudk
jzpfwwfaom
,ckrlum;
pmwkr[m&mZfbHk
axmufIjcif;jzifh
oHa,m*okwf
oabmrQudkom
a,bk,stm;jzifh
om"uwpfckudkvnf;
r[m0*ygVdawmf
a[mjcif;jzpfaMumif; xifSm;ayonf/
29/
vlrdef;rb0rS
ewfom;
oGm;jzpfaom
ouyOokwf odkU azmfjyxm;\? jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmftcgu uydv0wfrdU a*gydumrnfaom

ousomuD0if trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf dS\/ olronf &wemoHk;yg; Munfdk tusifhoDvESifh jynfhpHkol
jzpf\? rdef;rb0udk GHSmpufqkyf a,musfm;jzpf&mjzpfaMumif; w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf\? xdkUaMumifh
412
tpodkU
olr
uG,fvGefaomtcg
wm0womewfjynf
a*g,uewfom;[laom
trnfjzifh
txiftSm;
jzpfavonf/
a*gyuewfom;u ol\ twdwf vlUb0taMumif;udk odkU jyefajymcJh\? tuREkfyfonf
xdkpOftcgu rdef;rom;jzpfvsuf &wemoHk;yg; Munfdk oDvjznfhusifhNyD;vQif rdef;rb0udk pufqkyf
a,musfm;b0udk awmifhwcJhaomaMumifh odMum;rif;\ om;tjzpfodkU a&mufcJh&ygonf/ ('D? 2? 216/)
txufyg
a*gydumtrsKd;orD;
taMumif;t&mudk
axmuf
rdef;rao
rdef;rjzpf[l
tjrJrdSEdkifaMumif;? vlaovljzpf[lvnf; ]]rl}} rdSaMumif; odomxifSm;avonf? oHa,m*okwfonfum;

udkif;TwfrI txl;dSol tenf;pktwGuf jzpfwwfaom tajctaerQudkom azmfjyjcif; jzpfaMumif;
odEdkifayonf/
30/
ygdS\?
xdkrSwpfyg; vlaoNyD;aemuf i&Jusa&muf&yHkonfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ygVdawmfwdkU rsm;pGm
txifSm;qHk;
om"urSm
a'0'wfyif
jzpf\?
bk&m;Siftm;
aoG;pdrf;wnfatmifyNyD;
oHCmoif;cJGaom yeE&d,uHaMumifh aoNyD;onfhaemuf t0Dpdi&JodkU usa&muf&aMumif; tcdkiftrm

a[mMum;xm;csuf
dSacsonf?
a'0'wfonf
t0Dpdi&Jom;wpfOD; oGm; jzpf&avonf?
a,mufsm;jzpf
vla,musfm;jyefjzpfzdkU
a0;pG?
om"uonfvnf; oHa,m*okwfonf OD;Ou|wdkU
qdkvdkouJhodkU vlaovljzpf om"u r[kwfaMumif; odEdkifonf/

31/
xdkUjyif vlaoNyD; wd&pmef jzpf&yHkwdkUonf ygVdt|uxmwdkU txiftSm;ygdS\/
oDvuefygVdawmf okbokwf tzGifh okb'g,um\ zcif awma',s ykPm;onf olUom;tdrf acG;

jyefjzpfaMumif; twdtvif; ygdSonf/ awma',sykPm;onf Opm&rufBuD; ypnf;ESajrm\? bk&m;SifESifh
t&d,moHCmrsm;tm;
v'gef;avh
rdS?
aoaomtcg
om;tdrf
acG;BuD;jzpfaeNyD;
bk&m;Sifudk
awGUjrifaomtcg 0kwf0kwf[k a[mif\? xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]awma',s. . . oifonf ,cif

vlb0wkef;uvnf; ypnf;&ruf avmbwuf olawmfaumif;wdkUudk ray;rvcJh? ,ckvnf; igbk&m;udk
tb,faMumifh a[mif&bdoenf;}}[k rdefUMum;vdkufaomtcg awma',srS jzpfvmaom acG;onf
pdwfrcsrf;omvS jymykH 0yf\/
okb'g,um od olUzciftm; acG; jzpfaeonf[k ajym&ygrnfvm;[k rausreyfjzpfum
jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmuf\? xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u acG; wd&pmefonf oifhzcif vlb0 awma',srS
jzpfvmyHk? rSefuefaMumif; vufawGUodvdkvQif jrKyfxm;aom ypnf;wdkUudk acG;tm; tjycdkif;avmh[k
rdefUMum;\? acG;u ol vlUb0wkef;u vQKdU0SufpGm ajr jrKyfxm;aom ypnf;OpmwdkUudk olUom;tm;
jyay;ojzifh okb'g,umonf ypnf;Opm rsm;pGm&rS jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUawmfrlonfhtwdkif; acG;BuD;onf
olUzcif vlrS jzpfvmaom wd&pmefygwum;[k vHk;0 ,HkMunfvufcHavonf/ ('D? |? 1? 317/)
413
tpodkU
odkUaom jzpf&yfESifh om"uwdkUudk bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm; txiftSm;awGU&aomaMumifh

vlaovljzpfudk igom a[mwm r[kwf? bk&m;uyg a[mygw,f[k bk&m;Siftm; qJGxnfh r&EdkifaMumif;
xifSm;ayonf/
32/
wpfzef
vlaoNyD;
Nydwm
jzpfaom
olwdkUum;
teEyif?
0denf;ygVdawmfwdkU
vlaoNyD;aemufjzpfaom NydwmwdkUudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU jzpf&yfrsm;pGm azmfjyygdS\? &mZ*d[fjynf

0dZsuk#fawmif
tSifr[marm*vmef
udk,fawmfBuD;
oDwif;oHk;pOf
tdk;pkNydwmBuD;udk
('dApuKtbdnmOfjzifh) jrif jrwfpGmbk&m;xH avQmufxm;&m igbk&m;vnf; xdkNydwmBuD;udk jrifcJh\?

xkwfajymaomf r,HkMuygu tjypfjzpfrnfpdk; rajymcJhay? trSefpifppf xdkNydwmonf &mZ*d[frdUwGif;rS
EGm;owform; wpfa,mufaoNyD; jzpfaeaom Nydwmwnf;[k rdefUMum;awmfrlavonf/ (0d? 1? 144/)
pum;onf
yg&mZduPfygVdawmf
pwkwyg&mZdu
0deDw0wKydkif;
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;\
a[mMum;csufyif jzpf\? xdkEGm;owfa,musfm;onf ol\ a,musfm;b0udk Oyg'gefrnfrQ uyfonf jzpfap

olyaom tukodkvfuHu BuD;vGef;aeojzifh olaoNyD;aemuf vljzpfcGifh ray;bJ NydwmBuD;jzpfvsuf
dSayonf/
33/
vlaoNyD;
tok&um,fjzpfaom
om"uvnf;
dSay\?
okwfygax,sygVdawmf
ygxduokwf odkU ygdS\? jrwfpGmbk&m;aemufu oydwfxrf;vdkufaom okeuwonf pdwfazmufjyefNyD;

0wfvpfpvpfae
acG;uJhodkU
av;bufwGm;
oGm;aom
aum&cwd,udk
MunfdkoGm;\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;uod aum&cwd,wuwwGef;udk oifrMunfdkESifh[k okeuwtm; wm;jrpf\? r&ay?

xdkUaMumifh oif Munfdkaom aum&cwd,onf ,aeUrS ckESpf&ufajrmufaomaeU pm;ydk;eifh aovdrfhrnf?
aoNyD;aemuf t,kwfnHhqHk;aom tok&mbHk umvudumrnfaom tok&m jzpfvdrfhrnf? olUtavmif;udk
NydwfjrufawmdSaom ocsKif; pGefYypfMuvdrfhrnf? okeuw. . . tu,f oif rauseyfao;vQif
tavmif;aumifudk vufjzifhykwfNyD; ighSif aum&cwd,. . .oifh vm;&mb0udk odoavm[k ar;vQif
umvudutok&m jzpfaeaMumif; ajymvdrfhrnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u *eaocsmpGm rdefUawmfrlvdkuf\?
jrwfpGmbk&m; rdefUMum;onfhtwdkif;yif tm;vHk; jzpfavonf/ ('D? 3? 4/)
bk&m;vufxufawmfBuD;u jzpfcJhaom wpfu,fhjzpf&yfrSef rIcif;udpudk avhvmMunfhvQif
vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfHkrQru tyg,fav;yg; t0iftyg tok&m jzpfaMumif; txiftSm; od&ayonf/
odkU vlaoNyD;aemuf ewf i&J wd&pmef Nydwm jzpfonfhjyif ukodkvfuHtvdkuf vlvnf;
jyefjzpfol dS\? onfum; *wdig;yg; vm;&mig;axG [laom Ak'0g'twdkif; jzpfrIaywnf;/
xdkUjyif
vlaoNyD;aemuf
*wd
5-yg;
rvm;bJ
b0Zmwf
csKyfNidrf;awmfrlMuaom
oufaoom"uwdkUonf bk&m;a[mygVdawmfwdkU rsm;pGm ygdS\? pdwf0ifpm;zG,fwpf&yfudk jyqdk&aomf

bk&m;SifvufxufawmfBuD;u
a*g"du
trnfdSaom
&[ef;wpfyg;onf
w&m;udk
ud;pm;
414
tpodkU
tm;xkwfawmfrlpOf ajcmufBudrfwdkifwdkif psmefavQm&Sm\? xdkUaMumifh ckESpfBudrfajrmuf psmefjyef&aomtcg

vnfyif;udk oifwkef;"m;jzifh vSD;&ef anmifapmif;i,fay: vJSvdkuf\/
xdkcPav;wGif rm&fewfu odNyD; &[ef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd aoaMumif;MuHNyD; xdka0'emudk
0dyemwifvdkufygu &[Em jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf? &[Em rjzpfatmif igwm;rSyJ[k MuHNyD; csufcsif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH 0if a*g"du&[ef; olUudk,fol owfaoawmhrnf? wm;jrpfawmfrlyg bk&m;[k
avQmufav\? xdkcPrSmyif rax&fonf rdrdvnfyif;udk "m;jzifh vSD; xdka0'emudk 0dyemIum
raocifuav; t&[wr*f t&[wzdkvfudk &NyD; y&dedAmefpHawmfrlonf/
rm&fewfonf a*g"durx&f aoNyD; b,fb0oGm; jzpfovJ[k ol\ ewfrsufpdjzifh SmazG&m
b,fb0rSmrS SmrawGU a*g"durax&f kyftavmif;udk o*vf&ef a&mufvmonfh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;
ar;avQmuf\? jrwfpGmbk&m;u rm&fewf. . .oifvdkyk*dKvfonf y&dedAmefpHaom &[Em\ 0dnmPfudk
rjrifEdkif[k rdefUMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/
jzpf&yfudk axmufIyguvnf; vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfvnf; rjzpf? rnfhonhfbHkb0rQ
rjzpfawmhbJ y&dedAmef pH,lawmfrlaom t&d,m&[Em yk*dKvfjrwfrsm;vnf; dSaMumif; od&ayonf/
35/
odkUvQif oHa,m*okwfawmf\ t"dym,frSefudk acsacsiHiH wwfodem;vnfolwdkUonf
vnf;aumif;? uJhodkU ygVdt|uxmwdkUudk arTaESmufacsmufcsm; vlaoNyD;aemuf *wd 5-yg; vm;&m 5axGodkU oGm;a&mufjzpfEdkifyHk om"uwdkUudk SmazG MunfhIEdkifolwdkUonfvnf;aumif;? vlaoNyD;aemuf
rnfonfh*wd rnfhonfhb0wGifrQ rjzpfawmhaom edALpHt&d,mwdkU\ taMumif;udk ,HkMunfholwdkUonf
vnf;aumif; oHa,m*okwf jrwfpGmbk&m;u vlaovljzpfw&m;udk a[mcJhonf[k a&;MuajymMurnf
r[kwfay/
trSefpifppf oHa,m*okwfu 0#fESifh 0#fuif;&mudk jyonfh tESpfom&udkvnf; rqkyfrd?
yd#uwfpmaywdkUudk pHkvifatmif rMunfhwwf? rdrdwdkU xlaxmifvdkonfh vlaovljzpf0g'twGuf r[kwfrrSef
vkyfMuHqGJ,l
&rnfhokwfrsKd;udkom
&SmNyD;
tudk;jycsifonfh
rrSefuefaom
oabmxm;aMumifh
vlaovljzpfudk igom ajymonf r[kwf oHa,m*okwfrSm bk&m;uyg a[mxm;onf[k bk&m;

ra[monfudk ta[mvkyfum 0d0g'g"dukPf;jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;rQom jzpfavonf/
um;
a0pkqufcHaom
oHa,m*okwfESifh
pk'dwu
pyfvsOf;
ocifjrwfqdkif\
rlv0wKonfjzpfaom
acsypum;wdkUudk
OD;Ou|\
yd#uwfrsOf;om;
ajympum;
trSm;BuD;
rSm;onfhtaMumif; pDppfazmfjycsuf jzpf\? trSefpifppf vlaovljzpfrIudk cdkifjrJap&ef oHa,m*okwfjzifh

usm;uefvdkufjcif;onf tuefrSm;onfhtwGuf rw&m;vkyfaqmifcsuf t"r0g'oufoufom jzpfaMumif;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmf tm;vHk;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuayonf/
415
tpodkU

vlaovljzpf uGif;qufrsm;
36/
,cktcgwGif apm'em\ txnfudk,fjzpfaom vlaovljzpf0g'udk wnfaqmuf&m
OD;Ou| toHk;yoGm;aom tkwfcsyfrsm;udk pm&if;wifvdkufaomf kyf0g'udk tkwfjrpfcH-

(1) uHudk y,fjcif;
(2) 31-bHkwnf;[laom tusKd;w&m; cH.pH&mXmeudk ypfy,fjcif;
(3) bmom omoemudk y,fjcif;
(4) twdwftem*wfudk y,fjcif; (ypKyefwpfb0 oEd|du[kqdkjcif;)
(5) kyf0g'wdkUyif t&d,mvrf;pOfyvkyfjcif;
(6) pdwfyjyifrIudk y,fjcif;
(7) Ak'"r? Ak',Ofaus;rI tm;vHk;udk y,fjcif;
(8) kyfom tdS emrfudk tjzpfrQom xm;jcif; ({upowrdpm0g')
(9) tbd"rmyd#uudk vdkovdk zsufjcif; pGufjcif; tjcm;0denf; okwefyd#uudkzsufqD;jcif;
(10) y#doaEaecef;udk rdrdpdwful;jzifh xifovdk jyifqifjcif; paom
tkwfcsyfwdkUudk toHk;yxm;aMumif; awGU&ayonf/
xdkvlaovljzpf
,Zfyvif\
tkwfcsyfrsm;ozG,fjzpfaom
uHuH\tusKd;udk
y,fjcif;paom
tcsufwdkUudk aSUvmrnfh apm'em&yfwdkU rusOf;rus,f a0zefpdppfjyoGm;rnf jzpfayonf? ,ckapm'emrl

cdkifjrJrcdkifjrJ odomap&ef vlaovljzpf yviftkwfcsyfrsm;udk tenf;i,fpD pdppf oHk;oyftyfayonf/
uHy,frI
txufyg tkwfcsyfrsm;udk wpfckpD pdppfMunfhvdkufaomtcg ow0gwdkUonf uHtm;avsmfpGm 31-bHk
avsmf&mb0 jzpfMu& uHudk ry,fvQif vlaovljzpfudk wnfaqmuf r&Edkif? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ou|onf
uHudk ypfy,fvdkufonf? wpfzef uH\ tusKd;quftjzpfjzifh oGm;a&muf cH-pH&rnfh bHkXmersm;udk ,HkMunfrI
dSaeao;vQifvnf; vlaoNyD;aemuf vljyefjzpfjcif;udk ,HkMunfzdkU&ef rjzpfEdkifay? xdkUaMumifh 31bkHwnf;[laom
uH\
tusKd;jzpf&mXmeudkvnf;
OD;Ou|
y,fvdkufjyefonf?
,if;aemuf
bmomomoemw&m;[lorQonf usifh0wfw&m;udk tOD;xm;um ,Ofaus;rI tzHkzHkjy qHk;rMu&m bmom

omoemdSaevQif yxrtkwfcsyfjzpfaom uHudk y,fjcif;udp rNyD;ajrmufEdkif&m? xdkUaMumifh bmom
omoemudkvnf; y,fvdkufjyefonf? uHudk y,fcJhonf jzpf uHudk a0yHkcsxm;&m tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;
wnf;[laom twdwf-tem*wfudkvnf; y,f&rnfjzpf y,fjyefonf? OD;Ou|onf Ak'w&m;awmfudk
vufrvGwfao;onfhtaejzifh ouFef;ta&cHxm;onf jzpf Ak'vrf;pOfjzpfaom t&d,mvrf;pOfudk
rsufuG,fryomaomaMumifh kyf0g'udk t&d,mvrf;pOftjzpf yvkyfjyefonf/
416
tpodkU
37/

Ak'"rwGif
]]pdwfomSifapm
bk&m;a[m}}[lonfESifhtnD
pdwfudk
aS;OD;pGm
xdef;ausmif;yjyif&rnfjzpf&m pdwfudk yjyifaeygu uHudky,f r&Edkif? raemuHonf Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;

tvdktm;jzifh ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfaeayonf? xdkUaMumifh pdwfudk wGef;z,f xkwfypfvdkojzifh edAmefudk
oGm;&mwGif pdwfrvdk? owdom vdkonf? pdwfum; y[mwAy,f&rnfh w&m;omwnf;[k ajcmufckajrmuf
tkwfcsyfwpfcsyfudk OD;Ou|zefwD;&jyefonf? yrtkwfcsyf tjzpfjzifh kyf0g'udk t&d,mvrf;pOf yvkyfcJhNyD;
jzpf kyf0g'ESifhqefUusifaom Ak'"r Ak',Ofaus;rItm;vHk;udk y,fzdkUvdkonf? xdkUaMumifh Ak',Ofaus;rIudk
y,fjcif;[laom owrajrmuftkwfcsyfudk zefwD;jyefonf? OD;Ou|onf vlaovljzpfwnfaqmuf&m
kyf0g'udk tkwfjrpfcs kyf0g'udkyif tkwfcsyfyvkyfcJhonfh tm;avsmfpGm emrf\ ta&;yg t&ma&mufyHkudk
tenf;i,frQ
todtrSwfrybJ
kyfomy&rwftdSw&m;?
emrfum;
t&dyfta&mifjzpfonfqdkHkrQ
jzpfay:vmaom jzpfumrw tjzpfw&m;[k t|rajrmuf tkwfcsyfudk zefwD;jyefonf? vlaovljzpf[k

qdkaomfvnf; trSefpifppfrSm ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;udkom b0[k em;vnfxm;aom ypKyefudkom tcdkiftrm
yxm;aomaMumifh Ak'tbd"rmudk zsufqD;ypfrSjzpfawmhrnfjzpf tbd"rmESifhwuG tjcm;yd#uwfrsm;udk
rdrdvdkovdkzsufjcif;
jznfhpGufjcif;wnf;[laom
tkwfcsyfwpfvTmudk
pDrHavonf?
kyf0g't&
y#doaEaejcif;udpudk rdrd\ twaemrwdjzifh xif&mjrif&mpD&ifvnf; rjzpfaumif;aomaMumifh Ak'a[m

y#doaEaecef;udk
onfum;
xifovdk
vlaovljzpf
jyifqifjznfhpGufvsuf
taqmufttHkudk
'ortkwfcsyfwpfvTm
wnfaqmuf&m
pDrHxkwfvkyfjyefavonf?
OD;Ou|
pDrHxkwfvkyfaom
t"rtkwfcsyfrsm;aywnf;/
38/
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU aqmifjyaom oufaoom"u-
(u)
]]vlom;qdkwJh ow0g aoqHk;NyD;wJhaemuf tu,f jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif vlrSwpfyg;

tjcm;bmaumifrS jzpfp&m rSd}}[laom tcsufygdS\? xdktcsufESifh ywfouf atmufyg
OD;Ou|\ pum;&yfwdkUudkvnf; qufpyfoHk;oyfae&rnf jzpf\/
(c)
avmu"ronf wrvGefavmu vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbufrSmdSaom b0ESifhvnf;

qufpyfjcif;rdSbJ
,ck
ypuoEd|du
rsufarSmufjzpfaom
b0ESifhom
vHk;0oufqdkifonf [l jywfjywfom;om; em;vnfMuukef&m\/

(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf pmrsufESm 151)
(*)
aoNyD;onfhaemufumv (0g) vkyfwdkif;ukef;\? [dkrSmbufudk vufdI;Tefaom t,lum;

Ak'y&dedAmefpHNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmfrS Ak'0g'e,fy,ftwGif;odkU 0ifa&mufvmaom
{nfhonf0g'jzpfcJhavonf/
(C)
(Ak'pmcRefawmf 22-23)
]]t,H "arm oEd|daum- ig a[maom w&m;onf ,ckypursufarSmufb0ESifhom

qdkif\}}[l
tBudrfBudrf
axmufjcif;tm;jzifh
txyfxyf
Ak'\
rjywfrarm
ur0g'onf
'vpyfa[mcJhaom
a'oemudk
ykcufESifhacgif;tMum;
wGifom
417
tpodkU

usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyfavonf? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbuf
dSonf[l vufdI;xdk;um Tefjytyfaom raem'Gg& wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk
yufyufpyfpyf wdkufzsufypf&ef rkcsvdkvm;tyfavonf/
(i)
(vlaovljzpf-51)
aumif;rI aumif;wmudk aeUruGm nrvyf 'vpyf tm;xkwf yvkyfud;yrf;ol

vlom;twGuf tzdk;wef trsKd;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkcef;rsm;udk wcrf;wem;pDrH
xm;cJhMuukef\? zefwD; xm;cJhMuukef\? odkU&mwGif raumif;rI[k qdktyfaom
'kpdkuft,kwfw&m;rsm;udk vdkufrSm; usK;vGefaom vlom;twGufvnf; pl;Sxufjruf
wu,ftcH&cufonfh
xm;cJhMuukef\?
pdwful;oufoufjzifh
yufyufpufpuf
tjypf'Pfrsm;udk
&uf&ufpufpuf
vlom;\
ajcmufvSefUcJhMu\/
tjypf'PfcwfcJhMuukef\?
pdwf"mwfudk
tjyif;txef
jzm;a,mif;
csrSwf
pifpifvdk&if;rSm
aoG;aqmifcJhMuukef\?
(vlaovljzpf-14)
txufygazmfjyyg (u) trSwfrS (i) trSwftxd OD;Ou|\ pum;&yfrsm;udk aoaocsmcsmpdppf

Munfhaomtcg odkU t"dym,f&ayonf/
vlaoNyD;aemuf tu,f jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif vlyJjyefjzpfrnf/
tu,f rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif bmrSrjzpfawmhay/
]]tu,f}}[laom oHo,epum;onf t"dym,fESpfcsufxGufonf? tu,f jzpftHk;rnfqdkvQif?
tu,f rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif odkU ESpfcsufxGufayonf/
txufyg(u) trSwfjypum;xJu tu,f rjzpfawmhbl;qdkvQif [laom 'kwd,t"dym,fcsufudk
(c) (*) (C) (i) trSwfjypum;wdkYjzifh axmufcHcsufay;xm;\? rSef\-
(c) u-avmu"ronf b0ESifhom vHk;0qdkifonf? (aemufb0ESifhrqdkif[lvdk)/
(*) u-aoNyD; [dkbuf vufdI;Tefaom t,lum;? bk&m;t,l r[kwf? aemufrSay:aom t,l?
(aemufb0rdS [lvdk)
(C) u-vkyfwdkif;ukef; (ocsKif;)\ [dkrSmbufrSm b0rdS? (aemufb0 rdS[lvdk)?
(i) u-ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusKd;ay;&m bHkeef;qdkonfwdkUrSm pdwful;,OfrQom?
(aemufb0 aemufbHkb0 rdS[lvdk)?
39/
txufyg OD;Ou| pum;rsm;xJ ]]Ak'}}[laom pum; ]]oEd|du}}[laom pum;ESpfvHk;udk
EkwfvdkufvQif OD;Ou| 0g'ppfppf awGU&\? ]]Ak'}} ]]oEd|du}}[laom pum;vHk;wdkUudk xnfhxm;jcif;um;

vkyfMuHzefwD;&ef ckwHk;vkyfjcif;rQom jzpfayonf? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ou|\ 0g'ppfppfum; ]]aemufb0}}
rdS[lownf;/
rSefvS\? OD;Ou|onf ae&mrsm;pGm tBudrfBudrf a<u;aMumfxm;onfhtwdkif; p-o-C-Z-u
(yyom'kyf) ig;yg;udkom qkyfudkifxm;aom kyf0g'DppfppfBuD; jzpfay&m aemufb0qdkaom tcsufonf
418
tpodkU
rsufpdjzifh jrifr&aom em;axmif rMum;Edkifaom udk,fjzifhxdawGU r&omaom kyfvGefobm0

jzpfaeojzifh rnfhonfhenf;ESifhrQ vufcH r&acs? xdkUaMumifh OD;Ou|onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[laom
ypKyKefwpfb0udkom wzGzG a<u;aMumfaejcif;jzpfayonf/
odkUaomf
OD;Ou|onf
aemufb0rdS[laom
kyf0g'tjrifudkvnf;ydkifydkifBuD;
rudkif0Hhol
jzpfaomaMumifh ]]tu,f}}[laom pum;udk oHk; ]]aoNyD;aemuf}} tu,f jzpfOD;rnf qdkvQif}}[laom

pum;0gusudk wufavonf? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\aemuf [dkbufrSm bmrQrdS? ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;yg[k
qdkygvsuf tu,f jzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif}}[k vmjyefacsao;onfhtwGuf atmf. . OD;Ou|ES,f udk,fhudk,fudk
opmjyefazmuf aeacsonfwum;[k owdxm;rdvdkufMuonf/
aumif;ygNyD? ]]aoNyD;wJhaemuf tu,f jzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif vlrSwpfyg; tjcm;bmrSjzpfp&mrdS?
vlyJjzpf&rnf}}qdkaom pum;t& ]]vlaovljzpf vljzpfvlao}} oHo&m vnf&ayrnf? ol\ pmtkyf
wpfae&mvnf; twdkif; a&;xm;avonf/
txufyg tcsufwdkUudk yd#uwf usrf;*efESifh nd aumufcsufcsonf dSaomf aemufb0rdS[k
,laomt,lonf Oap''d|d jzpf\? 0db0wPSm\ pm;usuf jzpf\? vlaovljzpf jrJonf[laom t,lonf
ow'd|d jzpf\? b0wPSm\ pm;usuf jzpf\? odkUjzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;BuD; OD;Ou|onf
Oap''d|dudka&m
ow'd|dudkyg
jzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf?
b,fnmESpfzufvHk;
Ak'omoemhordkif;ESifh
qkyfudkifxm;aom
,SOf
od&aom
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rdpm0g'Sif
rdpm'd|dordkif;wGif
OD;Ou|vdk
wpfydifeufxJ Oap''d|dudka&m ow'd|dudkyg,lol tawmfuav; Sm;ayonf? xdkUaMumifh xl;jcm;aom

rdpm0g'SifjzpfaMumif; olUpum; olU0g't& od&ayonf/
oEd|du pdppfcsuf
40/
"arm
,ckqufvuf oEd|duESifh pyfvsOf;aom OD;Ou|\ pum;wdkUudk pOf;pm;MuukeftHh ]]t,H
oEd|daum-ig
tBudrfBudrfa[mcJhaom
a[maom
a'oemudk
w&m;onf
,ckypu
axmufxm;jciftm;jzifh
rsufarSmufb0ESifhom
Ak'\
ur0g'onf
qdkif\[l
ykcufESifh
acgif;tMum;wGifom usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyf\? vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbuf

dSonf[k vufdI;xdk;um Tefjytyfaom raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk wdkufzsuf ypf&ef
vdktyfonf}}[k OD;Ou|u qdkcJh\? pum;&yfwGif ]]t,H "arm oEd|daum- ig a[mtyfaom
w&m;onf ,ckypursufarSmuf b0ESifhom qdkif\}}[k teuf t"dym,fxGufaom pum;rsdK;udk
yd#uwfawmf\ rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;rSmrS rawGU&? Ak'jrwfpGmu uJhodkU rnfonfhtcgrS ra[m?
jrwfpGmbk&m;ra[monfudk ta[mvkyf a&;jcif;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; pGyfpJGjcif;om jzpfayonf?
bk&m;a[m oEd|du trSefudk odomap&ef ]]oEd|daum}}[l a[mawmfrlonfh ae&mrsm;pGm teufrS
ygVdawmftcsKdUudk xkwfjySif;vif;OD;tHh/
419
tpodkU
41/
rdrd\

t*Fkw&edum,f? quedygwf? oEd|duokwfygVdawmf 313- armVd,od0u y&dAdkZftm;
twGif;oEmef
avmbjzpfvQif
avmbjzpfaMumif;
odoavm[k
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
ar;awmfrlaomtcg? odygonf[k ajzqdkavQmufxm;onf? xdkUtwl a'go arm[ rdrdtwGif; oEmef

jzpfay:vmvQif a'go arm[ jzpfaMumif; odoavm[k ar;awmfrlaomtcgvnf; armVd,od0uy&dAdkZfu
odygonf[k ajzqdk&m odkU odcJhvQif oEd|du"rjzpfawmhonf[k rdefUawmfrl\/
'kwd,oEd|duokwfvnf; ykPm;wpfa,mufu oEd|du udk,fwdkif jriftyfaom oabm?
tumvdu-wpfyg;tcsdef r[kwfrl ,ckcsufjcif; odEdkifaom oabm? {[dydu vmprf;yg
Munfhprf;yg[k
zdwfac:jyEdkifavmufaom
oabm?
Moyae,sdu
rdrdpdwf
uyf
aqmifxdkuf
tpGrf;ukefpdwf oGif;xm;xdkufaom oabm? ypwH a0'dwA 0dl[d ynmdSwdkU udk,fwdkifodEdkif

cHpm;Edkifaom oabm[lonf tb,fenf;[k ar;vm\? Ak'jrwfpGmu rdrdoEmef &m* a'go arm[
udk,f EIwf pdwfudk zsufqD;wwfaom tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mjzpfaevQif jzpfrSef;odoavm[k ar;awmfrl&m
ykPm;u odygonf[k ajzqdk\? odkU odvQif oEd|du ponfjzpfawmh\[k Ak'jrwfpGm rdefUawmfrl\/
42/
okwfawmfwdkU\
wynfhaemufvdkufwdkU
twwfodEdkifayonf/
teuft"dym,fudk
tm;udk;wBuD;
pOf;pm;MunfhvQif
oHk;pJGaeusjzpfaom
omrmefvlwpfa,mufonf
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG
teuft"dym,frsKd;
rdrdoEmef
r[kwfaMumif;
avmbjzpfaeonfudk
jzpfrSef;rod
a'gojzpfaeonfudk jzpfrSef;roday? jrwfAk'tqHk;trudk& pdwmEkyem "rmEkyemudk IrSwf

yGm;rsm;aom
olonfomvQif
rdrdoEmef
bmjzpf
aeonfudk
odEdkifayonf/
aSUpdwftpOf
yg0ifjzpfysufaeaom oabmwpfckckudk aemufpdwf tpOfjzifh odatmif avhusifhyGm;rsm;Edkifjcif;onf

Ak'"rtvdkus
ypa0uPmPf\
onfaomfvnf;aumif;
pGrf;&nfonfaomfvnf;aumif;?
jzpfayonf?
xdkUaMumifh
okwfwdkU\
0dyemPf\
tzGifh
pGrf;&nf
t|uxmq&mu
ypa0uPmPfudk &nfG,f bk&m;Sifa[mawmfrlonf[k rSwfcsufcs ay;awmfrlxm;ayonf/

43/
oEd|duokwf
ESpfokwf
Ak'jrwfpGmonf
udk,fwdkifodEdkifaom
ypKyefjzpfonfh
w&m;awmfudk a[mawmfrlonf? odkU&mwGif-

1/
cPypKyef=y&rwppfppf Oyg'fqJjzpfaom cP?
2/
oEwdypKyef=aZm0g& av;ig;BudrfrQ quf jzpfqJcP?
3/
t'gypKyef=y#doaEpkwdjzifh ydkif;jcm;tyfaom wpfb0wnf; [laom ypKyef?
4/
or,ypKyef=eHeufydkif; naeydkif; wpfaeUwmponf

avmua0g[m&tvdkufydkif;jcm;owfrSwf ac:a0:tyfaom jzpfqJcP
[l ypKyef 4-rsKd;&dS&mwGif oEwdypKyefudkom &nfG,f okwf a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh

ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[laom ,ck ypu rsufarSmufb0ESifhom qdkifonf[laom teuf okwfwdkUrS
420
tpodkU
rxGufay? ]]oEd|du}}[laom pum;ESifh ywfouf t|uxmygVd atmufxufnd odomkHazmfjyOD;tHh?

]]oEd|du}} yk'fudk odkUzGifhqdkay\/
t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmf? wduedygwf? tnw&jA[Pokwft|uxm odkU zGifhjy\-
(u)
oEd|daum "arm a[mwDwd omrH ydwaAm a[mwd/ oEd|daum a[mwd?

udk,fwdkifjrifxdkufaom oabm jzpf\ [lvdk/ (wdu-tH? tnw&jAm[Pokwf? |-141)
(c)
oEd|daum t,H "armwd t,H avmukw&"arm a,e a,e t"d*awm a[mwd? awe
awe y&o'g, *EAwH [dwGm ypa0uPaPe o,H '|aAmwdoEd|daum/
]]oEd|daum t,H "arm}}[lonfum; avmukw&mw&m;onf udk,fydkifvufudkif&onfh
rnfolrqdk
olwpfyg;tay:
,HkMunfjcif;jzifh
csnf;uyfjcif;udkpGefUy,f
udk,fwdkif
odjriftyfaomaMumifh oEd|durnfayonf [lvdk/ (o*gxm0*-|? a'0wmoH,kwf

ord'okwf? 41-42)
(*)
t&d,ra*g wm0 twaem oEmae &m*g'DeH tbm0H ua&maEe t&d,yk*aveomrH

'|aAmwd oEd|daum/
aS;OD;pGm
t&d,mr*fonf
rdrdoEmef
&m*ponfwdkU\
rdSjcif;udk
ywwfaom
t&d,yk*dKvfu udk,fwdkif jrifxdkufaomaMumifh oEd|du rnf\ [lvdk/ (0dok'dr*f-y209)

(C)
tyd p e00da"m yd avmukw&"arm a,e a,e [d t"d*awm a[mwd? Aweawe

y&o'g, *EAwH [dwGm ypa0uPaPe o,H '|aAmwd oEd|daum/
wpfenf;rSm
avmukw&mw&m;
udk;yg;vHk;yif
udk,fydkif&dSxm;ol
rnfolrqdk
olwpfyg;tay: ,HkMunfjcif;jzifh csOf;uyfjcif;udk pGefUy,f ypa0uPmPfjzifhudk,fwdkif

jrifxdkufaomaMumifh oEd|du rnf\/ (0dok'dr*f-|? y/ 209)
(i)
'd|Ed 'eH 0kpwd? 'd|ar0 oEd|H/ y/ t&[wDwd oEd|daum/ avmukw&m"arm[d

bm0embdor,0aoe
opdud&d,mbdor,0aoep
'drmaema,0
0b,Hed0awwd/ jrifjcif;udk 'd|[k qdktyf\/ 'd|ESifh oEd|dutwlwlyif? jrifjcif;udk

xdkufaomaMumifhoEd|du rnf\/ xifpGmjytHh-avmukw&mw&m;onf bm0embdor,
(yGm;apaomtm;jzifh
odwwfaom
todPf)
opdud&d,mbdor,
(rsufarSmufyaomtm;jzifh odwwfaom todPf) tpGrf;tm;jzifh jrifrSomvQifoHo&m

0#fab;udk uif;apwwf qkwfepfapwwf\/ (0dok'dr*f-|? y? 209)
tvGefcdkifrmvSaom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& udk,fwdkif jriftyfaomoabmudk oEd|duac:onf?
vufawGU rsufawGUw&m;[k ac:vdku ac:Edkifonf? w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmukw&mw&m;udk;yg;udk
aomfvnf;aumif;? ypa0uPm Pfudkaomfvnf;aumif; oEd|du\ t&aumuf&onf[k rkcsqwfqwf
421
tpodkU
rSwftyf\? pum;t& oEd|duudk ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;[l owfrSwfjcif;onf qefUusifbuf

t,lomjzpfaMumif; xifSm;ayonf/
44/
xdkUjyif
]]oEd|du"r}}
wpfrsKd;udk
jyOD;tHh?
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf?
wduedygwf?
tnw&jA[Pokwf odkU vmdS\? jA[PwpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyf ]]oEd|du

udk,fawGUw&m;[k ajymaeMuygonf? b,ftaMumif; b,ftcsufjzifh udk,fawGUw&m; tcgrJhw&m;
vufawGUprf;oyfEdkifaomw&m;
pdwfygvufyg
0ifpm;xdkufaomw&m;
tod<u,folwdkU
udk,fwdkif
cHpm;xdkufaomw&m; rnfygoenf;}}[k ar;avQmufonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf Sif;Sif;uav; a0zefjyawmf rlonfrSm- ]]jAm[P. . . &m* txdk;tusifh
tESdyfpufcH&
wyfwwfaom
a,musfm;onf
rdrd
olwpfyg;ysufpD;atmif
tm;xkwfwwfonf?
pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk cHpm;&wwfonf? ,if; &m* uif;aysmufoGm;aomtcg rdrdolwpfyg;udk ESdyfpufjcif;iSm

tm;rxkwfawmh? pdwfqif;&Jjcif;udk rcHpm;&awmhacs? xdkenf;twdkif; wyfwwfaom a,musfm;onf
udk,fEIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh raumif;rI yrdwwf\? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;udkvnf; odwwfaom Pfray:?
,if; &m* uif;oGm;aomfum; udk,f EIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh raumif;rIudk ryjzpf? rdrdtusKd; olwpfyg;tusKd;udk
odEdkifaom Pfay:vmwwf\? jA[mP. . .odkUaom taMumif;aMumifh udk,fawGUw&m; (oEd|du)
jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifavawmh\? (a'gotESdyfpufcH&ol? arm[tESdyfpufcH&ol txufenf;twdkif;yif)/
(wdu-tH? tnw& jA[Pokwf? 156) (csHK; jrefrmjyefqdkcsuf jzpfonf)? ,if; wdu-tHy&dAmZmuokwf 157-158 vnf; tvm;wl a[mawmfrlonf/
45/
jA[PokwfESifh y&dAmZmuokwfESpfokwf avmuDavmukw&m vufawGUrsufawGU
w&m;udk Ak'jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlonf? avmuDvufawGUrsufawGUw&m;um; t&d,r*fvrf;aMumif; ay:odkU

avQmufaeaom Ak'om0u t&d,r*ft,OfodkU 0ifqJ 0ifNyD;jzpfaom yk*dKvfwdkUudk &nfG,f a[maom
w&m;wnf;? vnf;? ]]oEd|du"r}} udk ]]omrH ydwaAm}} udk,fwdkifjriftyfaom w&m;[lomvQif
t|uxmq&mSifESifhwuG
OD;Ou|qdkouJhodkU
omoemhtpOftvmu
oEd|duonf
,ckypu
teuft"dym,f
aumuf,lavh
rsufarSmufb0ESifhom
qdkif\
SdMuonf?
[laomteuf
t"dym,frxGufay/
aemuft*FkwdK&fygVdawmf? oEd|du"rokwf? wpfokwfvnf; odkU awGU&\? tSiftmeEmonf
aumorDjynf
aCmodwmHkausmif;dSpOf
tb,frQavmufaom
taMumif;jzifh
tSifO'g,DESifh
vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;udk
w&m;pum;aqG;aEG;Muaomtcg
bk&m;Sif
a[mawmfrlygoenf;[k
tar;dSvm ajzqdkonfrSm- ighSif. . . yXrpsmef0ifpm; aejcif;jzifhvnf; Ak'jrwfpGmu y&d,m,ftm;jzifh

vufawGU rsufawGUw&m; (oEd|du)[k a[mawmfrlygonf? xdkUtwl 'kwd,psmef wwd,psmef pwkwpsmef
tmumome,wepsmef 0dnmPm,wepsmef tmudnm,wepsmef ae0onmeonm,wepsmefudk
0ifpm;
aejcif;tm;jzifhvnf;
Ak'jrwfpGmu
y&d,m,ftm;jzifh
vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;[k
422
tpodkU
a[mawmfrlygonf? rkcspifppftm;jzifhrlum; ae0onmeonm,wepsmefudk ausmfvGef eda&m"ormywfudk

0ifpm;vsuf udavom tmoa0gwdkUudk ukefapvsuf aejcif;jzifh oEd|du"r vufawGUrsufawGUw&m;udk
Ak'jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlygonf[k ajzqdkavonf/ (e0u-tH? oEd|du"rokwf 245-246)
txufyg okwfawmf ]]y&d,m,f}} [laompum; rkcs[laompum;ESpf&yfudk uJGuJGjym;jym;
rSwf,l&rnf? rkcsteuf[lonfrSm ESpfenf;ESpfvrf; rdS? wpfxpfcsenf;vrf; wpfvrf;tm;jzifhom
jzpfEdkifaom teuft"dym,frsKd; jzpfonf? y&d,m,f[lonfum; wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh xdkoabmdS
wpfenf;wpfzHktm;jzifh xdkoabmvnf;rdSaom teuft"dym,f
oEd|duokwfawmfudk
axmufqvQif
(Relatively Senseful-Thing)
vufawGU
rsufawGU[laom
jzpfonf/
oEd|du"ronf
Ak'omoemawmf aeUpOfawGUuHaeus pmjcif;-aomufjcif;-tdyfjcif;-jrif-Mum;-eH-vsuf-xdawGUjcif;udk

qdkvdkonfr[kwf? ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;udk qdkvdkonf r[kwf? orm"d ynmwdkUjzifh tawmftxufwef;
usaeaom w&m;rsm;udk yGm;rsm;&,lxm;jcif;om jzpfonf[k odEdkifayonf/
odkU&mwGif tSiford'dax&f awmtkyftwGif; a&csKd;NyD;p udk,foefUpifaepOfwGif ewforD;wpfOD;u
tSiford'dax&f\ lyum, jynfh0wifhw,frIudk MunfhIum ]]tSif&[ef;. . . oifonf i,fG,fEkysKd
eufaomqHyifjzifh yXrt&G,f tG,faumif;jcif;ESifh jynfhpHkaepOf vlUumr*kPfwdkYudk cHpm;ygOD;vm;? (rm
oEd|duH [dwGm umvduH tEk"m0D)- udk,fawGU umr*kPfudk y,fcGm udk,fawGUr[kwfaom aemiftcgrS
&rnfh umr*kPfaemufodkU rvdkufygvifh}}[l qdkavonf? pum;&yf ewforD;\ tvdkrSm ,ckvufiif;
cHpm;Edkifaom umr*kPfonf oEd|du? aemufb0 ewfjynfusrS cHpm;&rnfh umr*kPfonf umvdu?
odkUaom xifjrifcsufjzifh pum;udk qdkjcif; jzpfonf? xdkpOftcgu vla&mewfyg t&nftcsif;nHhaom
ow0gwdkUonf &[ef;w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;udk ewfjynfpnf;pdrf cHpm;&ef wrvGefumv csrf;om&&ef
trsKd;aumif;om;wdkU yvkyfMuonf[k tjrifrSm;vsuf dSMuonf/
xdkewforD;\ pum;udk ord'dax&fu jyefMum;&m tdkewforD;. . . igonf wrvGefavmu
csrf;omaemufodkU
rsufarSmufcsrf;omudk
vdkufaeonfr[kwf?
vdkufpm;
wrvGefavmucsrf;omudk
SmazGae\?
wrvGefavmu
y,fpGefUum
&dSrnfh
oEd|du
umr*kPfwdkUudk
qif;&Jyifyef;jcif;rsm;vS\[k bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrlonf? rESpfoufzG,f tjypfwdkUvnf; vGefpGm rsm;\[k

a[mawmfrlonf? ,ck igvdkufpm;usifhMuHaeaom w&m;um; oEd|du udk,fwdkifjrifEdkifaom w&m;?
tumvdu-tcsdefrvifh tusKd;&aom w&m;? {[dydu-vufudkudkifqJG &J&JBuD; prf;Munfhprf;yg[k
zdwfac:Edkifaom w&m;? Moyae,sdu-edAmefudk ydkUaqmifwwfaom t&d,r*fwnf; [laomw&m;?
rsufarSmufyxdkufonfh tjzpfodkU uyfaqmif&rnfh t&d,mzdkvfESifh edAmefw&m;? 0dl[d ypwH a0'dwA
ynmdSwdkU udk,fwdkifudk,fus oddScHpm;xdkufaomw&m; jzpfonf[k rdefUqdkavonf/
ewforD;\
oEd|du"rESifh
tSifor'dax&f\
oEd|du"rwdkUonf
o*gxm0*?
a'0wmoH,kwf? ord'dokwf 9-wGif ododomom xl;jcm;uJGvJG aeayonf? OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwynfh
423
tpodkU
om;ajr;wdkU\ oEd|du"rum; okwf ewforD;ajymqdkaom oEd|dursKd;jzpfonf? omoemawmf\

tESpfom&jzpfaom
oEd|du"rum;
tSiford'dax&f
&nfTef;ajymqdktyfaom
t&d,mr*fzdkvf
edAmefw&m;rsKd; jzpfayonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;a[maom ]]oEd|du}}onfum; orm"d ynm

r*fPf zdkvfPf edAmefwdkU\ t&omjzpfayonf? ]]oEd|du}}onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum; wpfb0twGif;
[lonfum; bk&m;tvdk r[kwfay/ bk&m;ESifh rnfodkUrQ roufqdkif jzpfayonf/
]tEkrme} oHk;oyfcsuf
46/
,cktcg
OD;Ou|\
]]raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf
tEkrmersm;udk
yufyufpufpuf
wdkufzsufypf&rnf}}[laompum;udk pdppfOD;tHh? OD;Ou|taejzifh tEkrmeudk vufrcHjcif;rSm ]]ypuar0

yrmPH}}[laom kyf0g'DwdkU\ tqdktrdefUt& vufawGU rsufawGU ypuwpfckwnf;udkom OD;Ou|
vufcHjcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf? tEkrmeudk OD;Ou|u y,fpGefUonfqdkaomfvnf; ]]vlaovljzpf}} onf
ol\rsufawGU
vufawGUr[kwf?
olUwynfh
wpfOD;OD;\
vufawGUvnf;
r[kwf?
tEkrme
rsuf&rf;qrQomjzpfaMumif; owdyrd[ef rSdacs?

ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumBuD;wdkY ypuod'd? tEkrmeod'd? Oyrmeod'd? oa',sod'd[l
NyD;ajrmufaprI od'd 4-rsKd;udk vufcH toHk;yayonf? tdEd, 'eaA' aSUoGm;wpfOD;jzpf[efdSaom
a*gwru &aohonfvnf; teuft"dym,fudk oddSyHkenf;vrf; av;rsKd;dSaMumif; odkU azmfjyxm;onf1/ ypu = rsufjriftm;jzifh awGUuHcHpm; oddSem;vnfjcif;
(Perception)
2/ tEkrme = cefUrSef;pOf;pm; teuft"dym,fudk oddSem;vnfjcif;
(Inference)
3/ Oyrme = EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk; oddSem;vnfjcif; (Comparism)

4/ oa',s = ,HkMunfxdkufaom ol\pum;udk taxmuftxm;y teuft"dym,fudk
oddSem;vnfjcif;
(Understanding through the statement of trustworthy person)
udk&nf
a*gwru,okwf
odkUqdk\?
=(jrefrm)rsufjriftm;jzifh odjcif; cefUrSef;aom tm;jzifhodjcif; EIdif;,SOf

odjcif; ,HkMunfxdkufaom ol\ pum;t& odjcif;-[l odjcif; 4-rsKd;wdkU dSukef\ (wubmom
ESm-32 a*gwr u,okwf 113)
trSwf 1-ypuod'drSm OD;Ou|ESifhwuG avmum,w0g'D (0g) kyf0g'DwdkU\ vufawGUrsufawGU
[laom 0g'yif jzpfonf? pyspfoD;udk csKdonf[laom olwpfyg;ajymaom pum;udk udk,fwdkifjrnf;prf;
rMunfh&orQ
r,HkMunfjcif;
u&d0dufiSuf\
udk,fwdkifrMum;bl; r,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;aywnf;
tvGefom,m
(Seeing
is
csKdNrdefaom
beliveing)[k
toH[lonfudk
,ckacwf ajymqdkoHk;EIef;
aeMuaom pum;uJhodkU udk,fawGUr[kwfvQif r,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;/
424
tpodkU
trSwf 2-tEkrmeod'd[lonfrSm wpfESifhwpfck csdefxdk; cefUrSef;vsuf odjcif; jzpfonf? vGefcJhaom

nu yifv,fa&wufvmonfudk rsufpdjzifh udk,fwdkifrawGUvdkuf&? odkYaomf eHeufrdk;vif;aomtcg
atmufxyftdrfwdkifrsm;
a&wufvmpOfu
a&a&mufcJhonfhtxdrf;trSwf
a&pdkaeonfhae&mudk
Munfhvnf;aumif; Nidwifusef&pfcJhaom 'dkufoa&m jrufopfGufwdkUudk jrif&vnf;aumif; vGefcJhaom

nu yifv,fa&wufcJhaMumif;udk od&\? enf;twdkif; rD;cdk;awGUvQif rD;udk rjrif&aomfvnf;
rD;dSaMumif; od&\? taphrS tyifaygufaMumif; ed,mrudk axmufxm; taphudk udk,fawGUyif
rjrif&aomfvnf;
o&ufyifBuD;
tyifBuD;rsm;jzpfaMumif;
refusnf;yifBuD;rsm;udk
od&onf?
jrifaomtcg
odkUrSef;q
taphrS
odjcif;rsKd;udk
aygufvmaom
tEkrmeod'd
ac:onf?
trSwftom;wpfckckudk oHk;oyfem;vnfjcif;onf tEkrmernf\[k tdEd,

'ea*gwru &aohu qdkonf/
trSwf
3-Oyrmod'd[lonfrSm
odjcif;rsKd;wnf;?
EGm;aemufow0gudk
EdIif;,SOfcsdefxdk;
rjrifzl;aom
odjcif;
tqifwltoGifwludk
vlwpfa,mufonf
jrif
EGm;aemufqdkonfrSm
EGm;ESifho@efwlaom ow0gwpfaumifjzpfaMumif; Mum;em rSwfom;zl; awmodkU a&mufaomtcg

EGm;aemufudk awGUjrifvQif ow0gum; EGm;ESifhwlonf? EGm;aemuf {uefjzpf&rnf[k odonf? ,if;udk
&nfG,f
t"dym,frSm
a*gwruokwf
wpfpHkwpfa,muf
TefMum;ajymqdkvdkufaom
pum;\teufudk
qdkonf?
trSwf&jcif;ESifhwuG
jzpfaptyfaom EGm;ESifhwlnDrIonf txl;ytyfaom txnfj'Afudk odjcif;udk Oyrme[k ac:onf/

trSwf 4-oa',sod'd[lonfrSm
jA[mBuD;\ pum;[k todtrSwfyMuaom
a0'qdkif&m usrf;pmrsm; c&pfawmf\ rkcygXfawmfrsm; tvmbk&m;ocif\ rkcygXfawmfjzpfaom

udk&ftefusrf;pmrsm;udk ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;? tus,fjzefU teufaumufaomf Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\
jrwfpGmbk&m;tay: pJGjrJxufoefpGm ,HkMunfrIudk taMumif;y bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;udk trSef[k
,HkMunfjcif;
"mwfcJGcef;
rSefajymif;ponfwdkUjzifh
txufwef;usaom
MunfhIoHk;oyf
"mwfcJGBud,mrsm;
ajymqdktyfaom
tao;Munfh
odyHynmSifwdkU\
ta0;Munfh
odyHynmESifhpyfaom
pum;rsm;udk odyHynmem;rvnfaom omrmefvlwef;pm;wdkYu trSef[k ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd; yg0ifonf? OyrmodyH ynmSifwdkY\ pum;udk ,Hk vurmodkU vla&mufonfudk ,HkMunfjcif; a&wpfpuf-zHkwpfrIefUvQif
ydk;rTm;i,fuav;rsm; ajrmufajrmufjrm;jrm; yg0ifjcif;udk ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;wnf;/
47/
tEkrmeudk vufrcHqdkaom OD;Ou|onf Oyrme EIdif;,SOfjcif; o'=,HkMunfxdkufaom
olwdkU\ pum;udk taxmuftxm;y ,HkMunfjcif;wdkUudk vufrcH[k awG;xifp&mdSonf/ odkU&mwGif

odkUum; r[kwfacs? odyHynmSifwdkU\ pum;udkrl bk&m;a[mxuf tav;ydkxm;ojzifh 'g0if\ 0g'ESifh
tjcm;kyf0g'wdkUudk OD;Ou| vufcH,HkMunfvSayonf/
425
tpodkU
xdkUjyif ,aeU qdkifaumfavmf*sDu vufcHxm;aom1/
dk;dk; jrifod Mum;od paom y0dPfod
2/
tMum;tjrif ryg? awG;awm MuHqod(Bare sensation or imagination)
3/
awG;MuH,if; tqifhqifhodaom tod (0dyemtod tygt0if)
4/
jyefvnfawG;MuHod
xdkwGif 1-rSm tmHk
(Rememberance) rsm;
Hk (Sense-object)
raem'Gg& oufoufomjzpfonf? tmHk
(Perception)
yg0ifonf/
ESifh reodum&
(Object)
(Speculation)
udk tajccHonf? 2-rSm
(Attention)
ESifh owduyfrI
(Impression)
rsm; ryg0ifay?
ESpfrsKd;wGif OD;Ou|onf 1-udkom vufcH 2-udk vufrcHvdkay? (0g) y0dnmPfod kyfodudkom

vufcH raem0dnmPfod emrfod pdwfodudk vufoifhrcHay? um; kyf0g'Dwdkif; xm;dSaom
oabmxm;wnf;/
odkUaomf
OD;Ou|onf
tMum;rygonfhtod
(Bare sensation)
i,fi,fu
pmusuf
ynmoifcJhzl;\?
tjrif
udk em;rvnf vufrcHjcif;om jzpf&rnf? OD;Ou|oEmef
xdktodrsdK;aygif; tqrsm;pGm &dScJhzl; jzpfcJhzl;onfrSmum; trSefyifwnf;/

48/
wpfzefwHk e,m,'eu
1/
2/
tmHkESifhqufpyf od&aom tod?

tmHkxifvmjcif; rdS? wpfpHkwpf&m xl;jcm;aom taMumif;wpfckcku
tmHkESifh tm&rPduudk qufpyfay;aom tod? ,if;udk
Extra - sensory - per - ception.
[k ac:Muonf?
odkU todESpfrsKd;cJGjcm;azmfjy\? ,if;ESpfrsKd;wGif 1-udkom OD;Ou|u vufcH 2-udk vufrcHvdkay/

xdkUaMumifh Ak'w&m;awmfu jyTefaom psmef0darmu r*fzdkvf edAmefwdkUudk OD;Ou| r,HkMunfay?
kyf0g'Djzpfae vufrcH-r,HkMunfonfrSmvnf; qef;awmh rqef;ay/
49/
ae&m wuaA'Sylogismac: tEkrmewpfck xkwfMunfhvQif odkU awGU&rnf-
OD;Ou| tvdk
(u)
Ak'a[maom w&m;rsm;onf ,ckb0 ypuESifhom qdkifonf/
(c)
ur0g'onf bk&m;a[m jzpfonf/
(*)
xdkUaMumifh Ak'\ ur0g'onf ,ckb0 ypuESifhom qdkifonf/
t|uxm #Dum q&mrsm;ESifhwuG Ak'0g'DwdkU\tvdk

(u)
Ak'a[maom w&m;rsm;onf ,ckb0 ypuESifhom qdkifonf r[kwf? twdwf

tem*wfESifhvnf; qdkifonf/
(c)
ur0g'onf bk&m;a[mjzpfonf/
(*)
xdkUaMumifh Ak'\ur0g'onf ,ckb0 ypuESifhom qdkifonf r[kwf? twdwf

tem*wfESifhvnf; qdkifonf/
426
tpodkU
wuaA'pepft&
OD;Ou|\
tEkrmeonf
tajccHrSp
vJGrSm;aeonf?
xdkUaMumifh
taMumif;jycsufESifh ed*Hk;onfvnf; trSm;pifppfjzpfawmhonf/ Ak'0g'DwdkU\ tqdkonfomvQif Ak'bmodw

pum;awmfwdkUESifh nDGwf ,kwdESifhvnf; jynfhpHkaomaMumifh tajccH rSefvsuf dSonf? xdkUaMumifh
taMumif;jyESifh qHk;jzwfcsufwdkUonfvnf; y&0g'DwdkU vIyf&Sm;r,dkif jrJcdkifaom tEkrme jzpfayonf/
OD;Ou|onf tEkrmudky,f rsufawGU vufawGU 0g'Dvdkvdk xifp&mdSaomfvnf; tu,fpifppfum;
odkU r[kwfay/ tEkrmeudk vufcHvdkonfhtcg vufcH y,fvdkonfhtcg y,fonf? arsmufu
vljzpfvmonfqdkaom 'g0if0g'uJhodkU tEkrmersuf&rf;qonfudkum; OD;Ou| vufcHxm;ayonf?
]]tDaAmfvlSif;pepf} qdkonfrSm tEkrmeyif jzpf\? kyf0g' tEkrmeudk OD;Ou| udk;uG,fjyefonf/
ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumvm tEkrmeudkrl y,fSm;ypfavonf/
qdktyfcJhNyD;aom pum;pOft& OD;Ou|\ vlaovljzpf taMumif;jywpfcsufjzpfaom Ak'\
ur0g'onf ykcufESifh acgif;tMum;wGif usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf rSwf,ltyf\[k qdkaompum;
bHkcef; i&Jcef;onf raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrme[laom pum;wdkUonf "rESifh rnDGwfaomaMumifh
t"r0g'om jzpfaMumif; trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
ecoDcokwfESifh vlaovljzpfudk pdppfcsuf

50/
vlaovQif vlomjzpfonf [laom 0g'onf atmufyg ecoDcokwf ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh
ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusifaeygonf bk&m; [k ed'gef;ysKd; atmufyg ecoDcokwfudk apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

wifjyMuonf/
xdktcg bk&m;Sifonf tenf;i,faom ajrrIefUudk vufonf;ay: wifawmfrlNyD;vQif ]]&[ef;wdkU.
. .'gudk b,fvdkxifMuovJ/ vufonf;ay: ig wifxm;aom ajrrIefUESifh ajrBuD;onf tb,fu
omvGef rsm;oenf;}}[k ar;awmfrlonf/
Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;. . .ajrBuD;uom ydk rsm;ygonf? vufonf;ay: Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
wifxm;aom ajrrIefUonfum; rajymavmufzG,f tenf;i,frQom dSygonf bk&m;? ajrBuD;udk
axmufqvQif vufonf;ay: Sifawmfbk&m; wifxm;aom ajrrIefUonf a&wGufjcif;odkU ra&mufEdkifyg?
axmufqjcif;odkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg? tpdwftzdkUodkUvnf; ra&mufEdkifyg[k avQmufxm;Muygonf/
&[ef;wdkU. . .twlyif vlUjynfrS pkawMu vlUjynfjzpfaom ow0gwdkUum; enf;yg;vSukef\?
pifppfrSmrl vlUjynfrSmpkawMu i&Jjzpfaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ wd&pmefrsKd;jzpfaom
ow0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ NydwmbHkwdkUjzpfaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\/ y/ ewfjynfjzpfaom
ow0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? i&J jzpfMuukef wd&pmef jzpfMuukef NydwmbHk jzpfMuukefaom
ow0gwdkUom omvGef rsm;vSukef\[k Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;u rdefUawmfrlonf/
427
tpodkU
enf;twl ewfbHk i&JbHk NydwmbHkwdkUrS pkaw vlUbHk vlvmjzpfolenf;yg; i&J wd&pmef

NydwmbHkwdkU jzpfMuolwdkUom rsm;vSyHkudkvnf; r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf? y*wday,smv0*f? pmrsufESm
(412?
413?
414)
wdkU
Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ygonf[k
xdkxdkokwefrsm;udk axmuf apm'emwifMuonf/

51/
apm'em
rSwfausmufay:
pum;&yfjzifh
wifvdkufaomtcg
tvGefcdkifrmwdusaom
vlaovljzpf0g'wnf;[laom
ecoDcokwfwnf;[laom
aT&nfpdrf
rdk;ud;onf
aTtppfr[kwfbJ twkjzpfaeaMumif; bGm;bGm;BuD; ay:vmayonf/

ygyo &raw raem bk&m;a[m a'oemawmft& ow0gwdkU\ pdwf"mwfonf raumif;rI
tpOfGwf,drf;vsuf dSaomaMumifh udk,f EIwf pdwfwdkUjzifh yorQ ajymorQ awG;MuHorQwdkUonf m
rp&d, a'go rme igpJG q&mpJG vlrsKd;pJG tpdSaom wPSm'd|dtpJGwdkUjzifh tjrJzHk;vTrf;tkyfpdk;jcif;udk
cHae&onfjzpf ,if;wdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHonf taumif;jzpfzdkUxuf tqdk;jzpfzdkUom
rsm;aeayonf? okpdkufjzpfzdkUxuf 'kpdkuf jzpfzdkUu rsm; aeayonf/
OD;Ou|ESifhwuG aemufvdkuf wynfhwyef;wdkUonf ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHudk y,faomfvnf;
um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwdkUudk vufcHaMumif; ae&m owdy&ayrnf? xdkUaMumifh rdk;usaTudk,f[k
OD;Ou|wdkU orkwfxm;aom twdwfuHudk csefvdku csefxm;apOD;apawmh ,ck avmavmq,f ypKyef
yvkyfajymqdkawG;MuHaeaom um,uH 0pDuH raemuHwdkUum; rdk;ay:us uHr[kwfrl vufawGU rsufawGU
udk,fwdkifyvkyftyfaom uHjzpfayonf/
xdkuHonf ]]tufSif;ESifh &DtufSif;
(Action
and
Reaction)
taMumif;ESifh tusKd;w&m;}}
oabmw&m;t& eH&HbufodkU uefvTwfvdkufaom abmvHk;onf eH&Hudk xdrSef uefaomvlxHodkU

jyefvmonfhyrm?
a&xJodkUusoGm;aom
cJvHk;uav;onf
urf;em;odkUta&muf
vIdif;tqufquf
xaponfhyrm tusKd;rybJ rae? tusKd;rjzpfapbJ aysmuf roGm;ay? um; avmued,mr "red,mr

(The Universal Law, The Order of Norm)
om jzpfonf? rsufarSmufacwf lyaA'ynmwdkUu
vufawGUprf;oyf axmufcHxm;aom obm0 jzpfayonf/

,if;odkUjzpfvQif
taMumif;nDGwfvQif
xdkuHonf
,ckb0om
oifhavsmfaom
tusKd;ay;onf
tvSnfhtBudrf
r[kwf?
b0rsm;pGmvnf;
tcgtcGifhwpfckck
tusKd;yonf[k
em;vnfEdkifayawmhonf? xHk;tdk;xJwGif vufudkEIduf jzLvmaom vufudkvnf;aumif;? uw&mtdk;xJodkU

vufudkEIduf eufvmaom vufudkvnf;aumif; Munfhum ,ckvkyf ,cktusKd;ay;onf? aemifb0
apmifh&efrvdk [laom pum;rsKd;udk ajymqdkjcif;onf obm0Oya'udk rysHU rESHU rcHriHkrdaom tqdkjzpfonf/
rD;cJudk udkifrd ,ckcsufcsif; ylonfrSefaomfvnf; ,if;tylonf csufcsif;aysmuf roGm;? rdrd&&
ususee
udkifrdcJhygu
nbufjzpfap
aemuf&ufrsm;jzpfap
zl;a,mifaygufuJG
udkufcJemusif
tusKd;quf 'kuvSvSBuD; ay;aewwfonfudk vlwdkif;todyif jzpfonf? eufdIif;pGm ql;pl;cH&aom
428
tpodkU
ow0gwpfa,mufonf ,if; ql;\ tqdyf'Pfudk csufcsif; rcH&apumrl &ufanmif;aomtcg

twGif;aqG; aqG;ykyf tdk;cdkufatmif temjzpfvsuf 'kuay;wwfonfrSmvnf; rsufjrifxifSm;aom
oufaowpfckyif
jzpfonf?
ikyfoD;onf
csufcsif;pyfjcif;xuf
umvMumrS
ikyfowddSonfudk
rsufuG,fy
,ckpm;vQif
,ckpyfonf[k
qD;yla&m*gjzpfapwwf?
r&aumif;ay?
rsufpdrIefrJG
qdk\/
odkUaomf
,ck
&ifxJylavmifapwwfaom
0rf;EIwfaq;pm;vQif
csufcsif;0rf;em
"mwfroGm;aomfvnf; tcsdefusvmaomtcg 0rf;em 0rf;oGm;&onf? xdkenf;twdkif;yif rusef;rrmaom

olwpfa,muf oifhavsmfaom aq;0g;"mwfpmudk rDS0Jae&m ,ck csufcsif; xdkaq;onf tpGrf;rjyaomfvnf;
umvMumaomtcg
a&m*gaysmufuif;ap
tom;ta&
pdkajy0zd;jcif;
toufSnfjcif;tpdSaom
tusKd;w&m;udk jzpfaponfrSm vlwdkif;yif awGUuHzl;aom cHpm;csuftawGUtuHjzpfonf? enf;twdkif;

tufSif;wpfckonf &DtufSif;wpfckudk jzpfap&m ,ckcsufcsif;vufiif;udkom uGuf Munhfum
rqHk;jzwf&m? ,ckcsufcsif; vufiif;udkom Munfh qHk;jzwfwwfonfum; vlnHhwdkU\ t&mrsKd;om
jzpfayonf? uH\ tusKd;qufonfum; ,ckb0aomfvnf;aumif;? b0oHo&m wpfauGUaomf
vnf;aumif; jzpfapvdrfhrnf[lonfudk oEd|mefus rSwfom;Mu&monf/
52/
,if;odkUqdkvQif xdkow0g\ xdkraumif;uHonf &mZ0wfrI usL;vGefaom oludk xdkol\
jypfrIu tcsKyfaxmifodkU ydkU axmifeef;pHapouJhodkU i&Jpaom 'k*wdwdkU 'kuvSvScHaprnf rcRwfwnf;?

xdki&Jpaom bHkudk xm0&paom bk&m;SifwdkUu zefwD;xm;onf r[kwf? obm0uom zefwD;onf?
obm0[lonfrSm aemufuqdkcJhaom
(The Universal Law.The Order of Norms)
avmued,mr "red,mr
yifjzpfonf? xdki&Jpaom bHkodkU rnfolurQ ydkUonfr[kwf? (The Law of Action & Reaction) ured,mru
ydkUonf/ xdktcgrSm vlom;onf vlUb0udk om,mvSygonf? wG,fwmvSygonf? om; r,m;
pnf;pdrfESifh rcGJEdkifrcGm&ufyg[k Oyg'gef taxmiftaomif; Sdaeaomfvnf; ,if;Oyg'gefxuf tm;Sdaom
Av0 tukodkvfuHu a&rsm; a&Edkif rD;rsm; rD;Edkifyrm xdkvlom;udk tyg,fodkU qGJac:oGm;rnf rcRwfwnf;?
vlaovlrjzpfonfhjyif aMumifuav; acG;uav;aomfrS rjzpfrl i&Jaumif Nydwmaumif tjzpfodkU
a&mufoGm;rnf {uefwnf;/
53/
xdkodkUr[kwf vlom;onf rdwfaqGaumif; q&maumif;udk rSD& pdwfaumif;0ifum
aumif;rIaumif;&m yvkyfajymqdkawG;MuHrdvQif vlUbHkrSm vlvnf;jyef jzpfEdkifonf? vlUxuftqifhjrifhaom

ewfjA[mtjzpfjzifhvnf; jzpfvmEdkifonf? ,if;udk&nfG,f
rdwor'rm*r? a,medaom p y,kawm/
0dZm0drkwd 0oDbma0g? oAarawe vAwd/
rmEkdum p orwd? a'0avmau p ,m &wd/
,m p edAmeorwd? oAarawe vAwd/ (ck? 1? 10/)
429
tpodkU

jrefrmtusOf;
rdwfaqGaumif;ESifh
jynfhpHkrIudk
taMumif;y
enf;rSefvrf;rSeftm;xkwfrdaom
ow0gonf
0dZmPf t&[wzdkvf tbdnmOf w&m;tm;vHk;udk &Edkifayonf/

vlUbHk
vlUb0
aysmfTifcsrf;ajrhrI
jynfhpHkaom
pnf;pdrfOpmrsdK;udkvnf;aumif;?
trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf;aumif;?
ewfjynfSdaom
edAmefcsrf;omudkvnf;aumif;?
jynfhpHkrI
xdkow0gonf
tusdK;tm;vHk;udk &SdEdkifayonf[k ck'uygX? ed"du@okwf Ak'jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlonf/

vlaoNyD; vljzpfonfum; tvGefenf; vlUxuftqifhedrfh ow0gom tjzpfrsm;aMumif; trSm;udk
Tefjywwfaom rrSefonfudky tm;ay;wdkufwGef;wwfaom rdwfaqGwkudk rSDcdk q&mwkESifhaygif;rd
enf;rSm;vrf;rSm;udk
yvkyfrdaom
olrsm;tzdkU
rdrdpdwfxifwdkif;
jzpfvdkonfhb0
jzpfcsifonfhtjzpf
taersdK;rjzpfrl zdkz&JyduGJysufpD;vsuf usjcif;udk tjcm;ygVdawmfrsm;pGm 'k*w 0dedygwH[k Ak'jrwfpGm

txyfxyf a[mTefawmfrlcJhonf/
,if;odkU tqifhedrfh bHkb0wdkU rnfaGUrnfrQ rsm;pGmjzpfyHkudk pHxdk;jyawmfrlvdkojzifh ajrrIefUudk
vufonf;ay:
wifawmfrlum
ra&rwGufEdkifatmif
urmajrBuD;onf
BuD;rm;bd
ouJhodkU
vufonf;ay:u
xdktqifhedrfh
bHkb0wdkU
ajrrIefUxuf
tqaygif;
jzpfjcif;onf
vlUbHk0,f
vljyefjzpf&jcif;xuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm ydkrdkrsm;jym;onf[k Ak'jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlavonf/

txufyg oHk;oyfcsufrSm vlwdkU\pdwf vlwdkU\ um,uH 0pDuH raemuH wdkUudk tajccH
ured,mr "red,mr obm0usus ecoDcokwfw&m;awmfudk a0zefazmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpf\/ bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmf ecoDcokwf a'oemawmfESifh OD;Ou|\ vlaovljzpfudk ,SOfMunfhvdkufaomtcg ]]rdk;ESifhajrBuD;
vif;uGif;wD;
reD;onfhES,f}}[laompum;uJhodkU
uGmaeaMumif;
awGU&ayonf/
bk&m;pum;ESifh
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh
OD;Ou|\
OD;Ou|pum;onf
tuGmBuD;
vlaovljzpf0g'onf
"rrppf
t"romjzpfaMumif; trSwf(2) oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUu oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
tw0g'kyg'gefESifh vlaovljzpf0g' pdppf oHk;oyfcsuf

54/
ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpfjyempmtkyf? ESm-162? 163

]]'DvdkuG udk,fhkyf udk,fhemrftay:rSm wu,fpGJwJh kyfemrfoPmef tSdudk pGJwJh
tw0g'kyg'geftwdkif; vl[m vlyJjzpfw,f? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH qdkwmu vleJUrqdkifao;bl;?

'gayr,fh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh udk,f EIwf ESvHk; raumif;wJh kyfysufujyefay:vmwJh
blwkyfqdkawmh kyfqdk;jzpfvmr,f}}
[l OD;Ou| ajymjycsufudk rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf? pum;&yfudk pdppf oHk;oyfOD;tHh/
udk,fhkrf
tw0g'kyg'gef
udk,fhemrftay:rSm
[lonf
Xyem
wu,fpGJwJh
pum;&yf
tw0g'kyg'gef
tw0g'kyg'gef
kyfemrfoPmeft&Sdudk
[lonf
pGJwJh
tb,fenf;?
430
tpodkU
ygVdawmfvmonfhtwdkif; qdk&vQif rdrdoPmefSdaom kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPfwdkUudk (yef;yGifh\

ta&miftqif;ESifh arT;udifaom teHUudk wjcm;pD,l yef;onf tarT;eHUESifh jynfhpHkonf? yef;onf vSaom
tqif;ESifh jynfhpHkonf[k ajym&muJhodkU) tw[l vnf;aumif;? twudk kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d
Sdonf[lvnf;aumif;? tw kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d Sdonf[lvnf;aum;if;? kyf-a0-oOf-oif-0d
twSdonf[lvnf;aumif; jrifjcif; oHk;oyfjcif; pGJvrf;jcif;udk tw0g'kyg'gef[k qdk&onf/
xdkwGif rdrdkyfudkvnf;aumif;? a0-oOf-oif-0d [laom rdrdemrfudkvnf;aumif; tw[l
pGJ,ljcif;rSm Ak'bk&m;Sif\ wynfhom;rsm;jzpfMuaom bk&m;\tqdktqHk;rudk &Sdojzifh kyf-emrf
tydkif;tjcm;udk uGJuGJjym;jym; em;vnfaeMuaom okw0E t&d,om0ursm;tzdkU ,if;odkU tw0g'kyg'gef
[k ac:qdkEdkifavmufatmif pGJ,ljcif; rSdwwfay/ taMumif;rlum; tnwdwd, [dELjAm[P polwdkU
,lqaom twpGJ[lonf xdkkyf? xdkemrfwdkUudpudk kyfudp emrfudp kyfoabm emrfoabm[k rxifjrifbJ
tw\udp
tw\
oabm
tw\vuPm
tw\
tvkyf[k
xifjrif,lqaejcif;
jzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/
,if;twum; xdk[dELjAm[P polwdkUtvdkt& ysufpD;jcif; rSd? tjrJwnfonf? ykwD;ukef;\
twGif;
ud;\oPmefuJhodkU
jzpf\/
ykwD;vHk;rsm;
aGUvQm;aeaomfvnf;
ud;onfraGUrvsm;
twGif;om;taejzifh wnfSdouJhodkU cEmudk,f ysufpD;azmufjyef aGUvsm;aeaomfvnf; twonf

azmufjyefaGUvsm;jcif; rSdbJ tjrJwnfaeonf[k qdkMu\/ xdktw\qdkcJhNyD;aom okyf oabm
vuPmudk trSef[k pGJpGJjrJjrJ,lq oGm;wm vmwm tw? odwm jrifwm tw? pm;wm aomufwm tw
ponfjzifh kyfemrfy&rwfw&m;wdkU\ udptrSefudk twudpwnf;[k xifjrif,lq pGJvrf;jcif;onfomvsif
tw0g'kyg'gef jzpfonf/
55/
kyfemrf tSdudk pGJwdkif; tw0g'kyg'gef r[kwfay? kyfemrftSdudk tw[k pGJvQifjzpfap
kyfemrfwdkU\udpudk tw\ udp[k pGJvQifjzpfap tw0g'kyg'gef jzpfonf/ kyfemrftSdudkyif om,mzG,f[k

pGJu umrkyg'gef jzpfayonf/
Ak'"r Ak'tqHk;trudk rMum;em rrSwfom;zl; roif,l ravhvmzl;aom AmvwdkUtzdkU
vlrSef;odonfh
tcsdeftcgrSp
t&d,om0aum}}[lvnf;aumif;?
xdktwpGJ
]]tokw0g
Sdaewwfonf/
xdkUaMumifh
ykxkZaem}}[lvnf;aumif;
ygVdawmf
]]okw0g
ESpfydkif;ESpfu@
cGJ
a[mawmfrlonf/
,if;odkU yk*dKvfESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; Sd&mwGif yxrtrsdK;tpm; jzpfaom okw0Et&d,om0uwdkU\
oEmef tw0gEkyg'gef[l rSd? t&d,r*fudk r&ao;orQ umrkyg'gefum; tenf;trsm;dSonf/
xdkumrkyg'gef[lonfum; ig;yg;tmkH umr*kPfESifhwuG rdrd\ udk,fcEm rdrd\ om;r,m; pnf;pdrfOpm
ta>ct&H bHkAdrmef tdk;tdrfponfwdkU NidwG,fwyfruf pGJvrf;vsufSdaom qGJwdkif;&onfh oa&ud;yrm
[dkbHk
onfbHk
[dkb0
onfb0
rdrdjzpf&mXme
rdrdqdkif&mydkif&mwdkU
NidwG,f
wkyfaESmif
431
tpodkU
qGJcsdwfvsufaejcif;wnf;/
,if; umrkyg'gefonf &[Em rjzpfao;orQ tem*grf wdkifatmif vufvSrf;rDvsuf Sdonf/
tem*grfyk*dKvfrsm;
umr&m*[l
rSdaomfvnf;
b0&m*
ly&m*
tly&m*
trnfwGifaom
umrkyg'gefum; Sdaeao;onf/ ,if;umrkyg'gef Sdaeao;orQ b0taESmif tzGJUrS rvGwfao;?

aoNyD;aemuf vlUbHk vlUb0 rnfonfhtcgrQ jyef rjzpfawmhacs? jA[mYjynf y#doaEaernf
pif;pif;wnf;/
om"uum; ]]uwarm p yk*avm tem*grD? a"uapm yk*avm yEH Mo&rm*d,meH oHa,mZemeH
y&du,m Moyygwdaum a[mwd ww y&dedAm,D tem0wd"arm wom avmum? t,H 0kpwd
yk*avm tem*grD/ (tbd? 4? 119/)
jrefrmtusOf;
tem*grf yk*dKvf[lonf tb,fodkU oabmSdaom yk*dKvfenf;? avmu tcsdKUaom yk*dKvfonf
Mo&rm*d,oHa&mZOfig;yg;
ukefjcif;aMumifh
jA[mhjynf
Oyywfy#doaEaeum
xdkjA[mhjynfrS
rjyefvnfawmhbJ y&dedAmef pHawmhrnfholwnf;? yk*dKvfrsdK;udk tem*grf[k ac:qdktyf\/

(yk*vynwfygVdawmf? 119-ponf)
&Sif;vif;csuf
Mo&rm*d,oHa,mZOf ig;yg;wGif tygt0ifjzpfaom umr&m* oHa,mZOfudk y,fNyD;aomaMumifh
xdkyk*dKvfonf vlUjynf y#doaEaemufxyfraebJ jA[mhjynfodkUuyfa&muf y#doaEaeonf/ xdkUaMumifh
udk,fhkyf udk,fhemrftay:rSm wu,fpGJwJh tw0g'kyg'gef kyf emrftSdudk pGJwJh tw0g'kyg'gef[laom
OD;Ou|\ pum;onf umrk'yg'gef\ oabmokyfudkyg tw0g'kyg'gef[k qdkrdacsaomaMumifh y&rw
cGifrus? teuf"dym,f rjywfom;? rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfvsuf Sdonf/
56/
aSUem;u
wpfqifhwuf vl[mvlyJjzpfw,fqdkaom pum;udk qdkjyef\/ tqdk\ trSm;udk

qdkcJhNyD;aom
ecoDcokwfjzifhyif
Sif;vif;y,fSm;NyD;jzpfonf/
vlaowdkif;vlrjzpf?
tvGefSm;Sm;yg;yg; taMumif;nDEdkifrS vlUbHkodkU jyef jzpfonf/ odkUygvsuf vlaovljzpf[k qdkjcif;onf

Ak'a'oemawmf t&yf&yfESifh qefUusifaom tvGefvGJrSm;aom tqdkjzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmftrSwf(2) oD;jcm;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
432
tpodkU

uHESifhvlrqdkif kyfysufESifhqdkifaom vlaovljzpf pdppfcsuf
57/
]]ukodkvf tukodkvf udpu oleJUrqdkifao;bl;? 'gayrJh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh
udk,fEIwfESvHk;? raumif;wJh kyfysufu jyefay:vmwJh blwkyfqdkawmh kyfqdk;jzpfvmr,f}} pum;&yf

aSUESifhaemuf txufESifhatmuf 0da&m"djzpfaom pum;vHk;rsm; yg0ifvsuf Sdonf/
txufyg OD;Ou|pum; ukodkvf tukodkvfuH qdkonfrSm apwemjzpfaom emrfoabmjzpf
emrfaMumufaom OD;Ou|u ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHudk y,fjcif;jzpfonf/ um,uH 0pDuH raemuH[k
OD;Ou|u qdk&m ]]raemuH}}[laompum;onf Ak'0g't& trsm;em;vnfaom raemuH r[kwf? olu
]]raem}}udk [',0wKkyf[k ,lxm;oljzpf udk,ftrI EIwftrI ESvHk;om;trIudk OD;Ou|u um,uH 0pDuH
raemuH[k qdkaejcif; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh ]]um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpwJh udk,fEIwfESvHk; raumif;wJh
kyfysuf}}[laom pum;udk oloHk;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGUayonf/
rSefuefaom Ak'0g'tm;jzifhrl ukodkvf tukodkvfESifh um,uH 0pDuH raemuH [lonfrSm bmrQ
xljcm;onf r[kwf? trnfuGJaomfvnf; oabmcsif;twlwlyif/ ukodkvfrSm um,uH 0pDuH raemuHoHk;yg;
tukodkvfrSmvnf;
,if;
oHk;yg;yif/
odkUjzpfvsuf
emrfaMumufaom
OD;Ou|onf
ukodkvfuH
tukodkvfuHudkum; uH[krjrif rdk;ay:usuH[kqdkum jAm[P0g'uH[k wHqdyfwyfvsuf y,fxm;cJhonf/

um,uH 0pDuH raemuH udkom uH[kjrif vufcHonf/
onfrQruao; Zeu Oywru OyyDVu OyCmwu [laom uHav;rsdK;? 'd|"ra0'ed,
OyyZa0'ed, ty&my&d,a0'ed, ta[moduH [laom uHav;rsdK;? uHwdkYudkvnf; bk&m;a[mr[kwf?
jAm[PawG
xnfhoGif;xm;onfhuH[k
o*[fq&m
tSiftEkk'gudk
vufdI;aigufaigufxdk;vsuf
o*[fu jAm[P0g'udk Ak'0g'xJodkU xnfhoGif; vufcHxm;oa,mifqdkum vufrcHbJ y,fonf?

um,uH
0pDuH
raemuH
azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif;
oHk;rsdK;udkom
ZeuuH
Ak'0g'uH[l
'd|"ra0'ed,uH
qdkonf/
ponfwdkUrSm
taMumif;um;
emrfobm0rsm;jzpf
txuf
OD;Ou|u
emrfaMumufaomaMumifh ZGwftwif; jiif;uG,fjcif;yonf/ um,uH 0pDuH raemuHrl ]]raem}} udk

[',0wKkyf[k ,lvsuf oHk;rsdK;vHk;udk kyfuHvkyfum vufcHjcif; jzpfavonf/ rSm;,Gif;vSaypG/
yxrapm'em
Ak'a'oemawmfxJygaom
jyqdkcJhonfhtwdkif;
emrfydkif;qdkif&mudk
OD;Ou|onf
kyf0g'DppfppfwpfOD;jzpf
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jyNyD;y,fonf/
Ak'"r
kyfbufygatmif
qGJ&aom tcsufudk kyfbufqGJ vufcHonf/ xdkUaMumifh Ak'0g'udk OD;Ou|u kyf0g'jzpfatmif

vkyfaejcif;om jzpfaMumif; txl;owdxm; Munfhjrifwwf&ef vdktyfvSayonf/
58/
ae&m Zeu paom uHwdkUudk Sif; jyOD;tHh? xdkuHwdkUonf OD;Ou| pGyfpGJonfhtwdkif;
tSiftEkk'g\ vuf&mr[kwf? bk&m;a[m uHrsm;yifjzpfaMumif; trSeftwdkif; odSdMuap&ef jzpfayonf/

y|mef;ygVdawmf? yOm0g&? tEkvHk? uryp, ]]ememuPdum ukovm apwem 0dygumeH cEmeH
u#wm p lygeH urypa,e ypa,m}}[l vnf;aumif;? ]]ememuPdum tukovm apwem 0dygumeH
433
tpodkU
cEmeH u#wm p lygeH urypa,e ypa,m}}[l vnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyg,fum; cP

toD;oD;jzpfaom
aus;Zl;yonf/
ukodkvf
xdkYtwl
apwemonf
cP
0dyguf
toD;oD;jzpfaom
emruEmESifh
tukodkvf
urZkyfwdkUtm;
apwemonf
urowdjzifh
0dygufemruEmESifh
urZkyfwdkUtm; uryp,owdjzifh aus;Zl;yonf/

uHum; y|mef;ygVdawmf azmfjyaom ZeuuHaywnf;/ ZeuuH[lonfrSm tyif toD;
tGufudk jzpfapwwfaom rsdK;aphuJhodkU 0dygufemruEm u#wmkyfudk jzpfapwwfaom apwemyifwnf;/
xdkapwemjzifh udk,fxdvufa&muf aumif;onfhtrIudkyvQif ol\oEmef ukodkvf um,uH jzpfonf/
raumif;aom pum;udk aSmifMuOf pmayy&d,wf oiftHavhusufjcif; csydkUjcif; w&m;a[mjcif;
tusdK;Sdaom teuft"dyg,fwdkYudk qHk;roGefoifjcif; ponfjzifh aumif;aom pum;udk ajymqdkvQif
ol\oEmef ukodkvf0pDuH jzpfonf/ udk,fEIwfwdkUjzifh yvkyfajymqdkjcif; rSdbJ pdwftwGif;rSmyif aumif;rI
aumif;&mawGudk awG;MuHpOf;pm; yGm;rsm;aeaomoltm; ukodkvfraemuH jzpfonf/
,if;um,uH 0pDuH raemuH ukodkvfonf aumif;aom bHkXme Munfvifaom pdwf apwodwf
emruEm
Munfvifaom
kyfwnf;[laom
tusdK;w&m;wdkUudk
ememuPduurowdjzifh
aus;Zl;yvdkufonf/ xdkenf;twdkif; raumif;aom apwemjzifh udk,frI EIwfrI pdwfrIudk yaomoltm;

raumif;aom um,uH 0pDuH raemuH jzpfonf/ ,if;uHonf tukodkvfuHyifwnf;/ ,if;tukodkvfu
raumif;aomjzpf&m bHkXme raumif;aom tajctae rMunfvif roefUSif;aom pdwf apwodwf
emrfcEmrsm;ESifh
raumif;aom
kyfcEmrsm;udk
ememuPduurowdjzifh
aus;Zl;yonf/
um;
y|mef;a'oem\ t"dyg,faywnf;/
odkUvQif um,uH 0pDuH raemuHESifh ukodkvf tukodkvfuHwdkUonf bk&m;a[m uHrsm;jzpfNyD;
ruGJrjym; wpfom;wnf;jzpfygvsuf ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkUudk jAm[PwdkY\ rdk;ay:usuH[k orkwf
um,uH
0pDuH
raemuHudkom
vufcHtodtrSwfyjcif;onf
xl;axGonf[l
qdkzG,frvdkacs?
kyf0g'orm;yDyD kyfudkom ta&;ay;jcif; jzpfayonf/

59/
OywruuH OyyDVuuHudk Sif;OD;tHh? uHESpfrsdK;ESifh ywfouf tbd"rm0dbif;
ygVdawmfBuD; odkUa[mawmfrlxm;\/
(u)
tawupmed ygyumed urorm'gemed 0wdorwd ywdAmVmed e 0dypEd?
(c)
. . . . . . . Oywdorwd ywdAmVmed . . . . . . . .
(*)
. . . . . . .umvorwd ywdAmVmed . . . . . . . .
(C)
. . . . . . ya,m*orwd ywdAmVmed e 0dypEd/ (tbd? 2? 380/)

(tbd"rm0dbif; ygVdawmf)
434
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
(u)
aumif;aom b0[laom *wdorwd\ tumtuG,fay;jcif;cH&vQif raumif;rI[laom

tukodkvfuHwdkUonf raumif;usdK; ray;Edkifukef/
(c)
acsmarm vSywifhw,fjcif; kyfqif;Mueftif vuPmjynfhpHk wifhw,fjcif; [laom

Oywdorwd\ tumtuG,fay;jcif;cH&vQif . . . . .
(*)
acwfaumif; tcgaumif;[laom umvorwd\ tumtuG,fay;jcif; cH&vQif . . . .
(C)
ypub0 avmavmq,ftm;jzifh aumif;&mvkyf aumif;&majym aumif;&mawG;jcif;

[laom ya,m*orwd\ tumtuG,f ay;jcif;cH&vQif raumif;rI tukodkvfuHwdkUonf
raumif;usdK; ray;Edkifukef/
xdkenf;twdkif; *wd0dyw tm*r Oy"d0dyw tm*r umv0dyw tm*r ya,m*0dyw tm*r raumif;aom
jzpf&mbHkXme b0wdkUESifh awGUuHvQif tkyfqdk; tusnf;wef t*FgajcvufrpHk acgif;ao;udk,fBuD;
udk,fao;acgif;BuD; ykvGef; SnfvGef; ponfjzifh nHhzsif;vGef;vQif/ y/ rdk;rrSef avrrSef &moDysuf Owkysuf
acwfqdk; acwfysufpaom umv0dywdESifh awGUuHae&vQif/ y/ tyrSm; tajymrSm; nHhzsif;aom
pdwfaepdwfxm; rSm;,Gif;aom raemuHpaom ya,mu0dywdESifh awGUuHae&vQif tukodkvfuHwdkUonf
xdxdcdkufcdkuf tusdK;ay;ukef\ [l ygVdawmf qufvuf a[mawmfrlonf/
60/
ygVdawmf ESpf&yfudk aumufcsufcs qifjcifvQif tukodkvfuHonf avsmfaom tjcHt&H
taMumif;udk&aomtcg raumif;usdK;ay;\/ qefUusifbuf taMumif;ESifhawGUaomtcg tusdK;ray;ay?

tukodkvfuHtm;
tusdK;ay;zdkU&ef
,if;tjcHt&HtaMumif;onf
avsmfuef
OywruuHSdaMumif;
oifhjrwfpGm
ulnDaxmufyHhwwfaom
oufaoom"uyif
jzpf\/
tukodkvf
tusdK;ray;Edkifatmif qefUusifESdyfpufaom uHonf OyyDVuuH rnf\/

ukodkvfuH bufvnf; xdkenf;twdkif; xdk0dbif;ygVdawmfyif jynfhpHkpGm a[mxm;awmfrlonf/
t"dyg,frSm aumif;aom ukodkvfuHonf umvorwd *wdorwd ya,m*orwd Oy"dorwd[laom
oifhavsmfaumif;jrwfaom tjcHt&HtaMumif;udk&vQif tusdK;ay; xdkuJhodkUoifhavsmf aumif;jrwfaom
tjcHt&HtaMumif;rsdK;udk
r&cJhvQif
aumif;usdK;ray;ay/
ygVdawmfvmaom
ukodkvfuHtm;
tusdK;ay;zdkU&ef taxmuftulywwfaom oifhavsmfaumif;jrwfaom tjcHt&HtaMumif;aMumif;onf

OywruuHrnf\? taESmuft,Suf qefUusifbuf ywwfaom taMumif;udk OyyDVuuH[k ac:\/
61/
OyCmwuuH
ukodkvfuHudkjzpfap
uyfjzwfwwfaom
[lonfum;
tukodkvfuHudkjzpfap
uHrsdK;wnf;/
awmykef;cdk;olBuD;tjzpfjzifh
ow0gwpfOD;wpfa,muf
tm;xkwfyvkyfcJhNyD;aom
tusdK;ray;Edkifavmufatmif
t*Fkvdrmv
toufaygif;rsm;pGmudk
rax&ftavmif;onf
owfjzwfcJhonf/
tpGrf;ukefvufpowf
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
rawGU&rD
xdkygPmwdygwuHonf
435
tpodkU
vufSdb0vnf; tusdK;ay;Edkifonf/ ,ckb0 tusdK;ay;cGifhr&cJhaomf 'kwd,b0aomfvnf;aumif;?

wwd,b0rS p oifhavsmfaomb0wpfauGUwGifaomf vnf;aumif; tusdK;ay;Edkifonfhowd {uefSdonf/
odkU&mwGif
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhawGU
ay;oem;awmfrlaomenf;t&
w&m;emNyD;onf\tqHk;
0dyemPfjzifh
oDvudkaqmufwnf
tm;xkwfvdkufaomtcg
bk&m;Sif
t&[wzdkvfudk
rsufarSmufyEdkifaom tqifhodkU a&mufoGm;avonf/ xdktcg olycJhaom tukodkvfuHwdkU\ owdonf

,if;xuf
tvGeftm;BuD;aom
t&[wr*fuH\
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xdkUaMumifh aemufaemufb0 tusdK;ray;Edkifawmhjcif; jzpfayonf/
odkU&mwGif y#doaEusdK; ray;apumrl y0wdusdK;ay;aomtm;jzifh t*Fkvdrmvax&f GmwGif;odkU
qGrf;cH0ifaomtcg wkwf vSifwef cJausmuf tpSdaom vufeufrsdK;pHkwdkUonf tjcm;t&m0wKudk
&nfG,f ypfvTifhtyfaomfvnf; tSift*Fkvdrmvax&f\ udk,fay:odkUom usa&mufvsuf Sdukef\/
vufHk; vufarmif; ajc tpSdaom t*FgBuD;i,fwdkUESifh OD;acgif;ygrusef 'Pf&m&Sdvsuf ,dkpD;aom
aoG;jzifh qGrf;cHjyefa&mufvm bk&m;SifxHawmfodkU csOf;uyfawmfrl&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]t"d0gao[d wGH jAm[P? , acg wGH jAm[P ur 0dygaue A[led 0med
A[led 0owmed A[led 0o[med A[led 0owo[med ed&a, yap,smod/ w
wGH jAm[P ur 0dyguH 'da|0"ar y#doHa0a'od}} (r? 2? 207/)
t*Fkvdrmv. . . onf;cHavmh? oifonf tMuifuH\ tusdK;quftm;jzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
ESpf&maygif;rsm;pGm ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm ESpfodef;aygif;rsm;pGm i&J cH&&m\/ xdkuH\ tusdK;udk oifonf
,ckrsufarSmufb0yif cHpm; ae&acsNyD[k rdefUawmfrl\/ (rZdryPmo? t*Fkvdrmvokwf)
62/
ygVdawmf ESpfodef;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmwdkifatmif i&J uscHaprnfh uH\ tusdK;udk
b0 rsufarSmufytyfaom t&[wr*f urowdu y,fSm;wm;jrpfvdkufojzifh vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk

owfjzwfcJhpOfu jzpfcJhaom ygPmwdygw apwemuHonf tusdK;ay;apwwfaom owduif;jywfvsuf
oGm;awmhonf/ r*fapwemonf OyCmwuuH rnf\/
xdkenf;twdkif;yif Sifa'0'wfonf ,ckb0 jrwfaom&[ef;tjzpfudk & jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
rjzpfrSm;rD oDvuEESifh jynfhpHkjcif; wefcdk; tbdnmOfESifh jynfhpHkonftxd orm"duEudk &Sdjcif;[laom
apwemuHwdkUonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
ajcrawmf
aoG;pdrf;SifSif
wnfapavmufatmif
avm[dwkyg'uuHudk yrdvdkufonfhtcgrSp tusdK;ay;Edkifaomowd uif;jywf oGm;avawmh\/

ae&m
avm[dwkyg'uuHonf
oDvuE
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apwemuHudk
uyf
jzwfvdkufaomaMumifh OyCmwuuHrnf\/ um; ygVdawmfwdkUvmaom Ak'bmodw bk&m;a[m

uHav;rsdK;aywnf;/
436
tpodkU
xdkuHav;rsdK;\
tusOf;csKyft"dyg,frSm
ZeuuHonf
rsdK;aphESifhwlonf?
OyxruuHonf
a&avmif;jcif; aygif;oifjcif; ajrMoZmauR;jcif;ESifh wlonf? OyyDVuuHonf ydkxdk;jcif; zvHjzLem

usa&mufjcif;ESifh
wlonf?
OyCmwuuHum;
Budwfacsypfjcif;ESifhwlonf[k
aomfvnf;aumif;
xdkuHtm;vHk;udk
rSwf,l&m\/
awGUjrifvsuf
jAm[P0g'[k
kyf0g'
xdkrsdK;aphudk
OD;Ou|onf
tyifraygufEdkifavmufatmif
vTrf;rdk;cH&rIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;
taMumif;rJhpGyfpGJNyD;
y,frdavonf/
rawGUrjrif
rsufuG,fyum
trSefpifppf
vlaovljzpfudk
t[kwfxifMuavatmif uHwHwdkif;BuD;udk csdK;zsuf&ef ud;pm;jcif;rQom jzpfayonf/

63/
]]'gayr,fh um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpaom udk,fEIwfESvHk; raumif;wJh kyfysufu
jyefay:vmwJh blwkyfqdkawmh kyfqdk;jzpfvmr,f? qdkygawmhuGm-ajcwdkcsif wdkr,f? vufrygcsif rygbl;?

raemuH MuyfMuyfqdk;wJh kyfusawmh tusnf;wefwJh kyfqdk; kyf0g;rsdK;ayghuGm? 'D qdk;vmwJh kyfysufu
jyefaygif;pyfwJh kyfopfrSef&if rsufpdvnf; cRwf,Gif;r,f? yg;pyfjyJ rsufjyL;&if jzpfr,f? acgif;&ifBuD;r,f?
udk,fwGif;u toJwdkU ESvHk;wdkUyg nHhzsif;vm&if toufygwdkr,f}} OD;Ou|\ pum;rsm;udk oHk;oyfaomf
um,uH 0pDuH raemuHpaom udk,fEIwfESvHk; raumif;wJhkyfysufu jyefay:vmwJh blwkyf[laom
pum;onf tajccHrSp vGJrSm;aeonf/ b0 um,uH 0pDuH raemuHaMumifh jzpfay:onfhkyfonf
b0rSmyif vufpwHk; ukefqHk;aysmufysufNyD; jzpfonf/ b,fb0odkUrQ rajymif;? b,fb0rSmrQ
jyefrac:acs/ kyfysufu jzpfay:vmwJh blwkyf[l kyfrS kyfodkU ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmjcif;udkom qdk
wu,fhtaMumif;t&if;jzpfaom
twdwfuHudk
wrifoufouf
odk0Sufxm;onf/
kyfysufu
jyefaygif;pyfwJh kyfopfrSef&if[laom pum;udk owdxm;&rnf/ OD;Ou|onf kyfudk tSdw&m; edpxm0&[k

,lqxm;oljzpf raumif;aom kyfysufkyfnHhawGu aoNyD;aemufb0 jyefaygif;rdaomtcg vl\udk,frSm
rsufpdysufjcif; ponfjzifh rvSryjzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ OD;Ou|0g'wGif urH oaw 0dbZwdow0gawGudk uHua0zefonf[k rSday? ow0gwdkUudk kyfuom a0zefonf[k qdkvdkonf/
64/
arG;uwnf;u usdK;vm uef;vmaomol? ajcwdk? vufwdk? rsufjyJ yg;pyfjyJponf
kyfysufqif;ysuf arG;zGm;vmol ow0g\ urZkyftm; rnfonfh kyfysufurQ taMumif;yonf r[kwf?

pifppfrSm
twdwfb0u
xdkxdktcsdefumvwdkUwGif
udk,fwdkifyvkyfcJhNyD;aom
tukodkvfuHuom
tusdK;ay;onf/
xdkUaMumifh y|mef;yp,eda'o urypnf; ]]ukovmukovH urH 0dygumeH cEmeH u#wm p
lygeH urypa,e ypa,m}}[l vnf;aumif; (ESm-7)/ yOm0g& ukovwdu "rmEkavmr ygVdawmf
tukoave tAsmuw0g&wGif ]]ememuPdum tukovm apwem 0dygumeH cEmeH u#wm p lygeH
urypa,e ypa,m}}[lvnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonf/ (ESm-154)
437
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
twdwfjzpfaom ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHonf ukov0dyguf? tukov0dyguf y#doaE

emruEmESifh urZkyfwdkUtm; ememuPdu urowdjzifh taMumif;yonf/ txl;xl;aom cPjzpfaom
tukodkvfapwemonf
tukov0dyguf
emruEmtm;vnf;aumif;
(qdk;0g;kyfnHhaom
azmufjyef
cRwf,Gif;aom kyfqdk; kyfysufjzpfaom) urZkyfwdkUtm;vnf;aumif; ememuPdu urowdjzifh

taMumif;yayonf/
um;
jrwfpGmbk&m;Sif
udk,fawmfjrwfonf
oAkwPfawmfjzifh
twdtusydkif;jcm;
a[mawmfrltyfaom a'oem om"uaywnf;/

65/
rZdredum,f?
Oy&dyPmou?
plVur0db*Fokwf?
244?
245-vnf;
a'goAsmyg'BuD;aomol tenf;i,frQ ajymqdkHkjzifh a'gocufxef trsufrmefBuD; udk,fEIwfwdkUjzifh

xdyg;ykwfcwf owfjzwfrIudk yvkyfwwfaomolonf aoNyD;aemuf tyg,fi&JodkU usa&mufwwfonf/
tu,f vlUb0a&mufvmcJhvQif jzpf&mb0 tkyfqdk;onf? toufwdkonf ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/
trsufxGufavhSdjcif;
yifyef;rIrsm;jcif;
rESpfoufzG,f
tenf;i,frQ
ajymvmonfSdaomf
tvGefuyfNidjcif; azmufjyefjcif; aS;Iwnfjcif; a'gotrsuf rESpfoufjcif;udk xifpGmjyjcif;onf

tkyfqdk;jcif;udk jzpfapwwfaom tusifhwnf;/ olUtoufudk owfavhSdjcif; Murf;uwf&ufpufjcif;
aoG;pGef;aomvufSdjcif;
nOf;qJowfjzwfrI
ouf0ifjcif;
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oem;jcif;odkU
ra&mufjcif;onf toufwdkapwwfaom tusifhwnf;/ (tusOf;csHK; jrefrmjyefqdkcsuf)

txufyg ygVdawmfrsm;u toufwdkjcif; tpSdaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;onf kyfqdk;kyfysufu
jzpfaptyfaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;r[kwf? twdwfb0 ypKyefb0wdkU rSm;,Gif;azmufjyef rrSefaom
yrlvkyfaqmifcsuf
wnf;[laom
uHaMumifhjzpfaom
tusdK;w&m;rsm;om
rkcspifppfjzpfaMumif;
azmfjyavonf/
66/
xdkUjyif OD;Ou|ESifhwuG aemufvdkuf wynfhom;wdkUu bk&m;a[mr[kwf? aemufrS
vkyfMuHzefwD;xm;aom
uHrsm;jzpfonf[kqdkaom
'd|"ra0'eduuH
tpSdaom
uHav;yg;wdkUudk
bk&m;a[mjzpfaMumif; tenf;i,frQ xkwfjyayOD;tHh/

]],H bdua0 avmuyuuH urH avmbZH avmbed'geH avmbork',H? ,w
twbma0g edAwwd? ww wH urH 0dypwd? ,w wH urH 0dypwd? ww w ur 0dyguH
y#doHa0a'wd 'da| 0g "ar OyyZ 0g tya& 0g y&d,ma,}} (tH?1?134/ 2) ponf(wdu t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf? ed'geokwf)
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU . . . avmbjzifh ytyfaom avmbonf jzpfaptyfaom avmbvQif taMumif;Sdaom
uHonf twabmjzpf&mbHkXme tusdK;udk &ifhusufap\? tusdK;udk &ifhusufap&m xdkbHkXme
438
tpodkU
,ckb0twGif;yif jzpfap wrvGefb0odkU uyfa&muf jzpfap wwd,b0rSp wpfpHkwpfckaom

tvSnfhtBudrfjzpfap xdkuHyaom ow0gonf uH\tusdK;udk cHpm;&ayonf/
Oy&dyPmo ygVdawmf? r[mur0db*Fokwfvnf;]]ykaA 0g wH uwH a[mwd ygyurH 'kua0'ed, ypm 0g wH uwH a[mwd
ygyurH 'kua0'ed,H? r&Pumav 0g a[mwd rdpm'd|dorwm orm'dE? awe aom
um, ab'g y&r&Pm tyg,H 'k*w 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZwd? , aom " ygPmwdygwD
a[mwd/ y/ rdpm'd|d a[mwd/ w 'da|0 "ar 0dyguH y#doHa0a'wd OyyZ 0g tya&0g
y&d,ma,}} (r? 1? 257) ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyef
xdkow0gonf
aSUtzdkUaomfvnf;aumif;?
aemuftzdkUaomfvnf;aumif;
qif;&JpGm
tusdK;cHpm;ap&rnfh tukodkvfuHudk ycJhonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf xdkow0gonf aocgeD;umvaomfvnf;

rdpmt,ludk jynfhpHkpGm ,lcJhonf/ xdkUaMumifh xdkow0gonf aovGefaomtcg i&JodkUusa&mufonf/
avmu xdkow0gonf olUtoufudkowfjcif; olUOpmudk cdk;jcif;/ y/ rdpmt,lSdjcif;[laom
'kp&dwuH\ tusdK;udk ,ckb0 jzpfap? wrvGefb0odkU uyfa&mufjzpfap? wwd,b0rS p
wpfpHkwpfckaom tvSnfhtBudrfjzpfap cHpm;&ayonf/
67/
ygVdawmfrsm;udk axmufxm; OD;Ou|u ol\vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 52-
]]Ak'\ ur0g'tvdktm;jzifh qdk&aomf ,ckpm;vdkufaom ikwfoD;onf ,ckyifpyf&rnf? tdrfa&mufrS

pyfrnf[l iHh vifh aedk;rSd}}[k qdkaom pum;onfvnf;aumif; ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpfjyem
ESm-158-9-
]]tEdkU-'Db0
ukodkvfr[kwf&bl;aygh?
[-'gu
aumif;pm;csrf;omaewmawG[m
b,faS;u
uHrS
aS;b0u
r[kwfbl;?
ckb0
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vdrfvnfaoG;pkwf
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aumif;atmif rSefatmif vkyfEdkifvdkU&ifvnf; jzpf&r,f/ 'Dypu tvkyf&JU aus;Zl;oufoufyJ/ ,ckb0
csrf;omwm [dk;aS;aS;ukodkvfuHaMumifhvdkUrsm; ,Hkvdkuf&if tJ'gudk bk&m;u ykaAuwa[wk'd|dvdkU
qdkxm;wmSdw,f/ bk&m;tvdkawmh t"rwJh? w&m;r[kwfvdkU qdkwmyJ}}[k qdkaompum;onfvnf;aumif;?
if;pmtkyf ESm-191-2- ]]at;-bmoma&;q&mawG ajymovdk vlUtjzpf vlUb0&if;pm; jyef&zdkUawmif
b,favmufcJ,Of;ovJ b,ftusifhoDv SdrSav; b,f'geygrS qdkwmrsdK;awG rif;u,Hkcsifao;ovm;uG?
'gawGu pm;vrf;yJ}}[k qdkaompum;onfvnf;aumif;? Ak'\ ur0g' vHk;0r[kwf/ bk&m;tvdk
tenf;i,frQryg/ OD;Ou|\ ur0g' OD;Ou|\ tvdkomjzpfaMumif; xifSm;odomEdkifayNyD/ trSefpifppf
kyf0g'udkrSD azmfjyyg Ak'ygVdawmfrsm;udk awmfvSefaom? Ak'0g'ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifbufjzpfaom
rdpm0g' t"romjzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
439
tpodkU
OD;Ou|onf rdrd\ 0g'udk owdSdSd ajymifajymifSif;Sif; ra&;rajymbJ ]]Ak'}}udk tuG,ftum

,lvsuf bk&m;udk aSUwef;wif bk&m;w&m;udkyif jyefvnfzsufqD;aeol jzpfaomaMumifh ,ckvdk
0d0g'g"dukPf;rsm; ay:aygufNyD; omoemawmftwGif; IyfIyfaxG;axG; uHae&jcif; jzpfayonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ ykaAuwa[wk'd|dESifh ywfouf apm'emvTm trSwf (4) tus,foHk;oyf
qHk;jzwfMuukeftHh/
]*EA}taMumif; oHk;oyfcsuf
68/
y#doaEaejcif;ESifh
ywfouf
rlvyPmoygVdawmf?
r[mwPSmocF,okwf
y#doaEwnfaejcif;\ taMumif;oHk;yg;udk jy&mwGif1/ rdbavmif;ESpfOD; qHkqnf;jcif;

2/ rdcifavmif; OwkvmNyD;p jzpfjcif;
3/ y#doaEaernfh ow0gu aS;IwnfcdkufuHjcif; [laom
taMumif; 3-csufwdkUwGif eHygwf 3-taMumif;wGif *EAo'gjzifh a[mawmfrlxm;onf/ *EaAmwd
wwy*oawm [laom t|uxmESifh tnD trd0rf;wdkufodkU uyfa&mufxdkufaom pkawumeD;
ow0gudkom *EAt& ,lrnfjzpfaMumif; apm'uwdkUu wifjyMuonf/
OD;Ou|url
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
ESmacgif;rSxGufvmaom
Oom"mwfysuf
udkufnDatmif
MuHaqmifvsuf
0ga,m"mwfjzpfaMumif;
]]*EA}}udk
aumuf,lNyD;
vlaocgeD;
xdk*EA"mwfonf
avxJysHUvGifhaeNyD; oaE,lrnfh vlom;\ESmacgif;xJ0ifum okwfaoG;awGjzpfNyD; vlom;oaE&onf[k

awmfawmfav; MuHMuHzefzef tuGufqifxm;ayonf/
xdk*EAESifhywfouf
pdppfoHk;oyfMuukeftHh?
]]*EaAm}}[laomyk'fudk
o'genf;tm;jzifh
("mwkyp,0dbm*) "mwfypnf;cGJa0jcif;udk aS;OD;pGm y&aomf *EaAm *rk"mwf+wAypnf; jzpf\/ *rkoy p *wdrSd[laom "mwfusrf;rsm;t& *rk"mwfonf oGm;jcif; uyfa&mufjcif;teufudk a[monf/
wAypnf;onf
a,bk,stm;jzifh
abmuH
teufwdkU
a[mdk;Sdaomfvnf;
tyutm;jzifh
uwm;teufudkvnf; a[m\/ ]]udpvsL#mA[kvH}}[laom ygPDedo'gokwf 3-3-113 udk &nfTef;

]]'domeH [d y'geH A[kvm uwKom"eH o'0d'l rnEd}}[k rlvyPmo oAmo0okwf #Dum qdk\/
A[kvo'gaMumifh odkUaomyk'frsm;\ uwm;teuf NyD;pD;jcif;udk o'gq&mrsm; tvdkSdMuonf[k
qdkjcif; jzpf\/ wAypnf;onf uwm;a[mjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh *pwDwd *EaAm[k 0d*dvfy&rnf/
*pwd-trd0rf;wdkufodkU oGm;a&mufqJ (0g) oGm;a&mufxdkufonf ,ckyifoGm;a&mufawmhrnf? wd wom?
xdkUaMumifh/ *EaAm? *EArnf\/ a'g"pokwft& wAypnf;\ wudk "yxm;onf/ xdkUaMumifh
t|uxmq&m
zGifhxm;onfhtwdkif;
trd0rf;wdkufodkU
uyfa&mufwwfaom
(0g)
uyfa&mufrnfhqJqJjzpfaom ow0gudk ]]*EA}} t& aumuf,l&rnf/
440
tpodkU
,if;odkUqdkvQif rdbavmif;ESpfOD; qHkqnf;jcif; rdcifavmif; OwkvmNyD;pjzpfjcif; y#doaEaernfh

ow0gu aS;Iwnfvmjcif; [laom t*FgoHk;&yfonf r[mwPSmocF,okwfygVdawmf? t|uxm #Dum
tpOftvm,lenf;t& tvGef,kwdSdaom teuft"dyg,f jzpfayonf/
69/
xdk*EA [laom yk'fESifh pyfvsOf; ajrmufydkif; Ak'bmomusrf;rsm;u rnfodkUqdkoenf;[k
MunfhIoHk;oyfaomf q&mto*Fa&;onfh tbd"rorkp,rnfaom tbd"rmusrf;? opy&dap'tcef;

vnf;aumif;? q&mto*F\ nDawmfjzpfol q&m0okAEK a&;yaom tbd"raumo rnfaom
tbd"rmusrf; tcef;-3? *gxmeHygwf 14- vnf;aumif; atmufygtwdkif; qdkxm;onf/
umrbHkvnf;aumif;? lybHkvnf;aumif; y#doaE aernfhqJqJjzpfaom ow0g? tlybHkrS

pkawqJjzpfaom
ow0grsm;onf
ow0grsm;tm;
Mum;umv
b0ESpfckMum;
ckESpf&ufwdkifwdkif
oD;oefUb0wpfckSdonf/
wnfae
xdkb0wnfaom
aGUavsmonf/
xdkow0gonf kyfcEmryg? pdwfcsnf;oufouf jzpfonf? teHUudkpm;vsufaeonf/

(tbd"rorkp,? opy&dap')
jrefrmjyef
xdkMum;b0
wnfaom
ow0gonf
Zmwfwljzpfaom
ow0gwdkU\
oefUSif;aom
ewfrsufpdjzifhom jrifEdkifonf? urZd'dwefcdk;t[kef Sdonf/ rsufpd-em;-ESm-vQm-udk,f [laom yom'

tpHkSdonf/ tydwftyif twm;tqD; rSd? rnfolurQ rwm;qD;Edkif? teHU(0g) avudkom pm;onf/
(tbd"raumo) ajrmufydkif;usrf;tvdk *EA[laom yk'fudk ]]*EHt&f 0wd cg'wDwd *EaAm}}[k
tbd"raumo\ tzGifhAsmcsmjzpfaom qK#m&fx qdk\/ *EH? teHUudk/ (0g) avudk/ t&f0wD cg'wd?
pm;wwf\? wd wom? xdkUaMumifh/ aom? xdkow0gonf/ *EaAm? *EArnf\/ xdkajrmufydkif;usrf;q&m
to*F polwdkU\ tvdktm;jzifh *EAonf Mum;cHb0jzpfaom pdwfcsnf;oufoufSdaom ow0g[k
odtyfayonf/
70/
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77/
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4/
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447
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5/

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8/
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9/
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10/
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12/

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16/
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18/

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19/
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21/
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450
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27/
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28/
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29/
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31/
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32/
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33/
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34/
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36/
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xdk*Pdumokwf\ rl&if;tqdkrSm odkU jzpf\/

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tMuifolwdkUum;
453
tpodkU
xdkt,kwfw&m;ESpfyg;wdkUudk
t,kwfw&m;ESpfyg;
odaomaMumifh
xdkt,kwfw&m;
rusa&mufjcif;aMumifh
wPSm
rusa&mufMuukef?
rme
'd|dwdkUjzifh
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(rdrdudk,fudk)
txifrrSm;Muukef? xdkyk*dKvfwdkUtm; (vlewfponf) ynwf&ef 0#frSdawmhNyD}} (ck jref 1? 151/)

(O'gef;ygVd? *PDumokwf jrefrmjyef)
37/
okwfonf tpGef;ESpfyg; aSmifMuOf&ef a[maomokwf jzpfonf/ 31-bHk rSd? 31-bHkudk
y,faMumif; jyqdkxm;jcif; rSday/
ykPu rmP0ykpm
38/
t|racsycsuftaejzifh ocifjrwfqdkifu ykPurmP0ykpmudk Tef ]]vlewfjA[m b0udk
awmifhw voltm;vHk;onf b0udk wyfpGef;vsuf wPSmjzifh vaomaMumifh Zmwd Z&m r&P 0#fqif;&JrS
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r[kwfay? rl&if;ygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyef tjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
]]ykPu
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vlewfjA[m
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(okwedygwf jrefrmjyef)
39/
okwfonfvnf;
b0wPSmaMumifh
0#fqif;&Judk
rvGefajrmufEdkifaMumif;
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jyqdkaeayonf/
b0wPSmaMumifh
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Sdaeayonf/
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41/
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b0[lonf tenf;i,faom b0udkyif igrcsD;rGrf;? t,kwfqHk; vufwpfzspfpm tcsdefyif
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454
tpodkU
[laom pum;udk udk;um; b0onf rpifuJhodkUwnf;[l wifjyxm;avonf/

41/
b0onf rpifuJhodkU GHzG,faumif;onfrSm rSefvSay\? odkUrSefaomaMumifh b0SdonfrSm
xifSm;vSayonf/ pk'dwuonf okwfudk om"uyjcif;tm;jzifh 31-bHkSdaMumif;udk xkwfjyouJhodkU

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42/
'orajrmufacsycsuf taejzifh ocifjrwfqdkifu wd0kwf? 'd|d*wokwfwGif ygSdaom
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rZdry#dy'gtusifhjzifh
b0csKyf&m\}}[laom
om"uudk
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43/
pk'dwu udk;um;wifjyaom okwfonfvnf; b0rSdyHkudk rjyqdk? b0SdaeyHkudkom
jyqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ if;\ wifjycsufonf rl&if;ygVdawmfESif rnDHkrQru t"dyg,fvnf; jynfhpHkrI rSdacs?

rl&if;ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef tjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
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jywf\? ysufpD;\? aoonfrSaemuf rjzpfawmh? w&m;onf Nidrf;\? w&m;onf jywf\?
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455
tpodkU
[kwfrSefaom cEmig;yg;udk NiD;aiGU&ef wyfjcif;uif;&ef csKyf&efusifh\/ &[ef;wdkU odkUvQif

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teufoabmudk
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(wd0kwf? 'd|d*wokwf jrefrmjyef)
44/
'd|d*wokwf a'oemawmfonf rZdry#dy'gjzifh b0rS vGefajrmufyHkudk jyqdkaom
a'oemjzpfonf/
31-bHkrSd[k
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a[mawmfrljcif;
b0
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ESpfoufwwfukef\?
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,HkrSm;oHo, rSdtyfay/
'k||uokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
45/
y,fNyD;aom
{um'or om"utjzpf okwedygwf? 'k||uokwfwGif vmSdaom ]]rdpm'd|dt,ludk

&[Emonf
b0BuD;
b0i,fwdkU
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(okwedygwf? 'k||uokwf jrefrmjyef)
46/
Aswd&dwf
'k||uokwf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm &[Emyk*dKvftm; vm;&m*wdrSd[kyif jzpfayonf/

(tjyeftvSef)
tm;jzifh
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ykxkZOf
atmufzv|mefyk*dKvfwdkUtm;
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*k[|uokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
47/
'Gg'or
om"utjzpf
ocifjrwfqdkifu
okwedygwf?
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pum;udk
xkwfaqmif avQmufxm;avonf/
456
tpodkU
48/

okwf\ qdkvdk&if;rSm b0wPSmaMumifh b0rS rvGwfajrmufEdkifyHkudk a[mawmfrlaom
a'oemjzpfayonf/ 31-bHkrSd[k jiif;uG,f&ef om"urajrmufay? 31-bHkSdaeonf[k axmufcHaom

om"uom jzpfaeayonf/
apawmcdvokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
49/
aw&or om"utjzpf ocifjrwfqdkifu apawmcdvokwfudk tudk;ywifjyxm;onf/
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ESvHk;oGif;jcif;
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usifhaomf
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avQmufxm;oGm;avonf/
50/
apawmcdvokwf\ rl&if;jrefrmjyefrSm ocifjrwfqdkifwifjy ouJhodkU r[kwfay? xdkUaMumifh
tjynfhtpHkudk azmfjytyfayonf/
]]&[ef;wdkU
tusifhoDvjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
tm;xkwfrIjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;?
arxkefrS
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aSmifMuOfrIjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;
igonf
ewfaomfvnf; jzpf&tHh ewfrsdK;wGif tygt0ifaomfvnf; jzpf&tHh[k ewftrsdK;tpm; wpfyg;yg;udk

awmifhw
jrwfaomtusifhudk
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pdwfonf
tm;xkwfjcif;
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xdk&[ef;rjzwf&ao;aom ig;ckajrmufaom pdwf\taESmiftzGJU jzpf\}} (r jref 1? 151/)
(rlvyPmo? apawmcdvokwf jrefrmjyef)
51/
apawmcdvokwfonf
ewftrsdK;udk
awmifhw
usifhaom
&[ef;\
pdwftaESmiftzGJUjzpfaeyHk jyqdkaomokwfjzpfonf/ 31-bHk bk&m;y,faMumif; vHk;0rygay? ewftrsdK;tpm;

wpfyg;yg;udk azmfjyygSdaom okwfawmfudk tudk;tum;om"u yrdaomtm;jzifh 31-bHk bk&m;ry,faMumif;
31-bHk SdaMumif;udkyif pk'dwuwdkUtzdkU oG,f0dkuf 0efcH&m a&mufaeayonf/
arxkeokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
52/
pk'or om"utjzpf ocifjrwfqdkifu owuedygwf? arxkeokwfudk xkwfaqmif
]]ewftjzpfudk om,mjcif; tvdkSdjcif;onf jrwfaom omoem\ tusifh usdK;aygufjcif;yifwnf;/

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r&PrS
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'kurS
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wifjyvsuf
31-bHk
rSdaMumif;
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53/
arxkeokwf\ rl&if;jrefrmjyef t"dyg,f tjynfhtpHkrSm odkUjzpfonf/

]]xdkorPjA[Ponf xdkewf\tjzpfudk om,m\? xdkewf\ tjzpfudk tvdkSd\?
457
tpodkU
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tjzpfomvQif
ESpfoufjcif;odkU
a&muf\/
ykPm;
odkUom,mrIonfvnf;
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arxkefpyf,SOfrI ,SOfonfjzpf rpifMu,faom jrwfaom tusifhudk usifhol[k qdktyf\/
y#doaEaejcif;
tdkjcif;
aojcif;
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qif;&Jjcif;
ESvHk;rom,mjcif;
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(t*FkwdK&f? owuedygwf? arxkeokwf jrefrmjyef)
54/
arxkeokwf\
qdkvdk&if;onf
ewftjzpfudk
om,maomf
jrwfaomtusifh
usdK;aygufajymufusm;yHkudk jyqdk 0#f'kurS rvGwfuif;EdkifyHkudk a[mMum;aom a'oemjzpfonf/

ewftjzpf[k qdkaomaMumifh 31-bHkSdaeaMumif;rSm xifSm;jyefayonf/
a'0avmuokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
55/
yE&orajrmuf
aemufqHk;om"utjzpf
ocifjrwfqdkifu
t*FkwdK&fwduedygwf?
a'0avmuokwf ESm 131-wGifvmaom jrefrmjyefudk udk;um;wifjyoGm;avonf/

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t,lSdukefaom
y&dAdkZfu
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SufEdk;ukef&monf r[kwfavm? pufqkyfukef&monf r[kwfavm? &[ef;wdkU oifwdkUonf
ewfjzpfjcif;
NiD;aiGUukefaomf
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pufqkyfukefaomf
ewfjzpfaom
tqif;
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'kpdkufwdkUudkyg NiD;aiGU&m\? pufqkyf&m\? SufEdk;&m\}} (tif jref 1? 131/)
56/
bHkudk
tudk;om"u a'0avmuokwf t"dyg,fonfvnf; pk'dwu tvdkSdtyfaom 31-
Ak'vufrcH[k
xGufrvmay/
ewfb0
awmifhwjcif;
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31-bHk Sdonf) [laom t"dyg,fodkUom oufa&mufaejcif; jzpfayonf/
57/
trSwf-3 apm'em apm'uyk*dKvfwdkUu ]]OD;Ou|ESifhaemufvdkufwdkUonf 31-bHkudk
bk&m;a[mygvsuf ra[mav[ef vkyfMuHpGyfpGJaeygonf}}[k pGJqdk wifjyjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkpGJqdkcsufudk

acsy&mwGif pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifonf ]]Ak'onf b0udk tm;ray;? b0udk y,fonf}}[laom acsycsufudk
vufudkify
15-Budrfwdwd
ckcHumuG,foGm;avonf/
uJhodkU
okwfaygif;
t&mtaxmif
udk;um;aomfvnf; okwf\qdkvdk&if; t"dyg,fudk rodbJ udk;rdrSm;aomaMumifh udk,fhwGif;udk wl;&mom

a&mufaeawmh\/
58/
ocifjrwfqdkif udk;um;wifjyaom okwfawmfrsm;onf 31-bHkudk Ak'vufrcH[k t"dyg,f
r&SdbJ 31-bHkudk wG,fwm wyfrufaevQif b0rS rvGwfajrmufEdkif[laom t"dyg,frsdK;om &Sd 31-bHk
458
tpodkU
xifSm;SdaeaMumif; bk&m;a[mygVdawmfwGif 31-bHk trSefyif SdaeaMumif; tajzxGufavonf/ xdkUaMumifh

ocifjrwfqdkifonf apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU\ pGJqdkcsufudk ajyvnfatmif ajzSif;acsyjcif; ryEdkifonfudk
awGU&ayonf/
OD;cif[ef\ acsyvTmudk oHk;oyfcsuf

59/
,ckwpfzef
acsycsufudkvnf;
aumufEkwfazmfjy
pdppfoHk;oyf&ayrnf/ orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ Ou|jzpfol pk'dwu OD;cif[efu apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;

rlvpGJqdkcsuf tydk'faygif; Spfck&Sdonfhteuf (u) (c) (*) (C) (i) (p) ESifh (Z) trSwfjy pmydk'frsm;udk
vHk;0ajzqdkjcif;rybJ (q)trSwfyg tcsufudkom acsy Sif;vif;avonf/
60/
Sif;vif;yHkrSm apm'utSifjrwfwdkUonf tpGJywfwJukyfaTeef;awmfpmtkyfrS rdrdvdk&m
pmydk'fudk qGJxkwfNyD; rSm;,Gif;pGm apm'emxm;aMumif; tGefUwufum tpGJywfwJukyfaTeef;awmfpmtkyf

pmrsufESm-52wGif a&;om;xm;aom OD;Ou|\ pmtkyfudk azmfjyavQmufxm;avonf/
(q)
wefcdk;jym#d[mwdkUudkvnf;aumif;
vnf;aumif;?
ewfjynf
vnf;aumif;
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(tpGJywfwJukyf aTeef;awmfpmtkyf ESm-54)
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62/
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62/
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aMumufrufzG,faumif;vSaom i&JwdkUudk zefqif;cJhMuukef\}}
(tpGJywfwJukyf aTeef;awmf 62)
459
tpodkU
63/

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vufjzpfygVdtrSm;
64/
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upm,e . . .
avmuork', twd?
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(Ak'a*gwr)
66/
31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcHpmtkyfudk orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS oabmw&m;a&;wm0efcH
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taMumif;udk
apm'emtrSwf
(18)udk
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Sif;vif;jyqdkrnf jzpfonf/
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67/
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apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU\
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0daooapm'emudk
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31-bHkSdaMumif;
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"r[',0dbif;ygVd q|rl ESm 427-ESifh 436-udk axmuf(*) umr 11-bHk SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
(C) ly 16-bHk SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
(i) tly 4-bHk SdaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
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31-bHkESifhywfouf tvGefcdkifrmaom om"ursm; jzpfMuayonf/
31-bHk0g'[laom pum;udk pdppfcsuf

68/
NyD;cJhaom
pum;&yfwdkUjzifh
31-bHkqdkif&m
trSwf
(3)apm'emESifh
pyfvsOf;
apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU\ pGJqdkwifjycsufudk acsyaom pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU\ acsycsufudk a0zefpdppfjyjcif;

apm'emyk*dKvfwdkU\ 0daooapm'emudk a0zefpdppfjyjcif; udpESpf&yf NyD;jywfcJhayNyD/ ,ckwpfzef
qufvuf 31-bHkjyemESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ oD;jcm;okH;oyfcsufudk azmfjyaytHh/
461
tpodkU
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69/
0g'qdkonfrSm
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jrefrma0g[m&
pum;vHk;tjzpf
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teuf(7)rsdK;wdkUum;(u) pum;[laomteuf?
(c) ajymqdkjcif;[laomteuf?
(*) tjypfa'go[laomteuf?
(C) t,l[laomteuf?
(i) rdpmPf[laomteuf?
(p) ajymqdkonfh t&if;cHapwem [laomteuf?
(q) tjiif;tcHkpum;[laom teufwdkY jzpfayonf/
70/
t*Fvdyfbmom tpfZif
(ISM)
[laom pum;vHk;udk jrefrmjyefqdkaomtcg 0g'[l
jyefqdkMuonf? om"utm;jzifh (qdkS,fvpfZif;=qdkS,fvpf0g'? uGefjrLepfZif;=uGefjrLepf0g') ponfwdkU

jzpfayonf/ ,if; tpfZif[laom pum;udk zGifhqdkMu&m vufawGUaqmifGufrI ponfwdkUjzpfonf/
txufyg
t"dyg,f
zGifhqdkcsufrsm;t&
toifhavsmfqHk;udk
,lonfSdaomf
0g'[laompum;vHk;\ teufrSm ]pum;} odkYr[kwf ]t,l} [l jzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh 31-bHk 0g'[l&m

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t"dyg,ft& 31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH[laom a&;om;csuf\ teufudk zGifhqdkonfSdaomf 31bHkESifh pyfaompum; t,l[k qdk&ma&mufayonf/ onfum; 31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH[laom
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71/
txufwGif apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyonfh tudk;om"ursm;udk aocsmpGmzwfIygvQif
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jzpfMuayonf/
(1) i&JbHk?
(2) wd&pmefbHk?
(3) NydwmbHk?
462
tpodkU
(4) tok&um,fbHk?
(5) vlUbHk?
(6) pmwkr[m&mZf ewfbHk?
(7) wm0wom ewfbHk?
(8) ,mrm ewfbHk?
(9) wkodwm ewfbHk?
(10) edrme&wd ewfbHk?
(11) y&edrdw0o0wd ewfbHk?
(12) jA[yg&doZm jA[mbHk?
(13) jA[yka&m[dwm jA[mbHk?
(14) r[mjA[m jA[mbHk?
(15) y&dwmbm jA[mbHk?
(16) tyrmPm jA[mbHk?
(17) tmb&m jA[mbHk?
(18) y&dwokbm jA[mbHk?
(19) tyrmPokbm jA[mbHk?
(20) okbudPSm jA[mbHk?
(21) a0[ydKvf jA[mbHk?
(22) tonowf jA[mbHk?
(23) t0d[m jA[mbHk?
(24) twym jA[mbHk?
(25) ok'm jA[mbHk?
(26) ok'D jA[mbHk?
(27) tued| jA[mbHk?
(28) tumomem,we jA[mbHk?
(29) 0dnmPm,we jA[mbHk?
(30) tmudnm,we jA[mbHk?
(31) ae0onmemonm,we jA[mbHk/
463
tpodkU
72/

31-bHkpm&if;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom ygVdawmfrS
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[k rSwfcsufy wm0efrJh ajymqdka&;om;Muavonf/
31-bHkESifh ywfouf tcsufoHk;csuf

73/
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(u)
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(c)
'kwd,tcsuf 31-bHkom;wdkUtzdkU txdkuftavsmuf BuD;yGm;csrf;oma&; enf;vrf;rsm;udk

a[mMum;jcif;jzpfonf/
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a[mMum;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
74/
Sif;OD;tHh?
31-bHk?
31-b0SdaMumif;
a[mMum;jcif;onfum;
Ak'jrwfpGmonf
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jzpfonf/
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75/
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;
t"duOD;wnfcsuf
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76/
31-bHkom;wdkU taejzifh yg&rD tEkt&ifhvdkuf b0rS vHk;0rxGufajrmufEdkifao;onfh
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rlcJh&ayonf/
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or'gw&m;
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od*Fgavm0g'okwfpaom
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464
tpodkU
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77/
wGif tvsOf;oifh qdk&ayOD;rnf? Ak'jrwfpGmudk opmav;yg;w&m; teww&m;
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aeolrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkU\ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk(u)
rjynfhpHkaom bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;?
(c)
wpf,loef bk&m;tjzpfodkUvnf;aumif;?
(*)
avmuom;tm;vHk;wdkU\
aus;Zl;Sifr[kwf?
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78/
pd&H
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(c)
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31-bHkSdaMumif; om"ursm;
79/
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tajrmuftrsm;udk
yd#uwfusrf;*ef
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tok&H aywd0do,H? trkwm rm&AEem/ (ck-1? 257/)
465
tpodkU
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aewdygVdawmfwGifed&,*grD ra*g wd&pmea,med*grD ra*g aywd0do,*grD ra*g tok&a,meda,m ra*g
o**grda,m ra*g rEk*grD ra*g/ (ck-10? 62/)
[lvnf;aumif;
a[mxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf? wd0kwf ygVdawmfESifh aewdygVdawmfvm a'oemawmfrsm;t&
tyg,fav;bHk ewfjynf 6-xyf vlUbHktm;jzifh-umr 11-bHk txiftSm;SdaMumif; odEdkifayonf/
wpfzef t*Fkw&ygVd? wduedygwf? ESm-213? 214? 215 wGifvnf;aumif;? 0dbif;ygVdawmf? ESm 437?
438?
439
wGifvnf;aumif;
ewfjynf
6-xyfudk
trnfESifhwuG
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0dbif;ygVdawmf? ESm-439? 440? 441 wGif jA[m 20-wdkU\ trnfudk oufwrf;ESifhwuG
a[mMum;xm;onfudk awGUSdEdkifayonf/ ygVdawmft& 31-bHk trSefyifSdaeonf qdkaomtcsufudk
oHo,uif;pGm vufcH,HkMunfxdkufayonf/
,rdkufygVdawmfvm 31-bHkrsm;
80/
txufazmfjyyg
ygVdawmfrsm;tjyif
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tenf;i,f xkwfazmf jy&ygvQif(u)
cE,rdkuf ygVdawmf yxrpmtkyf ESm-31? 32 wGif (tonoaw) (ya0guma&)

(tlay) [laom trnfemrwdkUudk wyf a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowfbHk?
ya0gum&bHk? tlybHkwdkU SdaMumif;udk odEdkifayonf/
(c)
tm,we,rdkuf? ygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? ESm 48-wGif (lyg0pa&) (umrm0pa&)

(tonoaw) [laom trnfemrwdkUudkwyf a[mxm;aomaMumifh lyjA[mbHk?
umr0p&bHk?
tonowf
jA[mbHkwdkU
SdaeaMumif;udkvnf;
tm,we,rdkufudk
axmuf odEdkifayonf/
(*)
op,rdkufygVdawmf? yxrtkyf? ESm-213? 215-wGif (tonoaw) (pwka0guma&)

(ya0guma&) (tyga,) [laom trnfemrrsm;udk wyf a[mxm;aomaMumifh
tonowf
jA[mbHk? cEmav;yg; SdaombHk? cEmig;yg;SdaombHk? tyg,fbHkwdkU
SdaeaMumif;udkvnf;
(C)
op,rdkufudkaxmuf odEdkifayonf/
ocFg&,rdkuf? 'kwd,pmtkyf? ESm-7-wGif (yXrZmae) (lyg0pa&) (tlyg0pa&) [laom

trnfemrwdkYudk
wyfa[mxm;aomaMumifh
lyg0p&bHk?
tlyg0p&bHkrsm;
466
tpodkU

Sdaeonfqdkaom tcsufudk ocFg&,rdkufudk axmufq odEdkifayonf/
(i)
"r,rdkuf ygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-9-wGif (tonoaw) (pwka0guma&)

(ya0guma&) [laom trnfemrwdkUudk wdkufdkuf a[mxm;aomaMumifh tonowf
jA[mbHk?
cEmig;yg;SdaombHk cEm av;yg; SdaombHkrsm;udkvnf; "r,rdkufudk
axmufp odEdkifayonf/
(p)
Èd, ,rdkuf ygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-124-wGif (tonoaw) (tlay)

(ya0guma&) [laom trnfwdkUudk wdkufdkuf a[mxm;aomaMumifh cEmwpfyg;Sdaom
tonowfbHk?
cEmav;yg;Sdaom
tlybHk?
cEmig;yg;Sdaom
ya0gum&bHkwdkU
SdaeaMumif;udkvnf; Èd, ,rdkufudk axmufq odEdkifjyefayonf/

(q)
tEko, ,rdkufygVdawmf? wwd,pmtkyf? ESm-61-wGif (ly"mwk,m) (tly"mwk,m)

(umr"mwk,m) [laom trnfudk oHk;oyf a[mxm;aomaMumifh ly 16-bHk?
tly
4-bHk? umr 11-bHk tm;jzifh 31-bHk trSefyif SdaMumif;udk tEko,,rdkufudk axmufq

odEdkifayonf/
um; 31-bHk SdaMumif; t>rufrQazmfjyvdkufjcif; jzpfayonf/ ,rdkuf ygVdawmf wpfusrf;vHk;wGif
31-bHk
trnfrsm;udk
omav,suokwfwGif
tBudrfrsm;pGm
31-bHkwdkU\
a[mxm;cJhayonf?
trnfrsm;ESifh
txl;ojzifh
rlvyPmo
a&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
ygVdawmf?
twdtvif;
a[mMum;xm;cJhayonf/
31-bHka&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm;
81/
31-bHkSdaMumif;udk jyqdkNyD;aemuf ,ckwzef 31-bHka&mufaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkvnf;
jyqdk&ayOD;rnf/ 31-bHkudk trsdK;tpm; cGJjcm;MunfhvQif 'k*wdbHk? ok*wdbHk[l 2-rsdK; 2-pm; uGJjym;onfudk

awGU&ayonf/ tyg,fav;bHkudk 'k*wdbHk[k ac:? usefbHkrsm;udk ok*wdbHk[k ac:qdkonf/
(u) t"rp&d,m=rw&m;usifhjcif; (tukodkvfapwem)
(c) 0dorp&d,m=rnDrrQusifhjcif; (tukodkvfapwem)
wdkUaMumifh
tyg,fbHkodkU
usa&mufEdkifaMumif;
rlvyPmoygVdawmf?
omav,suokwfwGif
atmufygtwdkif; a[mxm;cJhayonf/
]]t"rp&d,m0dorp&d,ma[wk acg *[ywa,m {0rda"uap owm um, ab'g
y&H r&Pm tyg,H 'k*w 0dedygwH ed&,H OyyZEd}} (r? 1? 354/)
jrefrmjyef
]]ol<u,fwdkU rw&m;rI? rrQwrIudk yvkyfjcif; taMumif;aMumifh avmu tcsdKUaom
ow0gwdkUonf udk,fcEmysufpD; aoonfrSaemuf csrf;omuif;aom? raumif;aom vm;&m
467
tpodkU
ysufpD; us&mi&JodkU a&mufMu&ukef\}}/ (rjref 1? 467/)

82/
ok*wdbHkb0odkU a&mufEdkifjcif;\ taMumif;rSmvnf;(u) "rp&d,m=w&m;ojzifh usifhjcif; (ukodkvfapwem)

(c) orp&d,m=nDrQpGm usifhjcif; (ukodkvfapwem)
wdkUaMumifh jzpfaMumif; rlvyPmoygVdawmfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a[mxm;cJhayonf/

]]"rp&d,morp&d,ma[wk acg *[ywa,m {0rda"uap owm um, ab'g y&H
r&Pm ok*w o*H avmuH OyyZEd}} (r? 1? 355/)
jrefrmjyef
]]ol<u,fwdkU w&m;rI? rQwrIudk yvkyfjcif; taMumif;aMumifh avmu tcsdKUaom
ow0gwdkUonf udk,fcEmysufpD; aoonfrSaemuf aumif;aomolwdkU\ vm;&m ewfjynfodkU
a&mufMuukef\}}/ (rjref 1? 366-7/)
rSwfcsuf/
/ rlvyPmo ygVdawmf? omav,suokwfwGif tyg,fbHk? ewfjynf 6-xyf? jA[mbHk
20-wdkU\ trnfESifhwuG a&mufaMumif; w&m;rsm;udkyg twdtvif; a[mMum;xm;ayonf/
31-bHky,f 0g'udk pdppfjcif;
31-bHky,f0g'onf
vlaovljzpf0g'D
OD;Ou|ESifh
ol\aemufvdkuf
wynfhtcsdKU\
0g'jzpfonf/ xdkyk*dKvfwdkUonf 31-bHk0g'? Ak'vufrcHaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk a&;om;jzefUa0jcif;

a[majymjcif;rsm;
yvkyfaeMuaomfvnf;
avhvmoifMum;zl;Muaom
tenf;i,frQudkom
olrsm;um;
avhvmcJhMuolwdkU
pifppfrl
r[kwfMuay/
jzpfonf/
Ak'yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk
jrefrmjyef
yd#uwfESifh
(taMumif;udk
tajccHusus
t*Fvdyfbmomjyef
EdkifiHawmf
oD;jcm;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; ar;jref;pdppfpOfu pk'dwuwdkUudk,fwdkif &[ef;? Sif? vl y&dwfowfrsm;\aSU

Hk;awmfwGif 0efcHcJhMuNyD; jzpfonf/)
31-bHkudk tb,fhaMumifh y,fMuoenf;

84/
pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;onf tb,fhaMumifh 31-bHkudk oJoJrJrJ y,faeMuoenf;/ tcsufudk
pl;prf;SmazGaomtcg atmufyg OD;Ou|\ oabmw&m; cH,lcsufudk awGU&ayonf/

]]xdkUaMumifh vlom;onf awG;awmqifjcif&ayrnf? tjyeftvSef ppfaq;a0zef&ayrnf
(p-o-C-Z-u) qdkwJh ol\ yom'kyfig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;y ae&ayrnf/}}
(tpGJywf wJukyfaTeef;awmf? ESm-52-53-rS)
txufyg pum;&yfonf OD;Ou|pGJudkifaom tajccH oabmw&m;udk azmfjyvsuf Sdayonf/
yom'kyfig;ckudk pOf;pm; a0zefrItm;vHk;\ tajccHtjzpf qkyfudkifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ]]yom'kyf
468
tpodkU
ig;ckudk tjrJrjywf toHk;yae&ayrnf/}} [laom OD;Ou|\ TefMum;csufonf vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|0g'D?

orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU\ r@dKifoabmxm;yif jzpfayonf/
uJhodkU (rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,f)[laom vufSdvlwdkU\ yom'kyf ig;ckudkom toHk;cs
,if;yom'kyf ig;ckwdkUjzifh ae&mwum wdkif;wmMunfhaeMuygu tb,fodkUvQif tjrifrSef&EdkiftHhenf;/
OD;Ou|\ tawG;tac:wGif raem0dnmPf\ tcef;u@um; vHk;0 aysmufuG,fvsuf Sdayonf/
Ak'w&m;awmf ygSdaom ewfbHk? i&JbHk? 31-bHkESifh wefcdk;tbdnmOf ponfwdkUrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u
xl;aom raem0dnmPfjzifh odjrif&Sd a[mMum;cJhaom t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/ xdkt&mrsm;ESifh ywfouf
vufcH ,HkMunfa&;onfvnf; raem0dnmPfudk toHk;csrSomvQif jzpfEdkifayonf/
85/
,ck OD;Ou|ESifh wynfhwdkUonf if;wdkU\ (p-o-C-Z-u)[laom yom'kyf
ig;yg;udkom trSefw&m;\ wdkif;wmrI aywHwpf&yftjzpf toHk;csNyD; azmfjyyg bk&m;a[m w&m;rsm;udk

wdkif;wm MunfhMujcif; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/ ewfbHk? i&JbHk? 31-bHkESifh wefcdk;tbdnmPf
ponfwdkUudk
rdrdwdkU\
vufSdrsufpdjzifh
rjrifMu&aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;?
ewfoH?
i&JoHESifh
wefcdk;tbdnmPfoHwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ yuwdem;jzifh rMum;&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? ewf&eHU? i&J&eHUESifh

wefcdk;tbdnmPf&eHUwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ arG;&myg ESmacgif;jzifh teHUcH r&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;?
ewft&om?
i&Jt&om?
wefcdk;tbdnmPf
t&omwdkUudk
rdrdwdkU\
yifudkvQmjzifh
vsuf
r&aomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ewftawGU? i&JtawGU? wefcdk; tbdnmPftawGUwdkUudk rdrdwdkU\ rdarG;wdkif;?

zarG;wdkif;vufrsm;jzifh udkifwG,fprf;oyf r&MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? xdkUjyif yom'ig;yg;wdkU\
tuljzpfaom rSefajymif;ponfwdkUjzifh MunfhI rjrifMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ewfbHk? i&JbHkrSd? 31bHkrSd? wefcdk;tbdnmPfrSd ponfjzifh a&;om; a[majym aeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; awGUSd&ayonf/
86/
OD;Ou|ESifh wynfhwdkUonf uJhodkUaom yom'kyf0g'Drsm;jzpfMuav&m olwdkU\0g'udk
xlaxmif jzefUjzL;&m usm;uefay;&eftvdkUiSm yd#uwfoHk;yHkxJrS okwfw&m;tcsdKUudk vGJrSm;pGm xkwfaqmif

udk;um;Muvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkU\ vufjzpfygVdrsm;udk bk&m;a[mygVdrsm;tjzpf zefwD;Muvnf;aumif;?
xdkxdkpmtkyfrsm;udk xdkxdkae&mrsm;wGif azmfjyaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; twdtvif;awGUMu&ayonf/ trSefpifppf
rsufpdponfjzifh jrifawGU&rS (0g) yom'ig;yg;jzifh prf;oyf&rS rSefuefonf[k bk&m;a[mpmay vHk;0
rSday/ yom'ig;yg; kyfw&m;udkom qkyfudkifxm;aom0g'onf Ak'0g'r[kwfay/
87/
awGU&ayonf/
vlaovljzpf0g'udk wDxGifol OD;Ou|udk,fwdkif t,l0g'a&;&m jywfom;rI rSdonfudk

31-bHky,f0g'ESifh
vlaovljzpf0g'
ESpfcktMum;
vIyfSm;
,drf;,dkifaeonfudk
awGU&ayonf/ om"uudk jy&ygrl]]Ak'\ ur0g'onf ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;wGifom usufpm;aMumif;udk tjywftowf

rSwf,ltyfavonf/ vkyfwdkif;ukef;\ [dkrSmbuf Sdonf[l vufdI;xdk;um Tefjytyfaom
raem'Gg&wdkufxGuf tEkrmersm;udk yufyufpufpuf wdkufzsufypf&ef rkcs vdkvm;tyfavonf/}}
469
tpodkU
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tBudrfdkuf? ESm-51-[laom a&;om;csufonf aovQifjywf\ (aemufb0rSd)

[laom Oap'0g'udk vufcHaMumif; odomayonf/
wzef]]vlom;onf
aoNyD;aemuf
qufvuf
jzpfae&OD;rnfqdkvQif
vlrSwyg;
tjcm;aomow0gtjzpfodkU ra&mufEdkif/}}
(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? ESm-306)
[ka&;om;xm;jyef&m
a&;om;csufonf
owoabmudk
vufcHaMumif;
aMujimonfhoabm
oufa&muf aejyefonf/
88/
OD;Ou|onf vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 51- aoNyD;onfrSaemuf jywf\[laom
t,ltqudk a&;om;NyD; jzpfygvsuf? ,if;pmtkyf pmrsufESm 306-wGifrl vlaoNyD;aemuf vlyifquf

jzpf&rnf[laom owoabmudk qdkjyefavonf/ ol\a&;om;csuft& OD;Ou|onf 31-bHky,f0g'ESifh
vlaovljzpf0g' 2-cktMum; pdwfxm; rwnfrNidrf Sdaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ wenf;qdkaomf
OD;Ou|onf ow0g'vnf;Sd? Oap'0g'vnf; Sdaeayonf/ t,l0g'a&;&m rSm;onfjzpfap?
rSefonfjzpfap jywfom;&rnfjzpfonf/ OD;Ou|rSmrl oabmw&m;a&;&m rydkifaomaMumifh ,ckuJhodkU
a,mif0g;0g; ,lqa&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfrdayonf/ uJhodkU q&m
rjywfom;rIaMumifh b0jywfjcif;ESifh vljyefjzpfjcif;[laom 0g' 2-ckudk wpfydifeuf udkifpGJxm;aom
q&mBuD;\ aemufvdkufwynfhwdkUvnf; xdkxdk tvDvDuGJjym; a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm; jzpfaeMuonfrSm
rxl;qef;vSay/
89/
31-bHky,f0g'DwdkUteuf tcsdKUwdkUonf vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufcHMu tcsdKUwdkUu
vlaovljzpf 0g'udk vufrcHMuacs/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufrcHMuolwdkUonf aovQifjywf\[laom

t,lpGJSd Oap''d|dwdkU jzpfMuonf/ vlaovljzpf0g'udk vufcHMuukefaom olwdkUonf b0rjywf (b0
wpfqufwnf;)[laom ow'd|dodkU ,drf;aomolrsm; jzpfMuukefonf/ odkU uGJjym;MuaomaMumifh
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkcsuf 21-csufwdkUwGif (vlaovljzpf0g')pGJcsufudk tcsdKUuom ajzSif;
tcsdKUu jyefvnfajzSif;jcif; ryMuacs/ ajzSif;jcif;ryMuaom orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUonf rdrdwdkU
q&mBuD;\ 0g'udk(rESpfoufonfhwdkifatmif) ypfy,f&ef 0efav;aeMuukef[efwl\/ odkU&mwGif ,if;odkU
ajzSif;jcif; ryMuaomolwdkUonf ]]qdwfqdwfae oabmwl}}xHk;jzifh apm'uq&mawmfwdkU pGJqdkonfhtwdkif;
[kwfrSef\[k 0efcHaomoabmodkU oufa&mufaeayonf/
470
tpodkU

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\qHk;jzwfcsuf
90/
ukodkvfuH
31-bHkESifhywfouf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHw&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&ayrnf/

(okpdkufw&m;)aMumifh
'k*wdb0odkUusa&muf&jcif;
ok*wdb0odkUa&muf&jcif;
[laomtodw&m;
rxm;Sdol
tukodkvfuH
rSeforQ
('kpdkufw&m;)aMumifh
31-bHkudk
vufrcHvdkbJ
raumif;aomtMuH? raumif;aomtajym? raumif;aomtytrlrsm; yvkyf&ef 0efav;Murnfr[kwfay/

ow0gwdkU\
pdwfonf
]]ygyo
&rwd
raem}}[laom
Ak'a'oemt&
tukodkvfbufom
arGUavsmfwwfaom oabmSd&um; rdpmouFySdolwdkUtaejzifh uHy,f? bHky,f0g'rsm; xGef;um;cJhaomf

ukodkvfudk
ypfy,fjcif;
ay:aygufvmukef&m\/
tukodkvfudk
uJhodkU
vufcHjcif;paom
uHy,f?
bHky,f0g'rsm;
rvdkvm;tyfaom
rxGef;um;?
jzpf&yfwdkUonf
rjyefUyGm;ap&ef?
Ak'\yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk o'gw&m; cdkifcdkifxm; avhvm tm;xkwf&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ayonf/

trSwf(3) pGJqdkcsufESifh ajzSif;csufwdkUudk cHiHk oHk;oyfMunfh&mwGif apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\
pGJcsufudk pk'dwuwdkUbufrS ajyvnfatmif rajzSif;EdkifaMumif; awGU&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh 31-bHkudk
y,faom0g'onf oH*g,em 6-wefwif ax&0g' yd#uwfa'oemawmfESifh qefUusifHkrQru avmu
vlom;taygif;wdkUtm;vnf; raumif;rI xGef;um;a&;udk wGef;tm;ay;aom 0g'jzpfaomaMumifh t"r0g'
ppfppfjzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
471
tpodkU

apm'emtrSwf(4)
uH-uH\ tusdK;udky,fjcif;ESifh pyfaom0dedp,
Ak'bmom\ tajccHjzpfaom uH-uH\tusdK;w&m;
ouf0if,HkMunfrI ysufpD;atmif zsufqD; aeMujcif;ESifh ywfouf
apm'em aom"em 2-&yfudk a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf
1/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u-
(u)
aumif;rI
aumif;wmudk
aeUruGm
nrvyf
'vpyftm;xkwf
yvkyfud;yrf;ol
vlom;twGuf te*tzdk;wef trsdK;rSef qkvmbfrsm;ESifh bHkeef;rsm;udk wpfcrf;wem; pDrH

xm;cJhMuukef\/
y/
pifppf
vdk&if;rSm
pdwful;oufoufjzifh
vlom;pdwfudk
jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif cHMuukef\? ajcmufvSefUcJhMuukef\/

(vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,ESdyf? ESm-14)
(c)
]]tEdkUtck 'Db0 aumif;pm;csrf;om aewmawG[m aS;b0u y&Hy& b0b0u ukodkvf

r[kwf&bl;aygh}} ]][-'gu b,faS;aS;u uHrSr[kwfbl;/ y/ bk&m;tvdkawmh t"rwJh
w&m;r[kwf vdkU qdkwmyJ}}/
(*)
(vlaovljzpf jyem ESm-158-159)
ukodkvf tukodkvf tusdK;w&m;[lonfum; taMumif;aMumifh tusdK; rjywfqufonf[k

uruwvrf;*dkPf;rS ,HkMunfaom w&m; jzpf\/ xdkw&m;onf jAm[Pa0'
a'oemrS
jrpfzsm;cH
pD;qif;vmaom
w&m;jzpfav&m
tm;ay;aeaom w&m;jzpfonf/
(C)
Ak'\
rl&if;a'oemrsm;
(Ak'0dyem 1-ESm-146)
twdwfuHudk
tpGJyaom
tukodkvfrsdK;tm; pGJolvufcH ,HkMunf&ef rygrSday/

(i)
oHo&mvnfaea&;udkom
y&Hy&
urm0p&ukodkvf
(Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m; ESm-57)
t0dZm wPSm Oyg'gef uH ocFg& [laom twdwfb0 taMumif;uHaMumifh ,ck

ypub0rSm
jzpfvm&onf
0dPf
emrfkyf
ponfjzifh
oVm,we
twdwfb0
za0'em[laom
taMumif;aMumifh
tusdK;w&m;rsm;
,ckb0
tusdK;w&m;
vmjzpf&onf [laomt,ltqrSm twvrf;pOf 0dOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om jzpfonf/

(0drkw&ot&aumufusrf; ESm-22-23)
odkYaom
pk'dwuwdkU\
a&;om;csufrsm;udk
xkwfjy
OD;Ou|ESifhaemufvdkuf
orm'd|dokawoe0g'D polwdkUonf Ak'omoemawmf\ tajccHrlvjzpfaom uruwm orm'd|dudkyif

ykaAuwa[wk'd|dESifh a&maxG;um vGJrSm;pGm ajymqdk ,lqMuaMumif;? uHESifhuH\tusdK;udk y,fvdkufvQif
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh tH0if*Gifus jzpfrnf[kwGufq uHESifhuH\tusdK;wdkUudk y,fSm;aom pum;wdkUudk
472
tpodkU
ajymrSm; a&;rSm;MuaMumif;[k omrnapm'em wifoGif;Muonf/

2/
wzef? Oy&dyPmoygVd? plVur0db*Fokwf ESm-244-vmaom ]]urum rP0
owm}} vkvif ow0gwdkUonf rdrdwdkU yvkyfaom uHomvQif udk,fydkifOpm Sdukef\paom om"u?

wd0kwuygVd? wyed,okwf ESm-212-vmaom ]]raem'kp&dwH uwGm}} paom om"u? ,if;ygVdawmf
twyed,okwf ESm-213-vmaom ]]um,'kp&dwH [dwGm}} paom om"uwdkUudk xkwfjyukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHaMumifh ow0gwdkU t,kwftjrwf uGJjym;&yHk? ok*wd'k*wdvm;&yHk
ponfwdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhaMumif;/
t*Fkw&ygVd? wduedygwf ESm-133- ]],H bdua0 avmbyuwH urH}} paom om"uudk
xkwfjy rsufarSmufb0 tusdK;ay;aomuH? 'kwd,b0 tusdK;ay;aomuH? wwd,b0rSp wpfcsdefcsdef
tusdK;ay;aomuH[l
EdIufaomvufonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;
csufcsif;jzLovdk?
a[mawmfrlygvsuf
uw&map;ykef;xJ
vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|wdkUu
EdIufaomvufonf
xHk;tdk;xJ
csufcsif;eufovdk?
ikyfoD;udkpm;vQif csufcsif;pyfovdk? Ak'\ur0g'onf ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;om jzpfav[ef vkyfMuH

a&;om;MuaMumif;/
oDvuE0*ygVd? ESm-56? 59wdkY vmaom ]]'gaee 'are oH,are}} paomom"uESifh ]]ewd
r[m&mZ 'dEH}} paom om"u? ,if;\ t|uxm ESm-150 vmaom ]]ww urH y#dAm[aEemyd
0dygaum y#dAm[dawm a[mwd}} paom om"uwdkUudk xkwfjy OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkuf yk*dKvfwdkU\
0g'onf ,ckacwfrS ay:vmonfh topftqef;r[kwfbJ? bk&m;Sifvufxufuyif ay:aeNyD;jzpfaom
yl&Puy? ruvda*gomv? tZdwauourvac: urmausmf wdwdq&mBuD;wdkU\ 0g'omjzpf
t"r0g'omjzpfaMumif;[l 0daooapm'emwifoGif;Muonf/
3/
xdkapm'emudk pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifuacsy&m-
(u)
oVm,we0*oH,kwf? ureda&m"okwf 340-wGif edAmefudk uHcsKyf&m[k qdktyf\[l

a[mMum;aMumif;?
(c)
r[m0*oH,kwf? yygwokwf-399 wGif uHonf y,f&efw&m;jzpfaMumif;? uHaysmfolonf

qif;&JrS rvGwfEdkifaMumif;udk a[mxm;ygaMumif;?
(*)
r[m0*oH,kwf? tEum&okwf 402-wGif uHaysmfolwdkUonf tarSmifwGif;usaeolom

jzpfaMumif;udk a[mawmfrlaMumif;?
(C)
t*FkwdK&f? {uedygwf? aum|duokwf 188-wGif ]]Sifom&dykw&mu xdkuJhodkU uHwdkUudk

cHpm;&ef r[kwf? rod&ao;aom opmav;yg;vnf;aumif;? xdkopmav;yg;udk odNyD;
xdk;xGif;em;vnf od&efvnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;xH usifhoHk;yg\[k ajz\}}[l
a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
473
tpodkU
(i)

ynmrJhrsm;omvQif
uHudk,Hk\[k
okwedygwf?
'G[wmEkyemokwf
380-wGif
uHy,fa&;qdkif&m rsm;udkvnf; a[mxm;aMumif;?

(p)
r[m0* aAmZ*FoH,kwf? wPSmu,okwf 128-wGif ]]wPSmukefjcif;aMumifh uHukef\/

olUukefjcif;aMumifh qif;&J'ku ukefqHk;jcif;odkU a&muf\}}[k a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
(q)
rZdryPmo?
Oygvdokwf
41-wGif
]]Ak'Sifawmfu
wyoD
raumif;rIyjcif;
aumif;rIyjcif;wdkU uHoHk;yg;udkom igbk&m; ynwf\/ tb,f uHoHk;yg;enf;[lrl

um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdkUwnf;}}[l rdefUawmfrlaMumif;?
(Z)
raumif;rI
tukodkvfyolwdkif;
tyg,fodkUus\qdkaom
pum;onf
uHudk
vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udk oVm,weoH,kwf? ocF"rokwf 499-wGif

a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
(ps)
uHtm;vHk;rS
pGefUolonfomvQif
qif;&Jtaygif;rS
vGwfaMumif;udk
okwedygwf?
obd,okwf 340-wGif awGU&aMumif;?

(n)
zaMumifh
uHajrmuf\[k
t*FkwdK&f
owuedygwf?
edaA"duokwf
456-wGif
a[mxm;aMumif;?
(#)
okwedygwf? 'G,wmEkyemokwf 373-wGif uHjywfrS oHo&mjywfaMumif;udk Ak'bk&m;

a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
(X)
O'gef; tm,kocFga&mZeokwf 139-wGif Ak'bk&m;Sifonf uHtm;vHk;udk y,fpGefUyHkudk

a[mMum;xm;aMumif;?
txufygokwef
taxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifh
ukodkvf
tukodkvfwdkU\
taMumif;tusdK;udk
qufcgrjywf usifvnfwwfaom b0oHo&m\ taxmuftul uHw&m;wdkUudk pGefUy,fawmfrlaMumif;

wifjy tyfygonfbk&m;[k acsyavonf/
pk'dwuwdkU\ aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

(u) yXraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf
4/
edAmefonf
pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkifu ]]oVm,we0*oH,kwf? ureda&m"okwf 340-wGif ]]&[ef;wdkU

um,uH?
0pDuH?
raemuHwdkU\
csKyfjcif;aMumifh
udavomrS
vGwfajrmufaom
t&[wzdkvftmHk jzpf\/ &[ef;wdkU edAmefudk uHcsKyf&m[k qdktyf\}}[l a[mMum;xm;ygonf

bk&m;}}[k aom"emavonf/
om"u pum;&yf ]]t&[wzdkvf tmkH jzpf\}}[laom pum;onf rSm;,Gif; aeonf?
]]t&[w zdkvfodkU tmkH\tjzpfjzifh a&muf\}}[kom jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ okwf ]]edAmefudk
uHcsKyf&m}}[k a[mawmfrlonfum; rSef\/ edAmefonf uHomru kyfcEmtm;vHk; csKyfNidrf;onfh
474
tpodkU
tocFw"mwfom jzpf\/ odkUaomf aS;twdwfuH rSd [lum; a[mawmf rrlay/ aS;twdwfuH

SdaMumif;udk okwf\ tpyif]]&[ef;wdkU topfta[mif; jzpfaomuHwdkUudk vnf;aumif;? uH\csKyf&mudk vnf;aumif;?
uHcsKyf&modkU a&mufaomtusifhudk vnf;aumif; a[maytHh}}[k 0efcHawmfrlNyD;vQif ]]&[ef;wdkU rsufpdonf
uHa[mif;rnf\(taMumif;t&mwdkUu) yjyiftyf\? (apwem [laom twdwfuHu) pDrHtyf\? cHpm;rI
a0'em\ taMumif;[k I&rnf}}[ka[mawmfrlonf/
(oVm,weoH,kwygVd-346? t|uxm-46? jrefrmjyef-340)
okwf ]]rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\}}[laom pum;&yf0,f rsufpdonf ta[mif;r[kwf?
uHomvQif ta[mif;jzpfonf/ uHa[mif;aMumifh jzpf&onfhtwGuf taMumif;uH\trnfudk tusdK;rsufpd
wifpm; Oypm&tm;jzifh ]]rsufpdonf uHa[mif;rnf\}}[ka[mawmfrlonf/
(,if; t|uxm-46)
okwfjzifh pk'dwuyk*dKvfqdkvdkaom ]]uH uH\tusdK;rSd}}[laom teufudk rjyEdkif? apm'u

q&mawmfrsm; qdkvdkaom ]]uH uH\tusdK; Sd\}}[laom teufudkom jyaomaMumifh pk'dwuyk*dKvftwGuf
om"u
rajrmufkHrQru?
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\
tqdkudkyg
axmufcH&m
a&mufayonf/
pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkifonf ureda&m"okwf\ av;eufaom "ra&;&mudk rod&om tm;udk;ckcH

rdjcif;jzpfayonf/
(c) (*) 'kwd,? wwd,aom"emwdkYudk oHk;oyfcsuf

5/
if;aemuf uHonf y,f&efw&m; jzpfaMumif;udk vnf;aumif;? uHaysmfolonf qif;&JrS
rvGwfEdkifaMumif;udk vnf;aumif;? if;aemuf uHaysmfolwdkUonf tarSmifwGif; usaeolom jzpfaMumif;udk

vnf;aumif; 'kwd,? wwd, acsycsufrsm;tjzpf avQmufxm;avonf/
6/
pk'dwuwifjyaom yygwokwf? tEum&okwfwdkU bk&m;Sif\ a[mawmfrlvdk&if;
t"dyg,f tusOf;csKyfrSm ]]opmav;yg;wdkUudk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGmrodMuol orPjAm[PwdkUonf Zmwd? Z&m?

r&P? aomu? y&da0'? 'ku? a'gre? Oyg,mowdkUudk jzpfapwwfaom uHocFg&wdkUudk yMuukef\/
xdkodkU yMuaomaMumifh Zmwd? Z&m? r&P? aomu? y&da0'? 'ku? a'gre? Oyg,mownf;[laom
acsmufurf;yg; tarSmifxk usa&mufMu&ukef\/ xdkolwdkUonf Zmwd? Z&m? r&P? aomu? y&da0'? 'ku?
a'gre? Oyg,mo[laomqif;&JrS rvGwfukef}}[ljzpfayonf/
7/
Sif;vif;csuf- okwfwdkU ]]um; qif;&Jwnf;[k rodMuukef}} paom pum;awmfjzifh
opmav;yg;wdkUudk rodatmifzHk;vTrf;wwfaom t0dZmudkjyawmfrlonf/ ]]uH ocFg&wdkU arGUavsmf

ukef\}}[laom pum;awmfjzifh wPSmEko,udk jyawmfrlonf/ tcsufESpf&yfonf ta&;BuD;vSaom
aomhcsuf pum;wdkUaywnf;/ t0dZmESifh wPSmEko, ruif;Muao;aom ykxkZOf? aomwmyef? ou'g*grf?
tem*grfwdkUonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwnf;[laom ocFg&wdkUudkyMu Zmwdponfjzpfum 'kurS
475
tpodkU
rvGwfMuukef\[kqdkvdkonf/
a'oemawmfjzifh pk'dwuwdkU qdkouJhodkU ]],ckb0 tusdK;w&m;onf aS;uH taMumif;aMumifh
r[kwf}}[laomteufudk rjy? ]]uH uH\tusdK;rSd}}[laom teufudkvnf; rjyacs/ ygVdawmf\
qdkvdk&if;um; wjcm;? ocifjrwfqdkif qGJ,laom t"dyg,fum; wjcm;aywnf;/ trSefpifppf uH-uH\
tusdK; &Sd\/ uHocFg&aMumifh Zmwdpaom tusdK;jzpf&\ [laom teufudkom jyayonf/ xdkUaMumifh
om"ujzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pGJqdkvdk&if; tcsufudk ry,fzsuf racsyEdkifacs/ tudk;rSm;jcif;om
jzpfayonf/
Ak'0dyem
(1)ESm-146vmaom
]]oHo&mvnfaea&;udkom
tm;ay;aeaomw&m;
jzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csuftwGuf ajzSif;acsyonfh om"ujzpfygonf[kqdkvQifvnf; omoemy

wdwdwdkU\ur0g'onf oHo&mvnfa&; tm;ay;aeaomw&m; [kwfayvdrfhrnf/ omoeduAk'bmom0if
wdkUonfum; r*fPf\taMumif; taxmuftyHh jzpf&ef&nfoef ukodkvfuHudk yMuaomaMumifh
r*fPf\ yuwlyed, ypnf;omjzpf oHo&mvnfa&; tm;ray;aMumif;udk Sif;jycJhNyD; jzpfonf/
wdwd0g'ESifh Ak'0g'udk uGJjym; jcm;em;pGm em;rvnfaomf vnf;aumif;? Ak'0g'udk wdwd0g'jzpfatmif
zsufqD;vdkaomf vnf;aumif; odkU rrSefruef a&;om;ajymqdkaejcif; jzpf[efSdavonf/
(C) pwkwaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

8/
xdkUjyif
t*FkwdK&f-{uedygwf-aum|du
okwft&
aum|du&[ef;u
avQmuf
]]om&dykw&mu xdkuJhodkU uHwdkUudk cHpm;&ef r[kwfyg? rod&ao;aom opmav;yg;vnf;aumif;?

xdkopmav;yg;wdkUodNyD;
xdk;xGif;em;vnfod&ef
vnf;aumif;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH
usifhoHk;yg\[k
ajz\}}[l a[mMum;xm; aMumif;ygbk&m;[k pwkwaom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/

aum|duokwfonf {uedygwf rvm? e0uedygwf(188)om vmonf/ aum|duokwfudk
csHK;qdkaomfvnf; pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkifonf rcsHK;wwfaomaMumifh t"dyg,f ysuf,Gif;aeonf/ ]]trSefrSm
rsufarSmufb0 cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;Sdaom uHonf wrvGefb0 cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap?
wrvGefb0 cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;Sdaom uHonf rsufarSmufb0 cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap?
csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;Sdaom uHonf qif;qif;&J&J cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap?
qif;qif;&J&J cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuHonf csrf;csrf;omom cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap?
&ifhusufrS cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuHonf r&ifhusufrD cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap? r&ifhusufrD
cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuHonf &ifhusufrS cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap? rsm;pGm cHpm;&rnfh
tusdK;SdaomuHonf
tenf;i,f
cHpm;&rnfh
tusdK;SdaomuH
jzpfygap?
tenf;i,f
cHpm;&rnfh
tusdK;SdaomuHonf rsm;pGm cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuH jzpfygap? cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;SdaomuHonf

cHpm;&rnfh tusdK;rSdaomuH jzpfygap [laom tusdK;iSm jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmf tusifhjrwfudk usifhoHk;
476
tpodkU
aeygoavm}}[k toQifr[maum|du u ar;jref;av&m tSifom&dykw&mu ]]odkUr[kwfyg? rod&

ao;aom opmav;yg;udk od&ef jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmf tusifhjrwfudk usifhoHk;aeygonf}}[k ajzMum;aom
okwfjzpfonf/
okwfvnf; pk'dwuwdkU qdkouJhodkU ]],ckb0 aumif;usdK; raumif;usdK;onf aS;aS;uHaMumifh
r[kwf}}[laom teuft"dyg,f rygacs/ apm'uwdkU\ pGJcsufudkacsy&ef om"ur[kwf? ygVdawmf
rsm;vQifNyD;a&m[laom oabmrsdK;jzifh rqDrqdkif okwfw&m;awmfrsm;udk qGJxnfhjcif;om jzpfayonf/
(i) yraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

9/
]]ynmrJhrsm; omvQif uHudk ,Hk\[k atmufyg okwedygwf? 'G,wmEkyemokwf-370
wGif avmu rsm;pGmukefaom qif;&J'ku [lorQonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkUaMumifh jzpf&ukef\/

ynmEHkUolwdkUonf rodem;rvnfonfjzpf avmuDukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHwdkUudk y&um; ykxkZOfonf
tzefzef qif;&Jjcif;odkU uyfa&muf&\/ ydkif;jcm;odolonf xdk0#fqif;&JjzpfaMumif; avmuDukodkvf
tukodkvfuHudk ryvkyf&m[k a[mygonfbk&m;}}[k yraom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/
okwfjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf uH-uH\ tusdK;rSd[k y,fawmfrlonf r[kwfbJ? ESpfrsdK;aom
tpdwftydkif;Sdaom w&m;udk aumif;pGm IrSwfrI ]]'G,wmEkyem}} 16-rsdK;wdkUudkom a[mawmfrl\/ xdk
16-rsdK; wdkUwGif pk'dwuyk*dKvf xkwfjyaom om"upum;&yfum; 'kwd,0g& vmaompum;&yfjzpfonf/
odomxifSm;atmif xdk'kwd,0g&udk tjynfhtpHk xkwfjyOD;rnf/
(u)
&[ef;wdkU tjcm;wyg;aom taMumif;jzifhvnf; ESpfrsdK;aom tpdwftydkif;Sdaom w&m;udk

aumif;pGm IrSwfrIonf jzpf&mtHhavm[k odkUar;olwdkU SdMuukefrl jzpf&m\[k
ajzqdkxdkuf ukef\/ tb,fodkU jzpf&moenf; [lrl jzpfay:vmorQ qif;&J[lorQ
tm;vHk;onf b0qif;&J\ wnf&mtaMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvf tukodkvfuH[laom
(Oy"d) taMumif;aMumifh jzpf\/ um; wpfrsdK;aom IrSwfrIwnf;/ b0qif;&J\
wnf&mtaMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvf tukodkvf uHwdkU\omvQif t&[wr*fjzifh
t<uif;rJh csKyfjcif;aMumifh qif;&Jjzpfjcif;r&Sd? um; 'kwd, IrSwfrIwnf;/ &[ef;wdkU
odkY ESpfrsdK;aom tpdwftydkif;Sdaom w&m;udk aumif;pGm IrSwfonfjzpf rarhravsmh
tjyif;txef
,ckb0yifvQif
tm;xkwfvsuf
edAmefodkU
t&[wzdkvfodkU
pdwfudk
jzpfap?
apvTwfaeaom
Oyg'geuEm
&[ef;tm;
<uif;usefao;vQif
tem*grdzdkvfodkU jzpfap? xdkESpfrsdK;wdkUwGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;aom zdkvfudk rcRwf&vdrfhrnf[k

arQmfvifhEdkif\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf pum;udk a[mawmfrl NyD;aemuf *gxmudk
a[mawmfrl\/
477
tpodkU
(c)

avmu
rsm;aomoabmSdukefaom
qif;&J'ku
[lorQwdkUonf
b0qif;&J\
wnf&mtaMumif; jzpfaom ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH [laom (Oy"d)taMumif;aMumifh

jzpfay:ukef\/ ynmSdaom tMuif ykxkZOfonf pifppf b0qif;&J\ wnf&m
taMumif;jzpfaom ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH [laom (Oy"d)udk y\/ ynmEHkUaom
ykxkZOfonf tzefwvJvJ qif;&JodkU uyfa&muf&\/ xdkUaMumifh ydkif;jcm; odwwfolonf
0#fqif;&J\ Zmwd[laom trGeftpudk IrSwfqifjcifvsuf b0qif;&J\ wnf&m
taMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvf? tukodkvf [laom(Oy"d)udk ry&m[k a[mawmfrl\/
(ck jref?1? 391-2/)
(okwedygwygVd? 'G,wmEkyemokwf)
pum; ESpf&yfwGif (u)onf tus,fpkPd, y"me pum;&yf jzpf\/ (c)onf tusOf;aqmifyk'f

*gxm jzpf\/ 0g'onfvnf; yxr0g&uJhodkUyif opmav;yg;udkjyvsuf t&[wzdkvf txGwfwyfum
a[mtyfaom 0g&jzpfonf/ usef0g&tm;vHk;onf tvm;wlcsnf;jzpfonf/
(,if; t|uxm-222)
okwfonf 'kuESifhork', ESpfyg;udk IrSwf eda&m"ESifhr* ESpfyg;udk xdk;xGif;odjrifNyD;vQif

t&[wzdkvfodkU qdkufa&mufum b0'ku\ taMumif;jzpfaom avmuDukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk
y,fpGefUyHkudkom a[mawmfrlaom okwfjzpfonf/ y,fpGefU&ef a[mjcif;onf Sdjcif;udk xifSm;aponf/
xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU qdkouJhodkU uH-uH\ tusdK; rSd[k a[mawmfrlaomokwf r[kwfay/
10/
pum;&yfvnf;
]]Oy"d e u,d&m}} b0qif;&J\ wnf&mjzpfaom ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk ry&m[laom

b0qif;&J?
0#fqif;&J\
taMumif;jzpfaom
0#eddw(0#fudkrSDaom)
ukodkvfESifh
tukodkvfuHudkom ry&m[k qdkonf/ 0d0#eddw (0#fudk rrSD? edAmefudk &nfaom) ukodkvfuHudkum;

ry&m[k rqdkacs/ 0d0#eddw ukodkvfuHudkvnf; ry&m[k qdkvQif r*fzdkvf\ eD;uyfaomtaMumif;
y'|mefjzpfonfh (0g) r*fzdkvf&atmif vkyf&onfh 0dyemukodkvfudkyif ry&m[k qdk&ma&mufcsdrfhrnf/
0d0#eddw ukodkvfudk ryvkyfvQifvnf; rnfonfhtcgrQ r*fzdkvfudk r&EdkifawmhbJ 0#cgPku oHo&m0#f
opfikwfomjzpf aeawmhrnf/ xdkUaMumifh r*fPfudk &atmifvkyf r*fukodkvfjzifh avmuDukodkvfuH?
tukodkvfuHudk y,fpGefU&efudkom a[mawmfrlonf[k rSwf&m\/ t"dyg,fudk odem;vnf EdkifMuap&ef
rZdryPmo? ukuK&0wduokwf ESm-52? 53 vmaom uHav;rsdK;wdkUudk tusOf;csKH; jyOD;tHh/
uHonf(1)
rnf;npf rnf;npfaomtusdK;Sdonfh ]uPSuPS0dygu} uH?
(2)
jzLpif jzLpifaomtusdK;Sdonfh ]okuoku0dygu} uH?
(3)
rnf;npfjzLpif rnf;npfjzLpifaomtusdK;Sdonfh ]uPSoku uPSoku0dygu} uH?
(4)
rrnf;npf rjzLpif rrnf;npf rjzLpifaomtusdK;Sdonfh tjcm;uHudkukefapwwfaom

]tuPStoku tuPStoku 0dygu uru,} uH[lav;rsdK; Sd\/
478
tpodkU
xdkav;rsdK;wdkUwGif(1)
rnf;npf rnf;npfaom tusdK;Sdaom uH[lonf tjypfSdaom um,uH? 0pDuH?

raemuH[k qdktyfaom tukodkvfuHjzpfonf/
(2)
jzLpif
jzLpifaom
tusdK;SdaomuH[lonf
tjypfrSdaom
um,uH?
0pDuH?
raemuH[kqdktyfaom avmuDukodkvfuHjzpfonf/
(3)
rnf;npfjzLpif rnf;npfjzLpifaom tusdK;Sdaom uH[lonf tjypfSd rSd a&maESmaom

avmuD ukodkvf tukodkvfuHjzpfonf/
(4)
rrnf;npf rjzLpif rrnf;npf rjzLpifaom tusdK;Sdonfh tjcm;uHudk ukefapwwfaom

uH[lonf avmukw&mukodkvf[k qdktyfaom r*fapwemjzpfonf/
xdkjyqdktyfNyD;aom
uHav;rsdK;wdkUwGif
pwkwjzpfaom
r*fav;yg;
apwemwnf;[laom
avmukw&muH jzpfay:atmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf aS;uHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk ukefqHk;ap&ef &nfG,fawmfrlum

okwfudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyg,fudk t*Fkw&ygVd? pwkuedygwf ESm-553 rS 559?
oHcdwokwf? 0dwm&okwf? aomPum,eokwf? yXrodumy'okwf? 'kwd,odumy'okwf? t&d,r*okwf
wdkUvnf; a[mawmfrl\/
11/
,if;pum;&yf\ tquf ocifjrwfqdkifu ]]Ak'0g'D taeESifh,laom ukodkvfum;
'kpdkufudk aSmif&efomjzpfonf}}[kqdkjyef\/ 'kpdkufudk aSmifMuOfrIonf 0d&wDoDvukodkvfuH jzpf\/

xdk0d&wDoDv ukodkvfudkom,lojzifh 'geukodkvfuH? orxbm0emukodkvfuH? 0dyembm0emukodkvf
uHwdkUudk
y,fSm;&m
a&muf\/
]]umrm0p&
ukodkvf
tukodkvfrSm
Ak'ESifhrqdkifonfudk
txl;*ky&efvdk\}}[laom ol\ aemufpum;jzifh rlum; 'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyem ukodkvfuH

tm;vHk;udkyif ocifjrwfqdkif y,fjyef\/ rSefvS\- 'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyem ukodkvfuH[lonf
umrm0p&ukodkvfpdwf 8-yg;wdkU ,SOfaom umrm0p& ukodkvfuHcsnf; jzpfavonf/ xdkumrm0p&
ukodkvfuHudk y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlaom 'ge? oDv? orx? 0dyempaom
ukodkvfuHwdkUudk y,f&ma&muf onfhtjyif rdrd\ aSUpum;udkvnf; y,fSm;NyD; jzpfaeayonf/
udk,fhpum;csif;yif
rnDay?
xdkUaMumifh
pk'dwuwdkUonf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
pGJqdkonfhtwdkif;
yl&Puypaom wdwdrsm;uJhodkU uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk y,fSm;MuonfrSm vGefpGm xifSm;avonf/
(p) q|aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

12/
uHy,fa&;qdkif&mrsm;udkvnf; a[mxm;aMumif; r[m0* aAmZ*FoH,kwf? wPSu,okwf
182-wGif ]]Oayum oarmZifudk yGm;rsm;aom xdk&[ef;onf wyfrufrI wPSmudk y,f\/ wyfrufrI

wPSmudk y,fjcif;aMumifh uHudky,f\/ uHudky,fjcif;aMumifh 0#fqif;&Judk y,f\/ O'g,D odkUvQif
wPSmukefjcif;aMumifh uHukef\? uHukefjcif;aMumifh qif;&J'ku ukefqHk;jcif;odkU a&muf\[k a[mMum;
479
tpodkU
xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[l q|aom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/ ESm-182 okwfryg? 82-omygonf/

odkUaomf
okwfjzifh
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf
uHrSd[k
avmukw&m
uHudky,fjcif;r[kwf?
r*fav;yg;wdkUudk
okwfjzifh
jzpfay:apjcif;jzifh
aAmZif
ckESpfyg;udk
wPSmukef&ef?
uHukef&ef?
0#fqif;&Jukef&efudkom a[mawmfrlonf/ t"dyg,fudkvnf; t*Fkw&ygVd? pwkuedygwf ESm 559vmaom aAmZifokwfjzifh odEdkifayonf/

xdkaAmZifokwf0,f yraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf jycJhonfhenf;wl uPSuPS0dygu paom
uHav;rsdK;udk a[mawmfrl pwkwuH\ t& aAmZifckESpfyg;udk azmfjyawmfrlavonf/
okwfonf pk'dwuyk*dKvf qdkvdkouJhodkU uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;rSd[laom teufudk rjy? uHuH\ tusdK; Sd\/ xdkuHukefqHk; 0#fqif;&JrS vGwfajrmufatmif aAmZifckESpfyg;wdkUudk yGm;rsm;&rnf
[laom
teufudkom
jyaomokwf
jzpf&um;
pk'dwu\pum;udk
taxmuftul
rybJ?
Oygvdokwf
41-wGif
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pum;udkom taxmuftulyayonf/
(q) owraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

13/
]]uHESifhqdkif&m
ynwfudk
Ak'bk&m;Sifonf
rZdryPmo?
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wyDed*Pu
ar;avQmuf\/
Ak'Sifawmfu
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raumif;rIykjcif;
aumif;rIyjcif;wdkU
uHoHk;yg;udkom igbk&m; ynwf\/ tb,f uHoHk;yg;enf;[lrl um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuHwdkUwnf;}}[l

rdefUawmfrlygonfbk&m;}}[k owraom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/
aom"emvm om"uonfum; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfodkUrQ roufqdkifacs/ umrm0p&
ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH[lonf uHoHk;yg;wdkUyif jzpfonf/ lyg0p& tlyg0p&ukodkvfuH [lonf
raemuHyifjzpfonf/ Ak'omoemhEG,f0if olawmfpiftm;vHk;wdkU vufcH,HkMunfaom uH[lonf um,uH?
0pDuH? raemuHoHk;yg;wdkUyif jzpfonf/ pk'dwuwdkU rSdyg[k y,faeaom uHonfvnf; uHoHk;yg;wdkUyif
jzpfonf/ uHoHk;yg;wdkUrS wpfyg; tjcm;vufcH,HkMunf&ef odkUr[kwf y,f&ef uHrSdawmhacs/
ocifjrwfqdkifonf
okwefa'oemawmf\
teuft"dyg,fudk
qifjcifEdkifaomPf
vHk;0uif;rJhaomol jzpf&um; rdrdacsyrnfhpum;ESifh oufqdkifonf roufqdkifonfudk rqifjcifrdbJ

]]uH}}[laom pum;vHk; ygSdHkrQjzifh om"utjzpf xkwfaqmif wifjyxm;jcif;om jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
(Z) t|raom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

14/
raumif;rI
tukodkvfyolwdkif;
tyg,fodkUus\
qdkaompum;onf
uHudk
vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udk oVm,weoH,kwf? ocF"rokwf 499-wGif ]]Ak'Sif\ tvdkum;

xdkraumif;rI aumif;rI ukodkvfuHwdkUudk rpGJvrf;? jyefvnfrpOf;pm;aomf xdkraumif;rIrS vGwf\/ umrwdkUrS
480
tpodkU
rSm;rSef;od aemifryvkyfawmhyg[k aSmifMuOfaomf? y,fpGefUaomf raumif;rI[k odojzifh xdkuHrSvGwf\/

odkU&mwGif igonf raumif;rIudk ycJhrd\wum;[k pGJvrf; ESvHk;romjzpfaeaomf xdkraumif;rIuHudk
pGJvrf;jcif;jzifhyif
xdktukodkvf
raumif;rIrS
rvGwfEdkifaMumif;
a[mMum;xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[k
t|raom"emudk avQmufxm; jyefavonf/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u ]]raumif;rI tukodkvf yolwdkif; tyg,fus\}}[k rqdkaomaMumifh
aom"emonf apm'emESifh roufqdkifacs/ ]]uHudk vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;}} udkvnf;
xdkokwf rjyqdkacs/ xdkokwf\ qdkvdk&if; tusOf;csKyf t"dyg,f odkUjzpfonf/
ed*Pem#ykwac: *sdef;q&mBuD;\ wynfhjzpfol todAEu\om; GmolBuD;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u
]]ed*Pem#ykwonf wynfhwdkYtm; tb,fodkU w&m;a[moenf;}}[kar;awmfrlav&m ]]toufowfol
[lorQ?
ray;onfudk
cdk;,lol
[lorQ?
umrwdkU
rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhol
[lorQ?
r[kwfrrSef
ajymol[lorQonf tyg,fus\/ i&Jus\/ rsm;aom xdkxdkuHu aqmifoGm;\ [l w&m;a[mygonf}}[k

GmolBuD;u ajzqdkavonf/
xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]toufowfolonf owfaomtcsdefESifh rowfaomtcsdefwdkUwGif
b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;? ray;onfudk cdk;,lolonf cdk;,laomtcsdefESifh rcdk;,laom tcsdefwdkUwGif
b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;? umrwdkU rSm;,Gif;pGmusifholonf rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhaomtcsdefESifh rusifhaom
tcsdefwdkUwGif b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;? r[kwfrrSef ajymolonf r[kwfrrSef ajymaomtcsdefESifh rajymaom
tcsdefwdkUwGif b,ftcsdefu rsm;oenf;}}[k ar;awmfrljyef&m ]]toufrowfaomtcsdef? rcdk;,laomtcsdef?
umrwdkY rSm;,Gif;pGm rusifhaomtcsdef? r[kwfrrSef rajymaomtcsdefu rsm;ygonf}}[k GmolBuD;u ajzqdk
avonf/ ]]GmolBuD; ed*Pem#ykw\pum;t& rsm;aom xdkxdkuHu aqmifoGm;cJhvQif wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ
tyg,fusol?
i&Jusol[l
jzpfEdkifawmhrnf
r[kwf}}[ked*P\
t,l0g'udk
y,fawmfrlNyD;vQif
toufowfrI paomtukodkvfuHaMumifh tyg,fi&Jus&yHkudk odkU jyawmfrlavonf/

toufowfol [lorQ? ray;onfudk cdk;,lol [lorQ? umrwdkU rSm;,Gif;pGmusifhol [lorQ?
r[kwfrrSef ajymol[lorQonf tyg,fus\[k a[mavh,lavhSdaomq&m\ wynfhtm; ]]toufowfol
[lorQonf tyg,fi&Jus\[k ighq&monf a[mavh,lavh Sd\/ igonf toufowfrd\/
igonfvnf; tyg,fi&Jusol jzpf\}}[k t,lrSm;udk&\/ ]]xdkpum;? xdkpdwf? xdkt,ludk rpGefUvQif
i&Jus&\}}[k a[mawmfrl\/ t'dE'ge paom tukodkvfuHwdkUudkvnf; enf;twlyif a[mawmfrl\/
xdkUaemuf tukodkvfuHudk y,fpGefUEdkif&ef t,lrSefudkvnf; odkUa[mawmfrljyefonf/ ]]GmolBuD;
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ygPmwdygwm? t'dEm'ge? umarokrdpmpm&? rkom0g'
tukodkvfudk
uJh&JUawmfrl\/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
aSmifMuOf&efvnf;
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
a[mawmfrl\/
toufowfjcif;udk
xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;\
uJh&JUawmfrl\/
wynfhonf
aSmifMuOf&efvnf;
a[mawmfrl\/ olUtoufudk aGU rQ igowfrd\/ olUtoufudk aGU rQowfrdjcif;onf
481
tpodkU
raumif;? odkUaomfvnf; igonf xdktoufowfrdjcif; taMumif;aMumifh ESvHk;romjzpfaevQif xdkyNyD;aom

raumif;rIonf ry&mvnf; a&mufrnfr[kwf[k qifjcifum xdktoufowfrIwdkUudk pGefU aemiftcg
vnf; toufowfjcif;rS aSmifMuOfvsuf raumif;rIudk pGefU\/ raumif;rIrS vGefajrmuf\}} (oHjref?2/
498/) [k ygPmwdygwudk y,fpGefUyHkudk vnf;aumif;? xdkUtwl t'dEm'ge? umarokrdpmpm&?
rkom0g'wdkUudk y,fpGefUyHkudk vnf;aumif; a[mjyawmfrlNyD;vQif okpdkufq,fyg;ESifh jynfhpHkapum
jA[0d[m&av;yg;wdkUudk
xdkr[*Kwf*kuuHu
yGm;rsm;
toufowfjcif;
lyg0p&tyempsmef
ygPmwdygwuHpaom
r[*KwfuHjzpfyHkudkvnf;aumif;?
umrm0p&uHudk
vTrf;rdk;oGm;
umrm0p&uH tusdK;ray;EdkifawmhyHkudkvnf;aumif; a[mjyawmfrlonf/

okwfonf
yrdaom
tukodkvfuHudk
tmkHy
aemifwwpfzef
ylyefrIudk
rjzpfapbJ
xdktukodkvfudk aemifwpfzef ryrdatmif aSmifMuOf&efESifh tukodkvfudk y,fEdkifaom *kuuHudk

tm;xkwf&efudkom a[mjyaom okwfjzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif ajymouJhodkU raumif;rI tukodkvfyolwdkif;
tyg,fus\ [laom pum;onf uHudk vufcHusifhoHk;olESifhom qdkifaMumif;udkvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mawmfrrl? apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; odkU apm'emrI ryMuay/ Ak'Sifawmf\ tvdkum;
xdkraumif;rI tukodkvfwdkUudk rpGJvrf;? jyefvnfrpOf;pm;aomf xdktukodkvfrSvGwf\ [laompum;onf
Ak'Sifawmf\ tvdkr[kwf? ocifjrwfqdkif\ tvdkomjzpfonf/ rdrdtvdkudk Ak'bk&m;tvdkjzpfatmif
vkyfjcif;omjzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqdkif tvdktm;jzifhum; tukodkvfudk vkyfcsifoavmufvkyf rpGJvrf;vQif
NyD;a&m? rpGJvrf;vQif xdkuHrSvGwf\[k qdkvdk\/ t,lonfum; ]]ewd okuw'kuwmeH urmeH zvH
0dygaum}}paom uH-uH\ tusdK;udk y,faom wdwdwdkU\ tvdkESifh udkufnDayonf/ xdkUaMumifh
okwfonf pk'dwu\ taxmuftul rjzpfEdkifacs/
(ps) e0raom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

15/
uHtm;vHk;rS
pGefUolonfomvQif
qif;&Jtaygif;rS
vGwfaMumif;udk
okwedygwf?
obd,okwf 340-wGif ]]tMuifyk*dKvfonf qif;&JusdK;'kuudk jzpfapwwfaom twdwf? tem*wf?

ypKyKefuH[lorQwdkUudk r*fPfjzifh vTifhrIwfxkwfypf vSnfhywfrI rm,m? armufrmrI rme? trsufxGufrI
a'gowdkUudk ydkif;jcm; odvsuf (jzpfaMumif;? jzpfjcif; csKyfjcif; csKyfaMumif;) kyferfwdkU\ tqHk;udk ytHh[k
usifhaom y&dAmZu tjzpfodkU a&muf\/ y&dAmZu qdkonfrSm uHudk vTifhrIwf xkwfypfoljzpfaMumif;
awGU&ygonfbk&m;}}[k e0raom"emudk avQmufxm;avonf/
aom"emvm om"upum;&yfonf okwedygwfvmaom'kua0yuH ,'wd urH?
O'ra"m wd&d,H 0gyd raZ/
y&dAmZ,dwGm y&dnmpm&D?
482
tpodkU

rm,H rmeraxmyd avmbaum"H/
y&d,Erumod emrlyH?
wH y&dAmZurm[k ywdywH/ (ck 1? 361/)
[laom *gxm\ jrefrmjyef jzpfaomfvnf; ocifjrwfqdkif wifjyonfh t"dyg,fonf vGJrSm;aeonf/

trSefrSm ]]tMuifyk*dKvfonf qif;&JusdK;udk jzpfapwwfaom twdwf? tem*wf? ypKyKefuHudk r*fPfjzifh
y,fxkwfvTifhrIwf vSnfhywfrI rm,mudkvnf;aumif;? axmifvTm;rI rmewdkUudkvnf;aumif;? avmba'go
wdkUudkvnf;aumif; ydkif;jcm;odvsuf usifhoHk;NyD;vQif erfkyfwdkU\ tqHk;udk ycJhNyD; t&[wzdkvfodkU
a&mufNyD;aom xdkyk*dKvfudk y&dAmZu[k qdkMuukef\}} (ckjref 1? 340/) [lomjzpfonf/
okwfonfvnf; ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHrSd? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuH\ tusdK;rSd[k y,faom
okwfr[kwf?
pk'dwuwdkU
qdkouJhodkU
,ckb0
aumif;pm;csrf;omjcif;onf
aS;twdwfuHaMumifh
r[kwf[kvnf; rjyacs/ yraom"emudk oHk;oyf&m jycJhaom uHav;rsdK;wdkYwGif r*fPfjzifh (0g

r*fPfESifh ,SOfaom pwkwuHjzifh) aS;uHoHk;yg;wdkUudk y,fxkwf vTifhrIwf rm,m? rme? avmb?
a'gowdkUudk y[mey&dnmjzifh ydkif;jcm;odvsuf usifhoHk;aom emrfkyf\tqHk;udk yNyD;vQif t&[wzdkvfodkU
a&mufolonf y&dAmZu rnf\[kom jyaomokwfjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwu\pum;udk taxmuftul
ryEdkifacs/
(n) 'oraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

zaMumifh uHajrmufaMumif;udk a[mawmfrlyHkrSm16/
t*FkwdK&f? owuedygwf? edaA"duokwf 456-wGif ]]&[ef;wdkU aphaqmfrI apwemjzifh
udk,fjzifh jzpfap? EIwfjzifhjzpfap? pdwfjzifhjzpfap ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkUudky&um; apwemudk uH[l

igqdk\/
&[ef;wdkU
uHcsKyfNidrf;rIrnf\/
awGUxdrI
zonf
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r*fonf
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jzpfaMumif;wnf;/
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tusifhwnf;[k
a[mMum;
xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[k 'oraom"emudk avQmufxm;jyefavonf/

aom"emvm om"upum;&yfonf rSefuefrI rSdacs/ tjynfhtpHk azmfjyOD;thH/
]]&[ef;wdkU uHudk od&rnf? uHjzpfaMumif;udk od&rnf? uHwdkU\ xl;onfhtjzpfudk od&rnf? uHwdkU\
tusdK;udk od&rnf? uHcsKyfNidrf;rIudk od&rnf? uHcsKyfNidrf;&modkU a&mufaMumif;tusifhudk od&rnf}}[l
iga[mMum;tyfaom xdkpum;onf tb,fudkpGJ a[mMum;tyfaom pum;jzpfoenf;/ &[ef;wdkU aphaqmf
wdkufwGef; udk,fjzifhjzpfap? EIwfjzifhjzpfap? pdwfjzifhjzpfap (ukodkvf tukodkvf) uHudky&um; apwemudk
uH[l igqdk\/
&[ef;wdkU uHjzpfaMumif;[lonf tb,fenf;/ &[ef;wdkU awGUxdrI zonf uHjzpfaMumif;wnf;/
&[ef;wdkU uHwdkY\ xl;onfhtjzpf[lonf tb,fenf;/ &[ef;wdkU i&J cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;SdaomuHonf
483
tpodkU
Sd\/ wd&pmefbHk cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;SdaomuHonf Sd\/ NydwmbHk cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;SdaomuHonf

Sd\/ vlUbHkavmu cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;SdaomuHonf Sd\/ ewfbHkavmu cHpm;tyfaom
tusdK;Sdaom uHonf Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU onfudk uHwdkU\xl;onfhtjzpf[l qdktyf\/
&[ef;wdkU uHwdkY\ tusdK;[lonf tb,fenf;/ &[ef;wdkU ,ckb0jzpfap? 'kwd,b0jzpfap?
tjcm; tvSnfhuH&mb0jzpfap cHpm;tyfaom uHwdkU\tusdK;udk oHk;rsdK; Sd\[k igqdk\/ &[ef;wdkU
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&[ef;wdkU uHcsKyfNidrf;rI [lonf tb,fenf;/ &[ef;wdkU awGUxdrIz csKyfNidrf;rIonf uHcsKyfNidrf;rI
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um; tb,fenf;/ rSefuefpGm odjrifrI/ y/ rSefuefpGm wnfMunfrIwnf;/
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tyfaom xdkpum;onf onfudk pGJ a[mMum;tyfaom pum; jzpf\ (tif jref 2? 456-7/) /
(um;tjynfhtpHkjzpfonf)
ocifjrwfqdkifonf rdrdwdkU\ kyf0g'ESifh rudkufnDaom pum;&yfrsm;udk csefvSyf rjynfhrpHk azmfjy
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taMumif;uHaMumifh tusdK;qufjzpfonf r[kwf[laom 0g'udkvnf;aumif;? xHk;tdk;xJ EIdufaomvufonf
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(#) {um'orao"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

17/
wGif
uHjywfrS oHo&mjywfaMumif;udk Ak'bk&m;onf okwedygwf? 'G,wmEkyemokwf 373-
]]jzpfay:vmaom
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tm;xkwftyfaom
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taMumif;aMumifh
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pGefUy,fNyD;vQif uHuif;&m edAmef vGwfajrmufaom? b0wPSm jywfNyD;aom Nidrf;at;aom &[Emtm;
oHo&mukefNyD? wpfzef b0opfjzpfa&; rSdNyD[l a[mMum;xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[k {um'oraom"emudk
avQmufxm;avonf/
484
tpodkU
aom"emvm om"uonf okwedygwf? 'G,wmEkyemokwfvmaom,H udOd 'kuH oarmwd? oAH tm&r ypa,m/
tm&rmeH eda&ma"e ewd? 'ku ora0g"/
{wrm'De0H wGm? 'kuH tm&ryp,m/
oAm&rH y#dedZ? tem&ar 0drkwdaem/
OpdEb0wPS? oEpdw bduKaem/
0duDaPm ZmwdoHoma&m? ewd w ykeAa0g/ (ck 1? 394/)
[laom *gxmwdkU\ jrefrmjyef jzpfonf/ odkUaomf ocifjrwfqdkif avQmufxm;csufonf rSefuefjcif;
rSdaomaMumifh tjynfhtpHk azmfjyOD;thH/
]]jzpfay:vmaom qif;&J[lorQ tm;vHk;onf tm;xkwftyfaom? uHESifh,SOfaom 0D&d,[laom
taMumif;aMumifh jzpf\/ tm;xkwftyfaom? uHESifh,SOfaom 0D&d,wdkU\ csKyfjcif;aMumifh qif;&Jjcif; rSd
awmhay/
qif;&Jonf tm;xkwftyfaom? uHESifh,SOfaom 0D&d,aMumifh jzpf\[k odkUaom tjypfudk od
tm;xkwftyfaom? uHESifh,SOfaom 0D&d,tm;vHk;udk pGefUNyD;vQif tm;xkwfrIuif;aom edAmef vGwfajrmufrI
Sdaom? b0wPSmjywfNyD;aom? Nidrf;at;onfh pdwfSdaom &[ef;tm; Zmwd[laom oHo&mukefNyD? wpfzef
b0opfrSdawmhNyD (ck jref 1? 373/) /}} (um;jrefrmjyef tjynfhtpHkwnf;)
]]'oe0ga& tm&ryp,mwd uror,kw0D&d,yp,m}}[laom t|uxm 224-ESifhtnD ]]tm&r}}
t& tm;xkwftyfaom? uHESifh,SOfaom 0D&d,udk ,l&onf/
aom"emonf yraom"emESifh tvm;wljzpf yraom"emudk oHk;oyf&m tus,fjyNyD;
jzpf&um; xyfrHoHk;oyfzG,f rvdkNyD/
(X) 'Gg'oraom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

18/
Ak'bk&m;Sifonf uHtm;vHk;udk y,fpGefUaMumif; O'gef; tm,kocFga&mZeokwf-139-
wGif ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twkrJhedAmefESifh tzefzef b0jzpfrIwdkUudk EIdif;csdefvsuf b0jzpf&efuHudk

pGefUy,fcJhavNyD? tZw aumif;pGm pifMu,faom owdjzifh arGUavsmfum csyf0wfESifhwlaom rdrdoEmefrS
udavomudk
zsufqD;NyD;avNyD[k
a[mMum;xm;ygonfbk&m;}}[k
'Gg'oraom"emudk
avQmufxm;
jyefavonf/
aom"emvm om"uonf O'geygVd? tm,kocFga&mZeokwfvmaomwkvrwkv or0H? b0ocFg&r0Zd rked/
tZw&awm orm[dawm? tbdEd u0prd0wor0H/ (ck 1? 155/)
[laom *gxm\ jrefrmjyefjzpfonf/ odkUaomf rSefuefrIrSd? tjynfhtpHkrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
485
tpodkU
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twkrJhedAmefESifh tzefzefjzpfrIb0udk EdIif;csdefvsuf b0udkjzpf&ef yjyifwwfaom

uHudk pGefUy,fcJhavNyD/ tZww&m; arGUavsmfum aumif;pGm wnfMunfaompdwf Sdonfjzpf csyf0wfESifh
wlaom rdrdoEmefSd udavomuGef&ufudk zsufqD;cJhavNyD (ck? jref?1? 139) / (um; jynfhpHkrSefuefaom
jrefrmjyef t"dyg,fwnf;/)
O'gef;
*gxmonfvnf; yraom"emudk oHk;oyf&m jycJhonfhtwdkif; t&d,mr*fjzifh
udavomudk y,fpGefUjcif;tm;jzifh b0udkpDrHwwfaom avmuDuHudk bk&m;Sif pGefYy,fNyD; jzpfyHkudk

jyaom*gxmjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]t0Zd rkeDwd/ y/ uru,ua&e t&d,ra*e t0Zd (O'gef; |? 299/)}}[l t|uxm
q&mawmf zGifhjyawmfrlonf/
t"dyg,f-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
pGefUy,fcJhavNyD[lonfrSm
cEmig;yg;wdkUonf
tjrJrSdukef?
cEmig;yg;wdkU\ csKyf&m edAmefonf jrJ\paomenf;jzifh EIdif;csdefvsuf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf b0 tjypf?

edAmef tusdK;udk Ijrif xdkcEmwdkU\ rlvjzpfaom b0udkpDrHwwfonfh uHudk (uHukefjcif;iSm jzpf\[k
ukuK&0wduokwf a[mawmfrlcJhaom) uHukefjcif;udk ywwfonfh t&d,r*fjzifh pGefUy,fcJhavNyD/
19/
odkU t&d,r*fjzifh uHudavomwdkUudk y,fpGefUjcif;onfvnf; ykAbm*y#dy'gac:aom
orx 0dyemwnf;[laom umrm0p&uHESifh uif; tvQif;yif rjzpfEdkifacs/ orx0dyemwnf;

[laom umrm0p&uHjzifh tqifhqifhwwfum t&d,r*fudk &Sdvsuf xdkt&d,r*fjzifh udavomwdkUudk
y,fpGefUawmfrlonf/ t"dyg,fudk xdk*gxm ]]tZw&awm orm[dawm}}[laomygVdjzifh jyawmfrlonf/
t|uxmvnf;]]aom [d 0dye 0aoe tZw&awm? orx0aoe orm[dawmwd {0H ykAbm*awm
y|m,/ y/ {0H udavoy[maee urH yZ[d}} (O'gef; |? 299-300/)
[k zGifhjyawmfrlonf/
t"dyg,fcsJU jytHh/ xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0dyemjzifh tZw arGUavsmfum orxjzifh
wnfMunfaom pdwfSdvsuf odkUyHk aSUtzdkUrSp orx0dyem tpGrf;jzifh csyf0wfuJhodkU twabmudk
zGJU,Suf wnfaom rdrdjzpfonfhtwGuf ]]twor0}}[k trnf&aom udavomtm;vHk;udk zsufqD;awmf
rlavNyD/ udavom rSdjcif;aMumifhyif uHonf y#doaEudk rjzpfapEdkifawmh&um; y,fpGefUNyD; rnfawmh\/
odkUyHk udavomudk y,fpGefUjcif;jzifh uHudk y,fpGefUNyD/ um; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ uHudk y,fpGefUawmfrlyHk
jzpfonf/
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bJvsuf ]]uHudky,fpGefUNyD}}[laom pum;vHk;rQudk ,l t>rufaxmifum tud&d,0g' wdwd,wHcGeftvHudk
vTifhxlolom jzpfayonf/
486
tpodkU

(!) aom"emed*Hk;udk oHk;oyfcsuf
20/
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okwef
taxmuftxm;rsm;aMumifh
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tukodkvfwdkU\
taMumif;tusdK;udk qufumrjywf usifvnfwwfaom b0oHo&m\ taxmuftul uHw&m;wdkUudk

y,fpGefUawmfrlaMumif; wifjytyfygonfbk&m;}}[k ed*Hk;pum;udk ocifjrwfqdkifu avQmufxm;avonf/
b0oHo&m\ taxmuftul uHw&m;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; y,fpGefUawmfrlonfum; rSef\/
Ak'omoemEG,f0if olawmfpif [lorQwdkUonfvnf; bk&m;&[EmtSifjrwfwdkU uHy,fNyD;jzpfonfudk
odMuukef\/ ]]ukovH ukovH Z[H}}[laom erum&oifOD;p ausmifom;oli,fuav;rsm;yif odjrifMu
ukef\/ uHy,f&ef enf;rSefvrf;rSefudkvnf; q&mpOfquf a[m>rufjyo Mo0g'jzifh odMu&um; t&d,
r*fPfjzifh uHudky,fEdkif&ef &nfoefvsuf o'g qE 0D&d,tavsmuf raumufrauGU csrf;ajrh
ajzmifhwef;onfh vrf;dk;vrf;a[mif;odkU rapmif;raoG avsmuf aeMuukef\/
ocifjrwfqdkifwdkUonf uHrSd? uH\tusdK;rSd[l uH-uH\tusdK;udk y,fum wdwd0g'ESifh uHuH\ tusdK;ay;udk y,fpGefUaom Ak'0g'udk uGJjym;pGm em;rvnfacs/ Ak'0g'onfum; uH Sd\/ uH\tusdK;
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21/
apm'u? pk'dwuwdkU\ tqdkESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMu&m
pk'dwuwdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;(u)
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tjypf'Pfrsm;onf pdwful;oufoufjzifh vlom;\pdwfudk jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifjcif;

ajcmufvSefUjcif;om jzpfonf/ (trSefpifppf rSd[kqdkvdkonf/)
(c)
,ckb0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaejcif;onf aS;aS;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifh r[kwf?

,ckb0tvkyf\ aus;Zl;oufoufom jzpfonf/ ,ckb0 csrf;omjcif;udk aS;aS;b0u
ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,HkMunfvQif ykaAuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf? t"rjzpfonf/
(*)
ukodkvf?
tukodkvf
vrf;pOfonf
taMumif;aMumifh
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uruw
jAm[Pa0'rS jrpfzsm;cHvmonf/ oHo&mvnfaea&;udkom tm;ay;aom
w&m;jzpfonf/
(C)
Ak'\ rl&if;a'oem twdwfuHudk tpGJyaom y&r& umrm0p&ukodkvf? tukodkvfrsdK;udk

pGJ,lvufcH ,HkMunf&ef rygrSd/
(i)
y#dporkyg'fa'oemt& twdwfb0taMumif;aMumifh ,ckb0 tusdK;w&m;jzpfvm&onf

[laom t,ltqonf twvrf;pOf 0dnmPfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm; jzpfonf[laom
487
tpodkU

aumufEkwfcsufwdkUudk awGU&onf/
(u)trSwfaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf
22/
(u) aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk cHiHkoHk;oyfaomf pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkUonf ukodkvfuH?
tukodkvfuHESifh xdkuH\ tusdK;w&m;udk y,fSm;Muolrsm; jzpfonfudk awGU&onf/ xdkpk'dwuwdkU\ uHuH\tusdK;udk y,faom t,l0g'onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyaom plVur0db*Fokwf? wyeD,okwf?
twyeD,okwfpaom
bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh
ajzmifhajzmifh
qefUusifavonf/
wdwdwdkU\
t,l0g'om jzpfavonf/ uH\tusdK;? bHkeef;ESifh tjypf'PfwdkUudk pdwful;oufouf jzm;a,mif;csuf[k

pGyfpGJcsufonf atmufyg bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;ESifh vHk0qefUusifayonf/
tcgwpfyg;
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vma&muf
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vljzpfMuolwdkUrSm vltcsif;csif;wlygvsuf t,kwf? tjrwfuGJjym;aeMu&onfudk awGUjrifae&ygonf/

tcsdKUu toufwdk tcsdKUu toufSnfMuygonf/ tcsdKUu tema&m*grsm; tcsdKUu tema&m*g
uif;Muygonf/ tcsdKUu tkyfqdk; tusnf;wef tcsdKUu tqif;vS Muygonf/ tcsdKUu tjcHt&HrJh
tcsdKUu tjcHt&Hrsm; Muygonf/ tcsdKUu pnf;pdrfOpm enf;yg; tcsdKUu pnf;pdrfOpm aygrsm;Muygonf/
tcsdKUu trsdK;,kwf tcsdKUu trsdK;jrwfMuygonf/ tcsdKUu ynmrJh tcsdKUu ynmSdMuygonf/
odkUuGJjym;&jcif;\taMumif; taxmuftyhHum; tb,fygenf;}}[kavQmufxm;&m jrwfpGmbk&m;Sifu
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taMumif;&if;Sdukef\/ uHomvQif aqGrsdK;Sdukef\/ uHomvQif udk;pm;axmufwnf&m Sdukef\/ uHomvQif
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a0zef a[mawmfrlyg}}[k okbvkvifu awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tus,fa0zef
a[mawmfrlonf/ xdka0zefcsufudk tenf;i,fcsHK; jyvdkayonf/
avmu olwpfyg;toufudk owfavhSdolonf aoonfrS aemuf i&JodkU a&muf&wwf\/
tu,f i&JodkUra&mufbJ vltjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif toufwdk&\/ toufowfjcif;rS aSmifMuOfavh
Sdolonf aoonfrSaemuf ewfjynfodkU a&muf&wwf\/ tu,f ewfjynfodkU ra&mufbJ vltjzpfodkU
a&mufcJhvQif toufSnf&\/
avmu ow0gudk nOf;qJavhSdolonf aoonfrSaemuf i&JodkU a&muf&wwf\/ tu,f
i&JodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif tema&m*grsm;\/ ow0gudk nOf;qJavhrSdbJ oem;
MuifemavhSdolonf aoonfrSaemuf ewfjynfodkU a&muf&wwf\/ tu,f ewfjynfodkU ra&mufbJ
vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif tema&m*guif;Sif; usef;rma&;aumif;wwf\/
488
tpodkU
avmu trsufa'go BuD;aomolonf aoonfrSaemuf i&JodkU a&mufwwf\/ tu,f

i&JodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif tkyfqdk; tusnf;wefwwf\/ a'gorBuD;olonf aoonfrS
aemuf ewfjynfodkU a&mufwwf\/ tu,f ewfjynfodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif
tqif;vSy\/
avmu
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tm;BuD;olonf
aoonfrS aemuf i&JodkU a&mufwwf\/ tu,f i&JodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif

tjcHt&Henf;yg;&\/ olwpfyg;wdkUaumif;pm;onfudk remvdkjiLpljcif; uif;olonf aoonfrSaemuf
ewfjynfodkU
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i&JodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif pnf;pdrfOpmenf;yg;\/ 'geyavhSdolonf aoonfrSaemuf
ewfjynfodkU a&mufwwf\/ tu,f ewfjynfodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif pnf;pdrfOpm
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raxmifvTm;bJ ed0gw w&m;Sdolonf aoonfrSaemuf ewfjynfodkU a&mufwwf\/ tu,f
ewfjynfodkU ra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhvQif trsdK;jrwfoljzpf&\/
avmu ]]tb,fw&m;onf ukodkvfygenf;? tb,fw&m;onf tukodkvfygenf;}} ponfjzifh
orP jAm[PwdkUxH rar;rjref;olonf yoifhonfudk ry? ryoifhonfudk yrdjcif;aMumifh aoonfrS
aemuf i&JodkUa&mufwwf\/ tu,f i&JodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU a&mufcJhaomf ynmrJholjzpf&\/
ukodkvf? tukodkvf ponfwdkUudk ar;jref;avhSdolonf ryoifhonfudk aSmifMuOf? yoifhonfudk
yjcif;aMumifh aoonfrSaemuf ewfjynfodkU a&mufwwf\/ tu,f ewfjynfodkUra&mufbJ vlUtjzpfodkU
a&mufcJhvQif ynmBuD;oljzpf&\[k tus,fa0zef a[mMum;awmfrlavonf/
(Oy&dyPmoygVd 243-rS-249? jrefrm 246-rS-252? ,if;t|uxm 175-180)
23/
wd0kwuygVd? wyed,okwf? ESm-212- ukodkvfuHudk rybJ tukodkvfuHudk rsm;pGm
yjcif;aMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&yHkudkvnf;aumif;? ,if;ygVd twyed,okwf? ESm 213-vnf; tukodkvfuHudk

rybJ
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24/
xdkUjyifvnf; toufowfrI ]]ygPmwdygw}}? ray;onfudkcdk;,lrI ]]t'dE'ge}}? umrwdkU
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Murf;wrf;aom pum;udkajymrI ]]zko0gpm}}? Nydefzsif;aompum;udkajymrI ]]oryvmy}}? olwpfyg; pnf;pdrf
489
tpodkU
udk rdrdpnf;pdrfjzpfvQif aumif;avpG[k rw&m;vdkcsifrI ]]tbdZm}}? olwpfyg; aoaMuysufpD;apvdkrI

]]Asmyg'}}? v&usdK;rSd? ylaZmf&usdK;rSd? {nfh0wfy&usdK;rSd? ukodkvfuH tukodkvfuHwdkU\ tusdK;0dygufrSd?
avmurSd? wpfyg;aomavmurSd ponfjzifh azmufjyefpGm odjrif,lqrI ]]rdpm'd|d}}? tukov
uryxw&m; q,fyg;wdkUudk tom"k=raumif;aomw&m;? 'ku0dygu=qif;&JusdK;Sdaomw&m;paom 21yg;aomtrnfwdkUjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ xdkrStjyefjzpfaom toufowfjcif;rS aSmifMuOfrIpaom ukov
uryxw&m;q,fyg;wdkUudk om"k=aumif;aomw&m;? okc0dygu=csrf;omusdK;Sdaomw&m;paom 21-yg;
aomtrnfwdkUjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/ (t*FkwdK&f? 'ouedygwf 412-rS 488) okwfaygif; 21-okwfwdkUjzifh
tukodkvfuHESifh ukodkvfuHwdkUudk bk&m;Sifa[mMum; Tefjyawmfrlonf/
25/
,if;ygVdawmf 490-rS-497? yXred&,o*okwf? 'kwd,ed&,o*okwf? rmwk*grokwf?
Oygodumokwf? oHoyeD,okwfwdkY]]'o[d bdua0 "ar[d orEm*awm ,xmbwH edudawm {0H ed&a,}} ponfjzifh
ygPmwdygwpaom
tukovuryxw&m;q,fyg;ESifh
jynfhpHkolonf
i&J
jzpf&\
[lvnf;aumif;?
]]'o[d bdua0 "ar[d orEm*awm ,xmbwH edudawm {0H oa*}} ponfjzifh
ygPmwdygw 0d&wDpaom ukovuryxw&m;q,fyg;ESifh jynfhpHkolonf ewfjynf jzpf&\
[lvnf;aumif;?
uH-uH\ tusdK;rsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrlonf/
26/
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf? t|uedygwf 70-72? 'gElyywdokwf orP jAm[Ptm; xrif;
tazsmf t0wf ,mOf yef; eHUom eHUomaysmif; tdyf&m ae&mausmif; qDrD;tvudk ay;vjcif;aMumifh
pdwfawmifhwonfhtwdkif; vlUjynfewfjynfwdkU jzpf&\/ psmef&vQif jA[mhjynf jzpf&\[k a[mawmf
rlonf/
27/
,if;ygVdawmf 72-74? yknud&d,0wKokwf 'ge oDvudk tenf;i,frQy bm0emudk
rNyD;apolonf bkef;uHenf;aom atmufwef;pm;vl jzpf&\/ 'ge oDvudk twdkif;tSnftm;jzifhy

bm0emudk rNyD;apolonf bkef;uHBuD;rm;onfh txufwef;pm;vl jzpf&\/ 'ge oDvudk tvGeftuJy
bm0emudk rNyD;apolonf ewfjynfajcmufxyfjzpf toufSnfjcif;paom q,frsdK;aomtaMumif;wdkUjzifh
tjcm;ewfwdkYxuf omvGefEdkif\[k a[mawmfrlonf/
28/
,if;ygVdawmf
tusdK;iSmjzpfaom?
76-77
csrf;omaomtusdK;udk
tbdoEokwf
ay;wwfaom
csrf;omudk
ewfjynf
aqmifwwfaom?
ewfjynf
y#doaEudkjzpfapwwfaom
(o&P*HkoHk;yg;ESifh ig;yg;oDv aqmufwnfjcif;[laom) aumif;rItxk ukodkvftvsOfSpfrsdK;wdkUonf

tvdkSdjcif; ESpfoufjcif; pdwfESvHk;udk yGm;apjcif; tusdK;pD;yGm;jzpfjcif; csrf;omjcif;tusdK;iSm jzpfukef\[k
a[mawmfrlonf/
490
tpodkU
29/
,if;ygVdawmf 77-78 'kp&dw0dyguokwf um,'kpdkufoHk;yg;? 0pD'kpdkufav;yg;ESifh
ok&mar&,yge 'kpdkufwdkUudk rSD0JyGm;rsm; tBudrfrsm;pGm ytyfaomf i&J? wd&pmef? NydwmbHk jzpf&\/

ygPmwdygw\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um; toufwdkwwf\/ t'dEm'ge\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um; pnf;pdrfOpm
ysufpD;wwf\/ umarokrdpmpm&\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um; &efolrsm;\/ rkom0g'\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um;
r[kwfrrSef pGyfpGJcH&wwf\/ ydokP0gpm\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um; taqGcifyGef;wdkUESifh uGJjym;wwf\/
zko0gpm\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um; rESpfoufzG,faomtoHudk jzpfapwwf\ (toHraumif;oljzpfwwf\)/
oryvmy\ tayghqHk;tusdK;um; rem,ltyfaompum;Sdol jzpfwwf\ (rdrdpum;udk olwpfyg;wdkUu
rem,l?
rav;pm;?
r,HkrMunfjzpfwwf\)/
ao&nfao&ufaomufjcif;\
tayghqHk;tusdK;um;
tl;tESrf;jzpfwwf\[k a[mawmfrlonf/
30/
t*kFwd&f? yuedygwf 27-28 okremokwf o'g? oDv? ynmwdkU wlrQMuapumrl
'geSifjzpfaom ewfvlwdkUu 'geSifr[kwfaom ewfvlwdkUudk toufSnfjcif; tqif;vSjcif; csrf;omjcif;

tjcHt&Hrsm;jcif; tBuD;tuJjzpf&jcif;[laom ig;rsdK;aom taMumif;wdkUjzifh omvGef\/ &[ef;csif;aomfrS
rwlMuyJ 'geSif&[ef;u 'geSifr[kwfaom&[ef;udk ouFef; qGrf; ausmif; aq;ypnf;av;yg;ESifh
oDwif;oHk;azmfwdkUu ESpfcdufzG,f udk,fEIwfpdwfwdkUjzifh qufqH ESpfcdufzG,f tylaZmfcH&jcif;[laom
ig;rsdK;aom taMumif;wdkUjzifh omvGef\[k a[mawmfrlonf/
31/
xdkrSwpfyg;
BuD;yGm;csrf;om
ed*Pem#ykw\wynfh?
aejcif;onf
ukodkvfuH
todAEu\om;
GmolBuD;tm;
taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k
,ckb0
a[mawmfrlyHkudk
oVm,we0*oH,kwf atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkifayonf/

]]GmolBuD;
urmrS
(aemuf)udk;q,fhwpfurmwdkUwdkifatmif
igatmufarhonfSdaomf
csufNyD;qGrf;udk avmif;vHkrQjzifh ysufpD;zl;aom trsdK;om; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ igrod? pifppfaomfum;

<u,f0ukef?
rsm;aomOpmSdukef?
rsm;aomaTaiGSdukef?
rsm;aomtoHk;taqmifSdukef?
rsm;aom
Opmpyg;Sdukefaom trsdK;aumif;om; tm;vHk;wdkUonf ay;vjcif;aMumifhvnf; BuD;yGm;ukef\/ rSefuefrI

opmaMumifhvnf; BuD;yGm;ukef\/ tusifhoDvaMumifhvnf; BuD;yGm;ukef\/ ( oH jref 2/ 501/)}}
odkU uH-uH\tusdK;w&m;udk a[mMum;&m a'oemawmfwdkUum; bk&m;a[mazmf yd#uwfawmf
&maygif;rsm;pGm Sdayonf/
32/
avmuvnf; pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;ponfwdkU jynfhpHkatmif ud;pm;
tm;xkwfaeMuolcsif; wlygvsuf uHwnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh tusdK;ay;uGmjcm;vsuf tqifhtwef;

uGJjym;aeMuonfudk rsuf0g;xifxif awGUjrifaeMu&ayonf/
xdkUaMumifh uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;wdkUonf pdwful;oufouf r[kwf? vlom;\pdwfudk jzm;a,mif;
aoG;aqmifjcif; ajcmufvSefYjcif;vnf;r[kwfbJ jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif a[mMum;cJhaom obm0
491
tpodkU
trSefw&m;rsm;om jzpfMuayonf/
33/
]],ckb0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaejcif;onf a&S;a&S;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifh r[kwf?
,ckb0 tvkyf\ aus;Zl;oufoufomjzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csufonf rjynfhpHkaom tjrifom

jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ypKyefwpfb0udkom usOf;ajrmif;pGmjrifaom kyf0g'tjrifom jzpfonf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wifjyonfh
ed'geokwfESifh
vnf;aumif;?
oaweduokwf
ponfwdkUESifh
vnf;aumif; qefUusif\/
tenf;i,fSif;jyOD;tHh ]],ckb0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaejcif;onf aS;aS;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifh
r[kwf}} paompum;onf ukodkvfuHtwGuf a&;om;csufjzpfonf/ ]]xHk;tdk;xJ EdIufaomvufonf
csufcsif;jzLovdk? uw&map;ykef;xJ EdIufaomvufonf csufcsif;eufovdk? ikwfoD;udk pm;vQif csufcsif;
pyfovdk? Ak'\ur0g'onf ykcufESifh acgif;Mum;om jzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csufjzpfonf? ukodkvfuH?
tukodkvfuH
ESpfrsdK;vHk;twGuf
a&;om;csufjzpfonf/
xdka&;om;csufjzifh
OD;Ou|ESifh
ol\
aemufvdkufrsm;onf ukodkvfuHjzpfap? tukodkvfuHjzpfap ykcufESifhacgif;Mum; rsufarSmufb0om

tusdK;ay;onf[k t,lSdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkolwdkU\t,lonf Ak'\ur0g'vHk;0r[kwf? Ak'ra[mbJ
Ak'ta[mvkyf
csufcsif;[l
rdrdwdkU0g'udkom
a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf/
a&;om;csufonfvnf;
obm0vHk;0rus/
uH\tusdK;ay;yHkudk
uH\
ikwfoD;pyfovdk
tusdK;ay;&mumvudkvnf;
ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;[k xifrSwfjcif;onfvnf; tem*wfb0rSdonfh Oap'0g'jzpfaom kyf0g'tjrift&

abmifcwfjcif; jzpfaMumif; tvGefxifSm;avonf/
tpdaE,sw&m; 4-yg;Sd&mwGif ur0dygaum tpdaEa,sm=uH-uH\tusdK;ay;yHkudk pdwful;jzifh
MuHq trSefr&aMumif; odEdkifayonf/ uHt&monf vlomrefwdkY awG;ac: ajrmfjrifEdkifaomt&m
r[kwfacs/ tcsufudk tav;teufrxm;bJ rdrdudk,frdrd ynmSdBuD; xifrSwfNyD; uHtusdK;ay;yHkonf
ikwfoD;
pyfovdkyJ[k
,lqvsuf
Ak'\ur0g'yg[k
Armjynfvlxktm;
wifjyjcif;onf
rsufvSnfhjyjcif;om jzpfaMumif; odEdkifMuayonf/

pifppf uH-uH\ tusdK;ay;yHkESifh pyfvsOf; ypwd=&ifhusuf\[laom ygVdawmfonf tcsKyf jzpf\/
uHonf ukodkvfuHjzpfap? tukodkvfuHjzpfap &ifhusufrS(0g) tcsdefusrS tusdK;ay;onf/ r&ifhusufao;
vQif tusdK;ray;acs/ Oyrm-o&ufoD;wpfvHk;onf &ifhusufrS(0g) tcsdefusrS rSnfhrS csdKonf/ rrSnfhcif
rcsdKay/ OyrmuJhodkUyif &ifhusufrS uHonf tusdK;ay;onf/ uH\tusdK;ay;yHkonf ikwfoD;ESifhrwl?
o&ufoD;ESifhom wlonf/
xdkUaMumifh tckukodkvfy tckrcsrf;omMu? tcktukodkvfy tckrqif;&JMu/ vdkjzpfaerIESifh
ywfouf rauseyfolwdkUu jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; avQmufxm;&m jrwfpGmbk&m;u "ry'ygVdawmfwGif
atmufygtwdkif;ajzSif;csuf xkwfjyefcJhavonf(u)
raumif;rIyaomolyif jzpfaomfvnf; raumif;rI tusdK;ray;oaGU umvywfvHk;
492
tpodkU

aumif;jrwfaom tmHkudk awGUjrifEdkifao;\/ raumif;rI tusdK;ay;aom tcgrlum;
raumif;rIyolonf raumif;usdK;udkom awGUjrif&awmh\/
(c)
aumif;rIyaomolyif
raumif;aom
jzpfaomfvnf;
tmHkudk
aumif;rItusdK;ray;oaGU
awGUjrifEdkifao;\/
aumif;rI
umvywfvHk;
tusdK;ay;aomtcgrlum;
aumif;rIyolonf aumif;usdK;wdkUudkom awGUjrif&awmh\/ (ck jref 1? 30/)

uJhodkU tvGefcdkifrmvSaom bk&m;a[m a'oemt& uHonf &ifhusufrS tusdK;ay;onf[laom
0g'onfom Ak'\ur0g' jzpf\/ ikwfoD;pyfovdkqdkonfrSm Ak'\ur0g'r[kwf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh
txufygbk&m;a[mygVd txiftSm;Sdae ikwfoD;ur0g'udk Ak'\ur0g'jzpfatmifvSnfhpm;aomfvnf;
atmifjrifrnfr[kwfay/
tumvdaum-[laom w&m;*kPfawmft& csufcsif; tusdK;ay;onf qdkonfum; 'ge? oDvpaom
ukodkvfuHrsdK;? ygPmwdygw t'dEm'gepaom tukodkvfuHrsdK;ESifh vHk;0roufqdkif? avmukw&mcef;
zGifhaomtcg
r*fukodkvfjzpfNyD;
csufcsif;
zdkvftusdK;ay;onfudkom
qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
r*fNyD;
zdkvfvmonfudkom tumvdu udef;ao tcgrvifhjzpfay\/

avmuDukodkvf tukodkvfcef;um; tcgrvifhr[kwf? tcgvifhonfomjzpfonf/ &ifhusufrSom
tusdK;ay:onf/ um; Ak'\ur0g' ppfppfaywnf;/
OD;Ou|\uHt,ltqonf atmufyg bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;ESifh tb,frQavmuf qefUusifyHkudk
qufvufNyD;qdkOD;tHh/
tusdK;ay;&mumvudk ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;[k owfrSwfjcif;onf tusdK;ay;&m umvtm;jzifh
tukodkvf uHoHk;yg;udk a0zefa[mjyaom ed'geokwfa'oemawmfESifh qefUusifaeonf/ pk'dwuwdkU\
a&;om;csufrsm;onf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wifjypGJqdkonfhtwdkif;
bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh
qefUusifonfrSm rjiif;omay/
34/
ydkrdkxifSm;ap&ef
t*Fkw&ygVd?
'ouedygwfvmaom
oaweduokwfESifh
u&Zum,okwfwdkUudk tusOf;csHK;jyvdkayonf/ xdkokwfwdkU]]em[H bdua0 oawedumeH urmeH uwmeH OypdwmeH ty#doHa0'dwGm AsEDbm0H 0'grd?
w acg 'da|0 "arm OyyaZ0g tya& 0g y&d,ma,}} (tH 3? 497? 503/)
ponfjzifh a[mawmfrlonf/
t"dyg,frSm ]]&[ef;wdkU aphaqmf? tm;xkwf? yvkyf? qnf;yl;tyfukefaom uHwdkU\tusdK;udk
rcHpm;&bJ uif;aysmufjcif;udk igrqdk? xdktusdK;udkvnf; rsufarSmufb0jzpfap? tjcm;rJh('kwd,)
b0jzpfap? aemufb0 tqufqufjzpfap cHpm;&\ }}(tif jref 3? 487?493/) [kpum;csDawmfrlNyD;vQif
towfoufjcif;paom um,uH ysufpD;rIoHk;rsdK;? r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;paom 0pDuH ysufpD;rIav;rsdK;?
olwpfyg;pnf;pdrfudk rw&m;vdkcsifrI tbdZmpaom raemuHysufpD;rIoHk;rsdK;? tukodkvfuH q,frsdK;udk
493
tpodkU
aphaqmftm;xkwfrI [laomtaMumif;aMumifh ow0gwdkUonf aoonfrSaemuf i&JodkU a&muf&ukef\/

olUtoufowfjcif;rS
aSmifMuOfjcif;paom
aSmifMuOfjcif;paom
um,uHjynfhpHkrIoHk;rsdK;?
0pDuHjynfhpHkrIav;rsdK;?
tbdZmrSdjcif;paom
r[kwfrrSefajymjcif;rS
raemuHjynfhpHkrIoHk;rsdK;?
ukodkvfuHq,frsdK;udk aphaqmftm;xkwfrI [laomtaMumif;aMumifh ow0gwdkUonf aoonfrSaemuf

ewfjynfodkUa&muf&ukef\ [ka[mawmfrlonf/
a'oemawmfwdkUjzifh
tusdK;ay;aom
rsufarSmufb0
OyyZa0'eD,uH?
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
[l
tusdK;ay;aom
wwd,b0rSp
uHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk
'd|"ra0'eD,uH?
tqufqufaomb0wdkU
wdkufdkufa0zef
'kwd,b0
tusdK;ay;aom
jyawmfrlonf/
xdkUaMumifh
ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;rSm tusdK;ay;onf [laomt,lonf Ak'\ur0g'r[kwfaMumif; odomayonf/

35/ tSifom&dykw&mr[max&fjrwfonfvnf;(1)
ta[mod urH ta[mod ur0dygaum/

twdwfb0 jzpfNyD; twdwfb0 tusdK;ay;NyD;aomuH?
(2)
ta[mod urH ea[mod ur0dygaum/

twdwfb0 jzpfNyD; twdwfb0 tusdK;ay;NyD;r[kwfaomuH?
(3)
ta[mod urH twd ur0dygaum/

twdwfb0jzpfNyD; ypKyefb0 tusdK;ay;aomuH?
(4)
ta[mod urH ewd ur0dygaum/

twdwfb0 jzpfNyD; ypKyefb0 tusdK;ray;aomuH?
(5)
ta[mod urH b0dwd ur0dygaum/

twdwfb0 jzpfNyD; tem*wfb0 tusdK;ay;vwHYaomuH/
(6)
ta[mod urH eb0dwd ur0dygaum/

twdwfb0jzpfNyD; tem*wfb0 tusdK;ay;vwH r[kwfaomuH[l twdwfuH 6-rsdK;/
(7)
twd urH twd ur0dygaum/

ypKyefb0jzpf ypKyefb0 tusdK;ay;aomuH?
(8)
twd urH ewd ur0dygaum/

ypKyefb0jzpf ypKyefb0 tusdK;ray;aomuH?
(9)
twd urH b0dwd ur0dygaum/

ypKyefb0jzpf tem*wfb0 tusdK;ay;vwHYaomuH?
(10)
twd urH eb0dwd ur0dygaum/

ypKyefb0jzpf tem*wfb0 tusdK;ay;vwHYr[kwfaomuH[l ypKyefuH 4-rsdK;/
(11)
b0dwd urH b0dwd ur0dygaum/
494
tpodkU

tem*wfb0 jzpfvwHYjzpf tem*wfb0 tusdK;ay;vwHYaomuH?
(12)
b0dwd urH eb0dwd ur0dygaum/

tem*wfb0 jzpfvwYHjzpf tem*wfb0 tusdK;ay;vwHY r[kwfaom uH[l
tem*wfuH 2-rsdK; wdkUudk a0zefydkif;jcm; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/ (ck 9? 271/)
(y#dord'gr*f
y#dord'gr*f
ygVdawmf/)
ygVdawmfuvnf;
ikwfoD;ur0g'?
ykcufESifh
acgif;Mum;ur0g'onf
Ak'\ur0g' r[kwf y,fcsvsuf Sdayonf/

36/
t&m
jrwfpGmbk&m;a0zefa[mMum;onfh
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf?
r[mur0db*F
a'oemawmfudk tusOf;rQazmfjyvdkayao;onf/
aygwvdykwy&dAdkZf\ tar;udk tSiford'donf cGJjcm;a0zef ajzqdkoifhvsuf wpfzufowf
ajzqdkrdjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf; uHtrsdK;rsdK;udk a0zef a[mMum;awmfrlvdkaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf(1)
rsufarSmufb0 toufowfrIpaom 'kpdkufq,fyg;wdkUudky aoonfrSaemuf

i&JodkUa&muf&aomyk*dKvf?
(2)
rsufarSmufb0 toufowfrIpaom 'kpdkufq,fyg;wdkUudky aoonfrSaemuf

ewfjynfodkUa&muf&aomyk*dKvf?
(3)
rsufarSmufb0
toufowfrIrSaSmifMuOfjcif;paom
okpdkufq,fyg;wdkUudky
aoonfrSaemuf ewfjynfodkUa&muf&aomyk*dKvf?
(4)
rsufarSmufb0
toufowfrIrSaSmifMuOfjcif;paom
okpdkufq,fyg;wdkUudky
aoonfrSaemuf i&JodkUa&muf&aomyk*dKvf?
av;rsdK;wdkYudk
rmwdum(acgif;pOf)xm;
wpfyg;aom
orP
jAm[PwdkU\
t,lwdkUwGif
cGifhyEdkifaomt,l? cGifhryEdkifaomt,lwdkUudk a0zefawmfrlNyD;vQif tcsKyftm;jzifh odkUa[mawmfrlonf/

(1)
yXryk*dKvfonf xdk'kpdkufuH\ aSUtzdkU? aemuftzdkU 'kua0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom

,kwfrmaomuHudk y\/ aocgeD; umvvnf; rdpmt,ludk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aqmufwnf\/
xdk,kwfrmaom uHaMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0 ycJhonfh toufowfrIpaom
uH\tusdK;udk rsufarSmufb0 jzpfap? 'kwd,b0jzpfap? wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0jzpfap
cHpm;&\/
(2)
'kwd,yk*dKvfonf xdk'kpdkufuH\ aSUtzdkU? aemuftzdkU okca0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom

aumif;aomuHudk
y\/
aocgeD;
umvvnf;
ormt,ludk
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
aqmufwnf\/ xdkaumif;aom uHaMumifh ewfjynfodkU a&muf&\/ vlUb0 ycJhonfh

toufowfrIpaom
uH\tusdK;udk
rsufarSmufb0
jzpfap?
'kwd,b0jzpfap?
wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0jzpfap cHpm;&\/
495
tpodkU
(3)
wwd,yk*dKvfonf
xdkokpdkufuH\
aSUtzdkU?
aemuftzdkU
okca0'em\
taMumif;jzpfaom aumif;aomuHaMumifh ewfjynfodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0 ycJhonfh

toufowfrIrS
aSmifMuOfjcif;paom
uH\tusdK;udk
rsufarSmufb0jzpfap?
'kwd,b0jzpfap? wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0jzpfap cHpm;&\/

(4)
pwkwyk*dKvfonf xdkokpdkufuH\ aSUtzdkU? aemuftzdkU 'kua0'em\ taMumif;jzpfaom

,kwfrmaomuHudk y\/ aocgeD; umvvnf; rdpmt,ludk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk aqmufwnf\/
xdk,kwfrmaom uHaMumifh i&JodkU a&muf&onf/ vlUb0 ycJhonfh toufowfrIrS
aSmifMuOfjcif;paom
uH\tusdK;udk
rsufarSmufb0jzpfap?
'kwd,b0jzpfap?
wpfyg;aom xdkxdkb0jzpfap cHpm;&\/ (r jref 3? 25-rS-260/)

Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf? r[mur0db*Fokwft&vnf; ikwfoD;ur0g'ESifh ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;
ur0g'onf bk&m;w&m;ESifh roufqdkifaom OD;Ou|\ omoemjyify0g'omjzpfaMumif; odomayonf/
37/
xdkUjyif-
(1) *wdorwd = vlewfjA[m[laom aumif;aomb0?

(2) Oy"dorwd = vSyjynfhpHkaom kyfqif;t*Fg?
(3) umvorwd = rif;aumif;? vlaumif;wdkUjzpf&m acwfumvaumif;?
(4) ya,m*orwd = aumif;aomvHkUvya,m* todtvdrm?
av;yg;wdkUonf ukodkvfuHtusdK;ay;cGifh&&ef taMumif;rsm;jzpfukef\/
(1) *wd0dywd = tyg,fav;yg;[laom raumif;aomb0?
(2) Oy"d0dywd = rvSy? rjynfhpHkaom kyfqif;t*Fg?
(3) umv0dywd = rif;qdk;? vlqdk;wdkUjzpf&m acwfqdk;acwfysuf?
(4) ya,m*0dywd = rSm;,Gif;aomvHkUvya,m*ESifh todtvdrmrSdjcif;
av;yg;wdkYonf tukodkvfuHtusdK;ay;cGifh&&eftaMumif;rsm;jzpfukef\/
tcsdKU tukodkvfwdkUonf orwdESifh uHudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;cGifh r&MubJ? 0dywdESifh uHuduf
onfhtcg tusdK;ay;Muukef\/ tcsdKU ukodkvfuHwdkUonf 0dywdESifh uHudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;cGifh
r&MubJ? orwdESifh uHudufonfhtcg tusdK;ay;Muukef\ [lvnf; uHwdkU\ tusdK;ay;[ef?
ray;[efwdkUudk 0dbif;ygVdawmfBuD; tus,fa0zef a[mMum;awmfrlonf (tbd 2? 351/) / xdkUaMumifh
Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf ]]wzef xdkUjyifvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf twdwf? tem*wf? ypKyefjzpfonfh aqmufwnftyfaom
uHwdkU\ tusdK;udk taxmuftyHhtaMumif; jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;tm;jzifh [kwfrSefpGm odawmfrl\/
twdwf? tem*wf? ypKyefjzpfonfh aqmufwnftyfaom uHwdkU\ tusdK;udk taxmuftyHhtaMumif;
496
tpodkU
jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;tm;jzifh [kwfrSefpGm odaMumif;jzpfaom Pfawmfonf bk&m;Sif\

Pfawmftm;aywnf;/ ,if; tm;awmfodkUa&muf (,if; tm;awmfudk taMumif;y) bk&m;Sifonf
jrwfaom oAkwPft&mudk 0efcHawmfrl\/ y&dwfowfwdkU rGHUraMumuf jcaoFha[mufouJhodkU
&J&Jawmuf rdefU>rufawmfrl\/ jrwfaom"rpufudk vnfapawmfrl\}}[k jcaoFha[mufouJhodkU &J&Jawmuf
uH;0g;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (0dbif;ygVdawmf-329)
38/
odkU jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkif twdwf? tem*wf? ypKyefuHESifh xdkuHwdkU\
tusdK;w&m;wdkUudk cGJjcm;ydkifydkif odjrifEdkifonfh oAkwPfwnf;[laom wxm*w\ tm;awmfjrwfudk

ykwfcwfapmfum;?
y,fSm;wm;jrpfvsuf
i&JbHkrsm;onf
pdwful;
]]ukodkvf?
oufoufjzihf
tukodkvfuHwdkU\
vlom;\pdwfudk
tusdK;w&m;ESifh
ewfbHk?
jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifjcif;
ajcmufvSefUjcif;omjzpfonf}}[lvnf;aumif;? ]],ckb0 aumif;pm;csrf;omaejcif;onf aS;aS;b0u

ukodkvfuHaMumifhr[kwf? ,ckb0tvkyf\ aus;Zl;oufoufjzpfonf}}[lvnf;aumif;? Ak'\ ur0g'um;
ykcufESifhacgif;Mum;om
jrpfzsm;cHvmonf}}
jzpfonf}}[l
vnf;aumif;?
[lvnf;aumif;?
y&r&umrm0p&ukodkvf?
]]Ak'\
tukodkvfusdK;udk
]]uruwvrf;pOfonf
rl&if;a'oem
vufcH,HkMunf&ef
jAm[Pa0'rS
twdwfuHudk
tpGJyaom
rygrSd}}[lvnf;aumif;
a&;om;
a[majymaeMuaom OD;Ou|ESifh ol\aemufvdkufwpfpkwdkU\ t,lonf uH-uH\ tusdK;udky,fSm;aom

ruvda*gomv wdwdq&mBuD;\ rdpmt,lrsdK;om jzpfonfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f rSdacs/
39/
xdkuH-uH\tusdK;udk
y,faomwdwdt,l0g'udk
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf?
wduedygwf?
auourv okwf odkU jrwfpGmbk&m; Iwfcsawmfrl\/

]]&[ef;wdkU csnfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom t0wf[lorQwdkUwGif vlqHcsnfrQifjzifh &ufxm;tyfaom
urvmudk t,kwfnHhqHk;t0wf[k qdkxdkuf\/ &[ef;wdkU vlqHcsnfrQifjzifh &uftyfaom urvmonf
at;aom&moD tvGefat;\/ yltdkufaom&moD tvGefyltdkuf\/ tqif;vnf;rvS? teHUvnf;raumif;?
Murf;wrf;aomtawGUvnf; Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU wlomvQif rsm;pGmukefaom orP jAm[PwdkU\
t,l0g'[lorQwdkUwGif ruvda*gomv\ t,l0g'udk t,kwfnHhqHk;[k qdkxdkuf\/
&[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm;jzpfonfh ruvda*gomvonf ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHrSd?
ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrIrSd? tm;xkwftyfaom 0D&d,rSd[k ajymqdkavh Sd\/ odkU,lavh Sd\/
&[ef;wdkU
aS;vGefavNyD;aom
umv
yGifhawmfrlukefNyD;aom?
ylaZmftxl;udk
cHawmfrlxdkufaom?
w&m;tm;vHk;udk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom bk&m;SifwdkUonfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH Sd\/

ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrI Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrlukefNyD/ &[ef;wdkU
r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaoma,mufsm; ruvda*gomvonf xdkyGifhawmfrlukefNyD;aom bk&m;SifwdkUudkvnf;
ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHrSd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrIrSd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, rSd[k
wm;jrpf\/
497
tpodkU
&[ef;wdkU aemiftem*wfumv yGifhawmfrlvwHUaom? ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? w&m;

tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaombk&m;SifwdkUonfvnf; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH Sd\/ ukodkvfuH?
tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrI Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, Sd\}}[k a[mawmfrlukefvwHU/ &[ef;wdkU ,cktcg
ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? w&m;tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom igbk&m;onfvnf;
]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrI Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, Sd\}}[k
a[mawmfrl\/
&[ef;wdkU
r*fzdkvfrS
tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm;jzpfonfh
ruvda*gomvonf
yGifhawmfrlNyD;?
yGifhawmfrlvwHU bk&m;SifwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? igbk&m;udkvnf;aumif; ]]ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHrSd?

ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrIrSd? tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, rSd}}[k wm;jrpfbd\/
&[ef;wdkU ,cktcg ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? tvHk;pHkaomw&m;wdkUudk udk,fwdkifrSefpGm
odawmfrlaom igbk&m;onfvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuH Sd\/ ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrI
Sd\/ tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, Sd\[k a[mawmfrl\/ &[ef;wdkU r*fzdkvfrS tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaoma,mufsm;
ruvda*gomvonf ighudkvnf; ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHonfrSd? ukodkvfuH? tukodkvfuHudk yvkyfrIrSd?
tm;xkwftyfaom0D&d, rSd[k wm;jrpf\/
&[ef;wdkU jrpfqHkjrpf0 axmifxm;tyfaomjrHK;onf rsm;pGmukefaom ig;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef?
qif;&J&ef? tusdK;rJhysufpD;&efjzpfouJhodkU? twlomvQif vlaxmifjrHK;yrm avmu jzpfay:vmaom
tcsnf;ESD;a,mufsm; ruvda*gomvonf rsm;pGmaomow0gwdkU tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef? qif;&J&ef? tusdK;rJh
ysufpD;&efjzpfayonf}}[k rdefUawmfrlavonf/ (tif jref 1? 307-308/)
bk&m;Sif\ rdefUcGef;awmfESifhtnD OD;Ou|onfvnf; wdwdBuD;ruvda*gomvyrm jzpf\/
pk'dwuwynfhBuD;
tpD;tyGm;rJh&ef?
ocifjrwfqdkifrStp
qif;&J&ef?
qdkoifhayawmhonf/
a*gwr
orm'd|dokawoeorm;rsm;
tusdK;rJhysufpD;&ef
jzpfay:vmaom
bk&m;wpfqludkomru?
tpSdaom
ow0gtrsm;
vlaxmifjrHK;BuD;jzpfonf[kom
bk&m;tqlqludk
qefUusifol?
wm;jrpfol
jzpfayonf/
(c)trSwfaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf
40/
(c)]],ckb0 csrf;omjcif;udk aS;aS;b0u ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,HkMunfvQif ykaAuw
a[wk'd|d jzpfonf/ t"rjzpfonf/}}[laompum;&yfudkvnf; uruwPfESifh ykaAuwa[wk'd|dudk

uGJjym;pGm rodem;rvnfjcif;aMumifh qdkrdjcif;jzpfayonf/ uruwPfESifh ykaAuwa[wk'd|dwdkUum;
tenf;i,frQrwlay/
uH-uH\tusdK;onf Sd\/ ukodkvfuHaMumifh aumif;aomtusdK; jzpfonf/ tukodkvfuHaMumifh
498
tpodkU
raumif;aomtusdK; jzpfonf[k odaomPfonf uruwPf rnf\/ tv\tusdK;onf

Sd\ponfjzifh
jzpfaomPf?
opmEkavmrduac:
0dyemPfudkxm;
tm;vHk;aom
avmuD
ukodkvfPfonf uruwPfrnf\[k 0dbif;ygVdawmf 341-vmonf/

csrf;omcHpm;&jcif; tm;vHk;onf aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ qif;&JcHpm;&jcif;
tm;vHk;onfvnf; aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ rqif;&J? rcsrf;om OayumcHpm;&jcif;
tm;vHk;onfvnf; aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ olUtoufowfjcif; olUOpmcdk;jcif;
wdkUonfvnf; aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMuonf/ rnfonfht&mrqdk jzpfjzpforQonf
aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfMuonf[k aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;udkcsnf; tjrwfwEdk;
,HkMunfpGJvrf;rIonf
ykaAuwa[wk'd|d
jzpfonf/
ykaAuwa[wk'd|dudk
odem;vnfMuap&ef
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonfhpum;&yfrS t"dyg,frysuf tusOf;csHK; jyvdkayonf/

]]&[ef;wdkU
vnf;aumif;?
ow0gonf
rqif;&J?
taMumif;aMumifhom
tvHk;pHkaom
csrf;omrIokcudk
rcsrf;om(vspfvsLIrI)
cHpm;&\}}[k
Oayumudk
ajymavh,lav&Sdaom
vnf;aumif;?
vnf;aumif;
qif;&JrI'kuudk
aS;uycJhzl;aom
orPjAm[PtcsdKUwdkU
Sdukef\/
xdkorPjAm[PwdkUodkU csOf;uyf tSifwdkU ow0gonf tvHk;pHkaom okc? 'ku? Oayumudk

aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom cHpm;&\[k oifwdkU ajymavh,lavhSdMu\[lonf rSefoavm[k
igar;\/ rSef\[k xdkolwdkUuvnf; 0efcHMu\/ tSifwdkU odkUjzpfvQif olUtoufudk owfavhSdolwdkUonf
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom
jzpfMu&vdrhfrnf/
jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/
rjrwfaomtusifhudk
usifholwdkUonf
rkom;ajymolwdkUonf
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom jzpf&vdrfhrnf/ ukef;wdkufpum;? Murf;wrf; aompum;? Nydefzsifa;ompum;udk

ajymolwdkUonf
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;aMumifhom
jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf/
olwpfyg;pnf;pdrfudk
rufarmav&Sdol? ysufpD;apvdkpdwfSdol? rSm;aomt,lSdolwdkUonf aS;uycJhzl;aom taMumif;aMumifhom

jzpfMu&vdrfhrnf[k igqdk\/
&[ef;wdkU
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;udkomvQif
tjrwfwEdk;
,HkMunfpGJvrf;MuolwdkUtm;
trIudpudk y&ef? ry&ef tvdkqE? tm;xkwfrI 0D&d,onf rjzpfEdkifawmhacs/ odkU yoifhonf?

ryoifhonfudk trSeftuef? tcdkiftjrJr&cJhaomf owdvGwfuif; apmifhpnf;jcif;rSdbJ aeolwdkUtwGuf
toD;tjcm;
taMumif;ESifhwuGjzpfaom
orP0g'
rSdEdkifawmhacs/
&[ef;wdkU
onfum;
odkUajymavh,lav&Sdaom orPjAm[PwdkU taMumif;ESifhwuG ig\yXrESdyfjcif;wnf;}} (tif jref 1?

192? 193/)
wdw,weokwfvm bk&m;a[mw&m;udk em;vnfolrSeforQonf ,ckb0 csrf;omjcif;onf
aS;ukodkvfuHaMumifh[k ,lqcsufudk t"r[krqdkcJhMuay/
41/
uruwPfESifh ykaAuwa[wk'd|dwdkU\ xl;jcm;yHkudk em;vnfcJhMuonfhtwGuf
499
tpodkU
t|uxmq&mBuD;u
odkU
tukodkvfuHESifh,SOfaom
qufvufSif;jyxm;\/
ura0'em?
cHpm;rI
ud&d,mpdwf,SOfaom
a0'emonf
ud&d,a0'em?
ukodkvfuH?
0dygufpdwf,SOfaom
0dygua0'em[l oHk;rsdK; Sd\/ xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkUwGif ura0'em? ud&d,a0'emwdkUonf aS;uycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf
r[kwf?
0dygua0'emonfomvQif
vufSdawGUuHvmaom
aS;uycJhzl;aom
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh
taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k
jzpfonf/
odjrif,lqjcif;onf
uruworm'd|djzpfonf/ ura0'em? ud&d,a0'em? 0dygua0'emoHk;rsdK;vHk;onf aS;uycJhzl;aom

taMumif;aMumifhom jzpf\[k vufcH,HkMunfjcif;onfom ykaAuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/
tema&m*gwdkUonf onf;ajcaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? ovdyfaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g?
avaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? xdkoHk;rsdK;aygif;qHk usa&mufrI oEdygwfaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g?
OwkazmufjyefrIaMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? cEmudk,fudk rnDrGwf? rrQrw aqmifGufjcif;aMumifh
jzpfaom tema&m*g? vHkvtm;xkwf yvkyfjcif;aMumifhjzpfaom tema&m*g? uH\tusdK;aMumifhjzpfaom
tema&m*g[l SpfrsdK;SdMu\/
xdka&m*g SpfrsdK;wdkUudk oufqdkif&m taMumif;w&m;wdkUaMumifh jzpfonf[k odjrifjcif;onf
uruworm'd|d jzpf\/ ]]tema&m*g rSeforQ aS;uHaMumifhom jzpfonf[k ,lqjcif;onf}}
ykaAuwa[wk'd|d jzpf\/
rsufarSmufb0 cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;Sdaom (rsufarSmufb0 tusdK;ay;aom) 'd|"ra0'eD,uH?
'kwd,b0 uyfa&muf cHpm;tyfaom tusdK;Sdaom ('kwd,b0 tusdK;ay;aom) OyyZa0'eD,uH?
tqufqufaom
b0
cHpm;tyfaom
tusdK;Sdaom
(tqufqufaomb0
tusdK;ay;aom)
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH[l uHoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkuHoHk;rsdK;vHk;udk odjrif

,HkMunfjcif;onf
uruworm'd|d
jzpf\/
aSUESpfrsdK;wdkUudk
y,f
ty&my&d,a0'eD,uH
wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH ,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/

rsufarSmufb0 cHpm;&aomtusdK;? 'kwd,b0 cHpm;&aomtusdK;? tqufqufb0 cHpm;&aom
tusdK;[l
uH\tusdK;oHk;rsdK;wdkUudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mxm;awmfrlonf/
xdkoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk
odjrif
,HkMunfjcif;onf uruworm'd|d jzpf\/ aSUESpfrsdK;wdkUudk y,f ty&my&d, tqufquftusdK;

wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH ,HkMunfjcif;onf ykaAuwa[wk'd|djzpfonf/
ukodkvfapwem? tukodkvfapwem? 0dyguapwem? ud&d,apwem av;rsdK;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mxm;awmfrlonf/ xdkav;rsdK;vHk;udk odjrif,HkMunfjcif;onf uruworm'd|d jzpf\/ 0dygu
apwemrS wpfyg;aom apwemoHk;rsdK;wdkUudk y,f 0dyguapwem wpfrsdK;udkom vufcH,HkMunfjcif;onf
ykaAuwa[wk'd|d jzpf\/ (tH | 2? 156/)
42/
odkUvQif
uruworm'd|dESifh
ykaAuwa[wk'd|donf
wGif;xGufpdefESifh
csufausmufyrm vGefpGm uGJjym;jcm;em;vSayonf/ ,if;odkU vGefpGmuGJjym;jcm;em;onf\ tjzpfudkvnf;
500
tpodkU
t|uxmtqdkudk rMunfhIrdapumrl jrwfpGmbk&m;\ 'kwd,0guspum;awmfjzifhyif ay:vGifxifSm;pGm

odEdkifayonf/ ,if;odkU odEdkifygvsuf aemuf0gus pum;&yfudk csefvSyf0Sufxm; wpfyg;olrsm;
,HkrSm;oHo, jzpfavatmif MuHaqmifvsuf ]],ckb0 csrf;om<u,f0jcif;onf aS;uHaMumifhjzpfonf[k
,HkMunfvQif ykaAuw a[wk'd|d jzpfonf/ bk&m;u t"r[ka[monf}}[ka&;om; a[majymjcif;onf
OD;Ou|taejzifh
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trSefwu,f
rod
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&nfG,fcsufjzifh a&;om; a[majymjcif;om jzpfonf/
trSefpifppf OD;Ou|onf puK? aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um,[laom yom'kyf ig;yg;udkom
toHk;csonfh kyf0g'DwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; ae&mrsm;pGm a&;om;a[majym qHk;raeonfudk awGUMu&onfjzpf
Ak'0g'udk kyf0g'tjrifjzifh MunfhNyD; a&;om;aejcif;om jzpfonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf ol\kyf0g'udk Ak'"r
tultnD,lNyD; xlaxmifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf Ak'"rrsm;udk kyf0g'rsm;jzpfatmif yufyufpufpuf
omoemxJ0ifNyD; zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyf ,lqawmfrlMuonf/
(*) trSwfjyaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

43/
(*)
]]ukodkvf?
tukodkvftaMumif;aMumifh
tusdK;qufjzpfonf[laom
uruwmvrf;pOfonf jAm[Pa0'rS jrpfzsm;cHvmonf/ oHo&m vnfaea&;udkom tm;ay;aomw&m;

jzpfonf}}[laom a&;om;csufvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;a'oemESifh zDvmjzpfaom a&;om;csufjzpfonf/ Ak'"r
tppfrsm;udk jAm[P0g'[korkwfNyD; jynfolvlxk xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;om jzpfavonf/
uruwmorm'd|donf ukodkvfw&m; tm;vHk;wdkU\ tajccHt&if;tjrpfjzpfonf/ uruwmorm'd|d
SdrSomvQif tukodkvfudkvnf; aSmifMuOfEdkifonf/ 'ge? oDv? bm0em ukodkvfw&m;wdkUudkvnf; jzpfyGm;
apEdkifonf/ xdkUaMumifh uruwmorm'd|dESifh oDvudk ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tp[l jrwfpGmbk&m;
odkU a[mawmfrlonf/
womwd[ wGH bduK tm'dar0 0daoma"[d ukoavok "arok/ aum pm'd ukovmeH
"rmeH? oDv ok 0dok'H 'd|d p OZkum/ (oH 3/ 124/)
jrefrmjyef
&[ef; oif w&m;awmif;yefjcif; taMumif;aMumifh oifonf ukodkvfw&m;wdkU tpydkif;udkom
okwfoif pifMu,fapOD;avmh/ ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\ tpydkif;[lonf tb,fenf;? pifMu,faomoDvESifh
ajzmifhrwfaomt,lyifwnf;/
&[ef; odkUjzpfvQif oifonf ukodkvfw&m;wdkU tpudkyif okwfoifavmh/ ukodkvfw&m;wdkU\
tpum; tb,fenf;/ aumif;pGm pifMu,faomoDvESifh ajzmifhrwfaomt,lyifwnf;/ (oH jref 3/ 129/)
44/
uruwmorm'd|dESihf
jynfhpHkaom
olonfomvQif
t,lrSefSdol?
501
tpodkU
ajzmifhrwfaomt,lSdol? w&m;awmf rwkefrvIyf ouf0ifMunfdkoljzpf olawmfaumif;w&m;[laom

omoemawmfodkU a&mufvmol (omoemhEG,f0if) jzpfaMumif;udk orm'd|dokwf odkU a[mawmfrlonf/
ighSif...t&d,mwynfhonf
tukodkvf
tukodkvf\
taMumif;&if;?
ukodkvf
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t,lonf
ajzmifhrwf\/
w&m;awmf
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jynfhpHkvsuf
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45/
w&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk axmufxm; uruwPf (uruworm'd|d)onf
jAm[Pa0'rS oGif;,lxm;aom w&m;r[kwf? bk&m;Sif udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlxm;aom w&m;

jzpfonfudk oHo, uif;uif;Sif;Sif; rSwf,l&m\/
]]avmuonf uHaMumifh jzpf\/ ow0gtaygif;onf uHaMumifh jzpf\/ oGm;aeaom &xm;\
em;yef;pGef;uJhodkU ow0gwdkUudk uHu zGJUpyfxm;\/}} (r jref 2/ 418/)
(ow0gonf) uHaMumifh ausmfapmjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? csD;rGrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; &\/ uHaMumifh
qHk;IH;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
owfjzwfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
aESmifzGJUjcif;udkvnf;aumif;
&\/
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(tbd jref 4-'k/ 292/)
(uxm0wKygVdawmf jrefrmjyef)
(C)trSwfjyaom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf
46/
(C) uruwmvrf;pOfudk oHo&mvnfa&;vrf;pOf[k OD;Ou|u pGyfpGJjyefonf/
uruwPf[k qdktyfaom 'd|dZkuryknud&d,0wKonf oHo&mvnfa&;udk tm;ay;aomw&m;

[kwf-r[kwfudk pdppfMuukeftHh/
uruwPf[lonf ]]'kpdkufq,fyg;onf tusdK;pD;yGm;wdkUudk zsufqD;wwf? tusdK;rJhudk
jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh udk,fydkifOpmjzpfaom uHr[kwf? okpdkufonf tusdK;rJhwdkUudk zsufqD;wwf?
tusdK;pD;yGm;wdkUudk jzpfapwwfaomaMumifh udk,fydkifOpmjzpfaom uHrnf\}}[k odwwfaomPfyifwnf;/
xdkPf wnf 'ge? oDv? Oaygoxpaom aumif;rIwdkUudkyvsuf csrf;ompnf;pdrf tqifhqifh
cHpm;NyD;vQif edAmefodkU a&mufMuolwdkUrSm *Pef;cs rjyEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonfudk oarm[0daem'eD
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qm;? ESrf;? qefpaom &dumrsm;udkwif uEm&c&D;cJudk oGm;onfSdaomf wpfpHkwpfck yzG,fudp
jzpfay:vmygu toHk;taqmiftm;vHk; ,lcJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh awmifawmif MuHpnfxdwfvefUrI rSdbJ
ab;rSd&m
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wnfvsuf
502
tpodkU
rsm;pGmaomtvudk
ay;v?
oDvudkjznfhusifh?
Oykofudk
aqmufwnf
csrf;omtqifhqifh?
pnf;pdrftqifhqifh cHpm;NyD;vQif edAmefodkU a&mufukefaom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ ta&twGufum;

tydkif;tjcm;rSdEdkif? *Pef;rjyEdkif}}/ (tbd? |? 2? 497/)
47/
tcgwpfyg; a0omvDjynfom; O*ol<u,fonf jrwfpGmbk&m;tr;Sdaom oHCmawmfudk
rdrdtdrfodkUyifhzdwf ESpfcdufzG,fjzpfaom vzG,f0wKwdkUudk pDrHNyD;vQif ]]tSifbk&m; ESpfcdufzG,fypnf;

0wKudk ay;volonf ESpfcdufzG,ftusdK;udk &\}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m; rsufarSmufawmfrS wynhfawmf
Mum;em&zl;ygonf/ wynfhawmf\ tifMuif;yGifhESifhwlaom cJzG,fponfrsm;onf ESpfcdufzG,fSdygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wynfhawmftm; oem;apmifhaSmuf csD;ajrmufaomtm;jzifh xdkvzG,f0wKwdkUudk tvcH
awmfrlyg}}[k avQmufxm; v'gef;avonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tvcHawmfrlNyD; ]]remy'g,D vbaw
remyH}}paom ESpf*gxmwdkUjzifh tEkarm'em yawmfrlonf/
t"dyg,frSm-]]ESpfcdufzG,fudk
ay;volonf
ESpfcdufzG,ftusdK;udk
&Edkif\/
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trsdK;rsdK;aom vzG,fypnf;wdkUudk ay;v\/
v,f,majraumif;ESifhwlaom
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ESpfcdufzG,fudk
ay;vaom xdkolawmfaumif;onf pGefUEdkifcJonfudk pGefU ESpfcdufzG,ftusdK;udk &\/

aemiftcg O*ol<u,fonf pkawNyD;vQif ok'g0gojA[bHkjzpf t&[wzdkvfodkU a&mufum
jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfodkU tzl;tajrmf vma&mufavonf/ xdktcg jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]O*...todkUenf;
(b,fhES,fvJ) oifhtm; tvdktwdkif; jynfhpHk\avm}}[k ar;awmfrlav&m ]]tSifbk&m; wynfhawmftm;
tvdktwdkif; pifppf jynfhpHkyg\}}[k avQmufavonf/ O*ol<u,f tvdkSdaom tusdK;um; t&[wzdkvf
jzpfonf/ xdkt&[wzdkvfudk& tvdktwdkif; jynfhpHkyg\[k avQmufavonf/
(t*Fkw& yuedygwygVd 42 rS 45? ,if;t|uxm 23 rS 25 )
OD;Ou|\ pGyfpGJcsuftwdkif; uHyvQif oHo&mvnfonfqdkygu O*ol<u,f &[Emjzpfrnf r[kwf/
,ckrl ukodkvfuHudk yvkyfaom O*ol<u,f &[Emjzpf oHo&mjywfavNyD/ w&m;awmf jzpf&yfrSefudk
axmuf OD;Ou|onf pnf;vGwf0g;vGwf wm0efrJh a&;om;a[majymaom? omoemudk zsufqD;olom
jzpfaMumif; xifSm;ayonf/
48/
xdkUjyif
uruwmvrf;pOfESifh
pyfvsOf;
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Sdayao;\/
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xdkynmSdwdkUonf
ewfjynfodkUvnf;
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vlUjynf0,f
jrwfaomtrsdK;vnf;
jzpf&ukef\/ tpOfojzifh edAmefodkU a&muf&ukef\}} (tif jref? 1? 108/)
503
tpodkU
49/

ck'uygXygVdawmf? ed"du@okwfvnf; odkUa[mMum;\/ ]]vlUjynfSd pnf;pdrfOpmudk
vnf;aumif; ewfjynf arGUavsmfzG,fudkvnf;aumif; edAmefcsrf;omudkvnf;aumif; tusdK;tm;vHk;udk

xdkukodkvfaTtdk;aMumifh &Edkif\}} (ck jref 1? 9/)
50/
yXmef;ygVdawmfBuD;
uruwPf
ukodkvfuHudk
tajcy
oHo&mjywfNyD;
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o'H Oyedm, 'geH a'wd? oDvH orm'd,wd? OaygoxurH ua&mwd? psmeH Oyga'wd?
0dyeH Oyga'wd? r*H Oyga'wd? tbdnH Oyga'wd? ormywd Oyga'wd/
&wemoHk;yg; uH-uH\ tusdK;w&m;tay: ouf0if,HkMunfrIudk trSDy (taMumif;y)
tvay;v\/ oDv aqmufwnf\? Oykofapmifh\? psmef&atmif tm;xkwf psmef&\? 0dyem
ur|mef;w&m;
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tusdK;xl; r&Edkif r&ay)/
okweftbd"rm a'oemawmfwdkUudk axmuf umrm0p& ukodkvfuHonf r*fzdkvfwdkUtm;
yuwlyed,owdjzifh aus;Zl;yum oHo&m0#frS uRwfvGwfxGufajrmuf apEdkifaom w&m;jzpfonf/
oHo&m vnfapwwfaom w&m;r[kwf[k odomayonf/
oHo&m vnfapwwfaom w&m;um; uruwmvrf;pOf r[kwf? t0dZmESifh wPSmom
jzpfonfudk terw*oH,kwf ygVdawmf odkU a[mawmfrlavonf/
terwa*g,H bdua0 oHoma&m? ykAmaum#d e ynm,wd t0dZmeD0&PmeH owmeH
wPSmoHa,mZemeH oEm0dwH oHo&dwH/ (oH 1? 387/)
t"dym,frSm - ]]&[ef;wdkU oHo&m\ tpudk rodEdkif? rodrIt0dZmjzifh ydwfzHk;tyfukefonf/
wPSmaESmifud;jzifh zGJUcsnftyfukefonf jzpf b0rS xdkb0? xdkb0rS b0odkU ajy;oGm;usifvnf
Mu&ukefaom ow0gwdkU\ aSUtpGef;onf rxif}}/ (oH jref 1? 375/)
xdkUaMumifh
Ak'0dyem
(1)
a&;om;xm;aom
uruwmvrf;pOfonf
azmfjyyg
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(i) trSwfjy aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

51/
(1) ]]t0dZm? wPSm? Oyg'gef? uH ocFg&[laom twdwfb0taMumif;uHaMumifh
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ponfjzifh
twdwfb0u
taMumif;aMumifh
,ckb0wGif
tusdK;w&m;rsm;vm
jzpf&ol[laom
t,ltqrsm;rSm twvrf;pOf 0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;rsm;om jzpfonf}}[laom 0drkwd&ot&aumufusrf;
504
tpodkU
ESm-22?
23

wdkUygaom
a&;om;csufonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmfudk
twvrf;pOf0dnmOfpGJ trSm;w&m;[k pGyfpGJxm;aom a&;om;csufom jzpfonf/ y#dporkyg'fw&m;udk

vufcHoa,mifa,muf wpfae&m [efjyxm; ae&m yufyufpufpuf zsufqD;xm;jcif;om
jzpfayonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y#dporkyg'f a'oemawmfESifh omoeywdwdwdkU\ tw0g'wdkU rwluGJjym;
jcm;em;yHkudk
trSeftwdkif;
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tw0g'udk
aS;OD;pGm
jyqdkMuukefthH?
omoemywdwdwdkU pGJvrf;xifrSm;aom twonf y&rw (y& + tw)? ZD0tw[l 2 rsdK; Sd\/

urmavmuBuD;ESifh ow0gawGudk pDrHzefqif;Edkifol r[mjA[mSdonf xm0&bk&m;Sdonf[k
pGJvrf;xifrSm;rIonf y&rwpGJjzpfonf/ xdky&rwpGJvrf;yHkudk oDvuef ygVdawmf ESm- 19-20
jyqdkxm;ayonf/ ow0gwpfa,mufwpfa,muf\ toufaumif vdyfjymaumif 0dnmOfaumif Sdonf[k
pGJvrf;xifrSm;rIonf ZD0twpGJjzpfonf/
52/
ZD0twpGJvrf;yHkum; ow0gwdkU\ cEmudk,ftwGif; toufaumif? vdyfjymaumif?
0dnmOfaumif[k qdk&aom twSdonf/ xdktwonf vGefpGm tpGrf;xufjrufonf/

um&u - yvkyfzG,f[lorQudk twuyvkyfonf/ aumif;rI raumif;rI[lorQudk tw\
owdaMumifh yrdMuonf? oGm;vmvkyfudkifrI [lorQ tw\ owdaMumifhom jzpf&onf/
a0'u - aumif;rI raumif;rI\ tusdK;udkvnf; twu cHpm;onf/ csrf;omrI qif;&JrI paom
cHpm;zG,f[lorQudk twucsnf; cHpm;onf? ,ckvdk b0u aumif;rI raumif;rIwdkUudk ycJhvQif aemiftcg
rdrdycJhaom aumif;rI raumif;rI\ aumif;usdK;qdk;jypfwdkUudk twuyif cHpm;&vdrfhrnf/
omrd - cEmtdrfqdkif&m0,f ydkifotkyfpdk;Edkifaom twonf cEmtdrf\ tSifocifjzpfonf/
ed0goD - cEmtdrfa[mif; ysufpD;aomtcg cEmtdrfopfudk pDrHzefwD;vsuf cEmtdrfopfodkU
aGUajymif;
aexdkifonf?
cEmtdrfom
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twaumifum;
b,ftcgrQ
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tjrJwnfonf/
o,H0oD - cEmudk,fESifh qdkif&m0,f rdrdtvdkodkU vdkufygapEdkifonf/
um&u? a0'u? omrd? ed0goD? o,H0oD[laom tjcif;t&m ig;rsdK;jzifh twSdaMumif;
pGJvrf;xif&Sm;aerIonf
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(0g)
ZD0twpGJ
jzpfayonf/
cEmudk,fxJrSm
twoufoufSdonf[laom rdpmtjrifaywnf;/
tcsdKUurl cEm 5-yg;xJu cEmwpfyg;yg;udk tw[k pGJMu\/ cEmig;yg;wdkUwGif tcsdKUu
lyuEmudk tw[k pGJvrf;Muonf/ tcsdKUu 0dnmPuEm (pdwf)udk tw[kpGJvrf;Muonf/ tcsdKUu
a0'emuEmudk tcsdKUu onmuEmudk tcsdKUu ocFg&uEmudk tw[k pGJvrf;Muonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ aoaomol\ Oom"mwfysuf *EA"mwfonf ESvHk;tdrfrS aemufqHk;ysufNyD; ESmacgif;u
xGufvmwJhavxJrSm ygvmNyD;vQif A[d'avxkxJrSm ysHUESHUoGm;vsuf xdkavudk Irdaom rdbavmif;wdkU\
505
tpodkU
udk,fcEmtwGif;odkU a&mufum aoG;xJrSm a&mpyfoGm;NyD;aemuf xdk*EA"mwfrS vljyefjzpfvmonf[laom

OD;OuX ocifjrwfqdkifESifh ol\aemufvdkuf aemufygwdkU\ t,lonf kyfudk twpGJvrf;aom tw0g'om
jzpfayonf? rdpm0g'ppfppfom jzpfawmhonf/ Ak'0g' vHk;0r[kwfay/
53/
aS;b0u kyfjzpfap? emrfjzpfap wpfckckonf odkUr[kwf kyfemrfESpfrsdK;vHk;onf b0opf
ygvmonf[k,lvQif
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kyfemrf[lorQESifh
vHk;0tquftoG,frSd
aemufb0 aemufkyf aemufemrf topfjzpfonf[k ,lvQif Oap''d|djzpfonf/

jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y#dporkyg'f a'oemawmfum; rnfonfhtw rnfonfhkyfemrfrQ wdkufdkuf
ul;ajymif;vmjcif; rSdbJ taMumif;aMumifh tusdK;jzpfyHkrQudkom jyaomaMumifh qdkcJhyg tw0g'ESifh
vm;vm;rQ roufqdkif? xdkow'd|d? Oap''d|dESpfrsdK;rS uif;vGwf tewtjzpfudk xifSm;pGm azmfjyaom
a'oemawmfom jzpfonf/
kyfemrfw&m;wdkUonf ypub0 yuwdumvyif wpfae&mrS wpfae&modkUvnf;aumif;?
wpfcPrS wpfcPodkUvnf;aumif; rajymif;raGU EdkifMuukef? Oyg'f XD bif=jzpf wnf ysufpepfjzifhom
jzpfSdaeMuayonf/ xdkUaMumifh b0a[mif;rS pkaw b0opf0,f jzpf&mtcg ]]b0a[mif;rS kyfemrfrsm;
ajymif;aGUygavovm;}}[k tb,frSmvQif ,HkrSm;zG,f Sdcsdrfhrnfenf;/
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,if;0g'onf ur0g'tjzpf toGifajymif;um Ak'yGifhawmfrlaom acwftxd wGifus,fcJhonf?

ur0g'rSm jA[Pa0'\ twudk tajccHonf? twtajccHaom 0g'jzpfonfhtwdkif;
,cifuvnf;jzpfcJhNyD?
,ckvnf;jzpfqJ
aemifvnf;
jzpfvdrfhOD;rnf[l
umvoHk;yg;
511
tpodkU
tpOfquf\/
rnfonfhtcgrS umv0drkwf rjzpf/ ,if;0g'udk Ak'u umv0drkwfjzifh
awmfvSefy,fpGefUap\/
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-6)
(2) tcsufonf yxroH*g,emwifyGJudk &[ef;awmftcsdKU tmHkyawmfrrlaMumif; xifSm;onf?

tb,faMumifhenf; twdwf tem*wfw&m;pkrsm;? twtwed,paom 0dnmP0g'rsm;
jyefygvmaomaMumifh -
(3) okwf 'k*wd=raumif;aom vm;&m[lonf aoNyD;aemufrS i&JbHkponfudk a&muf&rnf[k

t"dym,f taumufoifhay? ,ckypursufarSmufyif ao&m anmifapmif; rvJavsmif;rDrSmyif
t&d,mwynfhom;wdkif; OD;wnfcsDwuf&rnfh 0drkwdyef;wdkifESifh vGJacsmf 'kutm;vHk;wdkU\
vufonfjzpfaom wG,fwmrI oHa,mZOfrsm; wdk;yGm;um rvdkvm;tyfaom 'kursm;ESifhom
awGUuHae&rnf[k t"dym,faumuf,l oifhvSayonf/ odkUrSom oEd|d*kPfajrmuf Ak'\
"roabmudk em;vnfoljzpfvdrfhrnf jzpfownf;/
rSwfcsuf/
/ okwf[lonf rZdredum,f? aygwvd,okwfudk qdkvdkonf/
(4) odkU&mwGif y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmfBuD;udk vGefNyD;b0 a&mufqJb0? vmvwHUaomb0

(0g) rarG;rD [dkbuftajctae jzpfqJ? ,ckb0tajctaeESifh aoNyD;aemuf a&muf&rnfh
tajctae oHk;&yfay:wGif jzefUcif; jywwfMu\/ t,ltqonf tAsmuwoH,kwf
ponfwdkUwGif Ak'udk,fwdkifu ra[mtyf[laom udp&yfudk y&d,m,fjzifh a[mawmfrlap&m
a&mufayonf/
(edum,f\ edum,f ESm-161? 162)
(5) oEd|daum-ypKyefumv ,ckb0[k qdktyfaom (ykcufESifh acgif;tMum;) vufiif;'d|

apmifhrae&bJ atmifhrae&bJ aMumifhMu rae&bJ tusdK;&wJh vuPm/
(opm"r twGJ 3? trSwf 8? ESm -2)
(6) orm'd|dtzGJU\ vufoHk;0g'rSm oEd|du ypKyef0g'jzpfaMumif; jynfvHk;uRwf "robifu
qHk;jzwf owfrSwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
(opm"r twGJ -2? trSwf-7? ESm-12)
a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh ,cif (u) (c) (*) (C) a&;om;csufrsm;udk pyf[yf txyfxyf

oHk;oyfonfhtcg apm'uq&mawmfrsm; pGJqdkaom (1) (3) trSwf? pGJqdkcsuftwdkif; OD;OuXESifh
ol\aemufvdkufrsm;onf twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 rSd? ypKyefwpfb0om Sdonf[k Oap't,ludk
vufcH,HkMunfolrsm;
jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;?
jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;
ypKyefwpfb0orm;jzpfatmif
vdrfnm 0g'jzefU yHkoGif;aeMuaMumif;udkvnf;aumif; xifSm;pGm awGUMu&ayonf/

OD;Ou\
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf?
vlaovljzpfpmwrf;rsm;udk
pGJqdkcsuftwdkif;
tcsdKUu
ocifjrwfqdkif\
MunfhIoHk;oyfonfhtcg
tem*wfb0
vlaovljzpfjyempmtkyfESifh
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wpfydkif;wpfpudk
]]vlaovljzpf}}
pGJqdkaom
(2)trSwf
abmiftwGif;om
vufcHaMumif;udkvnf; awGUMu&ayonf/
512
tpodkU
trSefw&m;okawoe
trSwf(1)
pmapmif
tbd"rm
q&mpdefqdkolu
bk&m;Sif\
oAkwPfawmfudk tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm apmfum;ykwfcwfxm;onfudk awGU&ojzifh apm'uq&mawmfrsm;

pGJqdkaom (4) trSwfjy? pGJqdkcsuftwdkif; pk'duwwdkUonf bk&m;Sif Pfawmfxl;BuD;rsm; rSdyg[k
ajymEdkifatmif ud;pm;aeMuolrsm; jzpfonfudkvnf; awGUMu&ayonf/
(tcsufudkum; apm'emtrSwfpOf (7) oHk;oyfMuukeftHh)
oHk;oufcsufjzifhyif apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ rlvpGJqdkcsuf 4-csufvHk;onf ,xmblwus
rSefuefaom pGJqdkcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/
(u) trSwfjy 0daooapm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

4/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u pk'dwuwdkUonf 0dyemI&ef &nfG,f a[mawmfrlaom
ba'u&wokwfvm *gxmpum;&yfjzifh useforQ Ak'a'omemtm;vHk;udk y,f&ef ud;pm;aejcif;om

jzpfaMumif; ,if; ba'u&wokwfvm *gxmrsm;onf 0dyemIonfhtcg ypKyefudkom I&rnf[k qdkvdk
twdwf tem*wf rSd[laom teuft"dym,f vHk;0rxGufyg bk&m;[k apm'emMuav&m ,if; apm'emudk
ygVdawmfrS xkwfEkwf pdppfoHk;oyf&aomf twDwH emEGm*ar,s? ey#duacF tem*wH/
,'wDwH y[DeH wH? tyw tem*wH/
ypKyE a,m "rH? ww ww 0dywd/
toH[D&H toHuky? wH 0d'Gg rEkjAL[a,/ (1/ r 3/ 226/)
jrefrmtusOf;
twdwf cEmig;yg;onf csKyfaysmufNyD; jzpfaomaMumifh twdwfcEmig;yg;odkU (wPSm'd|dwdkUjzifh)
tpOfrvdkuf&m?
rawmifhw&m?
(wPSm'd|dwdkUu)
tem*wfcEmig;yg;onf
ynmSdonf
ypKyef
rqGJiifEdkifatmif
ra&mufao;aomaMumifh
cEmig;yg;
w&m;udkom
(wPSm'd|dwdkUaMumifh)
tem*wfcEmig;yg;udkvnf;
xdkxdkjzpfqJcP
rysufrpD;atmif
0dyemIvsuf
0dyemPfudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&m\/
xdk*gxmwdkUudk tus,fa0zef&m ygVdawmfrS ]]twdwfumv odkUaom kyftqif;Sdol jzpfcJhzl;NyD}}
ponfjzifh twdwfcEmig;yg; wyfruf ESpfoufaevQif twdwfcEmig;yg;odkU tpOfvdkufonf rnfyHkESifh
xdkodkUwyfrufESpfoufrI
rjzpfvQif
twdwfcEmig;yg;odkU
tpOfrvdkufonf
rnfyHkudkvnf;aumif;?
]]tem*wfumv odkUaom kyftqif;Sdol jzpf&vdk\}} ponfjzifh tem*wfcEmig;yg; wyfruf

ESpfoufaevQif tem*wfcEmig;yg;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwaeonf rnfyHkESifh xdkodkU wyfrufESpfoufrI
rjzpfvQif tem*wfcEmig;yg;udk rarQmfvifh rawmifhwonf rnfyHkudkvnf;aumif; ypKyefcEmig;yg;udk
513
tpodkU
twponfjzifh IaevQif ypKyefcEmig;yg;wdkU (wPSm'd|dwdkUu) qGJiiftyfonf rnfyHkESifh tw ponfjzifh

rIvQif ypKyefcEmig;yg;wdkY (wPSm'd|dwdkUu) rqGJiiftyfonf rnfyHkudkvnf;aumif; jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mMum; a0zefawmfrlonf? odkU a0zef&m ]]e lyH twawm orEkywd}} ponfjzifh 0dyemIyHkudk
xifpGmjyvsuf a0zefawmfrlonf/ (r 3/ 226-227/)
,if;t|uxmvnf; ww wwmwd ypKyErd "rH ,w ,aw0 OyaEm? ww waw0 p eH
tedpmEkyem'D[d ow[d tEkyem[d a,m 0dywd? t&nm'Dok 0g ww waw0
0dywd (r |? 4? 170/)
ww
ww
[lonf
xdkypKyefw&m;wdkUudkvnf;
tMuif
ypKyefw&m;onf
xdkxdkjzpfqJcPomvQif
tMuif
tedpmEkyem
tMuifcPom
tpSdukefaom
jzpf\/
ckESpfyg;aom
tEkyemwdkUjzifh tMuif ynmSdonf/ 0dyemI\? wenf; -awmt&yf ponfwdkUwGif xdkxdk t&yfom

0dyemI\ [l vnf;aumif;?
toH[D&H toHukyEd 'H 0dyem y#d0dyem 'ewH 0kwwH/ (r |? 4? 170/)
0dyemIjcif;
wpfzef0dyemIjcif;tusdK;iSm
]]toH[D&H
toHukyH}}[laom
pum;udk
a[mawmfrltyf\ [lvnf;aumif; 0dyemIyHkudkyif zGifhjyawmfrlonf/

xdkUaMumifh
2-*gxmonf
0dyemIyHkudk
a[mjyaom
*gxmrsm;
jzpf&um;
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pum;onf ygVdawmft|uxmwdkUESifh nDGwfaom pum;om jzpfayonf/
(c) trSwfjy 0daooapm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

5/
wpfzef apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u ]]womwd[ bdua0 ,H uddlyH twDwmem*wypKyEH}}
paom tewvuPokwf twdwfESifh tem*wfudk ypKyefESifh wpfajy;nD twdwfcEm tem*wfcEm

ypKyefcEm[l umvoHk;yg;aocsmpGm a[mxm;ygonf bk&m;[k apm'emMuavonf/
apm'emvm
om"ujzpfaom
tewvuPokwfawmfudk
tzGifhoH0PemwdkUESifh
wdkufqdkifoHk;oyfawmfrlMu&m ]]twDwmem*wypKyEH}} yk'fonf ]]lyH}} yk'f\ 0daooejzpf&um; twdwfkyf

tem*wfkyf ypKyefkyf[k umvoHk;yg;jzifh ydkif;jcm;a[mjyawmfrlonfrSm ygVdawmfjzifhyif ay:vGif
xif&Sm;vSayonf/
xdkUaMumifh om&w'DyeD#Dum tx twDwm'd0dbm*H tm&bwd twDwmem*wypyEEd tm'dem?
(om&w #D 3? 185/)
t"dym,frSm ]]xdkUaemif xdkkyf\ twdwfpaom tjym;udk (0g) twdwf? tem*wf ypKyeftjym;udk
514
tpodkU
]]twDwmem*wypKyEH}}[laom ygXfjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m; tm;xkwfa[mMum;awmfrlonf}}[k qdkvdkonf/

xdkUaMumifh
]]tewvuPokwf
twdwfESifh
tem*wfudk
ypKyefESifh
wpfajy;nD
a[mqdkxm;aMumif;? twdwfcEm? tem*wfcEm? ypKyefcEm[l umvoHk;yg; aocsmpGm a[mxm;aMumif;

[laom apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emonf ygVdawmfESifhvnf;aumif; tzGifh#DumESifhvnf;aumif;
nDGwfESD;aESmrdayonf/
(*) trSwfjy wwd, 0daooapm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

6/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u ig;yg;oDv\ tusdK;tjypfudk jyawmfrl&mrSmyif ypKyefESifh
tem*wftusdK;tjypfwdkUudk
yl;wGJ
jyawmfrlcJhygonf[k
apm'emMuNyD;vQif
'DCedum,f
r[m0*
r[my&dedAmefokwf vmaom " *[ywa,m/ y/ oDv0dywd,m ('D? 2? ESm-72-73/)

[laom ygVdawmfudk om"utjzpf xkwfaqmifwifjyMuonf/
,if;ygVdawmfudk MunfhIawmfrlMu&m ypKyefb0 awGUuH&rnfh tjypfav;yg;ESifh tem*wfb0
awGUuH&rnfh tjypfwpfyg;? tjypfig;yg;wdkUudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mjyxm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? tem*wf
tjyeftm;jzifh tusdK;ig;yg;wdkUudk a[mjyxm;onfudkvnf;aumif; awGUMu&onf/
xdkUaMumifh
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\
t|uxm#DumwdkUESifhvnf;aumif;
0daooapm'emonfvnf;
nDGwfESD;aESmrdaom
ygVdawmfESifhvnf;aumif;?
apm'emjzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU
oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
OD;qEm"du\ aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

7/
awmifwGif;BuD;rdU ewfrSDawm&ausmif;ae OD;qEm"du\ aom"emudk cHiHkoHk;oyfonfhtcg
OD;qEm"duonf wrvGefb0 Sd-rSd twdwfb0? tem*wfb0 Sd-rSd [laom t,lESifh ywfouf

bk&m;Sif\ rsufESmawmfudkom axmufum rdrd\t,ludk jywfjywfom;om; ajzqdkoifhvsuf rajzqdkbJ
rdrdq&m OD;OuX\rsufESmESifh q&mwl wynfhrsm;jzpfMuonfh orm'd|dokawoe0g'D 'g,umwdkU\
rsufESmudkomaxmuf rjywfrom; ajzqdkxm;onfudkom awGU&\/
rSef\
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tem*wfb0
Sdonf[laom
t,ludk
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rnfodkUaomtusdK;
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tem*wfb0qdkonfrSm
pum;&yfwdkUrSm
vHk;0ta&;rBuD;[kqdk&ef
q&mYrsufESmESifh
rjzpfEdkifHkom
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jzpfaMumif;
awGU&ygonf}}[laom
twdwfb0?
tem*wfb0udk
y,foa,mifa,mifqdkaom pum;&yfrsm; jzpfonf/

twdwfb0?
tem*wfb0ESifh
pyfonfh
taMumif;t&mwdkUudk
jyqdk&mjzpfaom
515
tpodkU
bk&m;a[ma'oemrsm;pGm Sdaeojzifh vHk;0vnf; ry,f0hH&um; ]]wynfhawmfonf twdwf tem*wfudk

taMumif;rwef
jiif;qefaeonf
r[kwfyg/
olUumvESifh
olUtiftm;tvdkuf
vufcHygonf?
jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUonf jzpfcJhMu jzpf&yfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkUonf jzpfMuvdrfhrnfqdkaom jzpfysufpOfBuD;udk

rnfolrQ rjiif;Edkifyg}}[laom pum;&yfwdkUjzifh twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 Sdonf[laom t,ludk
vufcH,HkMunfaMumif; 0efcHxm;avonf/
8/
OD;qEm"du xkwfaqmifudk;um;xm;aom okwfwdkUonfvnf; twdwfb0? tem*wfb0
rSd? ypKyefwpfb0om Sdonf[laom t"dym,fudk vHk;0rjyacs/ tenf;i,f Sif;jyOD;tHh - OD;qEm"du

yxrwifjyonfh a[ruvkvif avQmufwifaom *gxmonf twdwfb0? tem*wfb0 rSd[laom
t"dym,fudk jyaom *gxmr[kwf? jrwfpGmbk&m;omoemawmf ray:rD aS;tcgu Am0&Dpaom q&mBuD;rsm;
a[mjycJhaom
odkUjzpfcJhNyD?
umr0dwufponfudk
odkU
jzpfvdrfhrnf[laom
wdk;yGm;apwwf&um;
xdkt,ltm;vHk;
t,lonf
(rESpfouf)
wpfqifhMum;rQjzpf
rarGUavsmfaMumif;udkom
avQmufxm;aom *gxmjzpfonf/
9/
rSd[laom
OD;qEm"du
t"dym,fudk
'kwd,wifjyonfh
jyaomokwf
r[kwf?
bj'uokwfonfvnf;
xifSm;aom
twdwfb0?
w&m;wpfrsdK;udk
tem*wfb0
odem;vnfatmif
a[mjyNyD;aemuf xdkxifSm;aom w&m;jzifh rxifSm;onfh usefw&m;rsm;udk Tefjyjcif;onf odvG,f?

xifvG,f jrifvG,f&um; w&m;qifenf; olrwlatmif uRrf;usifawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
xifSm;onfh ypKyefumv qif;&Jjzpfjcif; taMumif;&if;udk a[mjyawmfrlNyD;aemuf rxifSm;onfh twdwf
tem*wf qif;&Jjzpfjcif; taMumif;&if;udk Tefjy a[mMum;awmfrlvdkaomaMumifhom tajccHpum;udk
rdefUMum;awmfrlavonf/
xdkokwf qufvuf a[mMum;awmfrlaom t"dym,ftusOf;csKyfrSm
]]GmolBuD; Oka0Vuyed*Hk; oifESifhrpyfqdkifolwdkU towfcH&jcif; ponfaMumifh oifhrSm ylaqG;rI
ponf rjzpfjcif; oifESifh oufqdkifolwdkU towfcH&jcif; ponfaMumifh oifhrSm ylaqG;rI ponf
jzpfjcif;onf tb,ftaMumif;aMumifhenf;}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;awmfrl&m ]]rpyfqdkifolwdkU qE&m*
r&Sdjcif; pyfqdkifolwdkUrSm qE&m* Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf}}[k GmolBuD;u avQmufxm;avonf/ xdktcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]GmolBuD; oif jrif& od& umvrjcm;bJ a&muf& Pfjzifh ouf0if&aom oabmjzifh
twdwf tem*wf enf;udk aqmifavmh (twdwf tem*wf enf;rSD; odavmh) twdwfumv jzpfcJhonfh
qif;&J[lorQ tvHk;pHkonf vdkcsifrI ]]qE}} vQif t&if;cH Sd\/ vdkcsifrI ]]qE}} vQif taMumif;&if; Sd\/
rSef\/ vdkcsifrI ]]qE}} onf qif;&J\? t&if;cHwnf; tem*wfumv jzpfrnfh qif;&J[lorQ tvHk;pHkonf
vdkcsifrI ]]qE}} vQif t&if;cH &Sd\/ vdkcsifrI ]]qE}} vQif taMumif;&if &Sd\/ rSef\/ vdkcsifrI qEonf
qif;&Jjcif;\ t&if;cHwnf;}}[l jzpfonf/
OD;qEm"du wifjyonfh bj'uokwfyif bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfwdkif twdwf? tem*wfb0wdkU
516
tpodkU
'kujzpfjcif; taMumif;&if;udk a[mjyxm;&um; okwfonf pk'dwuwdkU\ pum;udk y,fSm;

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pum;udk axmufcHaom okwfom jzpfayonf/
10/
OD;qEm"du
emEkaompEd}}paom
wwd,wifjyonfh
*gxmonfvnf;
o*gxm0*oH,kwf
twdwfvmbfudk
rpdk;&drf?
t&nokwfvm
tem*wfvmbfudk
]]twDwH
rawmifhw
ypKyef&orQjzifh rQwaexdkifaom &[ef;\ orPokcudkomjyaom *gxmjzpfonf/ twdwf tem*wfb0Sd

rSd t,lESifh rnfodkUrQ roufqdkifacs/
11/
OD;qEm"du pwkwwifjyonfh aumorkwdokwfvm tmow&m; av;yg;onfvnf;
twdwf tem*wfb0 rSd[laom t"dym,fjyaom pum;r[kwf? xdkpum;&yf\ aSU arwm ukPm

rk'dwm
Oayum[laom
yGm;rsm;aeolonf
pifMu,faompdwf
jA[0d[m&urXmef;
&efuif;aompdwfSdol
Sdol?
av;yg;wdkUudk
a[mjyawmfrlNyD;vQif
aMumifhMuuif;aompdwfSdol?
t&d,mwynfh
rnf\/
xdkurXmef;udk
rnpfl;aompdwf
xdkt&d,mwynfhtm;
Sdol?
,ckb0yif
axmufwnf&mav;rsdK;udk &EdkifyHkudkom a[mjyaom pum;&yf jzpfonf/

12/
xdkUaemuf
OD;qEm"duu
]]twDwH
emEGm*ar,s}}paom
*gxmESifh
pyf
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ pum;udk acsyxm;aomfvnf; qdkvdk&if;udk xdrdatmif racsyEdkifojzifh xdkpum;udk

oD;jcm;roHk;oyfawmhbJ aemufvmrnfh aom"emESifh aygif; oHk;oyfMuaythH/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf\ aom"emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

13/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf OuX OD;cif[efu aom"em&m ]]Ak'0g'onf twdwf
tem*wf ypKyef umv 3-yg;ESifh ,SOf a[mawmfrlaom 0g'jzpfygonf}}[k apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u

0efcHxm;ygonf bk&m;[k aom"emavonf/
aom"emudk bk&m;a[myd#u oGif;cspdppfonfhtcg pk'dwuwdkUudk;um;aom bj'uokwfyif
ypKyefumv
'kujzpfjcif;
taMumif;&if;udk
a[mMum;awmfrlNyD;aemuf
twdwftem*wfumvwdkU
'kujzpfjcif; taMumif;t&if;udkvnf; Sif;vif; a[mjyxm;onfudk awGU&\/ okwf tqdkudk aSU

Sif;jycJhNyD; jzpf\/
14/
tewvuPokwf
vmaom
]],H
udd
lyH
twDwmem*wypKyEH}}
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pum;vHk;onfum; OD;Ou|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufwdkU\ vufoHk;pum; jzpfonf/ odkUaomf
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xdkoEd|du\ t"dym,fudk apm'em trSwf(8)udk oHk;oyfjy&m jyqdkxm;onf? t&mESifh
roufqdkifacs/
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21/
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0dpdudpm
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tem*wfb0 Sd rSdudk jyaom ygVdawmf r[kwf? roifhaom taMumif;jzifh ESvHk;oGif;oltm; twdwfumv
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22/
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t"dym,fudkom jyaom a'oemawmf jzpfonf? twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 rSd[laom t"dym,fudkjyaom
a'oemawmf r[kwfacs/
23/
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525
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24/
wpfzef ocifjrwfqdkifu rZdryPmo a0ceokwf 246 wGif upmetm; ]]upme
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25/
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526
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26/
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527
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jzpfay:vmMuukef\/
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ynmSdolonf
odkUqifjcif\?
wrvGefavmu
rSdponf
,lqaom
ewdu0g'orm;wdkU\ tvdktwdkif; tu,f wrvGefavmu rSdvQifawmfayao;\? odkU&mwGif

udk,fusifhpm&dw ysufpD;ol ponfjzifh ynmSdwdkU\ tuJht&JUudkum; vufiif; cH&ayrnf? wrvGefavmu
trSefSdaevQifum; rsufarSmuf ynmSdwdkU\ tuJh&JUcH&Hkomru aoonfhtjcm;rJhvnf; i&JodkU
usa&muf&rnf jzpf&m ypKyefa&m oHo&myg ESpfbufvHk; tIH;xGufonf [kqifjcif\/
ol<u,fwdkU
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twdu0g'Dyk*dKvfwdkUonfum;
Sd\?
ukodkvf
wrvGefavmu
tukodkvf\
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tusKd;tjypfudk
ponfjzifh
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wrvGefavmuudk ]]wrvGefavmu xifSm; Sd\}}[k ,lqMuHpnf ajymqdkol\ t,l tMuH tajymonf
rSefaom t,l rSefaom tMuH rSefaom tajym jzpf\? wrvGef avmu Sd\[k ajymqdkolonf
wrvGefavmuudk odawmfrlMuonfh &[EmtSifjrwfwdkUudk qefUusifbuf ryvkyf? wrvGefavmu Sd\[k
odapjcif;onf olawmfaumif;w&m;udk odapjcif; jzpf\? xdkolawmfaumif;w&m;udk odapjcif;jzifh
528
tpodkU
rdrdudk,fudk rcsD;ajrmuf? olwyg;udk rIwfcs? odkUvQif xdkolrSm aS;rqGuyif raumif;aom tusihfonf

y,fxm;NyD; jzpf\? aumif;aom tusifhonf aS;Iwnfae\? rSefaom t,l rSefaom tMuH rSefaom
pum; t&d,mwdkUESifh rqefUusifjcif; olawmfaumif;w&m;udk odapjcif; rdrdudk,fudk rcsD;ajrmufjcif;
olwyg;udk rIwfcsjcif; [laom rsm;pGmaom ukodkvfw&m;wdkUonf rSefaomt,l[laom taMumif;aMumifh
xdkolrSm jzpfay:vmMuukef\/
ol<u,fwdkU ynmSdonf odkUqifjcif\? twdu0g'DtwGuf tu,f wrvGefavmu SdvQif
aoonfhaemuf ewfjynfodkUa&muf&rnf? ewdu0g'DwdkU qdkouJhodkU wrvGefavmu (tu,f)
rSdapOD;awmh? rsufarSmufb0yif oDvSdol rSefaomt,lSdol uH uH\tusKd;udk ,HkMunfaom 0g'Sdol[k
ynmSdwdkU tcsD;trGrf;cH&rnfjzpf&m ypKyefa&m oHo&myg ESpfbufvHk; atmifEdkifol ESpfbufvHk;
tjrwfxGufol jzpfonf[k qifjcif\? odkU xdkol\ aumif;pGm pGJ,l aqmufwnfxm;onfh
rvGJrSm;Edkifaom tusihfw&m;onf ESpfyg;aom tzdkUudk ysHUESHU wnf\? tukodkvfjzpfaMumif; raumif;rIudk
y,f\[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/
27/
xdkufonf
a'oemawmfwdkUudk axmuf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf yk*dKvf\ tvdk tZmo,tvdkuf

tm;avsmfpGm
ypKyef
wpfb0udkomru
twdwfb0
tem*wfb0wdkUudkvnf;
a[mjyawmfrlonfrSm vGefpGm xifSm;vSayonf/

xdkUaMumifh twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 rSd ypKyef wpfb0om Sdonf[laom t,lonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ t,l r[kwf? xdkt,ludk jrwfpGmbk&m;\t,l[k a&;om;a[majym 0g'jzefUaeMuaom
OD;Ou|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkufwdkU\ t,lonf Oap'0g' t"r0g'om jzpfonf? jrwfpGmbk&m;udkyg
olwdkUuJhodkU kyf0g'Djzpfatmif (ykcuf ESifh acgif;tMum;) wpfb0orm; jzpfatmif vkyfMuH vnfq,f
pGyfpGJaeMujcif;om
jzpfonf[k
EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzJGU
trSwf(2)tzGJU0if
q&mawmfwdkU
wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
529
tpodkU

apm'em trSwf (6) (20)
tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkjcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,?
oH*g,em 6 wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif
a[majymjcif;ESifh pyfaom 0dedp,
trSwf(6) apm'emwifvTm (tbd"rmudk bk&m;ra[m r[kwf[k qdkjcif;)?

trSwf(20) apm'emwifvTm (o*Fg,em 6 wefudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif a[majymjcif;)/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k pk'dwuwdkUu a0zefykwfcwfMuaMumif;?
xdkpGyfpGJcsufonf ax&0g' yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh rnDGwfojzifh t"r0g' jzpfaMumif;? xdkUjyif
o*Fg,em(6)wefwif ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk ayghysufatmif xdk;ESufa0zefjcif;rsm;onfvnf;
bk&m;a[mudk bk&m;ra[m[k vkyf&ef ud;pm;csufjzpf t"r0g'om jzpfaMumif; Hk;awmfodkU
oufaotaxmuftxm;
pHkvifpGmjzifh
wifjyavQmufxm;Muonf?
apm'emcsufudk
OD;qEm"du?
ocifjrwfqdkif ESifh orm'd|dokawoetzJGUwdkUu aom"emcJhMuonf? apm'emwifvTm ESpf&yfwdkU

tcsif;csif; uGif;quf jzpfaeaomaMumifh if;wdkUudk wpfaygif;wnf; pdppfoHk;oyf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
pdppfoHk;oyf&m aMumif;usKd;tquftpyf rSefuefjcif; aSUaemuftpOfusjcif;udk OD;pm;ay;
pOf;pm;rnf jzpfjcif;aMumifh pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU aom"emycsuf tpOfusrnf r[kwfay/
1/
pk'dwuwdkUu tbd"rm bk&m;a[m r[kwfaMumif;udk(u)
r[m0if 'Dy0if plV0g (4 usrf;ajrmuf) 0denf;ygVdawmf rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif

yxro*Fg,em 'kwd,o*Fg,em ESpf&yfvHk; tbd"rmyd#uwf[l rygjcif;
(c)
bmPupm&if;wGif tbd"rm rygjcif;
(*)
t|uxmrsm;ESifh
aS;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif
tbd"rmbmPu
[l
rawGU&jcif; tcsuf oHk;csufjzifh aS;OD;pGm wifjyMuonf/

txufyg (u) (c) (*) tcsufwdkUudk MunfhvQif tbd"rm bk&m;a[m r[kwfaMumif;udk ]]pm}}ESifh
pum;ajymMujcif; jzpf\? rsm;aomtm;jzifh OD;Ou|*dkPf;om;wdkUonf ]]pm}}aSmifMu\? olwdkU\ 0g'rSm;yHkudk
pmwwfolrsm;u pmayjzifh ajymMuavaomtcg tvum; pmorm;BuD;awG w,loefBuD;awG[k ajymNyD;
ypfrSwfudk
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pum;onf
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0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; taejzifh pmjzifhyif Sif;vif;oHk;oyf&ayrnf/

Ak'tbd"rmESifh ywfouf usrf;*efydkif; tbd"rmbmom&yf\ oabmw&m;ydkif; ESifh ordkif;ydkif;
[l t"du tydkif;BuD; (3)ydkif; Sdonf? bmomjcm; vlrsKd;jzpfaom taemufwdkif; okawoDwdkUESifhwuG
if;wdkU\
aemufvdkufpk'dwu
OD;Ou|
ocifjrwfqdkif
orm'd|dokawoe
qdkolwdkUonf
530
tpodkU
ordkif;ydkif;rSomvQif tbd"rm bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k a0zefMujcif; jzpfonf? tbd"rm ckESpfusrf;\

oabmw&m;ydkif;tjrifjzifh
bk&m;a[m
r[kwf[k
a0zefEdkifMuolrsm;
r[kwfay?
tcsufudk
av;av;eufeufBuD; udwifrSwfom;Mu&ayrnf/
tbd"rmudk
oabmw&m;ydkif;rS
OD;Ou|wdkU\
q&morm;rsm;jzpfaom
taemufwdkif;
okawoDwdkUonfvnf; ra0zefEdkif? OD;Ou|wdkUvnf; ra0zefEdkifacs/

2/
r[m0ifESifh 'Dy0ifwdkUonf yxro*Fg,em 'kwd,o*Fg,emESifhpyf plV0gygVdawmfudkyif
,l a&;om;Mu&m plV0gygVdawmfudk oHk;oyfvQif udpNyD;awmhonfom/

plV0gygVdawmf yowduo*wduEu tSifr[muyax&fonf yxro*Fg,emwif&ef
tMuHjzpf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm;]][E r,H tm0kaom "r 0de, o*Fg,mr yka& t"arm 'dAwd? "arm y#dAm[d,swd
(0d? 4? 481/)}} ]]ighSifwdkU t"rrxGef;yrD "rypfy,fjcif; rcH&rD "rESifh0de,udk aygif;pkGwfum
oH*g,emwifMuukeftHh-}}
[l aS;OD;pGm rdefUawmfrlonf/
if;aemuf
ynwf&jcif;taMumif;
0de,ESifhpyf
rnfolUudk
yxryg&mZduodumyk'fudk
taMumif;y
ynwf&aMumif;
tpyvsuf
ynwf&m
Xme
odumyk'fudk
ponfwdkUudk
tSifOygvdtm; ar;jref;aomtcg 0dZujzpfol tSifOygvduvnf; ar;jref;orQudk ajzawmfrlonf?

tar;tajz NyD;aomtcg 500 aom oHCmawmfwdkU pkaygif; GwfqdkawmfrlMuonf? tpOfrQavmufom
xifSm;ap o*Fg,emwifMuyHkudk t>rufrQ jyawmfrlonf? xdkenf;twdkif; "rESifh pyfqdkif&mvnf;
tSifr[muyax&fu tSiftmeEmtm; jA[Zmvokwfudk tb,ft&yf tb,foludk taMumif;y
tb,fodkUaom
taMumif;tcsufaMumifh
Ak'jrwfpGm
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ar;awmfrlyHk?
tSiftmeEmuajzawmfrlyHk? tar;ajz NyD;aomtcg oHCmawmfrsm; pkaygif;GwfqdkawmfrlMuyHkudk t>rufrQ

jyawmfrlonf/
3/
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'kwd,
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tSifa&0wax&fu 0dZu jzpfaom tSifoAumrdax&ftm; ]]od*avmP-tyfygoavm? rtyfvQif

tb,ft&yf tb,fygVdawmfwGif Ak'jrwfpGm y,fawmfrlcJhygoenf;? ,if; od*avmPudk toHk;yvQif
tb,f
tmywfoifhygoenf;}}
ponfjzifh
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10
csufudk
tao;pdwf
ar;awmfrlyHk?
tSifoAumrdax&fu toD;oD; ajzawmfrlyHkudk t>rufrQ jyawmfrlonf? odkU plV0g aemufqHk;cEu

ESpf&yfwGif tbd"r[laom pum;vHk; rygaomaMumifh tbd"rm bk&m;a[mr[kwf[kqdkygvQif oH*g,em
tar;tajzwGif ryg0ifbJ <uif;usefaom odumyk'f <uif;usefaom okwfwdkUudk cEu ESpf&yf wdkufdkuf
rygaomaMumifh bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k qdkEdkifaumif;tHhavm? trSeftm;jzifh rqdkEdkifay/
4/
okwef"rqdkif&mvnf;
okwfwpfokwfrQ
erlemtjzpf
ar;ajzyHkudk
jyvQif
531
tpodkU
<uif;okwfwdkUudkvnf; a[mawmfrlaMumif; od&ouJhodkU "r[laom pum;vHk; tbd"rm tusKH;0ifvsuf

yg&Sdaom
tbd"rmESifh
pyfvnf;
ar;um
ajzum
oH*g,emwifoGm;awmfrlMuonf[k
odtyf
odEdkifayawmhonf? wpfzef 'kwd,o*Fg,emcef;vnf; 0de,0wK 10-csuf tar;tajzrQudkom

plV0gygVdawmfu
jyxm;aomaMumifh
0denf;ygVdawmf
okwefygVdawmf
tbd"rmygVdawmfwdkUudk
o*Fg,emrwif[k qdkEdkifaumif;rnfr[kwf? trSefpifppfaomfum;]]rm, acg ye 0de,o*wd,m owbduKowmed tElemed tem"dumed ta[oHk?

wom,H 0de,o*wd owowdumwd 0kpwd}}/ (0d 4? 508/) (plV0gygVdawmf)
0de,o*wd &[Em 700 r,kwfrydk ygSdMuaomaMumifh 0de,o*wdudk owowdum
0ded,o*wd[k ac:qdk&avonf/
pum;t& 0denf;udk aygif;pkGwfjcif; (0de,o*wd)[k qdkaomfvnf; okwf 0denf; tbd"rm 3yg;vHk;udk aygif;pkGwfqdkjcif;[k em;vnfMu aumuf,lMu&onfom jzpfayonf? 0de,o*wd[k
wdkufdkufqdkxm; 'kwd,o*Fg,emyGJ okwefESifh tbd"rmudk o*Fg,emrwif[k uyfudk;r&ay/
5/
"r0de,o'g
(yk'fpk
ormofyk'ftjzpfjzifh)
omoemwpfckvHk;udk
a[myHkudkvnf;aumif;? "ro'gwpfckwnf; 0de,o'gwpfckwnf;u yd#u 3-yHkudk a[myHkudk vnf;aumif;?

]]"rH 0de,H p "arm p 0dea,m p}[k 0gus'Gef taejzifh a[mvQif "ro'gjzifh okwefESifh tbd"rmudk
aumuf,l& 0de,o'gjzifh 0denf;yd#uudk aumuf,l&yHkudkvnf;aumif;? "r tbd"r? 0de, tbd0de,
tpdwfpdwf cJG a[mvQif "rESifhtbd"r? 0de,ESifhtbd0de, toD;oD; cGJ aumuf,l&yHkudk vnf;aumif;
Sif;vif;pdppf jyOD;tHh/
(u) ormofyk'f "r0de,o'gu omoemudk a[myHk
a, aw bdua0 bduK e0g tpd&yAZdwm t"kem*wm rH "r0de,H aw a0g bdua0
bduL pwkEH owdy|memeH bm0em, orm'aywAm ywd|maywAm/ (oH 3? 125/)
(r[m0*oH,kwf)
jrefrmtusOf;
&[ef;wdkU
topfjzpf
a&mufvmMuaom
&[ef;wdkUudk
rMumrDu
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owdy|mefav;yg;
yGm;apzdkU&ef
omoemawmfodkU
aqmufwnfap&
,ckrS
wnfaeap&
csxm;Mu&rnf/
rH acg wH bdua0 aomabx ,H wkarS {0H oGmumaw "r0dea, yAZdwm ormem
tmp&da,ok
tmp&d,arawok
OyZma,ok
OyZm,rawok
t*g&0g
ty#dm
tobm*0kwdum 0d[a&,smwd/ (0d 3? 275/) (0denf;r[m0gygVd)
jrefrmtusOf;
532
tpodkU
&[ef;wdkU oifwdkU\ q&m q&mavmuf av;pm;xdkufol OyZm,fq&m OyZm,fq&mavmuf

av;pm;xdkufol yk*dKvfrsm;tay: rdkrao rwkyfrysyf toufarG;rI rwlnDbJ oifwdkU aeMurnfqdkvQif
odkU igbk&m; aumif;pGm a[mxm; (aumif;pGm pDrHxm;) tyfaom omoemawmf &[ef;yolrsm;
jzpfMuygvsuf xdkomoemudk oifwdkU wifhw,fapEdkifukefrnfavm? wifhw,faponf rnfMuukefrnfavm/
ygVdawmfESpf&yf a[mawmfrltyfaom "r0de,o'gjzifh omoemawmfudk qdkvdkonf?
"r0de,o'gu ]]omoem}}[laom teuft"dym,fudkazmfjyonf? odkU ]]omoem}}[laom teufudk
,ljcif;onf
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teuft"dym,f
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atmufyg
r[meda'o
t|uxmpum;t& ygVdwwf ynmSifwdkif; em;vnfNyD;om; jzpfMuygonf/

(1)
tyd apwH oduw,ocFgwH ouvH omoeH? twaem um&uH tyga,ok tywrmeH

uwGm "ma&wDwd "arm? aom0 oHudavoyuH 0daewDwd 0dea,m? "arm p aom
0dea,m pmwd "r0dea,m/ (r[meda'o? |? 126)
wpfenf;rSm odumoHk;yg;jzifh a&wGuftyfaom omoemwpfckvHk;onf vdkufemusifhMuHoludk

tyg,frusapbJ aqmifxm;wwfaomaMumifh "r? npfl;aom tydkif;udk y,fwwfaomaMumifh 0de,
rnf\? "r0de, [laom ygVdjzifh bk&m;omoemwpf&yfvHk;
aumuf,l&yHkudk
atmufygtwdkif;
odEdkifayao;\/
(2)
ukv"ar[d 0g tukovm "rmeH {o 0dea,mwd "r0dea,m/ (r[meda'o? |? 126)
ukodkvf"rwdkYjzifh
tukodkvf"rwdkYudk
y,fazsmufwwfaomaMumifh
(oDvw,o*wdu)
omoemonf "r0de, rnf\/

(3)
"are 0g 0dea,m e '@m'D[Dwd "r0dea,m/ (r 1? 127/)
wkwfvQifuef ponfjzifh r[kwfbJ w&m;ojzifh qHk;r&m jzpfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r0de,

rnf\/
(4)
"rm, 0g 0dea,m "r0dea,m? te0Z"rwaOSo 0dea,m? e b0abm*grdowH/

(r[meda'o? |? 127)
b0pnf;pdrf
tusKd;iSm
r[kwfbJ
tjypfuif;aom w&m;tusKd;iSm qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh
omoemonf "r0de, rnf\/

(5)
0dod|H 0g e,wDwd 0dea,m? "rawm 0dea,m "r0dea,m? oHom&"rawm [d

aomum'd"rawm 0g {o 0dod|H edAmeH e,wd/ (r[meda'o? |? 127)
oHo&moabm aomu paom oabmrS xl;aom edAmefodkU aqmifwwfaomaMumifh omoemonf

"r0de, rnf\/
(6)
"r 0g 0dea,m e wdwu&meEd "r0dea,m? "rblawm [d b*0g? wa0 0dea,m/

(r[meda'o? |? 127)
533
tpodkU
w&m;wHk; w&m;cJBuD; jzpfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh omoemawmfonf

"r0de, rnf\/
(7)
,om 0g "rm {0 tbdan,sm y&dan,sm y[mwAm bma0wAm opdumwAm p?

wom {o "arok 0dea,m e oawok eZDa0ok pmwd "r0dea,m/
(r[meda'o? |? 127)
tbdan,s
y&dan,s
y[mwA
bma0wA
opdumwA
jzpfaom
w&m;wdkU
qHk;r&mjzpfaomaMumifh omoemonf "r0de, rnf\/

(c)
"ro'goufouf yd#u oHk;yHkvHk;udk a[myHk

" ye bdaua0 {up ukvykwm "rH y&d,mykPEd okwH a*,sH a0,smu&PH *gxH
O'geH wd0kwuH ZmwuH tAKw"rH a0'vH? aw wH "rH y&d,mykPdwGm awoH "rmeH ynm,
twH e Oyy&duEd/ (r 1? 187/)
jrefrmtusOf;
&[ef;wdkU
omoemawmf
tcsKdUaom
tESpfrJhaom
a,mufsm;wdkUonf
okw?
a*,s?
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oif,lMuukef\? oif,lNyD;aomf xdkolwdkUonf xdkygVd"rwdkU\ teuft"dym,fudk ynmjzifh aumif;pGm
rqifjcifMuukef (ponf)/
rSwfcsuf/
(rlvyPmo tv*'Lyrokwf/)
/ ygVdawmfonf okwo'gjzifh 0denf;ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh eda'o okwedygwf ponfwdkUudk
aumuf,l&rnf[lvnf;aumif;?
a0,smu&Po'gjzifh
tbd"ryd#uwpfckvHk;ESifh
*gxmrygaom
okwfrsm;udk aumuf,l&rnf[lvnf;aumif; okwftzGifh t|uxm ESm-9 t|uxmq&m

zGifhqdkxm;onf/
(*)
0de,o'goufoufu yd#uoHk;yHkvHk;udk a[myHk

uwarm p bdua0 ok*w0dea,m? aom "rH a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZuvsmPH
y&da,momeuvsmPH omwH oAseH au0vy&dykPH y&dok'H jA[p&d,H yumaowd? t,H

bdua0 ok*w0dea,m/ (tH 1? 465/) (ok*w0de,okwf)
jrefrmtusOf;
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534
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(C)
okwo'g yd#uoHk;yHk a[myHk
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535
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(r[meda'o |? 172/)
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6/
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(c)
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9/
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10/
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13/
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539
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ygVdawmfrsm;
wdkufdkufvmaom
om"upum;&yfwdkUudk xkwfEkwf jyOD;tHh(1)
ukovm[H 0dok'Dok? uxm0wK0dom&'/

tbd"re,nL p? 0odywrSd omoae/ (ck? 4? 228/)
jrefrmjyef
wynfhawmfr acrmonf 0dok'dw&m;wdkU vdrm uRrf;usifygonf? 10-yg;aom uxm0wKwdkU
(tusdK;tjypfudk odaomtm;jzifh) &J&ifhygonf? tbd"rmenf; (jzpfaom blrE& ponf) wdkUudk em;vnf
oabmaygufygonf? odkUjzpf bk&m;Sifomoemawmf tpGrf;xufol tjzpfodkU a&mufcJhygonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ txufyg uxm0wK0dom&'g-[laom acrmax&Dty'gefvm pum;&yf ]]uxm0wK}}
udk tbd"rm 7-usrf;rS 5-ckajrmuf uxm0wKusrf;udk r,l&? uxm0wK 10-yg; (uxm=pum;?
540
tpodkU
0wK=wnf&m? pum;wnf&m? pum;jzpfaMumif;) udkom ,l&rnf? taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUum;

odkUaom
teufrQudk
rodSmMu
uxm0wK[k
toHMum;umrQjzifh
tbd"rm
7-usrf;rS
uxm0wKusrf;yJ[k ,l xdkty'gefygVdawmfudkyif wwd,oH*g,em aemufydkif;usrS a&;om;aomusrf;

jzpfonf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm pGyfpGJ ajymqdkMuonf/
(2)
okwEH tbd"r? 0de,yd au0vH/

e0* Ak'0peH? {om "robm w0/ (ck? 3? 48/)
okwef tbd"rmESifh 0de,yd#uwpfckvHk;onfvnf;aumif;? t*Fg 9-yg;Sdaom Ak'tqHk;tronf

vnf;aumif; tvHk;pHkonf oif\ "robif jzpfonf/
pum;um; Ak'udk,fawmfwdkifu Oygvdax&ftm; rdefUawmfrlaom pum;jzpfonf? *gxm
yd#u 3-yHkudk wdkufdkuf >rufqdkxm;awGU&rnf jzpfonf/
(3)
"m0kaom om&dykw a'G bduL tbd"ruxH uaxEd? aw tnrnH yOd ykpEd?

tnrn yOd yk|m 0daZEd? aem p oHoma'Ed? "rD p aeoH uxm y0wdeD a[mwd?
{0laye acg tm0kaom om&dykw bduKem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s/ (r? 1? 275/)
ighSif om&dykw&m omoemawmf &[ef; 2-yg;onf tbd"rmESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;udk

ajyma[maeMuukef\? olwdkUonf tcsif;csif; jyem ar;Muukef\? jyem ajzMuukef\? ar;ajz&m
tcsif;csif;udk rqkwfepfapMuukef? olwdkU\ w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;onf (aMumif;usdK;,kwd tjynfhSd)
w&m;ESifhnDpGm
tvsOfrjywf
jzpf\?
IghSif
om&dykw&m
odkUaom
&[ef;rsdK;jzifh
a*god*F
tifMuif;awmBuD;onf om,mwifhw,f ay&m\/ (rlvyPmo r[ma*god*Fokwf? tSifarm*vmef\

avQmufxm;csuf? )
(4)
yke py&H bdua0 b0dEd bduL tem*wr'geH tbm0wdum,m tbm0dwoDvm

tbm0dw- pdwm tbm0dwynm? aw tbm0dwum,m ormem tbm0dwoDvm
tbm0dwpdwm tbm0dwynm tbd"ruxH a0'vuxH uaxEm uPS"rH Mourrmem
e AkZdEd/ (tH? 2? 94/)
&[ef;wdkU wpfzefaemufxyf qdktHh? tem*wfumv udk,fudk wpfenf; (um,*wmowd) udkvnf;

ryGm;ap oDvudkvnf; rjznfhusifh orm"dESifh ynmudkvnf; rwdk;yGm;apbJ aeMuaom &[ef;wdkU
SdMuvdrfhrnf? xdk&[ef;wdkUonf um,*wmowdvnf; rSd oDv orm"d ynm wdk;yGm;atmifvnf;
tm;rxkwfMurl
tbd"rm
pyfaom
pum;
a0'vESifh
pyfaompum;udk
ajymqdkMuonfSdaomf
rnf;eufaom tukodkvfoabmodkU oufa&mufMuum teuft"dym,f rodbJ SdMuvdrfhrnf/

(t*Fkw&ru edygwf wwd, tem*wb,okwf/)
(5)
awe acg ye ora,e or[kvm ax&m bduL ypmbwH yd@ygwy#duEm

r@vrmaV oEdodEm oEdywdwm tbd"ruxH uaxEd? wMw ok'H tm,om pdawm
541
tpodkU

[wdom&dykawm ax&meH bduLeH tbd"ruxH uaxEmeH tE&E&m uxH Moygawwd/
(tH? 2? 344)
xdktcg rsm;pGmaom ax&fwdkUonf qGrf;pm;NyD;aemuf qGrf;pm;&mrS zJcGmMuNyD; wefaqmif;0ef;

xdkifum pnf;a0;MuvQuf tbd"rmpum; ajyma[maeMuavonf? xdktpnf;ta0; [wdom&dykw
[lvnf;ac:Muaom tSifpdwonf ax&fBuD;rsm; tbd"rmpum; ajyma[mMupOf tMum;tMum;
pum;0ifa&muf aESmuf,Sufavonf/
(t*Fkw&yuedygwf [wdom&dykwokwf ygVdawmf/)
txufazmfjyyg ty'gefygVdawmf acrmax&D O'gef;pum;vnf;aumif;? rlvyPmoygVdawmf

r[ma*god*Fokwfvnf;aumif;?
Oygvdax&my'gefvnf;aumif;?
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf
wwd,
tem*wb, okwfvnf;aumif;? if;t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmf [wdom&dykwokwfvnf;aumif; tbd"rme,

tbd"ruxH ponfjzifh tbd"rmoHrsm; tvGefnHaeonfudk awGUEdkifayonf/ okwfawmfrsm;vm
tbd"r[laom pum;&yf wdkUonf yd#uoHk;yHkxJrS tbd"rmyd#u (tbd"rm w&m;jcif;awmif;) udkyif
txiftSm; Tefjyaeayonf? um; okwefygVdawmfrsm; vmaom tbd"rm\ om"ursm;aywnf;/
xdkUjyif 0de,yd#uygVdawmfrsm; vmaom tbd"ro'g oufoufudk jyqdkOD;rnf/
(1)
temywd e 0d0aPwkumarm ]]CF wGH okwaE 0g *gxma,m 0g tbd"rH 0g

y&d,mykPk? ypm 0de,H y&d,mykPdoDwd bPwd? Orwu tm'durdumwd/
(0d? 2? 189/)
jrefrmjyef
0denf;udk uJh&JUvdkaom pdwfrSdbJ ]]oifonf a&S;OD;pGm okwefygVdawmfrsm; *gxmrsm;udk jzpfap?
tbd"rmudk jzpfap oifESifhyg? aemuftcg 0denf;udk oif&ygvdrfhrnf? odkUajymvQif tmywfroifh?
l;oGyf ajymrdajym&m ajymaom &[ef; vufOD; vGefusL; ajymrdaom &[ef;tm; tmywfroifh/
(0davceodumyk'f)/
(2)
yOH ykap,smwd okwaE MoumoH um&maywGm 0de,H 0g tbd"rH 0g ykpwd? tmywd

ygpdwd,? 0dea, MoumoH um&maywGm okwEH 0g tbd"rH 0g ykpwd? tmywd
ygpdwd,?
tbd"ar MoumoH um&maywGm okwEH 0g 0de,H 0g ykpwd? tmywd
ygpdwd,/ (0d? 2? 460/)
jrefrmjyef
yOH ykap,s= [lonfum; okwef tcGifhawmif;NyD; 0denf;udk jzpfap tbd"rmudkjzpfap ar;vQif
ygpdwftmywf oifh\? 0denf; tcGifhawmif;NyD; okwefudkjzpfap tbd"rmudk jzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf
oifh\? tbd"rm cGifhawmif;NyD; okwefudk jzpfap 0denf;udk jzpfap ar;vQif ygpdwftmywf oifh\/
(bduLeDyOmykpe odumyk'f)
txufyg 0denf;ygVdawmf aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udk MunfhvQif 0de,H 0g tbd"rH 0g [l
542
tpodkU
xifomjrifom pGmawGUMu&ayonf? 0denf;udk rnfolynwfoenf;? a*gwrbk&m; ynwfonf? rnfolrQ

rjiif;Edkif? odkUjzpfvQif xdk0denf;ESifh uyfaeaom tbd"rmudk rnfola[moenf;? a*gwrbk&m;a[myif
jzpf&ayrnf? rSef\- 0denf;uawmh a*gwrbk&m; ynwfwJh 0denf;yJ? tbd"rmuawmh OyedoQ'fusrf;u
vmwJh tw0g' tbd"rmyg[k pdwfrSefaomol rnfolurQ ajymvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
uJhodkU dk;dk;ESifh Sif;Sif; awG;MunfhwufHkrQjzifh tbd"rmonf a*gwrbk&m;a[m rkcs{uef
odEdkif rSwfEdkifMuayonf/
owdy&efum;
urmYbmomBuD;
4-&yf
Ak'bmomonf
tbd"rmaMumifh
tvGef
cdkifrmaeonf? tvGef rsufESmyef;yGifhaeonf? odyHynmuyif vdkuf rrDao;? xdkUaMumifh bmomjcm;rsm;

Ak'bmom
qefUusifa&;orm;wdkUu
Ak'tbd"rmudk
odumcszdkU
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u
ud;pm;vmcJhMuayNyD/
17/
vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifhwuG ol\ aemufvdkufwdkUonf udk,fhPfpGrf; udk,fhPfpjzifh
Ak'w&m;awmfrsm;udk qefUusif ykwfcwfMuonfr[kwf? Ak'bmomr[kwfaom bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm;

pma&;q&mwdkU\ ESmacgif;jzifh touflolrsm; jzpfMu\? ,cktcg pk'dwuwdkU\ tm;udk;&m taemufwdkif;
ordkif;okawoDwdkU\ tqdktcsdKUudk xkwfjypdppf OD;tHh/
(A)
The omission of the Abhidhamma only proves that it was not yet known as a separate
Pitaka. At the same time it is unnecessary to suppose that anything like the
Abhidhamma was in existence at the first recital of the Dhamma.
yxroH*g,em tbd"rm rygjcif;onf xdkpOfu tbd"rmyd#utaejzifh oD;jcm; rSdjcif;udkom

azmfHkomrubJ ,if; yxroH*g,em (tbd"rmtrnfESifhyif r[kwfapumrl) tbd"rmESifh wlaom
(tbd"rm oabmudkaqmifaom) wpfpHkwpf&m Sdonf[lyif awG;xifzG,f rvdkay/
(E.J.Thomas P.167)
(B)
The date of the Pali Abhidhamma is very doubtful and I dont reject the hypothsris
that it was composed in Ceylon, for the Sinhalese seen to have a special taste for such
literature. But there is no proof of this Sinhalese origin.
jrefrm
ygVdtbd"rm\acwfonf
tvGef
raorcsmSdonf?
,if;tbd"rmudk
oD[dkVf
a&;om;cJhonfqdkaom wifjycsufudk uREfkyf rjiif;y,f? ,if;odkU ry,fEdkifonfrSm oD[dkVfom;rsm; odkU

cufcJeufeJonfh pmayrsm; av;pm;jrwfEdk;rI txl;SdyHk&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ odkUaomf oD[dkVfu
ponf[laom tcsufudk oufaojyp&m rSdjzpfonf/
(Hindusim and Buddhism Vol.1 G.Eliot P,292)
543
tpodkU
(C)
Thus neither the Khuddaka Nikaya nor the Abhidhamma receives mention is the
earliest tradition of the first Council and both consequently may be deemed as later
and less suthotitative additions, however ancient.
jrefrm
yxroH*g,em aS;OD;qHk; tpOftvm ck'uedum,fa&m tbd"rmyg>rufqdkjcif;rcH&? xdkUaMumifh
,if; ck'uedum,fESifh tbd"rm 2-rsdK;vHk;onf a&S;yifusapumrl aemufydkif;acwfESifh qdkif cdkifvHkrI
rSdvSaom usrf;rsm;[k todtrSwfy cH&ayrnf/
(J.G.Jennings Vedantic Buddhism. Introduction Notes
P.L VII)
(D)
No Abhidhamma is mentioned. It is possible that when the account was composed

there was on Abhidhamma not separated as a third Pitaka, but we can be sure that
whatever it was it did not consist of the works now known by that name. However,
other schools hold that the Abhidhamma was recited, and that this was done by
Kassapa himself.
jrefrm
(yxroH*g,em) tbd"rmudk rqdkay? yxroH*g,em taMumif;t&mudk a&;om;pDpOfpOftcg
tbd"ryd#utjzpf cGJrxkwf&ao;aom tbd"rmum; SdEdkifonf? odkUaomf xdktbd"rm[laom trnfjzifh
,ckodaeMuaom usrf;pmrsm;udk yxroH*g,em ryg-[k uREfkyfwdkU tcdkiftrm qdkEdkifonf? odkU&mwGif
tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;uvnf; xdkyxroH*g,emwGif tbd"rmudk oH*g,emwifonf? ,if;udk tSifr[muy
udk,fwdkif Gwfqdkonf[k ,lqMuavonf/
(The History of Buddhist thought by E.J. Thomas . P.28)
(i) rpfpfdkufpfa';Apfum; olr\ "ro*FPDbmomjyef ed'gef; twdtvif; twdtus

qdkxm;onfrSmAbhidhamma is not the message of the founder. It is the work of the monkish world
that grew up after him.
tbd"rmqdkwm Ak'0g'udk pwifwnfaxmifol Ak'\pum; r[kwf? ol(Ak')\ aemufrS

wdk;wufjyefUum;vmaom om0u&[ef;rsm;\ vuf&m jzpfonf/
(Preface to A Buddhist manual of
Psycho-Logical Ethice)
544
tpodkU
18/
tqdkrsm;wGif tenf;i,f uGJvGJrI Sdapumrl yxroH*g,em tbd"rmyd#u rSdao;-
[laom tqdkum; wlnD\? xl;jcm;onfum; oAwd0g'D*dkPf; tqdk tbd"rmudk yxroH*g,em wif

tSifr[muy udk,fwdkif Gwfqdkonf[laom tcsufjzpfonf? (c) trSwfjy a*sm*sftDvDa,mhwf\
tqdkum; a0;uGmvGef;vS\? oD[dkVfuRef;usrS a&;onf[kqdkvQif rdvdEyOmudkyif todtrSwfy&m a&muf\?
&,fzG,f aumif;aom tqdkomjzpfayonf/ (aemuf Sif;OD;tHh)
txufyg bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm;wdkU\ oHk;oyfcsufudk MunfhvQif olwdkU\xifjrifcsuf(0g)
twaemrwdudkom ajymaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif; odomvSonf? olwdkUonf plV0gygVdawmf yxroH*g,em
rSwfwrf; tbd"rm yd#u tbd"rbmPu [l wdkufdkuf rygSdonfh tcsufudkudkifNyD; yxroH*g,em
tbd"rm ryg[k oJoJrJrJ udkifNyD; ajymaeMujcif; jzpf\/
xdkolwdkU\ aumufcsufum; plV0gygVdawmf oH*g,emcef; tbd"rmudkrjy tbd"rm bk&m;a[m
r[kwf[k aumufcsufcsvdkufMujcif; jzpfonf/ aumufcsuftay: xyfqifhuJNyD; dkufpfa';Apfu
bk&m;rSdrS ol\wynfhawGu a&;xnfhjcif; jzpf\[k uGefUvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
trSefpifppf taemufEdkifiHu Ak'bmomudk a&;aom olrsm;onf tbd"rm\ av;euf
us,fjyefUyHkudk &dyfrdzdkU rqdkxm;bd? 0denf; okwefudkyif ususee odSdolrsm; r[kwfMuay? tbd"rmESifh
ywfowf olwdkUcsxm;aom rSwfcsufudk MunfhygOD;?
tbd"rmynm[m
bmrSvnf;
em;rvnf?
Valley of dry bones
(dk;acsmuf *Edkif) BuD;ygwJh?
odyfysif;p&maumif;wJhtwGuf
Oyrmtm;jzifh
tdk;awG
awmifvdkyHkaewJh awm*EdkifBuD;ESifh wlygonf[k qdkvdkayonf/

q&mESifhwynfh ESpfydkif;Sdonf? Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;u q&m? aemufacwfay:&[ef;wdkUu wynfhwnf;?
q&monf rsm;aomtm;jzifh wynfhxufawmfjrJwnf;? xdktaemufEdkifiHu aomrwfwdkU tDvDa,mhwfwdkU
*sif;eif;wdkU a';ApfwdkU qdkaom pma&;q&mwdkUonf tbd"rm,rdkufusrf;ESifh y|mef;usrf;udk ,ckacwf
wdyd#u pmar;yGJ0if tSifjrwfrsm;avmuf pepfwus oif,lrdygvQif odkU xifjrifMurnf r[kwfay/
yxroH*g,m
tbd"rm
ryg[laom
tjrifudk
olwdkUjrifMuonfrSm
tp
qdkcJhovdk
"r0de,toHk;udk em;rvnfaomaMumifh jzpf\? ,if;odkU em;rvnfjcif;rSmvnf; t|uxmq&mrsm;\

tzGifhudk aocsmpGm rMunfhI roHk;oyfwwfaMumifh jzpf\? rMunfhjcif;onf t|uxmq&mrsm;udk
rvdkvm; jzpf\? txifrBuD;vnf; jzpf\/
t|uxmq&mrsm;tay: taemufEdkifiHom;wdkU txifrBuD;yHkudk Iyg?
K.E.Neumann
au-tD;
EsLref qdkolu t|uxmq&mrsm;udk Ak'\ qdkvdk&if; rodem;rvnfMuaom idiotic nitwits evAdef;wHk;rsm;

jzpfMuonf[k wpfcgu qdkzl;avonf?
(Buddhist thought in India by Edward Conze p.32)
t|uxmq&mBuD;rsm;udk Ak'\ qdkvdk&if;udk rod[k oluqdkojzifh olurS Ak'\ qdkvdk&if;udk odonf[k
545
tpodkU
rSufraMumuf ajym&ma&mufayonf/
aomrwf 0DvD,H dkufpfa';Apfuvnf; Ak'a[maom opmav;yg;udkyif
Truth
So-called Four Aryan
]]t&d,opm 4-yg;[kqdkaom}} [k ('D? 3? o*wdokwf bmomjyef ed'gef; ESm-198) rav;rcefU
a&;cJhzl;onfhjyif t|uxmq&mrsm;\ tpOftvm rSwfwrf;rsm; tqdktrdefUrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;

ajymjyxm;\/
The root of that BIRNA which growing up along with the rest of Buddhism went on
sperding so luxuriantly that radually covered up much that was volue in the earlier teaching
and fiually to the downfall in its home in India of the aneient faith.
jrefrm
Ak'"r\ t<uif;tusefrsm;ESifh wGJ,SOf BuD;yGm;vmcJhaom Ad&Paygif;jrwf\ tjrpfrsm;onf
vGwfvyfxlydef;pGm
jyefUESHUvmcJh&um;
aS;a[mif;Ak'tqHk;rrsm;wGif
wefcdk;BuD;aom
tcsuftvuf
trsm;tjym;udk wpfjznf;jznf; zHk;tkyfvmum aemufqHk; tdEd,jynfwGif aS;a[mif;,HkMunfrI\

usqHk;aysmufuG,fjcif;odkUyif ydkUaqmifcJhayonf}} [k qdkcJhavonf? ('D-2 r[my'geokwf bmomjyefed'gef;
ESm-6) opm 4-yg;udkyif ayghysufysuf a&;om;azmfjyaom aomrwfpf a';Apf\ ygVdbmomoif,ljcif;onf
Ak'bmomudk cszdkU tjrpfu EkwfypfzdkUom oif,lavhvmMujcif;ayavh[k pOf;pm;zG,f jzpfayonf?
opmav;yg;udkrS
[movkyfaeuwnf;u
Ak'"rbufu
ckcHa&;aeaom
t|uxmq&mBuD;rsm;udk
ykwfcwfonfrSm rqef;awmhay/
19/
olwdkU\ t,ltq ajymif;vJcJhyHkudkvJ Iyg? aS;a[mif; tdEd,ordkif;udk a&;ol
V.A.Smith
onf ol\ ]]taomu}} [laom pmtkyfwGif 'Dy0HoESifh r[m0Hotqdkudk uJh&JUjypfwif Ak'ESifh

*sdef;acgif;aqmif r[m0D&wdkU\ uG,fvGefonfhESpfudk
B.C.-487-486
[k tcdkiftrmqdkcJhNyD; aemufrS ]]cg&a0}}
ausmufpmudk awGUjrif&aomtcg 'Dy0HoESifhr[m0HowdkU\ tqdkudk jyefvnfaxmufcHum Ak'y&dedAmef

0ifpHonfhESpfudk
bDpD-543-[k
jyifqifcJh&avonf?
tcsufudk
axmufI
taemufEdkifiH
pma&;q&mwdkUonf tvGefta&;&rf;Muonf[k aumufcsuf&\? xdkUjyif olwdkUtodPf rus,fjyefUyHk

rESHUpyfyHkudkvnf; odEdkifayao;onf/
Senart
(The Early History of India p.50)
aqewfqdkaom ynmSifBuD;uvnf; taomuausmufpmudk taxmuftxm;y Ak'0g'
oDvrQom yg0ifaMumif; taomuacwfrQru oD[dkVf omoemrjyefUyGm;rDESpf 100-ausmftwGif;vnf;

oDvrQxuf rydkaMumif;
Path ac:
r*if 8-yg; [lonfrSm om0u&[ef;wdkU\ xGifvHk;rsm;om jzpfaMumif;?
edAmefqdkwmudkvnf; Ak' ra[maMumif;
(Indian Antiquary 2892.P.364-5)
qdkxm;avonf/
(Early
Buddhism and its origins by Varma p.428)
546
tpodkU
20/
olwdkUonf vlrsdK;jcm; bmomjcm;rsm;yDyD Ak'udk vufcH,HkMunfaomolrsm; r[kwf? Ak'\
oAKkwPfawmfudk r,HkMunfMu? oAKkwPfawmfudk &&m&aMumif; yg&rDw&m;wdkUudk r,HkMunfMu?

psmef
0darmur*f
qdkonfudkvnf;
r,HkMunfMu?
vlvdkajymonf?
olawmfpifBuD;wpfa,muf
xl;jcm;onf[k
,HkMunfvdkMuonf?
a*gwrAk'onf
ynmSifBuD;wpfa,muf
oAkwPfjzifh
odjrif
vlom;omjzpf
vlvdkae
tjzpfrQom
olwumxuf
a[mxm;aom
,ckavmu
wrvGefavmu ewfjynf jA[mjynf i&J Nydwmqdkonfrsm;udkvnf; r,HkMu? ewfjynf i&Jjynf

ponfygaom tbd"rmudk r,HkMunfMu? olwdkU ,HkMunfonfum; zefqif;cH&NyD; vljzpfvmrIudkom
,HkMunfonf/ xdkUaMumifh twdwfb0udk r,HkMunf? aoNyD; 0dnmOfb0jzifh urmysufatmif apmifh&rnfudk
,HkMunfonf? xdkUaMumifh aemifb0tqufqufudk r,HkMunfMu? Ak'bmomw&m;onf olwdkUtzdkU
tvGefqef;aeonf? xdkUaMumifh ordkif;aMumif;t& oufaoxlEdkifaom aS;a[mif; ausmufpm ponf
ygSdoavmufom
(Historical fact)
trSefw&m;[k ,lqMuonf/
olwdkUrawGUao;aom rawGUEdkifaom ausmufpmwdkUygaom w&m;wdkUudkrl olwdkUrodMuawmhacs?

jrefrm Ak'0g'D trnfcHaom pifppf kyf0g'D OD;Ou|ESifh pk'dwu orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0if yk*dKvfwdkUonf
Ak'usrf;pmrsm; txl;tm;jzifh Ak'tbd"rmudk pepfwus vHkvHkavmufavmuf avhvmrI tvsOf;rSdbJ
taemufpmayrsm;udkom
oHa,mifvdkufum
tcsdefSdoaGU
t"r0g'awGudkom
&[ef;awmfaumif;awGudkyg
tvif;a&mifudkay;&ef
u,fwif&ef
odrf;usHK;
avhvmtxifBuD;vGef;MuNyD;
a&;om;jzefUa0Mu
ykwfcwfaeMuayonf?
tjcm;rodem;rvnfaom
olrsm;tm;vnf;
usrf;tapmifapmifrS
xdkbmomjcm;vlrsdK;wdkU\
a[majymMu?
omoemh0efxrf;
,if;wdkUtm;vnf;
trSefw&m;
vlaovljzpf
0g'ab;tE&m,frS
xkwfEkwfwifjy
qHk;jzwfcsrSwfjcif;
y&ayonf/
21/
xdkUjyif Ak'"rudk eufeJpGm oif,lavhvm tbd"rmudk tav;teuf cH,lxm;aom
taemufEdkifiHom; tjcm;ynmSifrsm;url Ak'tbd"rmESifh pyf b,fvdka&;om;cJhonfudk qufvuf

azmfjyOD;tHh?
"ro*FPD
tbd"rygVdawmfBuD;udk
*smreDvlrsdK;
bduKPwdavmuonf
*smrefbmomjyefqdkcJh&m ed'gef;udk tawmfjynfhpHkpGm okawoeoabmw&m;rsm; nyfa&;om;cJhonf?

,if;ed'gef;udk wynfhjzpfol PaygPdu u t*Fvdyf bmomjzifh jyefqdkum
Abhidhamma Studies
(tbd"rmavhvmcsufrsm;) [laom pmtkyfudk a&;cJhonf? xdkpmtkyf zyru
(The Pentad of Sense
Inperssion)
[laom tcef; tbd"rmonf Ak'Tefjyaom vrf;p (rmwdum) jzifh xdkxdk okwef (Oyrm-
rZdredum,f Oy&dyPmo tEky'okwf ponf) a[mawmfrlaom "rtpkwdkUudk tpDtpOfusatmif

pepfwuspDpOf tSifom&dykw&m oifjyxm;aom csydkUpOf jzpfonf[l a&;om;ayonf/
qufvuf PaygPdu u ol\ tbd"rmavhvmcsufrsm; pmtkyf ESm-25- odkU
547
tpodkU
a&;om;xm;\/
The Anupada Sutta showe that an elaboration of thdoctrine in the manner of the
Abhidhamma was under taken at the Masters Life time, by analytically and Philosophically gifted
disciples. This development was experessly encouraged by the Buddha when, in that Discourse he
mentioned and highly praised Sariputtas fourtnight of analytical onguiry 2.
jrefrm
y'0dbm* (tu&m yk'fAsnf;wdkUudk cGJpdwfa0zef ydkif;jcm;jcif;) tw0dbm* (teuft"dyg,fudk
tpDtpOfwus
a0zefuefUowfydkif;jcm;jcif;)
t&m
tvGefawmfMuaom
wynfhrsm;onf
Ak'vufxufawmfuyif tbd"rm yHkoPmeftoGifjzifh ]]"r}} rsm;udk tao;pdwf pDpOfcJhMuonf qdkonfudk

tEky'okwfu azmfjyaeayonf? tEky'okwf tSifom&dykw&m\ 2-yutwGif; tEky'0dyem
(tpdwftpdwf cGJjcm;oHk;oyfEdkifjcif;)udk txl;>rufqdk csD;usL;awmfrlpOf Ak'onf odkU tbd"rmtoGif
jrifhrm;wdk;wufjcif;udk odompGm tm;ay; awmfrlavonf/ (Abhidhamma Studies by Nyanaponika p.25)
tbd"rmudk omrefvlwdkUtm; Ak'onf a[m>rufjcif; ryay? cufcJeufeJaom t"dym,frsm;udk
a[majymaejcif;jzifh
tcsdefrukefapbJ
okPEyk*dKvf
(w&m;emyk*dKvf)wdkUtm;
,if;wdkU\
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tajccHusaom vufawGUusifhoHk;zG,f w&m;rsm;udk a[mawmfrlonf? ,if;"rwdkUudk

r[m0*oH,kwfvmaom aomwmywdoH,kwf opoH,kwf paom okwefwdkU Ak'jrwfpGm txyfxyf
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf? tdrfaeolvlom;wdkUtm; rqdkxm;bd? omoemawmfwGif;odkU0if wpfudk,fwnf;
usifhvdkMuaom
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm;yif
tbd"rmw&m;awmfBuD;udk
a[mMum;awmfrrlbJ
,if;wdkUESifh
oifhawmfaom ur|mef;tvkyfw&m;rsm;udkom a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

vlenf;pkom vufcHodrf;ydkufEdkif em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifaom tbd"rmudk xufjrufpl;Saom
PfSdaom Sifom&dykw&m Sifr[maum|du Sifr[mupme paom ax&fBuD;rsm;tm; tus,fSif;vif;
a0zefap&ef wm0efay;aomtm;jzifh &[ef;y&dowftv,fwGif tusOf;t>rufrQom a[m ae&mrSxum
<uoGm;awfrlavonf? w&m;em &[ef;y&dowfwdkUonf bk&m;Sif\ tusOf;oacFyuxmudk em;rvnfMu
Sifom&dykw&mxH
csOf;uyfrSwfom;
tus,ftm;jzifh
em;vnfMu&ayonf?
xdkUaMumifh
&[ef;rsm;
tm;udk;,HkMunfpGm Sifom&dykw&mxH csOf;uyfem,lEdkifMuap&efom&dykawm bdua0 wxm*awe tEkw&H "rpuH y0wdwH ora'0 tEky0awwd
(r? 3? 79/)
&[ef;wdkU
igbk&m;
vnfapawmfrlaom
(a[mawmfrlcJhaom)
tjrwfqHk;w&m;pufudk
om&dykw&monf igbk&m;enf;wl vnfapjcif; (a[majymjcif;) iSm pGrf;Edkifayonf [lvnf;aumif;/

]]&[ef;wdkU
jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom
oDv
orm"d
ynmESifh
0drkwdt&m
xdyfwef;a&muf
pGrf;aqmifEdkifol[k qdkvQif om&dykw&mudk &nfG,f ajymrS rSefrnf}} [lvnf;aumif;/
548
tpodkU
]]igbk&m;\ twGif;ESvHk;"mwfudk em;vnfaomaMumifh &ifrSaygufzGm;ol EIwfxGufpum;awmfudk

em;vnfaomaMumifh EIwfawmfrS aygufzGm;ol "raMumifhjzpf "ru zefwD;tyfaomol "rtarGudkom
cH,l tmrdotarGudk rcH,laomol-[lqdkvQif om&dykw&mudk &nfG,fajymrS rSefrnf}} [lvnfaumif;
Ak'jrwfpGmonf cHwGif;rqefU csD;usL;awmfrlcJhavonf/ (rZdredum,f? Oy&dyPmo tEky'okwf)
xdkjyif PaygPdu u qufvuf qdkjyefonfrSmIt is therefore quite probable that the Buddha transmitted the gist of his Abhidhammic
knowledge to such individual monks whom he knew to be capable of elaborating and applying the
briefly indicated by their own penetrative intellect e.g in the case of Sariputta.
jrefrm
xdkUaMumifh
Ak'jrwfpGmonf
tbd"rmqdkif&m
todPfESifhpyf
tusOf;t>rufrQuav;udk
Sifom&dykw&muJhodkU tus,fcGJa0 a[majymEdkifrnfhol cH jyvdkufaom enf;udk rdrdwdkU *rD&Pfjzifh

toHk;yEdkifrnfhol[k
,HkMunfcJholwdkUtm;
tvGefjzpfEdkifonfh tcsuf jzpfonf/
vTJajymif;
vufurf;awmfrlcJhonf?
tcsufonf
(Abhidhamma Studies by Nyanaponika p.24-25)
txufyg *smrefvlrsdK; bduKPwdavmu? PaygPdu wdkU\ a&;om;csufrsm;udk csifhcsdef

zwfIMunfhvQif tb,frQ ynmom;ygyg oHk;oyfa&;xm;onfudk awGUEdkifayonf? pmzwfoufwrf;
&ifholrSeforQ csifhwGuf&onf? aomrwfpfa';ApfuJhodkU udk,fvdk&m qGJ oHk;oyfxm;csufrsdK; r[kwf?
ausmufpmwpfcsyf MunfhNyD; Ak'bmomwpf&yfvHk;udk qHk;jzwfxm;csufrsdK;r[kwf? yd#uoHk;yHkudk ususee
oif,lavhvmNyD;rS wm0efSdSd a&;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf? urmynmausmfwdkU\ tqdkum;
tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[monf[laom trSefw&m; jzpfayownf;/
22/
P.T.S
ygVdtoif; (vef'ef) twGif;a&;r; jzpfcJhaom uG,fvGefol
Mr.Lggleden
rpwmtpf*av'ifqdkol tbd"rmpaumvm;u ol\ Introductory Notes on the Abhidhammatthasangaha

atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;\/
taemufokawoDwdkUonf aS;tcgu ajymcJha&;cJhMuovdk tbd"rmonf tjcm;yd#ursm;xuf
aemufusrS ay:vmonf? Ak'y&dedAmef0ifpHNyD;aemuf &mpkESpfrsm; vGefNyD;rS om0u&[ef;rsm;\ xGifrIjzifh
wdk;wufvmonf?
cefUrSef;ajctm;jzifh
taomurif;vufxuf
bDpD-250-cefUwGif
tawmfjynfhpHkNyD;
jzpfyHk&aom Ak'\ "ro*FPD rmwdumay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;aom usrf;pmrsm;[k ,lqxm;Muonf?

odkU&mwGif oHCmhavmuwGif wnfSdaeaom aS;tpOftvm tjrift& Ak'tjzpf a&mufawmfrlNyD;
pwkwowm[wGif
emrfESifhkyf
y&rwftxyftvTm
wpfckvHk;udk
jzpfEdkiforQ
tao;pdwf
IjrifoHk;oyfawmfrl&mrS tbd"rm[lonf ay:aygufvmcJhonf? ,if;udk reom00wmydwa'oem The initial
549
tpodkU
Conecption in the Masters mind
[k ac:onf? ,if;aemuf tbd"rm oiftHavhusuf aqmifGufaom
oludk w&m;ra[mapumrl "ruxdu ac:a0:cJhMuonf? rQ BuD;us,frsm;jym; aSUaemuf(qefUusifjcif;

r&Sd) tpOfajyjypfaom usrf;pmonf Ak'\ PfawmfrSwyg; tjcm;olwdkU\t&m r[kwfEdkif
Abhidhamma
is the domain Proper of the Buddha.
tpf*av'ifonf rppfdkufa';ApfwdkU rSdaomtcgrS vef'ef ygVdtoif;BuD;\ twGif;a&;r;

jzpfvmolaywnf;? ,cifOu| a';Apfu tbd"rm bk&m;a[m r[kwf? aemufay:[k qdkoGm;\? tck
twGif;a&;r; tpf*av'ifu 'DavmufBuD;us,frsm;jym;NyD; aSUaemuftqifajyvSaom usrf;BuD;onf
bk&m;PfrSwyg; tjcm;ol\vuf&m rjzpfEdkifyHkudk ydkifydkifBuD; qdkxm;\? (0g) tbd"rmonf bk&m;a[m
tppfyg[k qdk\/
a';Apfu plV0gygVd oH*g,emtcef; tbd"rm[koD;jcm;trnfwyf oH*g,em rwifonfudk
uyfNyD; bk&m;a[m r[kwf? aemufay:[k ajym\? tpf*av'ifu ]]'Davmuf BuD;rm;us,fjyefU tqifajy}}
[laom 0daooeBuD;rsm;jzifh *kPfyum bk&m;a[mtppf[k qHk;jzwf\? ESpfOD;om; pum;wGif
a';Apfonf
tbd"rm
usrf;om;udk
rEdIufMunfhbJ
twdrfteuf
rodbJ
tjyifu
MunfhNyD;
ajymjcif;jzpfaMumif; xifSm;ae\? tpf*av'ifrSmrl tbd"rmudk avhvmMunfhNyD;rS BuD;us,fvScsnfhvm;?

rsm;jym;vScsnfhvm;?
'DavmufBuD;us,frsm;jym;ayrJh
aSUaemuf
nDGwftqifajyvScsnfhvm;[k
twGif;om;odkU 0ifMunfhNyD;rS tbd"rmudk bk&m;rSwyg; tjcm;rnfolrQ ra[mEdkif[k obm0udk udkifNyD;

rSwfcsufcsjcif; jzpfayonf/
OD;Ou|wdkU vlpkum; Ak'bmomudk zsufqD;&atmif ud;pm;aeaom kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfMu a';ApfwdkU
aemufodkU vdkufMu\? PwdavmuwdkU tpf*av'ifwdkUESifhum; rwJhMuacs/
23/
,cktcg pk'dwuwdkU\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzpfaom bmPu pm&if;wGif rawGU&jcif;
t|uxmrsm;ESifh
aS;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;wGif
tbd"rbmPu[l
rawGU&jcif;aMumifh
tbd"rm
bk&m;a[mr[kwf qdkonfudk pdppfjyOD;tHhokr*Fv0dvmodeDrnfaom
'DCedum,f
oDvuE0*f
t|uxm-ESm
15?
16-wdkU
yxroH*g,emtNyD; tSifr[muyax&fu tSiftmeEmtm; 'DCedum,fudk? tSifom&dykw&m\

wynfhrsm;tm;
rZdredum,fudk?
tSifr[muytm;
oH,kwedum,fudk?
tSiftEkk'gax&ftm;
t*Fkw&edum,fudk ydkUcsapmifhaSmuf&ef vTJtyfaMumif; qdkonf/

0denf;yd#uudk tSifOygvdtm; vGJtyfaMumif;qdk tbd"rmyd#uudk Zmwf eda'o y#dord'gr*f
ty'gef okwedygwf ck'uygX "ry' O'gef; wd0kwf 0drme0wK ayw0wK ax&*gxm ax&D*gxm
[laom usrf;i,f 13-usrf;ESifhtwl ck'u*Etrnfay; oH*g,emwifaMumif;udkqdkonf? um;
'DCbmPuax&fwdkU\ tpOftvm rSwfom;csuft& jzpfonf? rZdrbmPuwdkU\ trSwftom;t&um;
p&d,myd#u
Ak'0Hoyg
xnfhoGif;
aygif;
15-usrf;udk
ck'u*Etrnfjzifh
okwEyd#utjzpf
oH*g,emwifcJh Muonf[k qdkonf? rSwfom;csuft& tbd"rmyd#u u wjcm; usefusrf;i,f 15-
550
tpodkU
usrf;u wjcm; jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf? (pk'dwu OD;qE"du qdkouJhodkY tbd"rm 20-usrf; jzpfonf[k
qdkvdkonf r[kwfay) odkU&mwGif ck'u*E 15-usrf;udkvnf;aumif tbd"rmyd#uudkvnf;aumif;
rnfolUtm; pOfqufrjywf csydkUaqmifGuf&ef wm0efay;onf[k okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|uxmu rqdkacs/
odkU rqdkaomaMumifh ck'uedum,f[l yxroH*g,em rSd? tbd"rm yd#u[lvnf;
rSdao;[k
taemufwdkif;
okawoDwdkUu
qdkMu\?
aemufvdkufjzpfaom
orm'd|dokawoe
tzGJU0ifwdkUuvnf; oHa,mifvdkuf qdkMu\/

24/
xdktqdkudk
pdppfMunfhOD;tHh?
okr*Fv0dvmodeD
rnfaom
'DCedum,f
t|uxm
jA[ZmvokwftzGifh ed'gef; rqdkHkrQjzifh tbd"rmbk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&tHhavm? tjcm;ae&m

tjcm;okwfwdkU zGifhqdkxm;onfudk tb,fhaMumifh vspfvsLIMuoenf;? t*Fkw&edum,f wdu 'kwd,
ygyPduokwf odkU a[mawmf rlxm;\/
]]" bdua0 bduK a, aw bduL A[kkwm tm*wm *rm "r"&m 0de,"&m
rmwdum"&m? aw umave umvH OyouFrdwGm y&dykpwd y&dyOwd}} (tH? 1? 155/)
&[ef;wdkU yd#u 3-yHkudk rsm;pGm Mum;emrSwfom;NyD;aom edum,fudkaqmifukef yd#u 3-yHkudk
aqmifukef 0denf;udk aqmifukef rmwdumudk aqmifukefaom &[ef;wdkUonf Sdukef\? &[ef;onf
&Hcg&Hcg xdkA[kokw &[ef;wdkUodkU csOf;uyf ar;jref;pHkprf;\/
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf tm*wm*rm [laom ygXfjzifh edum,f 5-rsdK;wGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;udkaomf
vnf;aumif; ESpfrsdK; oHk;rsdK;udkvnf;aumif; ig;rsdK;vHk;udkvnf;aumif; aqmifolwdkUudk taotcsm
azmfjyxm;\? tcsufudk bk&m;Sif\ tvdkudk odaom t|uxmq&mBuD;u odkU zGifhjyxm;\/
tm*wm*rmwd {aum eduma,m {aum tm*arm emr? a'G edum,m a'G tm*rm emr?
y edum,m y tm*rm emr? {awok tm*arok a,oH {aumyd tm*arm tm*awm y*kaPm
y0wdawm? Aw tm*wm*rm emr/ (tH |? 1? 87/)
jrefrmjyef
tm*wm*rm [lonfum; edum,fwpfusrf;onf tm*rwpfck rnf\? edum,f 2-usrf;onf
tm*r 2-ck rnf\? edum,f 5-usrf;onf tm*rm 5-ck rnf\? tm*rxJrS tm*rwpfckckudk
EIwfwufGG aqmifxm;aomolonf tm*wm*r rnf\/
rSwfcsuf/
/ tm*r[laom pum;vHk;udk ajrmufydkif; Ak'0g'DwdkUu ouwbmomjzifh a&;om;&m
oHk;pGJMuonf? ax&0g' ygVdusrf;*efrsm;um; edum, tm*r-[laom pum; 2-rsdK;vHk;udkyif

edum,ftjzpf toHk;yMuonf? "r"&m [l&m "rt& yd#u 3-yHkudk aumuf,l&rnf[k ('D? r[m0*|?
146) qdk\? wpfzef okwEyd#uudk aumuf,l&rnf[k t*Fkw& edum,f wdu-'k ygyPduokwf
t|uxm (ESm-89) qdk\? 0dok'dr*f r[m#Dumq&m tSif"rygvu okwmbdocFgw "r
"m&aPe "r"&m- [k edum,fBuD; 4-rsdK;rS <uif;aom ck'uedum,f tusHK;0ifaom okwfESifh
551
tpodkU
tbd"rmudk "rt& aumuf,l&rnf[k qdk\/ (yx0D uodPtzGifh ESm-141)

t|txm #Dumrsm;tqdkudk cH,laomf edum,faqmifrsm;udk 'DCbmPu rZdrbmPu
oH,kwbmPu t*Fkw&bmPu[l toD;toD; wpfpkwpfzGJUpD rqdkbJ tm;vHk; ygatmif tm*wm*rm
[l bk&m;Sifudk,fwdkif a[mawmfrl\? "r"&m[laom ygXfjzifh <uif;aom ck'uedum,faqmif
tbd"rmaqmif (tmbd"rdu) yk*dKvfwdkUudk a[mawmfrl\? rmwdum"&m-[laom ygXfjzifh 0de,tusOf;
ygwdarmufudk aqmifol tbd"rmtusOf; rmwdumudk aqmifolwdkUudk a[mawmfrl\? odkUvQif
ygyPduokwfawmf yd#uoHk;yHkaqmif edum,faqmif ck'uedum,faqmif tbd"rmaqmifwdkUudk
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif &nfTef; rdefU[awmfrlcJhyHkudk taotcsm rSwf,l&ayonf? taemufwdkif;
okawoDqdkaom bmomjcm; vlrsdK;jcm; q&mwdkUonfum; vdk&m,l rvdk&mcsef a0zefMujcif;jzpfaMumif;
xifSm;ayonf/
25/
tif'yfpf
wpfzef pmayordkif; Iaxmifhjzifh oHk;oyf&aomf bDpD 125- rS 95 txd tdEd,jynf

e,fjcm;wpfavQmuf tkyfpdk;oGm;aom *&dwfbk&if areE&fac: rdvdErif;BuD;onf
(Indus)
omoemawmfudk
Munfdkav;pm;
ar;avQmufcJhzl;onf?
xdktcg
rSif;rvif;aom
yd#uwft&m
uRrf;usif
Ak'"ra&;&m
ar;cGef;tajrmuftjrm;udk
EIwfa&;<u,f<u,f
PfBuD;us,faom
tSifem*odefonf tar;[lorQ oabmusatmif ajzqdkcJhonf? xdk taMumif;t&m tm;vHk;udk

rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom
usrf;pmudk
rdvdEyOm[k
ac:onf?
tSifAk'aCmouJhodkUaom
ax&0g'D
t|uxm#Dumq&mwdkUonf tcGifhuHwdkif; rdvdEyOmvm pum;rsm;udk av;av;pm;pm; udk;um;

zGifhqdkoGm;Muonf/ ,if; rdvdEyOm(u)
awe acg ye ora,e tm,om em*aoaem orP*P y&d0kawm 0deDawm

0dom&a'g aw yd#aum a0'*l / y/ om0ve*&H tEkyawm a[mwd/
(ck? 11? 19/)
xdktcg
pwkopPfjzifh
&[ef;taygif;
jcH&Hvsuf
vrf;qHk;a&muf
odrfarGU,Ofaus;
aygufajrmufNyD;ol
&J&ifhawmfrlNyD;
yd#u
tSifem*aoeonf
3-yHkaqmif
om*vrdUodkU
a&mufvmavonf[l vnf;aumif;(c)
aw p awyd#um bduL? y aeum,dumyd p/

pwk aeum,dum ap0? em*aoeH yka&uHk/ (ck? 11? 20/)
(,if; rdvdEyOm)
yd#u 3-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm; edum,f 5-yHkaqmif &[ef;awmfrsm; edum,f 4-yHkaqmif

&[ef;awmfrsm;onf em*aoeax&fudk aSUoGm;yawmfrlMuukef\ [lvnf;aumif;? yd#u 3-yHkaqmif
edum,f 5-&yfaqmif edum,f 4-&yfaqmif [laom pum;vHk;rsm; txiftSm; awGU&\/
26/
rQru rdvdEyOm odkU qdkxm;\/
552
tpodkU

]]b*0awm acg r[m&mZ "re*a& {0lyg Zem y#d0oEd okwEdum a0e,dum
tmbd"rdum "ruxdum ZmwubmPum 'DCbmPwm rZdrbmPum oH,kwbmPum

t*Fkw&bmPum ck'ubmPum}} (ck? 11? 324/) ponf-
jrefrmjyef
rif;jrwf
Ak'jrwfpGm\
w&m;rdUawmf
okwefaqmif
0denf;aqmif
tbd"rmaqmif
tbd"rmw&m;udk a[majymol Zmwuudk aqmifol 'DCbmPu('DCedum,faqmif) rZdrbmPu

oH,kwbmPu t*Fkw&bmPu ck'ubmPu(ck'uedum,faqmif)? odkU oabmSdaom rdUawmfol
rdUawmfom;wdkU aeMuygukef\/
ygVdawmf
ck'uaqmif
tbd"rmaqmif[laom
pum;vHk;rsm;
twdtvif;
qdkxm;
yxroH*g,emwifNyD;csdefrS tqufrjywf aqmifvmMuaom tpOftvm rkcsSdcJhayonf? c&pfray:rDESifh

ay:NyD;p &mpkESpfOD; (bkSm;&Sif y&dedAmefpHNyD; ESpf 500-cefY) xifSm;cJhaom rdvdEyOm tmbd"rdu
[lvnf;aumif; ck'ubmPu[lvnf;aumif; ygSdcJhvsuf at'D 500-&mpk (rdvdEyOmaemuf
ESpfig;&mcefU)
a&;om;pD&ifaom
taMumif;Sd&rnf?
tSifom&dykw&m\
tSifAk'aCmo\
taMumif;um;
SnfSnfa0;a0;
wynfhrsm;onf
tbd"rmudk
okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|txm
SmaezG,f
rvdk?
tjrJavhvm
csydkUaeojzifh
rygonfrSm
Ak'vufxufawmfrSp
vGefpGmxifSm;
todrsm;aeaomaMumifh jzpf&ayrnf? xdkUaMumifh txl;wvnf tbd"rmudk wm0efvTJaep&m rvdk/

aemufwpfaMumif;rSmvnf; ]]ZmwubmPum}} [l rdvdEyOm t>rufazmfjyxm;ouJhodkU
"ry'bmPu O'gebmPu wd0kwbmPu ponfwdkUvnf; {uef Sd&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm
ck'uedum,f yg0ifaom usrf;pmrsm;onf Snfvsm; rsm;jym;vSonf r[kwf? wpfyg;pD wpfOD;pDcGJ
aqmifMuvQif *gxm 300? 400 rQavmufom SdaomaMumifh pum;vkyf ajymp&myif rSdacs? wdkawmif;
aqmifvG,f rSwfvG,faomaMumifh aqmifolvnf; aygrsm;cJhayvdrfhrnf? xdkUaMumifh ck'uedum,fudk
b,folUtm;
wm0efay;cJhonf[k
qdkzG,f
rvdkawmh
SifAk'aCmoonf
okr*Fv0dvmodeD
ck'ubmPu- [l rqdkbJ csefcJh[ef Sdayonf/

okr*Fv0dvmodeDt|uxmpum;udk taoudkifvsuf tbd"rmomru usefck'uedum,fwpfckvHk;
bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdk&efSdonf? odkUaomf ck'uedum,fwpfckvHk; bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkvQif
&,fzG,fom jzpfrnf? xdkUaMumifh tbd"rmwpfckwnf;udk uGufNyD; xdk;ESufcsufonf vHk;0 obm0 rusay/
27/(u) qdkzG,f Sdao;\?
E.J Thomas
qdkolu ol\
The History of Buddhist Thought
]]Ak'"rordkif;}} [laom pmtkyf tSifom&dykw&monf ol\ wynfh 500-wdkUtm;

tbd"rmudk
ydkUcscJhonf[laom
tSifAk'aCmo\
tqdkudk
jyuf&,fyonfhyrm
rZdredum,fudk tSifom&dykw&m\ wynfhrsm;tm; wm0efvTJcJhonf[laom pum;udk

tav;teufxm;
trSeftm;jzifh
rSwf,lygvQif
tbd"rmudk
olwdkU
avhvm
553
tpodkU

aqmifGufonf[laom pum;onf tajctjrpf rSd[k qdkvdk[efjzifh oHo,udk rodrom
oGif;cJhavonf/
(c)
onfomru "rb@m*g&du (w&m;b@mpdk;BuD;) [k *kPfycsD;usL;jcif;cH&avmufatmif

Ak'yg0persm;udk tvHk;pHk&Sd aqmifGufol t&SiftmeEmtm; 'DCedum,fudk wm0efvTJonf
[lonfrSmvnf; oHo,SdzG,f aumif;onf[k oHo,oHESifh ol\ xifjrifcsufudk
a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&\/
(*)
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU\ acsycsufvnf; odkUuavmufBuD;us,f xifSm;onfh

tbd"rmBuD;udk ao;i,faom ck'uedum,f xnfhoGif;xm;onfrSm tvGef &ifemzG,f&m
aumif;vSonf[k qdkxm;\/
tqdk oHo,wdkUum; ax&0g' tpOftvmudk vHk;pHkaphiS rodMuvnf;aumif;

Prejudice
Bius or
ac:aom ordkif;q&mwdkU\ bufvdkufrIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfwef&m\? igwdkU\
jrefrm&mZ0ifudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif a&;om;oGm;Muaom t*Fvdyfordkif;q&mrsm; tdEd,&mZ0ifESifh

pmayordkif;udk tay:pD;jzifh tEdkifusifh a&;om;oGm;Muaom udkvdkeDacwf Adkvfocif ordkif;q&mrsm;\
tMuHyufpuf trSm;teufrsm;udk aemufay:wdkif;&if;om; a'ocH ynmSifwdkUu xkwfazmfwifjyNyD;
trSefodkUjyefa&mufatmif renf;BuD; ud;pm;aeMu&onf r[kwfygavm? odkUjzpf tbd"rmESifh ywfowf
olwdkUoGif;cJhaom oHo,tyif;vHk;udk csEdkif&ef trSefudk odkU em;vnfMuapvdkonf? wpfcsufpD Sif;jytHh/
(u)
tSifom&dykw&m\ wynfhrsm;onf xufjrufpl;&Saom Pfy#dbmefSdonfh yg&rD

orm&Sifrsm; jzpfMu tbd"rmudk xufatmufjyefvSef tzefzefydkUcs EIwfvGwf&Muonf?
Ak'tbd"rm a[mNyD;onfh ckESpf0gajrmuf *-0g ta&mufavmufrS p tbd"rm
wwfajrmufcJhMuonf? Ak'y&dedAmefrpHrD 37-ESpfeD;yg;avmuf tbd"rmudk aqmifcJhMuonf?
xdkyk*dKvfwdkUonf rZdredum,fudk wm0efay;vQifvnf; 0efrav;MubJ tvG,fuav;
aqmifxm;Edkifaom PAv SdMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh tSifr[muy
tr;Sdaom yxr oH*g,emwif ax&ftSifrsm;u xdktSifom&dykw&m\ wynfhrsm;tm;
tbd"rmqefvSaom rZdredum,fudk wm0efay;Muonf?
Buddhist
Tradition
tpOftvmBuD;rSm tvGef cdkifvHkaom rSwfwrf;BuD;wpfqlozG,f jzpfonf? bmrQ

awG;awm,HkrSm;aezG,f oHo,jzpfzG,f rSday/
(c)
"rb@m*g&du
w&m;b@mpdk;BuD;
tSiftmeEmtm;
'DCedum,fudk
wm0efay;awmfrlonfrSmvnf; bmrsm; qefUusifygoenf;? tSiftmeEm yd#u 3-yHk

aqmifEdkifapum wpfenf;qdk&vQif tSiftmeEmonf yd#u awmtkyfwGif tIyftaxG;
,Sufajr;rwG,f tvG,fusufpm; jcaoFhrif;BuD;ozG,f jzpfjim;vnf; wynfhwdkUtm;
ydkUcs&m abmifcuf xm;vQifMumSnf av;jrifh toifhvG,ful wHcGefxlaqmuf
554
tpodkU

aygufajrmuf BuD;yGm;vGefpGm xGef;um;Edkifonf r[kwfygavm? oD[dkVfuRef; 'DCbmPu
wdyd#u r[moD0ax&f [lonf udk 'DCedum,f r[m0*t|uxm ESm 133vnf;aumif;?
,if;'DCedum,f
ygxdu0*t|uxm
ESm-66-
vnf;aumif;
tSifAk'aCmo rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk Iyg? ,if; r[moD0ax&fonf wdyd#u (yd#u

3-yHk aqmifxm;onfh) tjyif 'DCbmPu [laom bGJUudkvnf; cH,lxm;ayao;onf?
xdkUaMumifh t"dum&rf rnfaom oD[dkVfom;ynmSif a&;om;onfh ]]oD[dkVfuRef;
aSUydkif;omoema&; ordkif;}} pmtkyf ESm-25 odkU rSwfcsuf csxm;avonf/
It is necessary to note here that being a Bhanaka of a particular section of canon meant only
that the person in question made a special study of that portion and did not in any way imply an
ignorance or neglect of ther other sections of pitakas.
]]edum,fwpfckckudk
aqmifxm;ol
bmPuqdkonfrSm
xdkedum,fudk
txl;wvnf
avhvmusufrSwfol [lom qdkvdk tjcm;edum,f tjcm; yd#uudk vspfvsLIol ravhvmol[l

rqdkvdkaMumif; rSwfom;zdkU vdktyf onf}}
(Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon p.25 by Adikaram)
(8) 1 ^0de,"& (0g) a0e,du [laom pum;vHk;jzifh 0denf;udk aqmifol tmbd"rdu [laom
pum;vHk;jzifh
tbd"rmudk
aqmifolrsm;
SdcJhaMumif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;
jycJhNyDjzpfonf?
Ak'pum;awmfrsm;udk 5-pkcGJ edum,[laom pum;jzifh oHk;EIef;ac:a0:aomtcg 0denf;a&m tbd"rmyg

ck'uxnfhoGif; oH*g,em wifMuonfhtavsmuf ck'uedum,f [lyif ac:a0:oHk;EIef;Muayonf?
ck'u[lonfrSm 'DC tSnf rZdr tv,ftvwfESifh EdIif;,SOf ck'u twdka[m t"dym,fudk
aumuf,l&onf? tao;tzGJ wefzdk;enf;aom okwfrsm; ygVdawmfrsm;[k tvGJraumuf&m? xdkUaMumifh
0denf;udk aqmifolrsm;udk 0de,"&-[k ac:qdkouJhodkU 0db*F"&m rmwdum"&m[l ac:qdkxm;
onfudkvnf;
ygVdawmfrsm;
trsm;tjym;awGU&ay&m
0denf;ig;usrf;vHk;udk
aqmifolSdovdk
Obawm0dbif;rQ aqmifol rmwdumac: ygwdarmufrQ aqmifol cEurQ aqmifolrsm; SdaomaMumifh

xdkedum,fBuD;rsm;ESifh EdIif;pmvQif wdkawmif;onf[k qdkEdkifayonf/
(*)
2 ^wpfzef tbd"rmudk aqmif&mvnf; rmwdum"&m-[laom ygVdawmfpum;udk

axmuf wdurmwdum 'kurmwdumrQudk aqmifol eda'oy'bmZeDrsm;ESifhwuG
"ro*FPDudk aqmifol 0dbif;rQudk aqmifol y|mef;oufoufudkom aqmifol
"mwkuxm yk*vynwfrQaqmifol ,rdkufrQaqmifol [lvnf; Sdonf? tbd"rm 7usrf;[k cGJxm;onfrSmvnf; u@tvdkuf cGJjcm;jcif;rsdK; r[kwf? obm0"rodkU csOf;uyf
enf;tm;jzifh cGJxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? xdkUaMumifh rdrdoef&m qESd&m aqmifxm;cJhMuonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh tvGef cufvSygonf (us,fvSygonf) qdkaom y|mef;usrf;BuD;udk 20-
555
tpodkU

&mpkESpf tbd"Zr[m&|*kk rEav; rpdk;&drfq&mawmfBuD; txl;oD;oefU jyifqifum
enf;opf pepfopfrsm;jzifh xyfwvJvJ ydkUcsaqmifGufouJhodkU jzpfonf? qdkcJhNyD;aom
tpOfjzifh csydkUaqmifGufjcif;onf wm0efcGJa0jcif;
Divison
of
Labour
pepft&
MumSnfwnfwHhapaMumif; aumif;jrwfaom tpOftvm jzpfayonf? odkUqdkaom

ck'u(wdkaom
ck'uedum,f
okwfrsm;)
[k
ac:qdkonfhtwGuf
xnfhoGif;a&wGufaomaMumifh
bmrQ
twdktxGm
odrfi,fp&m
rvdkyg?
tao;tzGJuav;rsm;[k
b,ftcgrQ t"dym,frxGufay? xdkUaMumifh orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU bmrQ &ifemzG,f

rvdkay/
(C)
3 ^tydkif;cGJa0&m &Hcg rvdktyfaom teuft"dym,f qefUusifovdkSdaom w&m;rsm;udk

xnfhoGif; a&wGuf&onfvnf; Sdwufonf? a0'em 3-rsdK; (csrf;om qif;&J
toifhtwifh tv,ftvwf cHpm;rI)udk okcESifh 'ku 2-rsdK;om cGJa0aomtcg
Oayum[laom tv,ftvwf cHpm;rIudk wnfNidrfaom oabmSdaomaMumifh okc
xnfhoGif; a&wGuf&\/
Oayum ye oEwm okcrdap0 bmodwm/ (tbd |? 2? 170) (oarm-|)

xdkUtwl bk&m;&[EmwdkU\ oEmefjzpfaom [odwkyg'fpdwfudk aombe(aumif;) taombe
(raumif;) [k ESpfydkif; cGJa0aomtcg taombebufodkU xnfhoGif;Mu&onf? [odwkyg'fpdwfudk,fwdkifu
raumif;aomaMumifh taombe ac:&onf r[kwf? aombe trnf&aeus jzpfaom ukodkvfrlvrsm;
rSdaomaMumifh rlt& taombe[k ac:qdk&jcif; jzpfavonf? xdkUaMumifh tydkif;cGJa0aomtcg pum;vHk;\
Literary Meaning
(pum;vHk;\ wdkufdkuft"dym,f)xuf Derivative Meaning (qifhyGm; t"dym,f)udk ydk
owdy&ayrnf? odkUaom pmayynm\ odrfarGUaom oabmobm0udk us,fus,f0ef;0ef; ravhvmbJ

tawG;tac:
zDvdkqdkzD
q&mrsm;uJhodkU
xif&mpGyfa&;cJhMuav&m
xdktaemufwdkif;
okawoDwdkU\
trSm;rsm;udk aemufvlwdkUu vdkufjyifrqHk; Sdaeayonf/

28/
OD;Ou|tr;y a';'&JrdU yedum, "romupmtzGJUrS a&;xdk;pdkufxlxm;tyfaom
ausmufpmESifh orm'd|dokawoetzGJUrS xkwfa0aom Ak'omoemhordkif; ESm-10- yxroH*g,emwGif

oHCm
(1000)
wpf,lZemtuGm
ausmfwdkUu
owyPdvdkPf*l
y@0vdkPf*lwGif
(ax&fBuD;wdkU
yxroH*g,em
oH*g,emwif&mXme)\
tydifwifMuonf
[laom
taemuf
tqdkonf
ax&0g'rSwfwrf;rsm; rvmaom cdkifvHkrIrSdaom tqdk jzpfonf? ,if;wdkUudk r[mo*wd[k ac:qdkaMumif;

xyfqifh qdkjyefao;\? 'kwd, oH*g,emESifh tydifwif Muaom r[moHCdu (0g) r[mo*wdESifh
a&maxG;aejcif;om jzpfonf? yxroH*g,em pifydifoH*g,em rSdacs/
atmufyg J.J.Jones a&;om;aom r[m0wK t*Fvdyfbmomjyef twGJ-3? ed'gef;
Introduction
556
tpodkU
Mahasanghikas were a Buddhist sect formed at the time of the second Council at Vesali 338.
B.C. They subsequently split up into sevetal schools among which, the Lokuttaravadins seem to
approximate closest to the original Sect.
(jrefrm) r[moHCduonf bDpD 338-ckESpf a0omvD usif;yaom 'kwd,oH*g,emwifcsdef

ay:vmaom Ak'bmom*dkPf;uGJwpfck jzpfonf? if;wdkUonf aemufxyf *dkPf;trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;Muao;&m
avmukw&
0g'D*dkPf;uGJwpfckonf
'kwd,oH*g,emwifcsdef
rlvax&0g'ESifh
oD;oefUcGJ
tawmfeD;pyfyHk&onf[laom
oH*g,emwifMuaom*dkPf;udk
pum;jzifh
r[moHCdu[lvnf;aumif;
r[mo*wd[lvnf;aumif; ac:qdk Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf/

29/
r[m0wK[lonf r[moHCdu*dkPf;\ 0de,0wK jzpfonf ,if;\ ed'gef;
=rZdr
r[moHCdu
*dkPfBuD;\
tpysdK;xm;ayonf?
avhvmMunfh&mwGif
ygVdawmfrlt&
odkU&mwGif
0wKrsm;pGm
0de,yd#u[k
0denf;ynwfawmfrsm;
a'o
yg0ifaom
avmukw&0g'Djzpfaom
0de,yd#u
trnfay;xm;aomfvnf;
bmrQrawGU&?
tpum;}}
[l
xdkr[m0wKusrf;udk
ax&0g'yd#urS
[dkrSonfrS
xkwfEkwfa&;om;aom 0wKtaMumif;t&mrsm;om jzpfonf/

30/
wdAufpma&;q&m
wm&memx
a&;om;
Sdzem;
Schiefner
qdkolu
t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkaom wdbuf0d e,rSwfwrf;rsm; at'D 629-ck wkwfc&D;onf [Gifqdkif\

(qJjrL0Jvfbdvf) t*Fvdyfbm omjyefqdkaom rSwfwrf;rsm;
a&;om;onfh
]]oAwd0g'D*dkPf;rS
J.Takakusu
tbd"rmpmayrsm;}}[laom
S.Beal
wumulqlrnfaom *syefynmSif
pmwrf;rsm;udk
cHMunfhvdkufaomf
yxroH*g,emwifcsdef ESpfrsdK;awGU&onf? tbd"rmygSdonf [lvnf;aumif; ryg[lvnf;aumif;

tqdkESpfrsdK;udk awGU&onf? tbd"rmyd#u ygonf [laom wkwfr[m0wK usrf;tqdkrSm ygVdpmayESifh qdkyHk
wlonfudk
awGU&
Dulva
Oygvdax&fuvnf;aumif;
'kvfA-ac:aom
"rudk
wdAuf0de,usrf;
tmeEmax&fuvnf;aumif;
'kwd,wGJ
tbd"rmudk
tqdkt&
0de,udk
r[muyax&fu
vnf;aumif; OD;aqmif oH*g,emwifonf[k qdkonf? wm&memxtqdk t& oAwd0g'*dkPf; (aemiftcg

0dbmom
rnfaom
t|uxmudk
a&;om;
xdkt,ludk
vufcHaomaMumifh
a0bmoduwGifonf) u tbd"rm 7-usrf;udk bk&m;a[m[k ,l
okwEdu*dkPf;url
bk&m;a[m[k r,lqbJ q&mtoD;oD;u a&;om;onf[k ,lqMuaMumif; od&onf/

31/
rnfodkUqdkap Ak'jrwfpGm tbd"rmudk a[mawmfrlcJhonf[laom rSefuefrIudk awmifydkif;
ajrmufydkif; ESpfydkif;vHk;u vufcHMuonf[k aumufcsufcsEdkifonf? *dkPf;toD;oD; uGJoGm;jcif;rSmvnf;
557
tpodkU
0de,t,ltqESifh

vdkufemusifhMuHa&;wdkUwGif
tavsmYtwif;
twdrfteuf
uGJjym;&mrS
pcJhonf?
uGJjym;oGm;NyD;aomtcg Ak'a[mawmfrlaom w&m;"rESifh pyf t,ltqa&;&mwGifvnf; trSefrS

aoGz,fwdrf;apmif; oGm;Muayonf? xdkUaMumifh 'Dy0Ho yru@ odkUqdk\/
edaj*ma"m0 r[mkaum? ax&0g'gerkwarm/
tEleH te"duH ap0? au0vH ZdeomoeH/
u@um 0d, kurSd? edAwm 0g'aooum/ (*gxm-52/)
jrefrmjyef
0g'wdkUwGif
tjrwfqHk;jzpfaom
ax&fBuD;wdkU0g'onf
jrwfAk'omoemawmfonf
r,kwfrydk
jynfh0ayonf?
tvHk;pHk
yanmifyifBuD;ESifhwlonf?
<uif;aom
*dkPf;0g'wdkUum;
opfyifrSmaygufaom ql;wdkUESifh tvm;wl ukefonf/

yxar 0oaw ewd? 'kwda, 'oowEa&/
bdEm ow&o 0g'g? OyEm Zdeomoae/ ( *gxm-53/)
jrefrmjyef
Ak'y&dedAmef pHawmfrlNyD;aemuf tESpfwpf&mtwGif; tuGJtjym; rSdao;? 'kwd,&mpkwGifum;
omoemawmfwGif *dkPf;BuD; 17-*dkPf; uGJjym;pGm ay:vmMuawmhonf/
r[mo*wdum bduL? 0davmrH tuHok omoeH/
bdEdwGm rlvo*F[H? tnH tuHok o*F[H/ (*gxm-32/)
jrefrmjyef
r[mo*wdu*dkPf;om;
&[ef;wdkUonf
omoemawmfudk
wdrf;apmif;atmif
yMuvsuf
rlvoH*g,emudk zsuf oH*g,emtopf yMuonf/

tnw o*F[dwH okwH? tnw tu&ok aw/
twH "r bdEok? a, eduma,ok yok/ (*gxm-33)
jrefrmjyef
olwdkUonf tjcm;yd#u pkpnf;NyD;aom okwfudk onfhjyifwyg; tjcm;yd#u xnfhoGif;Mu
edum,f 5-&yfwGif teufa&m ygVdudkyg zsufqD;Muonf/
y&d,m, a'odwH pmyd? taxm edy&d,m, a'odwH/
eDwwH ap0 ae,swH? tZmedwGme bdua0g/ (*gxm-34)
jrefrmjyef
xdk&[ef;wdkUonf y&d,m,fjzifha[monfh a'oemudk rkcsenf; aumuf,lMuonf? eDww=
558
tpodkU
wdkufdkufteuf ae,sw= oG,f0dkufaom teufudk rodSmMutnH oEm, bPdwH? tnwH Xy,ok aw/
Asepm,m, aw bduK? A[Hk twH 0demo,Hk/ (*gxm-35)
jrefrmjyef
xdk&[ef;wdkUonf teufwpfrsdK;udk &nfG,f a[mawmfrltyfaom okwfudk teufwpfrsdK;
azmfxkwfMuonf? pum;vHk; xyfwdk; teufrSef tajrmuftjrm;udk zsufqD;Muonf/
qawGm {ua'oH p? okwH 0de, *rd&H/
ywdlyH okw0de,H? w tnH u&ok awm/ (*gxm-36)
y&d0g&H twK'g&H? tbd"ryu&PH/
y#dord'H p eda'oH? {ua'oH p ZmwuH/
{wuH edZdwGme? tnmed tu&ok aw/ (*gxm-37/)
jrefrmjyef
eufeJcufcJaom okwftcsdKU 0denf;tcsdKUudk y,fpGefU xdkolwdkUonf tjcm; oifhawmfaom okwf
0denf;udk yvkyfMuonf? aomVoy&d0g& ESifh t|uxmu@ tbd"rm? wpfenf; t|uxmu@
xdkrS<uif;aom tbd"rmudk y,fMuonf? y#dord'g plVESifh r[meda'o ZmwutcsdKUudk y,fpGefUMuonf?
rQavmuf y,fpGefU olwdk\Uonf tjcm;topfjzpfaom usrf;rsm;udk a&;Muonf/
rQ qdkNyD;aom pum;pOfjzifh ax&0g'rS cGJxGufoGm;Muaom *dkPf;uGJwdkU rlvoabmxm;ESifh
tajctaeudk odEdkifavmufNyD? xdkUaMumifh ax&0g' q&mpOfqufonf ,if;wdkUudk xnfh rpOf;pm;Muay/
32/
,cktcg yxroH*g,emudk t,HktMunf rSdMuaom oHCmawmfrsm; SdMuaMumifhESifh
xdkoHCmwdkU\ aSUajy;tjzpf 'udP*d&drS tSifyl&Pudk yHkpHxkwfvmMuaom pk'dwuwdkU\ tqdkudk

pdppfjythH/
taMumif;t&mum;
'udP*d&dZeyk'f
&[ef;y&dowf
tajrmuftjrm;ESifh
a'opm&D
vSnfhvnfaeaom tSifyl&Ponf &mZ*d[fodkU a&mufvmaomtcg oDwif;0gv uRwfaeayNyD? tb,fudk

axmuf 0guRwfrS a&mufvmaMumif; od&oenf;- [ljim;tHh? 0grqdkrDuyif Sifr[muyax&fu
oHCmhtv,fwGif aG;aumuf xm;aom oHCm 500- rSwyg; tjcm; &[ef;rsm; &mZ*d[f 0gruyfMu&[k oH*g,emwfjzifh aMunmxm; NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh 0gwGif;r[kwfrl 0gytcgjzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf?
&mZ*d[f a0VK0efausmif;odkU a&mufvmaomtcg tSifyl&Ponf oH*g,emwif ax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ESD;aESmajyma[monf? (axa& [d bduL[d o' y#doarm'dwGm {urEH edoD'dplV0gygVdawmf) tSifyl&P <uvmaomtcg oH*g,emudpvnf; NyD;pD;aeNyD; jzpfonf? (axa&[d bduL[d
"ar p 0dea, p o*aw(plV0g-486) ax&fBuD;rsm;u ]]axa&[d tm0kaom yl&P "arm p 0dea,m p
o*awm? Oay[d wH o*w}} ighSifyl&P ax&fBuD;wdkYonf "r0de,udk oH*g,em wifNyD;ygNyD?
559
tpodkU
xdkoH*g,em (wifNyD;aom "r0de,) odkU csOf;uyfyg (csOf;uyf "r0de, wdkUudk avhvmyg) [k

ajymqdkMuonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ oH*g,emodkU csOf;uyfyg[lonfudk oH*g,emwif&m yg0ifyg[k t"dym,f r,l&?
taMumif;rSm rlvuyif tjcm; oHCmrsm;udk wm;jrpfNyD; jzpf wpfaMumif; ,cktcg oH*g,emwifNyD;

jzpfae wpfaMumif; jzpfonf/
xdktcg
tSifyl&Pu
]]ax&fBuD;rsm;
"r0de,udk
oH*g,emwifMuonfrSm
tvGef
aumif;rGefygonf? (oko*wm0kaom axa&[d "arm p 0dea,m p) odkUaomf wynfhawmfuawmh

toufvnf;BuD;vSNyDjzpf
"r0de,awG
tm;vHk;
ravhvmEdkif
raqmifxm;Edkifyg?
bk&m;Sif
rsufarSmufawmfwGif Mum;em rSwfom;cJhwJhtwdkif;yJ aqmifxm;ygrnf? &wmavmufyJ aqmifxm;ygrnf

(,ax0 r,m b*0awm orKcg okwH orKcg y#d*[
dwH wax0g[H "ma&mrd)}} [k avQmufxm;onf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ ygVdawmfvm tSifyl&P\ avQmufxm;csuf pk'dwuwdkU ,lqouJhodkU tcsdKU
rax&frsm; oabmrwlaMumif; [laom teuft"dym,f tenf;i,frQ rxGufay/

33/
,cktcg
oAwd0g'D*dkPf;rS
tbd"rm
7-usrf;udk
pdppfMutHh?
Ak'jrwfpGm
vufxufawmfrSp tbd"rmudk oif,lavhvmMuaom &[ef;rsm;tv,fwGif wm0efcGJa0 aqmifxm;Mu&ef

tydkif;u@
cGJMu&m
7-usrf;
7-pk[laom
pum;onf
tbd"rmaqmif
r[kwfaom
tjcm;
om0u&[ef;rsm;xHodkUvnf; ysHESHUxifSm; todrsm;aom pum;jzpfcJhonfrSm {uefjzpfonf? xdkUaMumifh

tbd"rm\ (7) ocFsmESifh ywfouf t|omvdeD t|uxm 0dw@0g'D (qefUusifbuf ajymwwfaom)
yk*dKvfrsm;u
7-usrf;jynfh&ef
r[m"r[',rnfaom
usrf;udkvnf;aumif;
r[m"mwkuxm
usrf;udkvnf;aumif; xkwfaqmifvmMuonfudk azmfjyxm;ayonf? wGif orme0g'Dyk*dKvfrsm;u

oifwdkUwifjyvmaom r[m"r[',usrf; qdkonfrSm rlv"r[',0dbif;rSm ygNyD;om; w&m;awGcsnf;
rsm;ygonf? topf[l rsm;pGm ryg? ar;cGef;awG xkwfxm;aom yOm0g&rQyJ ryg <uif;usef
Sdaeygonf[lvnf;aumif;
r[m"mwkuxmusrf;
rlv"mwkuxmusrf;&if;xuf
tydk[l
qdkonfrSmvnf;
rsm;rsm;rSd?
txufenf;twdkif;yif
aemufjznfhygVdawmf
tenf;i,frQ
ygonf[lvnf;aumif; ajzSif;um 0dw@0g'DwdkU\ tqdkudk acszsufcJhMuonf/

34/
ae&m awmifwGif;BuD; ewfrSDawm& OD;qEm"du\ aom"em ]]r[m"r[',ESifh
r[m"mwk-uxmusrf;BuD;rsm;rS
wpfusrf;usrf;om
tjynfhtpHk
SdcJhygvQif
uxm0wKusrf;\
tajctaeonf wpfrsdK;wpfzHk jzpfoGm;EdkifaMumif; aqG;aEG;&ygonf bk&m;}} [k aom"emyoGm;onf?

ygVdtqdkESifh ygVd\oabmoGm;udk rydkifEdkifaomaMumifh OD;qEm"du t"dym,f t,ltq rSm;oGm;jcif;om
jzpf\? ol\ tvdktm;jzifh tykAH ewd? uwdy,m0 yOm0g&m t0aoom [laom ygXf\t"dym,frSm
txuf qdkcJhovdk topftqef; bmrQryg[l r[kwfawmhbJ yOm0g&enf;enf;yJ usefawmhonf?
tjcm;[mawG aysmufukefNyD;[l t"dym,f xGwfaeawmhonf/ pk'dwu OD;qEm"du jyemtudkifrwufrI
560
tpodkU
jzpfayonf? rajyvnfonfhtjyif trSm;wpfck xyfrH yrdvsufom; jzpfayawmhonf? OD;qEm"du

qdkouJhodkU oAwd0g' tbd"rm 7-usrf;udk tm;usjcif; r[kwf? oAwd0g'DwdkUuom ax&0g' tbd"rmudk
oHa,mifvdkuf tbd"rm 7-usrf; pDpOfxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? rnfolu rnfolUxHrS twk,lonf
qdkonfudk atmufygrSwfwrf;udk I qHk;jzwfEdkif\/
35/
ausmufpm0ef
qm*RefrmS,fESifh
ya&mfzufqm
&ufyqifwdkU\
qHk;jzwfcsuft&
uedoQurif; eef;wufaom tcsdeftcgonf c&pfESpf 77-78 jzpf&m xdkrif;\ vufxuf oAwd0g'D*dkPf;rS

wwd,oH*g,em wifjcif;onf at'D ESpf 100-cefUavmufwGif jzpfzG,fSdonf[k qdkMuonf? at'D
wpf&monf bk&m;Sif y&dedAmefpHvGefNyD; ESpfaygif; (700) cefUjzpfavonf? uedoQurif;udkvnf;
'kwd,taomurif;[k todtrSwf yMuonf? ,if; wwd,oH*g,em taMumif;udk at'D 6-&mpkESpfwGif
rSwfwrf;wifcJhaom wkwfc&D;onf Hiuen Tsiang ([Gifqdkif)\ rSwfwrf;rS uREfkyfwdkU od&onf/
36/
oH*g,emwif&ef &[ef;awmfrsm;udk aG;aumuf&m yxroH*g,emwGif tSiftmeEmudk
csefvSyf 499-yg; aG;aumufouJhodkU vnf; tSif0okrdwudk csefvSyf oHCmtajrmuftjrm;xJrS

&[ef;awmf 499-yg;udk aG;aumufavonf? tSiftmeEmonf yxroH*g,emwGif rygvQif rNyD;Edkifaom
tvGef t&nftcsif;jynfh0ol jzpfaomfvnf; &[Emrjzpfao; 500-wGif pm&if;rxnfhEdkifao;ouJhodkU
oH*g,emvnf; tSif0okrdwonf y&d,wd*kPf jynfhpHkaomfvnf; &[Em rjzpfao;aomaMumifh 500wGif
wpfyg;csef
aG;aumufcJhjcif;
jzpfonf?
aemiftcgrS
&[Emjzpf
500-
ta&twGuf
jynfh0avawmhonf[k qdk\/
37/
tSif0okrdwudk
acgif;aqmiftjzpfxm;
okwefyd#utwGuf
Oya'oow
0denf;yd#utwGuf 0de,0dbmomow tbd"rmyd#utwGuf tbd"r0dbmomow[l #DumBuD; 3apmif a&;om; pDuHk;Muonf? uedoQubk&ifonf ,if;wdkUudk aMu;jym;ay:wGif a&;wifap apwDwnfum
XmyemxnfhoGif; ylaZmfonf[k qdkonf/
38/
oAwd0g'D*kPf;rS tbd"rm 7-usrf;rsm;wGif umwsm,edylMw a&;om;pD&ifaom

vdk&if;jzpfonf? ,if;onf ax&0g' y|mef;usrf;BuD;udk twk,l
Py|mef;onf
trnfemray;xm;aomusrf; jzpfaomfvnf; yg0ifaom w&m;awGrSm y|mef;ypnf;rsm; ryg0if? AEe ur

ly"mwk aAm"dt*F orm"dESifh 'd|d paom PfjzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;om yg\? usef 6-usrf;rSm tjcHt&H?
wpfenf; tajccHusrf;rsm; jzpfMuonf? ,if;wdkUudk usrf;trnf\ aemuf wGJ yg'o'gjzifh
ac:a0:Mu&onf? ,if;wdkUrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
(1)
o*wdy&d,m,yg'- r[maum|dv? odkUr[kwf om&dykwa&;? tbd"rm (ax&0g')

yk*vynwfESifh wlonf[k qdk\/
(2)
jyu&Pyg'
- 0okrdwa&;? 0dbif;usrf;ESifh wlonf[k qdkMu\/
(3)
0dnmPum,yg'- a'0ora&;? 0dnmP 6-yg;ESifh qdkifonf/
561
tpodkU
(4)

"gwkum,yg' - yl&P? odkUr[kwf 0okrdwa&;? "mwf 18-ESifhqdkifonf? wpfenf;
"gwkoH,kwfESifh tvm;wlonf[k qdkMu\/
(5)
"ruEyg'
- om&dykw? odkUr[kwf arm*vme a&;? ,ordwtvdk r[maum|dva&;?
ta&;BuD;aom tbd"rm oabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifonf[k qdkonf/

(6)
ynwdyg'
- ygxdurS vuPokwfESifh wlonf? Sifarm*vmefa&;[k qdkMu\/
39/
txufyg oAwd0g'D*dkPf;rS tbd"rm 7-usrf;udk oHk;oyfaomf awmifydkif;ax&0g'
tbd"rmESifh tuGmBuD; uGmaeayonf? ax&0g'tbd"rmudk twk,l wDxGifyHk&aMumif;rSm tay:&H

EdIif;,SOfpOf;pm;HkrQjzifh odomayonf? y"mejzpfaom Py|meusrf;onf trnfrQ qifwldk;rSm;
wlaomfvnf; ax&0g' y|mef;usrf;uJhodkU tcufcJqHk; teufeJqHk; tus,fjyefUqHk;jzpfaom aMumif;usdK;
ypnf;qufrsm; 24-ypnf; rawGU&bJ ax&0g' 'kwd,tbd"rmusrf; 0dbif;ygVdawmfrS P0dbif;qefqef
pDpOfxm;onfh usrf;wpfapmif jzpfaMumif; od&ayonf? ax&0g' tbd"rmudk Sifom&dykw&mu pDpOfonf?
oifjyonf? ocFsmenf;t& aqmifvG,frSwf vG,fatmif ocFsm0g&[l taxmuftuly u@wpfck
jznfhpGufay;onf? rmwdumwGifvnf; Ak'udk,fawmfwdkif oifjyonfh wdurmwdum 'kurmwdumtjyif
xdkxdkokwefrS aqmif,l pDpOfum okwErmwdum[l 'ku rmwdumwpfrsdK; jznfhpGufayonf? um;
ax&0g' tbd"rmwGif trsm;od trsm;vufcHxm;Muaom q&mpOf qufrS qif;oufvmaom
tpOftvmBuD; wpf&yfjzpfonf? ,if; tpOftvmudk SifAk'aCmoonf rzHk;ruG,f wdwdyy today;
Sif;vif;cJhayonf? ,if;udk twk,l Ak'wynfhBuD;rsm;\ trnfudk oHk;um tSifr[muy
yonf[kvnf;aumif; tSifom&dykw&m tSifarm*vmef tSifr[maum|dv yonf[l vnf;aumif;
ax&0g' tqef;topfjzpfaom a'0S&frm uwsm,eDylMw yl&P0okrdw[laom usrf;ytrnfrsm;udk
jznfhpGufvnf;aumif; oAwd0g'D tbd"rmudk qdkjcif; jzpfay&m\/
tcsufudk &nfG,f 'Dy0Hotcef; 5? *gxmeHygwf 39-
ykA*Frm bdE0g'g? r[mo*wd um&um?
awoH p tEkuma&e? bdE0g'g A[l t[Hk/
jrefrmjyef
t,ltq uGJjym;aom r[mo*wd *dkPf;om;wdkUonf (teuft"dym,f t,ltq uGJjym;&m)
aSUoGm; jzpfMuukef\? tjcm; rsm;pGmaom *dkPf;uGJwdkUonfvnf; xdk r[mo*wd *dkPf;om;wdkUudk
twkvdkufaomtm;jzifh t,luGJjym; jcm;em;pGm jzpfay:vmMuavukefNyD[l qdkxm;avonf/
xdkUaMumifh tqdkyg oAwd0g'D*dkPf; tbd"rmudk Ak'ra[movdk ax&0g' tbd"rmudkvnf;
bk&m;a[m r[kwf[k qdkjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;azmufjyefaom tqdkom jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/
562
tpodkU

&wem,& (pwkw) owm[ESifhpyf pdppfcsuf
40/
pk'dwu orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;\ aom"emcsuf tcsKyfrSm-
(1)
r[m0*0denf;ygVdawmf
owm[
5-ckom
ygygvsuf
tbd"rmudk
bk&m;a[m
vkyfcsifaomaMumifh pwkw(&wem,&) owm[ESifhwuG owm[ 7-ckudk Ak'aCmo

csJUxGif a&;om;onf? ygVdESifh t|uxm 2-&yfwGif b,foif;udk tav;teuf
xm;xdkufygovJ(2)
Ak'onf (u) a&rD;tpHk wefcdk;jyawmfrlNyD;aemuf (c) 2-vSrf; 3-z0g;jzifh (*)

jrif;rdk&fawmifxdyfSd
(C)
wm0womewfjynfodkU
tbd"rmw&m;
a[mawmfrl&ef
<uawmfrljcif; (i) edrdwkyfudk zefqif;jcif; (p) ajrmufuRef;odkU qGrf;cH<uawmfrljcif; (q)

te0wwftdkif aeUoefUawmfrljcif; tcsufrsm;onf '@m&D yHkjyif qefaeonf/
(3)
SifAk'aCmoonf
to*F
wm0womewfjynfodkU
oGm;
jyemar;jref;jcif;
Zmwfvrf;udk ,l tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[m vkyf&ef Zmwfvrf;topf xGifonf[k

jzpfavonf/
orm'd|dokawoeqdkolwdkU\ pum; 0denf;ygVd owm[ 5-ckom ygonf[k qdkonf? trSefu
ygVdawmf 4-ckom Sdonf? to*F wm0womodkU oGm;onf qdk&m wm0womr[kwf? wkodwm jzpfonf?
pk'dwu yk*dKvfwdkUonf bk&m;omoemawmfudk zsufvdkaZmrTefaeMuNyD; rdrdwdkU\ pum;udkyif rSefatmif
rqdkEdkifbJ jzpfaeaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
41/
aS;OD;pGm tSifAk'aCmotay: pk'dwuwdkU tjypfyHk csjcif;udk Sif;vif;vdkayonf?
jrwfpGmbk&m; vufxufawmf umvuyif bk&m;pum;awmfudk zGifhqdkonfh ygVdawmftzGifh (0g)

t|uxmrsm;
SdcJhonf?
ay:xGef;vmoljzpfonf?
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xdkSifr[mAk'aCmo
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ray:cifu
900-rS
1000-twGif;om
bmt|uxmrQ
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Mum;umv
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(rlvt|uxm)
1000-c&D;
twGif;rSm
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t|uxmBuD;wdkUum;
ukkEDt|uxm
tEut|uxm
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xdkt|uxmBuD;wdkUonf Ak'rsufarSmuf om0uBuD;rsm; jzpfaom Sifr[muy SiftmeEm
paom rax&ftqufquf q&mpOfquf tjrwfwEdk; odrf;ydkufvmcJhaom teuft"dym,f oabmobm0
tqHk;tjzwf
jzpf&yfrSwfwrf;rsm;udk
o'roarookwfvm
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a'oemawmft&
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tav;*kyum
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xdkUaMumifh usrf;ytmZmenfjzpfaom Sifr[mAk'aCmo ay:vmaomtcg bk&m;Sif vGefawmfrlNyD;
563
tpodkU
aemuf tESpfwpfaxmifcefU uGmvSrf;aeNyD;aom &[ef;SifvlwdkU\ ynm owd orm"dwdkUESifh oifhavsmfatmif

aS; t|uxmBuD;rsm;udk aygif;Hk; xdkt|uxmBuD;rsm;\ tqdktrdefUudk rwdrf;r,drf;apbJ tusOf;csHK;
t|uxmopfrsm;udk ypkolom jzpfonf? o*F[um&u (twdkcsKyfol) omjzpfonf? xdkodkU a&;om;&m
Ak'bmodw bk&m;a[mjzpfaom ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;ojzifh ol\t|uxmrsm;onf ydk acwfpm;vmNyD;
trsm;oHk; jzpfvmcJhonf/
Sifr[mAk'aCmoonf t|uxmopfrsm; olUoabm olUxifjrifcsufudk a&;vdkaomtcg
twdtvif;yif
dk;om;pGm
0efcH
a&;wwfaom
yk*dKvfjzpfonf?
rvdrfhwywfjzifh
[dkuonfu
yHkwlul;cswwfaomolrsdK; r[kwfaMumif;udk ygVdpmayESifh &if;ESD; ygVdt|uxmudk rjywfavhvm

MunfhIoHk;oyf csydkUaeMuaom yk*dKvfrsm; bufrvdkuf okawoDrsm; todyif jzpfayonf/
tu,f olUoabmESifhol r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHa&;omygrl xdkpOftcgu omoemawmfapmifh
jzpfawmfrlMuaom ax&0Ho y'Dyq&max&fjrwfBuD;wdkYonf vufydkufMunfhaeawmfrlMurnf r[kwfay?
rkcspifppf zsufy,fkyfodrf;cJhrnfrSm {uefjzpfonf? ,ckacwfvdk yd#upm&if;0if usrf;BuD; usrf;cdkifrsm;udk
jyufwdjyufacsmf ua&mfurnf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm; a&;om;0hHrnfhacwftcgvnf; r[kwf? o'g ynm
tjynfht0&Sdaom acwftcg jzpf ,kwfnhHaom pdwfaepdwfxm; Sdolrsm; cdkem;usufpm;EdkifzG,f rSday?
xdkUaMumifh OD;Ou|ESifhwuG aemufvdkufom0uwdkUonf cJypfaom oludkomaS;ItmHkpdkuf a&mufvmaom
cJudk trIrxm;aom jcaoFhuJhodkU rusifhrl rdrdxHarSmuf a&mufvmaom cJudkom rmefzDudkufcJ rJaeaom
aumav,suuJhodkU usifhaeMuayonf/
42/
(1) 0denf;r[m0*ygVdawmf O'gef;ygVdawmfwdkU (5-r[kwf) owm[ 4-ckom vmonf?
odkUaomf tpOftvm ax&0g'rSwfom;csuf t&rSm 4-owm[ rubJ 7-owm[ jzpfaeayonf?

trSefpifppf 7-owm[jzpfvsuf ygVdawmf tb,fhaMumifh tb,fodkU tb,fyHk 3-owm[ aysmuf
aebdoenf;? um; ar;p&m ar;oifhar;xdkufaom ar;cGefyif jzpfonf? xdkar;cGef;\ tajzum;tx acg b*0g owm[ tpa,e wrSm omrm"drSm 0k|[dwGm xdkpOftcg Ak'jrwfpGmonf
7-&ufvGefvwfaomf xdkt&[wzdkvform"drS xawmfrlNyD;aAm"dkurlvm a,e tZygvedaj*ma"m? awEkyouFrd aAm"dyif teD;rS xGuf<uawmfrl
tZygv anmifyifodkU csOf;uyfawmfrlavonf/
pum;&yf 0k|[dwGm OyouFrd-xNyD; csOf;uyfawmfrl [laompum;udk pOf;pm;aomf ]]bkwGm
o,wd? pm;NyD; tdyfwmyJ}} [k avmu qdkdk;pum;wGif pm;NyD;NyD;csif; wpfqufwnf; tdyfonf[k rqdkvdk
pm; NyD;vQif yg;pyf vuf yk*H cGufa,muf aq;ao;onf? udk,fvufokwfoif a&tdrf0ifao;onf?
uGrf;aq;pm;oHk; rSD0Jao;onf? NyD;aemuf (tjrm;udp raqmifGufawmhbJ) tdyf,modkU wef;0ifawmhonf[k
t"dym,fxGufonf? vnf; xdkowm[ vGefvwfaom (tjcm; b,ft&yfodkUrS r<url tZygv
anmifyifodkU csOf;uyfawmfrlayonf tZygvanmifyifodkU r<urD aAm"dyifteD; aemufxyf 3-owm[
564
tpodkU
quf
aeawmfrlonf)
vufoJuGif;twGif;&Sdaom
pum;
2-&yfonf
ygVdawmf
wdkufdkufrygaomfvnf; &Edkif-&aumif;aom teuft"dym,f (y#dauyw tEknmww) jzpfonf?

ygVda0g[m&wGif wm;jzpftyfaom y#dauyw &oifhojzifh ,lEdkifaom tEknmww 2-rsdK;Sd&m
ae&mwGif aAm"dyifrS tjcm;t&yfodkU oGm;jcif;onf y#dauyw aAm"dyif atmufrSyif aemuf
&ufaygif; 21-&uf quf aejcif;onf tEknmww jzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh(1)
rrSdwfaom rsufvHk;wdkYjzifh oAkwPfudk &awmfrl&m rm&f 5-yg;udk atmifawmfrl&m

yvif(ae&m)udk pl;pdkufpGm Munfhvsuf &ufowwpfywfMumrQ aeawmfrlonf/
(2)
yvifESifh &yfae&m 2-cktMum; zvormywftMum; ypa0uPm Pfappm;&if;

pBu<uvsuf &ufowwpfywfMumrQ aeawmfrlonf/
(3)
ewfwdkU
zefqif;tyfaom
w&m;&wemrsm;
&wemaTtdrf
oHk;oyf&mjzpfaom
(wpfenf;)
ae&m
qifjcifoHk;oyf&if;
&ufowwpfywfMum
aemufxyfquf
ukefapawmfrljyefonf/
tbd"rm
t|uxmtvdk
teEe,orEy|mef;usrf;BuD;udk
aeawmfrlonf
odkU
3-ow[udk
wGif 1-udk tedrdoowm[ 2-udk puFrow[ 3-udk &wemC&owm[[k ac:onf? ,if;

owm[toD;oD; ukefvGefap&mXmewdkU apwDtoD;oD; wnfcJhMuonf? ( ae&mtoD;oD;onf
t|uxmq&mrsm; vufxufu trSefwu,fSdcJhaom apwDrsm; jzpfzG,fSdonf[k tD;a*saomrwfpf
a&;om;aom The life of Buddha ac: pmtkyfESm 85- azmfjyxm;onf/)
,if;odkUqdkvQif ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm qefYusifjcif; rSd? rSdaomaMumifh ygVdESifh t|uxm
b,foif;u yrmPyavmufonf [laom jyem ray:awmhacs/
43/
(2) uâ&rD;tpHk wefcdk;jyjcif;

iêdrdwkyfudk zefqif;jcif;
pâjrmufuRef;odkU qGrf;cH<uawmfrljcif;-
tcsuf 3-csufrSm omoemawmf\ tjyifbufyif SdEdkifaom avmuDtbdnmOf\ udprsm;

jzpfonf? Ak'avmif;vsm rzGm;rDESifh zGm;NyD; oli,fb0 eef;awmfwGif;odkU &Hcgzefcg <uvmavhSdaom
umVa'0Dv &aohBuD;onf ewfjynf aeUoefUaepOf ewfwdkU TifjrL;aom tjcif;t&mudkMunfh pOf;pm;&mrS
vlUjynfwGif oka'g'ebk&if\ eef;awmf bk&m;tavmif; zGm;jrifawmfrlonfudk odjrif& <uvmaMumif;
usrf;*efpmqdk Sdonf? omoemawmfwGif;um; avmukw&m r*fPf zdkvfPfESifh wGJ,SOfvsuf Sdojzifh
'd0d"tbdPf (wefcdk;trsdK;rsdK;udk zefqif;Edkifaom owd)onf vGefpGm jrifhrm; tpGrf;owdrsm;rnf {uef
jzpfonf?
Ak'jrwfpGm
rlEdkifjcif;wnf;[laom
tzdkUum;
tvGefvsifjrefpGm
cdyedoEd*kPfawmfESifh
psmef0ifpm;Edkifjcif;
jynfhpHkawmfrlaomaMumifh
psmefrSxajrmufawmf
omvGef
pGrf;aqmifawmf
565
tpodkU
rlEdkifrnfrSm qdkzG,frSd jzpf\? odkUaomf omoemawmfudk r,HkMunf rMunfdkaom oltzdkU ajym ,HkEdkifrnf
r[kwf&um; tus,fqdkzG,f rvdkawmhNyD/
44/
(2) c^ 2-vSrf; 3-b0g;[laom pum;rSm tu,fwdwd vlwdkUajcjzifh vSrf;<uoGm;ouJhodkU
wpfvSrf;pD
<uoGm;awmfrljcif;udk
qdkvdkonf
r[kwf?
vlUjynfom0wdrdUrS
<uoGm;awmfrlNyD;aemuf
jrif;rdk&fawmiftv,f pwkr[m&mZfewfjynfwGif wpfaxmufem;[ef jyawmfrlum wm0womewfjynf

xifSm;pGm ay:awmfrlvmjcif;udk qdkvdkayonf? vlwdkUajcjzifh oGm;jcif;uJhodkU pum;wefqm Oypmoabm
ajymqdkjcif;om jzpfayonf? Oypm pum;udk rkcspum;rSwfjcif;onf Ak'pmayavhvm&ef rxdkufaom
PfrGJrsdK; jzpfaMumif; odEdkifonf/
OD;Ou|*dkPf;om;wdkUonf
olwdkU
aMunmxm;onfhtwdkif;
p-o-C-Z-u
[laom
yom'kyfig;yg;udkom tSdw&m; tajccHw&m;tjzpf w&m;aoudkifxm;Muaom kyf0g'Drsm; jzpfMu

dk;dk;vlwdkU rvkyfEdkifaom wefcdk;tbdnmOft&mrSeforQ r,HkEdkifMu wm0wom tbd"rmwdkUudk '@m&D[k
pGyfpGJMujcif; jzpfayonf? pyspfoD; csOfonf[laom tajymrsdK;yif jzpfavonf/
45/
(2) *^ C jrif;rdk&fawmifudk vlwdkUrsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;onf r[kwf rSefajymif;jzifhyif
jrifEdkif aumif;aomt&m r[kwfay? *dvfwk 'kef;ysH? urmywf,mOfwdkU aumif;uiftESHU oGm;aeonf[k

qdkaomfvnf; jrif;rdk&fawmif\ cg;v,favmufrQ a&mufEdkifzG,f rSday? vAdrmefodkU vlom;rsm;
oGm;a&mufajccsEdkifNyD;[k qdkjcif;onf Ak'pmaytjrift& rqef;ay? psmeftbdnmOf wefcdk;&Sdaom
olrsm;onf v-aersm;udk vufjzifh udkifwG,foHk;oyfEdkifonf[k ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;u qdkonfrSm
ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmfcJhNyD jzpfonf? rEmwkrif;BuD;onf wm0womewfjynf odMum;rif; 32-quf
vJonfhwdkifatmif ewfpnf;pdrfudk cHpm;cJhonf[k qdk\? rjzpfEdkifonf r[kwf? ewfjynf 6-xyfwGif
pwkr[m&mZfESifh wm0womewfjynf 2-xyfonf ajrudk rSD wnfaeaom bkr|uewfjynf jzpfonf?
<uif;ewfjynf
4-xyfonf
[mvm[if;vif;
aumif;uifjyifwGif
wnfaeaom
tmumo|u
ewfjynfjzpfonf[k ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;u qdk\? tuef;udk jrifatmif rjyEdkifouJhodkY psmefudk r,Hkaom

olrsdK;tm;
,Hkatmif
rajymEdkif?
vufawGUvnf;
ow0gtoD;oD; txiftSm; SdMuaom

pdwf
Intellisence, Insight
rjyEdkif?
rjyEdkifaomaMumifh
Spinit, Cognizance, Consciousness
r,Hkpwrf;qdkvQif
ponfjzifh ac:aeMuaom
paom ynmPf\ tqifhtwef; t&nftcsif;rsm;udk "mwfyHkdkuf rjyEdkif?
rsufpd em; ESm vQm udk,fwdkUjzifhvnf; prf;oyfrawGUEdkifaomaMumifh r,HkEdkif[k qdkMurnfav?

jrif;rdk&fawmif ESifhpyf ygVdusrf;*efrsm; tjrifh,lZem rnfrQ ajratmufwGif ryfaeaom twdkif;tq
rnfrQ[k twdtus qdkaomfvnf; ajymif;vJwwfaom obm0t& xdktwdkif;twmrsm;onf xdktwdkif;
tjrJwnfSdMurnfr[kwf? jrif;rdk&fawmifBuD;\ ywf0ef;usifwGif ,k*E& paom awmifBuD; 7-vHk;ESifh
awmifwdkU\ tMum;tMum;wGif tvGefat;jraom oD'E&ork'&mrsm; SdaMumif; qdkonf? udprsdK;
pmqdkESifh
vufawGUonf
tcgcyfodrf;
udkufnDonf
r[kwf?
jrif;rdk&fawmifonf
566
tpodkU
ajrmuf0ifdk;pGef;wnf&mt&yf rjzpfEdkifygoavm? 'kwd,urmppfBuD; NyD;ptcgu k&Sm; odyHq&mwdkYonf

tmwdwfa'o
a&cJvGifjyifBuD;rsm;
atmufwGif
a&cJawmifwef;BuD;
wpfck
udkawGUcJh\?
rdkvdkawmhpfawmifwef;[k trnfay;cJhonf qdk\? ,if; a&cJawmifwef;onf rdkif 1-axmifcefU Snfvsm;

tcsdKUawmifxGwfrsm;onf ay 1-aomif;ausmf jrifhonf? awmiftar&duwdkufSd tif'D;awmifwef;BuD;rQ
Sdrnf[k cefUrSef;cJhMu\? vufSdurmyif ,aeUvlom;wdkU rawGUao; rodao;aom tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm
Sdaeonf? ,aeUodorQonf tukefyJ[k rnfonfhodyHSifurQ rajym&JMuonfudk owdcsyftyfonf/
Surface at the pole! By Commander James Calvert U.S.N.
46/
xdkuJhodkU
vlwdkUvufvSrf;
rrDEdkifavmufatmif
Pfdk;dk;jzifhvnf;
awG;ac:
r&avmufatmif OD;Ou|wdkU\ rsufvHk;aygif; 4-5 q,favmufjzifh 0dkif;Munfhaomfvnf; rjrifEdkifatmif

qef;Mu,fvSaom
pMu0Vm
urmhtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm
tvGefrsm;jym;aMumif;
odyHynmSifwdkU
0efcHNyD;jzpfonf? pMu0VmteE[laom pum;udk Ak'0g'Drsm;u p oHk;Mu\? Ak'udk,fawmfwdkif p

a[mawmfrlcJh\? ,cktcg odyHynmu xdkteE pMu0Vmudk awGUSdMuNyD;
Galaxy
ac: e*g;aiGUwef;onf
tvif;ESpf 150000 us,f Sd tvif;ESpf 25000 rS 40000 txd xkxnfSdaMumif;
Aposaltic Nabula
ac: eufAsLvmBuD;onf tmumo [if;vif;jyifBuD;rS tvif;ESpf oef;aygif; 225-oef;wdwd aeywf

wpfywfjynfhonfh
tcsdefavmufusrS
wpfywfjynfhEdkifavmufonfh
tajrmuftjrm;udk ac:onf[k qdkonf? qdkcJhonf
jabila
Milkyway
rpfvuD
a0;
rsdK;aygif; oef; 30-cefUyif awGUjrifNyD;NyD[k qdk\?
tqdkyg eufAsLvmwpfckESifh wpfck tuGmta0;rSmvnf; tvif;ESpfaygif; 2-oef;cefUpD uGma0;onf[k

tqdkSdonf/
47/
,if;odkU tMurf;pm;kyf0wKudk awGUjrifEdkifaomfvnf; El;nHh odrfarGUvSonfh kyfEkwdkUjzifh
zGJUpnf;xm;aom ewfjA[mwdkUudkum; rSefajymif;jzifhaomfrS rjrifEdkif? yuwdrsufpdjzifhum; qdkzG,f rSdNyD?

ewfjA[mwdkUudkxm; wap Nydwm ajrbkwfbDvl; paom ow0gwdkUudkvnf; yuwdvlwdkU\ rsufpdjzifh
rjrifaumif;ay? tcgwyg; oD[dkVfuRef; xlygHkapwDwHcg; teD; ajrbkwfbDvl;uav; 2-aumifonf
tpmqmvGef;vS qGrf;cH<uaeaom &[ef; 1-yg;udk ]]wynfhawmfwdkU rdcifudk jrefjref jyefcJhyg&ef
om;uav; 2-OD; tvGef qmavmifvSNyD jzpfaMumif; ajymay;yg bk&m;}} [k avQmuf&m oifwdkUrdcifudk ig
b,fvdk jrif&rSmvJ[k &[ef;u ar;aomtcg aq;jrpfuav;wpfckudk ay; aq;jrpfjzifh rdcifudk
jrifEdkifygaMumif; avQmufMuonf? &[ef;onf aq;jrpf\ tpGrf;jzifh ajrbkwfbDvl;rBuD;udk jrifawGU&
tusdK;taMumif; ajymaomtcg bDvl;rBuD;u aq;jrpfudk vk,l uG,faysmufoGm;owwf? odkUaom
tjzpftysufrsm;um; '@m&D r[kwf? t[kwfSd wpfu,fSdaom babmw&m;rsm; jzpfayonf/ (r |? 2?
187/)
(rZdryPmo plVoukvk'g,dokwftzGifh t|uxm)
567
tpodkU

tmuo[if;vif;jyif oufSdow0grsm; SdEdkifaom
taxmuftxm;
48/
Am*sDeD,m;wuodkvfESifh
aeSife,f
oufSdow0grsm;wGif
awGU&aom
tmumo[if;vif;jyif
awGUSd&aMumif;
euwfwm&mavhvma&;pcef;rS
armvDusKtawmfrpftJvdrifh
csm;avmh[wfpADvf
Atomic
ZGefv
ynmSifrsm;u
Element
15^70
udk
owif;wdkuav;
awGUSdvdkuf&\? wpfzef bGrf;rdU ZE0g&Dv 20^77 owif; tqdkt& taemufEdkifiH euwaA'

ynmSiftzGJUu uREkfyfwdkU\ *JvufZD
Galaxy
tjyifbuf a&SdaMumif; aS;OD;qHk; awGUSdcJhonf? ,if;odkU
awGUvdkufjcif;onf tjcm; *JvufZDrsm;wGif touf ZD0(0g) ow0g wnfSdEdkifaMumif; azmfjyonf[lvnf;

owif;tjzpf awGUvdkuf&\? xdkUaMumifh ]]jrif;rdk&fawmif}} qdkonfrSm ,aeU rawGU&ao;aomfvnf;
wpfaeUwGif awGUvmEdkifp&mtaMumif; Sdonf? ax&0g'usrf;pm rsm;jzifh ,HkMunfMurnf r[kwf
acwfay:ynm taxmuftxm; tenf;i,fudk azmfjyvdkuf&ayonf/
49/
(rmefqdk0&f) trnfjzifh
(2) q^ te0wwftdkif qdkonfrSmum; ,cktcg
awGUSd em;vnfaeMuayNyD? aS;tcgu t|uxm#Dum usrf;a[mif;rsm; tqdkESifh tvHk;pHk rwlnDapumrl

&mywd CmC&m *@wf *srem r[Djrpfrsm;\ jrpfzsm;
taemufajrmufzufSd
xifxifSm;Sm;
(Indus
Bias)
vlodrsm;aeMuavNyD?
tif'wfpf
Asmq
b,fynmSifurQ
(Sourse
paom
taejzifhvnf;aumif;
jrpfzsm;cH&mXmetjzpfvnf;aumif;
te0wwftdkif
r[kwfyg[k
rqdkEdkifaom
aS;a[mif;trSwftom; rsm;vnf; SdNyD; jzpfavonf/
wm0womZmwfvrf; [lonfESifh pyf pdppfcsuf

50/
awGU&
pk'dwuwdkU\ tawG;tac: t,ltqwdkUonf trsm;tm;jzifh ajymif;jyefvefaeonfudk

oAwd0g'D*kPf;rSwqifh
oem;ukPm
ul;ajymif;oGm;aom
ouf&awmhonf?
r[m,meynmSif
to*F
wm0womZmwfvrf;udk
wm0womrStjyef
a,m*gpm&blrdusrf;udk a&;onf[laom t,ltqonf oD[dkVfuRef;wdkifatmif jyefUESHUae ,if;udk

twk,lum SifAk'aCmoonf tbd"rm bk&m;a[m vkyf&ef wm0womZmwfvrf;udk zefwD;onf[k
pk'dwuorm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUu qdkvdk[ef Sd\? pGyfpGJcsufESifh ywfouf t&if;Zmpfjrpfudk
tenf;i,f vSefjyvdk\/
uod&wdkif; yufoQ0grdU c&pfESpf 5-&mpk ESpf0ufavmufwGif 0okAEK trnfjzifh nDtpfudk 3a,muf SdcJhonf? tBuD;ESifh tvwf 0okAEK 1-ESifh2-wdkUonf oAwd0g'D*dkPf;0if &[ef;rsm;
jzpfvmMuonf? eHygwf 1- 0okAEKonf okn0g'
(The Docrine of voic) udk
avhvm&m oabmraygufEdkif
jzpfaeavonf? pdwfnpf olUudk,fol ]]'DrQ zsif;nHh&rnfvm;}} [k tjypfwifum owfaozdkUyif

ud;pm;rdonf? xdktcg ykA0da'[? 0g- taSUuRef;rS tSifyda@mv <uvm ax&0g'w&m;awmfrsm;udk
568
tpodkU
a[majymonf?

olonf
rQjzifh
auseyfrI
r&Edkifao;ay?
tavmif;awmf
araw,sSd&m
okodwmewfjynfodkU tbdnmOfwefcdk;jzifh oGm;a&mufum tavmif;awmf araw,sxHrS okn0g'w&m;udk

emcHrSwfom;avonf? xdktcg wyfrufrI pGJvrf;rI (o*F) auGuGif;uGm oGm;awmhojzifh xdktcgrSp 0okAEK
1-rS to*Ftjzpf trnfajymif;vJ ac:wGifvmawmhonf? wpfzef to*Fonf vlwdkUtm; okn0g'udk
oabmaygufatmif
a[majym
r&Edkifojzifh
tavmif;awmf
araw,sudk
awmif;yef&m
vlUjynfodkU<uvmNyD; av;vwdkif a,m*g0p&blrdudk GwfzwfoifMum;ay;cJhowwf? ,if;udk to*F#Dum

a&; a,m*gpm&blrdusrf;[l jzpfay:vmcJhowwf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ ya&mzufqm
H.Ul
u ewfjynfrS tavmif;awmfr\araw,s? r[kwf vlom;
q&maraw,s [kqdkonf/
Zmwfvrf;udk
orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkU
xifjrifpGyfpGJouJhodkU
SifAk'aCmou
vHk;0
twkrcdk;onfrSm xifSm;onf? rSefvS\- 0okAEKnDaemifwdkUESifh SifAk'aCmo acwfydif jzpfonf?

ajrmufydkif;ESifh awmifydkif; tvSrf;uGmvSonf? Ak'wynfhom; tm;vHk;twGif; wm0womwGif tbd"rmudk
Ak'jrwfpGm a[mawmfrlaMumif; jyefUESHUxifSm;cJhrnfrSm {uefjzpfonf? twkcdk;onf[k ajymqdkvQif
aemufrSay:aom ajrmufydkif;u awmifydkif;tqdkudk cdk;onf[kom qdkEdkifonf? taMumif;rSm Ak'0g'
*dkPf;uGJwdkif;wGif (tbd"rm Ak'a[m-ra[m) tjrifrwlMuaomfvnf; tbd"rm[laom trnfjzifh
oabmw&m; wpfrsdK;udk olUenf; olU[ef udk,fenf; udk,fh[efjzifh toD;oD; xkwfazmfaeMujcif;onfyif
wlnDaom "rtarGtESpf wpfckudk tm;vHk; ydkifqdkifMuaMumif; xifSm;apaom oufaowpfckjzpfayonf?
tcsif;csif; woD;wjcm; ruGJrjym; brdrsm; ydkifqdkifcJhaom ,if;tarGtESpfudk uspfvpfodyfonf;
rysufruGJ&atmif tpGrf;EdkifqHk; xdef;odrf; apmifhaSmufcJhonfrSm rlvyifr *dkPf;BuD;jzpfaom ax&0g'
*dkPf;BuD;omvQif jzpfayonf? xdk*dkPf;BuD;onf tdEd,ajrmufydkif;rS awmifydkif; awmifydkif;rS oD[dkVfodkU
wpfaGUaGU ajymif;aGU oGm;apumrl SifAk'aCmowdkU acwfwdkifatmif r[m0d[m& *dkPf;BuD;twGif;
wif;wif; &if;&if; cdkifcdkifrmrm aumif;pGm wnfvsufom Sdayownf;/
0drkwdr*ESifh 0dok'dr* pdppfcsuf

51/
tbd"rmudk Ak'bmodw (bk&m;a[m) r[kwf[k qdkvdk&muae OD;Ou|ESifhwynfh
pk'dwu orm'd|dokawoe0g'DwdkUonf tbd"rmudk bk&m;a[m jzpfaMumif; a&;ol tSifAk'aCmoudkyg

pmolcdk;[k pGyfpGJvdkaomaMumifh]]odkUqdkvQif 0dok'dr*fonf 0drkwdr*fudk rSDjirf;y enf;,l&rnfrSm aocsmvSonf[k taxmuftxm;rSdbJ xdyg;ykwfcwfjcif; (tom;vGwf? tajctjrpfrSd pGyfpGJjcif; ycJhMuavonf?
Sifr[mAk'aCmoay: tjrJwap tqdk;jrif 0g'jzifh Munfhavh&Sdaom OD;Ou|\ Mo0g'cH OD;OaZmwduESifh
orm'd|dokawoe (yedum,okawoDtzGJU) qdkolwdkUonf a';'&JrdU uGif;ausmif;wdkuf twGif;
569
tpodkU
ausmufpmwdkifBuD;wpfckudk tcdkiftrm pdkufxlxm;NyD;vQif Ak'omoemawmfBuD; ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;

pum;&yfrsm;udk txiftSm; a&;xdk;xm;cJhMuonf? ,if; ausmufpmwdkif\ awmifbufrsufESmwGif
0dok'dr*fusrf;qdkonfrSm
0drkwdr*usrf;udk
bmomjyefxm;av[ef-
Sifr[mAk'aCmotm;
atmufygtwdkif; odumcs rSm;,Gif;pGm twd tvif; ajymifajymifwif;wif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;Muavonf/

]]oD[dkVfa&mufvQif Ak'aCmoonf aZw0e0goD*dkPf;odkU yxra&mufoGm;\? yd#uwfrSm
r[m0d[m&
0goD*dkPf;om
tSifAk'aCmo
oD[Vtu&mESifh
csOf;uyf&avonf?
ol\
xdef;xm;av&m
yifudkt&nftcsif;udk
r[m0d[m&0goDodkU
jyvdk
0drkwdr*tm;
jyefqdka&;om; wifjyvdkuf&\? onfwGifrS r[m0d[m&0goD*dkPf;rS vufcHavonf}}/

olwdkU qdkovdk [kwf r[kwf pdppfMuOD;tHh52/
*vfw,f#Dom*r od&d&weaZmwdrax&fESifh w&vd,' od&dygvrax&fwdkU 1963-
BuD;MuyfyHkESdyfaom ygVdbmoma&; 0drkwdr*usrf;onf pmrsufESm 41-rsufESm Sdonf? oD[dkVfom; aomrESifh

acrdEwdkU wkwfbmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefqdkaom 0drkwdr*usrf;onfum; 362-rsufESm Sdonf?
rpwmbmywf\ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefrlvnf; Sdonf? odkU&mwGif ,if; bmomjyefonf aomrESifh
acrdEwdkU\ bmomjyefavmuf rjynfhpHk? ygVdrlESifh wkwfrlwdkUonf tcef;cGJyHkcsif; wloa,mif Sdaomfvnf;
wkwfrl t*Fvdyfbmomjyef ygSdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;pGmonf ygVdrl aysmufuG,fae\? odkUaomf
tu,fyif jynfhpHkpGm ygSdonfjzpfap? r[m0d[m &0goDwdkU\ 0g'[k rqdkEdkifay? taMumif;rlum;
0dok'dr*fr[m#Dumu
tb,*d&d0goDwdkU\
0g'[k
jyTeftyfaom
tcsuf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk
tSifAk'aCmo 0dok'dr*fusrf; y,fxm;onfudk awGUjrif&aomaMumifh aywnf;/

53/
tSifAk'aCmoonf 0dok'dr*fusrf;udk a&;aomtcg ]]r[m0d[m&0goDeH 0HoZ
b'EoHCygv taZoeH *a[wGm}} r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkU\ tEG,fjzpfaom tSifoHCygv\

wdkufwGef;jcif;udk ,l yonf[lvnf;aumif; rdrdudk,fudk &nfTef;um ]]r[m0d[m&0goDeH ax&meH
0HomvuFm&blawe}}
r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wdkU
wefqmqifwwfaomax&fonf
usrf;udk
tquftEG,fudk
ypD&ifonf[lvnf;aumif;
tuGufvnfatmif
qdkcJhonfESifhtnD
r[m0d[m&0goDwdkUESifh t,lrNyD rwlnDaom usrf;wpfusrf;udk rSD enf;cH twk,l (0g) cdk;

a&;om;cJhvdrfhrnfavm[k awG;rS rawG;aumif;aom udpjzpfonf? ,if;udpudk pk'dwuwdkU MuHMuHzefzef
awG;awm pOf;pm;MuonfrSm tvGef tHhMop&m aumif;vSayonf? Ak'bmombufu &J&Jawmuf ckcHaeaom
Sifr[mAk'aCmoudk usqHk;atmif enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh qJa&;ae Mujcif;omjzpfonf? tcsufudk MunfhvQif
orm'd|dokawoe
qdkolwdkUonf
omoemESifh
ywfouf
Ak'bmom
uG,faysmufa&;udk
tm;xkwfaeMuolrsm; jzpfaMumif; odomvSonf/
570
tpodkU
54/
vlajymolajym

ygVd0drkwdr*usrf;i,fuav;\ ed'gef;udk ypkMuaom yk*dKvfwdkUu pmwdkUudk aypmESifh
tcsufwdkUudk
t&Sifr[dExHrS&aom
pD&ifxm;aMumif;
rlwnf
enf;Oya'owdkUudk
aemufrS
ygVdbmom
r[mt&d|Oywdax&fonf
pkpnf;
0drkwdr*
jyefqdkxm;aMumif;
oD[dkVf
a&S;OD;omoemy
trnfay;um
oD[dkVfbmomjzifh
,if;udk
r[m0d[m&0goD
&[ef;wdkU
EIwfwufaqmifxm;MuaMumif;udk qdkMu\? tqdk rnfrQtxd rSefrnfrod&aomfvnf; tSifAk'aCmowdkU

tSif"rygvwdkUacwf
awGU&aom
tqdktrdefU
t,ltqrsm;um;
wdrf;apmif;
azmufjyefaeaom
tb,*d&d0goDwdkU\ 0g'rsm; jzpfaeMuayonf? xdkUaMumifh r[m0d[m&0goDwdkU\ qDrD;wefaqmif jzpfol

tSifAk'aCmoonf taMumif;tcsuf jyufjyufxifxif ay:vGifatmifjyum y,fcJh&avonf? odMum;0Suf
Zmwfvrf;onf yg;pyf&mZ0ifrQom jzpf *E0ifajrmuf cHkwnfavmufaom udp r[kwf&um; pum;vkyf
ajymqdk ajzSif;aezG,f rvdk? 0drkwdr*udk enf;rrSD twkrcdk; ax&0g' tdk;tpOfudkom wifjyxm;aom
0dok'dr*fusrf;yol tSifAk'aCmo\ dk;om;jzLpif Munfvifaom PftpGrf;aMumifh 0drkwdvrf;
0dok'dpcef;udk ajzmifhwef;atmif ydkYaqmifvsufom Sdayownf;/
tbd"rwo*F[usrf;ESifhpyf pdppfcsuf
]]trSefrSvnf; o*[fESifh ewfrSDoHCmrSm wapmif;ap;ESifh rsufacs;om jzpf\}}
(ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlao vljzpfjyem ESm-142)
]]rifho*[fqdkwmu
cyfSif;Sif;ajym&,if
orm'd|dqdkwJh
trSefjrif
trSefodzdkU
udpjzpfwJh
OD;pD;w&m;udkawmif rsufajcjywfEdkifwJh 'd|Kyg'gefw&m;awG jzpfvmEdkifw,f}} (vlaovljzpfjyem-144)

]]'dkU vlawGudk tJ'D uHedrdwf uredrdwf *wdedrdwfqdkwJh tJ'Do*[fbHkydkif;u[meJY tvSnfhtywf
tvdrfcHae&wm MumyaumuGm? tJ'DedrdwfawG ig tvum; ajywm r[kwfygbl;uGm? tbd"rm 7-usrf;
pvHk;xJrSm Smcsifwdkif;Smyg? b,fae&mrS ygwm r[kwfbl;}}
apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;
Hk;awmfodkU
wifjyxm;aom
(vlaovljzpfjyem-146)
oufaocH
pmtkyfpmwrf;trsm;xJu
ocifjrwfqdkif\ vlaovljzpf jyemwpftkyfxJrSmyif o*[fq&mudk vufld;xdk; Ak'tbd"rmudk

rawmfrw&m;
oa&mfapmf
um;xm;csuf
tawmfrsm;rsm;ygonf?
Ak'tbd"rmudk
odumcsvdk
tSiftEkk'gudk aSUwrf;wif ]]Aef;jy}} r[kwf wkwf tykyfcsvdkufyHk erlemrQ azmfjyvdkufonf/

56/
tSiftEkk'g\ tbd"rwo*F[usrf;um; i,fyifi,faomfvnf; wu,fxda&muf
tbd"rm 7-usrf;vHk;udk odrf;usHK; aESmufEdkifavmufatmif *kPfajrmufaom usrf;uav; jzpfonf/

The Abhidhammatthasanghaha is the most authoritative of thesese there texts. In this short
manual, the Abhidhamma doctrine of the Mahavihara sect is very clevery condensed the book may be
said to represent the highest peak the of doctrinal development of Abhidhamma.
Encyclopaed 1A of Buddhism Buddhism Fascicule; A-ACA pp.79-80
571
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
tbd"rwo*F[usrf;uav;onf tEkk'ga&; o*F[ y&rw0dedp, emrlyy&dap' 3-usrf;wGif

tcdkifrmqHk;
usrf;jzpfonf?
oabmw&m;rsm;udk
vufpGJ
usrf;i,fuav;wGif
tvGefusifvnfEdkifeif;pGm
r[m0d[m&edum,BuD;\
oyfoGif;jznfhodyf
xm;onf?
tbd"rm
pmtkyfuav;udk
tbd"rmyd#u\ "ra&;&m tjrifhqHk;tqifhtxd wifjyEdkifaom pmtkyf[k qdkEdkifygonf/

(Ak'"rpG,fpHkusrf; twGJ? at-tp? ESm-79-80)
It is interesting to mote what the says in the Namarupaparicheda, that he composed the work
according to the commentaries of the Mahavihara.
emrlyy&dap'usrf; r[m0d[m&edum,rS t|uxmrsm;ESifhtnD usrf;udk ol pD&ifaMumif;

qdkxm; onfudk rSwfzdkUaumif;onf?
Pali Literature of Ceylon
(oD[dkVf ygVdpmayrsm;) pmtkyf a'gufwm
rmvmvmaqu& u qdkonf? tcsKyfajym&vQif o*F[usrf;uav;onf tbd"rm 7-usrf;udk

udk,fpm;yonf? r[m0d[m&edum, (ax&0g'*dkPf;)BuD;rS t|uxm#DumBuD;rsm;udk rSD a&;onf? ol\
twaemrwdjzifh
wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ
a&;onfr[kwf?
atmufajcrS
xdyfqHk;
a&mufatmif
tbd"rmoabmw&m;rsm;udk cH a&;onf[k qdkvdk\? ,if;odkUqdkvQif tSiftEkk'gudk? odkUr[kwf ol\

o*[fusrf;udk bmrQ tjypfwifaezG,f odumcsaezG,f rvdk? t|uxm#DumBuD;rsm;? ,if;wdkUrSwpfqifh
ygVdawmfudkom owdSdSdESifh
Challenge
vkyfzdkU pdefac:zdkUom Sdavonf/
ocifjrwfqdkifu ol\ vlaovljzpfjyempmtkyf ESm-149? 150- ]]Armtac: vufoef;ac:

o*[f 9-ydkif;udk SiftEkk'gonf tdEd,jynfawmifydkif;
Kancipura
aupdyl&Sd wrm&|ausmif;wGif
oGm;a&muf ynmavhvmpOf a&;onf[laom tydk'fodkU a&mufvm\/

ae&modkU a&mufaomtcg q&mawmf (OD;Ou|)u &yfcdkif;vdkufNyD; ]]udkif; rif; SiftEkk'g[m
jAm[P Ak'bmomausmif;rSm aeNyD; ynmoifw,f? 'DoN*K[f 9-ydkif;udkvJ tJ'D aupdyl&rSmyJ a&;w,fvdkU
qdkwm awGUyvm;}}
]]uREfkyfonf oufjyif;csvdkuf\? o*[faemufydkif;wGif tb,f aupdq&mwdkUu tb,fodkU
aumuf,lonf? tb,f aupd0g't& b,fodkUqdkonf paom rSwfcsufrsm;udk awGU&onfudk jyefvnf
pOf;pm;rdvmonf?
tdEd,jynfwGif
rlvAk'w&m;awmfrsm;rSm
jAm[Pt,lw&m;rsm;
wpfpwpfp
a&mESmvmojzifh wjznf;jznf; cRwfacsmf wdrf;yg;vmonfwGif ou&mZf 700-at'DrS tpyNyD; vHk;0

aysmufuG,fcJh&onf? ,ck SiftEkk'g o*[f 9-ydkif;udk a&;aom aupd0g' xGef;um;&m tcsdefudk
Munfhvdkufaomtcg c&pfou&mZf 12-&mpkyif ausmfpycsdef a&mufaeNyDjzpf rlvAk'acwfESifh ESpfaygif;
1600-ausmfrQyif uGmvSrf;aomumv jzpfHkru tEd,jynf uGefcsD0&rf Ak'0g'Dysuf jAm[P0g'
tBuD;tus,fvGrf;rdk;csdefodkUyif a&mufaeNyDudk awGU&acsNyD}} [l pk'dwuwdkUu a&;om;xm;onf/
572
tpodkU
57/

a'gufwmrmvmvmaqu&\ oD[dkVfygVdpmay pmtkyf-173 udk Munfhvdkufaomtcg-
Both works were written while the author was residing at Kancipura in the Tambarattha, as
he says in the colophon or nigamana of the Paramattha Winicchaya.
]]emrlyy&dap'ESifh y&rw0dedp, 2-usrf;udk udyl& wr&|- aexdkifpOf a&;onf[k

y&rw0dedp,usrf; ed*Hk;wGif qdkxm;aMumif;}} udk awGU&\? udyl& a&;aom o*[f 9-ydkif;
r[kwfacswum;? y&rw0dedp, ed*Hk;
aoa| ud0a& &a| uma0&d e*a& 0a&/
ukav owblawe A[kkawe Pdem/
tEkka'e axa&e tedk',odem?
wr&a| 0oaEe e*a& w emrau/
y&rwH yumaoEH y&rw0dedp,H/
yu&PH uxH awe y&rww a0'dem/
[l qdkxm;onf
jrefrmjyef
]]ud0&rnfaom wdkif;? uma0&drnfaom rdU? jrwfaom trsdK;aumif; zGm;jrifBuD;yGm;aom
tEkk'ax&fonf wr&|wdkif; wrnfaomrdU aepOf y&rw0dedp,usrf;udk a&;onf}} tusOf;teuf
odkUxGuf\?
uma0&d
o*[fudk
a&;jcif;r[kwf?
y&rw0dedp,udk
a&;aMumif;
ed*Hk;u
oufaotaxmuftxm; tcdkiftrm jyvsufSdonf? OD;Ou| q&mwynfh 2-OD;wdkUu o*[fudk udyl&

a&;owJh? rSm;rSrSm; jzpfygay\/
58/
emrlyy&dap'usrf; ed*Hk; ,if;usrf;udk b,fae&mrSm a&;onf qdkonfudk wdkufdkuf
rqdkbJ oG,f0dkuf odkU qdk\/

r[markedbH a*[H r[mapwd,blodwH/
r[m0d[m&rmkV-r[maAm"dr[k0H/
tvuFmwHk ya[mEmvH pd&umvH wayg"em/
vuFm'Dy vuFm&H uvuFmy*wmv,H/
jrefrmjyef
jrif;rdk&fawmifBuD;ESifh
wlaom
r[mapwDjzifh
wefqmqiftyfaom
r[maAm"dyGJawmfBuD;odkU
wufa&muf&mjzpfaom vuFmuRef;\ tqifwefqm jzpfaom tjypfuif;aom olawmfaumif;wdkU\

ae&mjzpfaom (r[m0d[m&H a*[H/) r[m0d[m& rnfaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk &[ef;awmfrsm;onf
pGrf;pGrf;wrH
MumSnfav;jrifh
wefqmqifjcif;iSm
pGrf;EdkifMuygap?
pum;jzifh
573
tpodkU
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;rSm ae pmudk a&;jcif;jzifh igonf r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk

wefqmqifouJhodkU
ausmif;wdkufBuD;udk
tjcm;
&[ef;awmfwdkUonfvnf;
wefqmqifEdkifMuygap[k
pmayydkUcsjcif;
usrf;pma&;jcif;jzifh
tmoDoykAued*Hk;udk
tEkk'gqdkavonf/
a'gufwmrmvmvmaqu&-u o*[fusrf; b,frSma&;onf[k rqdkcJh? o*F[usrf; ed*Hk;pm&dwaombdw0domvukavm'a,e?

o'gbd0kky&dok'*kaPm'a,e?
er0Sa,e yPd"m, y&mEkurH/
,H ywdwH yu&PH y&ded|dwH wH/
jrefrmtusOf;
errnfaom 'g,umonf olwyg;wdkUudk oem;MuifemrIudk aqmufwnf awmif;yeftyfaom
o*F[ usrf;onf NyD;qHk;cJhayNyD/
yane awe 0dykave wkrlvaomrH?
"nm"d0gork'dawm'dwrm,kuEH/
ynm0'gw*kPaombdwvZd bduL?
ynEK ykn0dba0g',r*Fvm,/
jrefrmjyef
BuD;rm;aom xdkaumif;rIaMumifh ynmjzifh jzLpifaom *kPfwdkUjzifh wifhw,faom vZD&[ef;wdkUonf
bkef;uHSdolwdkU\ wnf&mjzpf oDv ponfwdkUjzifh tjrJwdk;wufaeaom rlvaomrausmif;wdkufBuD;udk
yknorwdjzifh
wdk;wufjcif;
r*Fvm
jzpfygap&ef
toufxufqHk;
(rnEK)
tmkHyum
apmifhaSmufawmfrlEdkifMuygap? vnf; aS;enf;twdkif;yif rlvaomr (tEk&m"rdUawmf? oD&dvuFm)

ausmif;wdkufrSmaepOf
o*F[usrf;udk
a&;jcif;jzifh
rlvaomrausmif;wdkufBuD;udk
yknorwd
r*FvmtusdK;iSm ig apmifhaSmufovdk vZD&[ef;wdkUonfvnf; ighenf;wl apmifhaSmufEdkifMuygap-[k

tmoDoykAued*Hk;jzifh (b,frSm ae usrf; a&;onf [lonfudk) tSiftEk'g jyawmfrlcJhayonf/
59/
odkUqdkaomf
wr&|wdkif;udk
wr&|ausmif;[k
ocifjrwfqdkifwdkU
q&mwynfhu
qdkjcif;rSm [kwf rSefyg\avm? rrSefay? ]]rifh SiftEkk'g[m jAm[PAk'bmomausmif;rSm aeNyD;

ynmoifw,f? 'Do*d[f 9-ydkif;udkvJ tJ'Daupdyl&rSmyJ a&;w,fvdkUqdkwm awGUyvm;}} odkU OD;Ou|u
ajymonfhtaejzifh a&;om;xm;&m onftwdkif;rSefvQif jAm[P0g'awG o*[fxJ xnfha&;xm;onf[k
ajymvdkNyD o*[fudk y,fvdkaomaMumifh OD;Ou| xGifvdkufjcif; jzpfaMumif; xifSm;aeavNyD/
apmVwdkif;
uma0&DrdUwGifaom
um0d&ye-[k
rdUawmf
aS;u
ac:cJhMuaom
xdkrdUawmf\teD;
uma0&DjrpfteD;rSm
wnfSdaomaMumifh
uGef*sD0&rf
arG;zGm;BuD;jyif;cJhol
Conjeveram
tSiftEkk'gonf wr&| wdkif; Tanjore [k ,ck ac:aeMuaom wrdU aepOf y&rw0dedp,udk a&;onf?
574
tpodkU
tdEd,rSma&;aom usrf;rSm o*[fr[kwf? y&rw0dedp,om jzpfonf? ,if; y&rw0dedpvnf;

jAm[P0g' ryg? Ak'0g'awGudkyif ]]wapmif;ap;ESifh rsufacs;yrm}} rdrdwdkUESifh rwnfhaomaMumifh
jAm[P0g'
wHqdyf
wyfvdkufjcif;om
jzpfonf?
oD[dkVfuRef;
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wdkuf
rlvaomrausmif;wdkufBuD; ae r[m0d[m&edum,BuD;\ t|uxm#Dumrsm;ESifhtnD a&;ygonfqdkaom

tSiftEkk'gudk MuHMuHzefzef jAm[P0g'awG xnfhoGif;a&;om;xm;onf[k pGyfpGJjcif;rSm OD;Ou|wdkUonf
kyf0g'wnf;[laom ta&mifysuf rsufrSefaMumifh tjrifysuf tjrifrSm; azmufjym; ajcmufcsm;aejcif;om
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60/
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ora, MovrEd taZmvrEd tbdyvrEd? ao,sxmyd bdua0 r[wH yAwul#meH qm,m
om,ESor,H yx0d,m MovrEd taZmvrEd tbdyvrEd/ (r? 2? 203/)
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575
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jrefrmtusOf;
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(tbd? p/ (y|me-y)132/)
576
tpodkU
[laom ygXfjzifh jyawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyeftusOf;
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ukodkvfuHtmHkudkyif tmHk yMu\? teufoabmudk(2)
]]ukoavm "arm tAsmuw "r tm&rPypa,e ypa,m}}[laom ygXfjzifh

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um; uHtmHkxifyHk t>rufwnf;/
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(tbd? 8/ (y|me-y)135/) (y|me)
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teufoabmudk(4)
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jyawmfrlonf/ (tbd? 8/ (y|me-y)134/) (y|me)
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577
tpodkU
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(tbd *(y|me-y)? 154/)
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(6)
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aus;Zl;yay;aeayonf/
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579
tpodkU
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(8)
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tSif0*o?
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('dA puKrdS tEkka'g? 0*aom y#dbme0g? ykaPm p "ruxdumeH?
580
tpodkU
0dpdMuwuxukrm&uayg/)
(9)
tus,fcGJa0
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(0dbZrSd upm,aem? aum|daum y#dord'g/ tanywd r[max&m? t*edudwum
A[l/)
(10)
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64/
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581
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65/
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taomurif;BuD;
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582
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66/
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Arthasastra
udk a&;om;cJhonf/
Kautilya's
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&[ef;ESifh tjcm;&[ef;) rsm;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJhonf/
t"dym,frSm tqkdyg orP y&dAmZuwkdU
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&mZ"ro*F[usrf;uJhokdU
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omoemawmftwGif;odkU
0ifa&mufaESmifh,SufaMumif;
Everything is not given for that matter.
EkdifiHukd
jyifqifa&;usrf;BuD;wpfapmif
taxmuftxm;
ycJhayonf/
bmrQrawGU&aomaMumifh
'Dtcsufudk axmufcHonfh oufaor& [l
E.J.Thomas
qkdovdk qkd&rnfom jzpf\/

67/
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apmfum;aeMuaom pum;jzpfonf/
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,aeUtxd rawGU&/
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68/
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583
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wifNyD;aemufvnf;
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tqHk;tjzwfwkdUrSmvnf;
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rSmomru ajrmufykdif; r[m,meomoemrSmvnf; cHpm;pHpm;vsufyif SdMuayonf/ jyemwpf&yf&yfudk
uxm0wK tqkdESifh nd qHk;jzwfMu&ayonf/ odkUuavmuf BuD;us,faom aumif;arGBuD;udk qkd;arGBuD;
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69/
xkdUjyif
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oa&ysuf zsufqD;vsuf qkdcJhMuonfrSm]]oD[dkVfodkU a&mufvmaom yd#uwfonf wwd,oH*g,emrS twnfycJhaom a'oemrsm;yif
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70/
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71/
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585
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tvG,fESifhyif odEkdifavmufayonf/
72/
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iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;ab;tNyD;
Mumaomtcg
rkd;av0o
bDpD
&moDOwkrsm;
29-rS
17-txd
0*grPdrif;onf
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvm
oD[dkVfuRef;BuD;
wpfuRef;vHk;udk jyefvnfyjyifa&;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifcsdefusa&mufvmojzifh xD;eef;udk jyef,lum vlrsdK;ESifh

omoemu,fwifjcif;wm0efukd jynfhpHkpGm cH,lavonf/
r[m0Housrf; wrdvfvlrsdK; olykefBuD;rsm; 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufjcif;udk urnf;rwifcJhaomfvnf;
jAm[Pwd ckd;olBuD;ukd ,if;wrdvfolykefrsm;uyif owfjzwfvdkufaMumif; tjcm;oD[kdVforkdif;rsm;t&
od&onf/
wrdvfolykef
o,faqmifajy;avonf/
jynfawmfjyefavonf/
wpfa,mufu
tjcm;wpfOD;u
0*grPdrif;
0*grPdbk&if\rdzk&m;BuD;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
xGufajy;wdrf;aSmifaepOf
oydwfawmfukd
usef
aomrma'0Dukd
,l
auseyfpGm
wrdvfig;a,muf
wkdUonf
oD[kdVfxD;eef;udk qufumqufum cH,ltkyfpdk;Muonf/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;owf aemufqHk; yrajrmuf

wrdvf olykefBuD; usefSdaomtcg ,if;udk 0*grPdrif;u okwfoifazsmufzsuf wpfEkdifiHvHk;udk
rdrdtmPmatmufodkU odrf;oGif;,lvdkufavonf/
73/
tajctaersm;um;
0*grPdtb,rif;onf
wjznf;jznf;
wkdif;jynfESifh
jyefvnfaumif;rGefp
omoemawmfudk
xkdufoavmuf
yvmNyDjzpf
yjyifcsD;ajrmufavonf/
tdEd,jynfrS jyefvmaom &[ef;awmfrsm;onfvnf; rdrdwkdU\ omoema&;vkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk

toD;toD;
qufvufaqmifGufaeMuayonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk
Mum;od&aomtcg
tqkdyg
ajcmufusdyfaom &[ef;awmfwkdUonf aejynfawmfodkU jyefvmMu rdrdwkdUaqmifxm;aom yd#uwfudk

tdEd,jyef
&[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh
ESD;aESmwkdufqkdif
MunfhMuav&m
wpfvHk;wpfyg'rQ
wdrf;,drf;azmufjyefjcif;rSd? yuwdtwkdif; nDGwf aeonfukd awGUMu&ojzifh 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;rIum;

EIdif;,SOfwkdif;wmp&myif r&awmhygacs/
74/
okdU&mwGif
yg&mZduPft|uxm
rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom
tjzpftysufuav;
wpfckonfum; omoem orkdif;wGif wifvsuf usefSdaeayonf/ r[mwdax&fu r[m&udwax&fukd

ighSif rnfaom &[ef;xHrSm r[meda'udk oGm; oifygav/ oifum; rSwfPf tvGefaumif;aomol
jzpfayonf/ r[meda'udk aqmifxm;aom rax&fBuD;rsm;onf ab;qkd;BuD;rsm;wGif vGefawmfrlcJhMuojzifh
aysmufvkeD;yg;jzpfaeaom
xkdr[meda'udk
oif
wm0ef
,lygacs[k
qkdum
wkdufwGef;avonf/
586
tpodkU
wynfhawmf roGm;vdkyg/ roif,lvdkyg/ xkdrax&fonf oDvrSd? ,kwfrm aom ax&f jzpfygowJh- [l

jyefvnfavQmufxm;aomtcg ighSif oifoGm;om oif,lavmh/ oif\teD; ig xkdifaernf[kqkdrS
r[m"r&udwax&fonf xkdrax&fxH oGm;oif,lavonf/ aeUa&mnyg oif,lNyD;onf tqHk;
ckwifanmifapmif;atmufrS rmwk*grwpfa,muf xGufvmonfudk jrifaomtcg taMumif;aMumifhyif
wynfhawmf rax&fxH roif,lvdkcJhjcif; jzpfygonf bk&m;[k jyef avQmufavonf/ rnfokdUSdap xkd
r[m"r&udwax&f\ tm;xkwfrIaMumifh r[meda'ousrf;BuD; raysmufrysufbJ touf0if aeojzifh xkd
r[m"r&udwax&frS
rsm;pGmaom
ax&fBuD;wkdUonf
qufvufoif,lum
,if;r[meda'oudk
pOfqufrjywf aqmifxm;awmfrlEkdifMuayonf/ (0d | 2? 274/)
oD[dkVfuRef;wGif tu&mpmwif a&;jcif;ESifh

pwkw oH*g,emwifjcif;
75/
,if;odkUvQif
aMumufrufzG,faumif;aom
ab;qkd;BuD;
uHudufvkduf&ojzifh
omoemapmifh ax&fBuD;rsm;onf ]]enf;twkdif; EIwfvGwfaqmifHkrQjzifh omoem MumSnfwnfrnf

r[kwf/ ayxuf tu&mwifxm;rS MumSnf av;jrifh wnfawmhrnf}}? odkU pOf;pm;awmfrlMuonf/
taMumif;udk r[m0Ho tcef; 33? *gxmeHygwf 100-1 vnf;aumif;? 'Dy0Ho tcef; 20? *gxm 20rS 21-vnf;aumif; odkU rdefUqkdxm;avonf/
yd#uw,ygV p? w t|uxrd p/
rkcygaXe tmaeoHk? ykaA bduK r[mrwD/
[me 'doGme owmeH? w'g bduL orm*wm/
pd&|dwwH "r? aygwauok vdcgy,Hk/
jrefrmjyef
BuD;rm;aom
EIwfrSGwfqkdjcif;jzifh
ynmSdaom
&[ef;awmfwkdUonf
aqmifcJhMuukefNyD/
xkdtcg
aS;tcgu
pnf;a0;
yd#uoHk;yHkESifht|uxmudk
a&mufvmMuaom&[ef;wkdUonf
ow0gwkdU\qkwf,kwfjcif;udk jrifawmfrlMu omoemawmf MumSnfav;jrifh wnfwHhap&ef aywkdU

a&;wifapawmfrlMuukefNyD/
76/
ae&m oD[dkVfuRef; Ak'"raS;OD;orkdif;
Early History of Buddhism in Ceylon
t"dum&rfu yd#uwfudk pwif a&;om;jcif;\ taMumif;rsm;udk atmufygtwkdif; pm&if;cs jyonf/

(1)
oD[dkVfuRef;onf Ak'bmom r[kwfaom EkdifiHjcm;om;wkdU\ rjywfrvyf
wkdufckdufjcif;?
ab;&efcHae&jcif;? ,if;wkdU atmifjrifrI&aomtcg xkdtcsdefonf Ak'"rtwGuf tarSmifxk

usa&mufaom tcsdeftcgjzpfjcif;? xkdonfhtcgrsdK; r[m0d[m&paom pmayoif&m
A[kdXmeBuD;rsm;udkyif pGefUypf xm;&jcif;? ,if;odkU pGefUypf xm;&ojzifh q&mESifh
587
tpodkU

wynfhudk tqufjywfoGm;Ekdifjcif;/
(2)
jAm[Pwdab;&efESifh
iwfrGwfacgif;yg;jcif;
ab;&efu
EIwfvGwfaqmifcJhonfh
tpOftvmudk tE&m,fSdaMumif; owday;ouJhodkU Sdaejcif;? ,if;okdU tcuftcJ

tusyftwnf;uH&mtcgrsdK;
ygVdt|uxmrsm;udk
cJcJ,Of;,Of;
yifyifyef;yef;ESifh
aqmifxm;Mu&onfudk udk,fawGU awGUuHvmjcif;/

(3)
tcsdefumv Mumanmif;vmaomtcg bmoma&;pdwf"mwf rudef;atmif;ol wm0efrJh

yk*dKvfrsm; omoemawmftwGif;odkU 0ifvmMu yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk wynfhpOfquf
vTJajymif;ay;&ef pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;vmjcif;/
77/
a0;uGmaom
txuftqkdyg taMumif;rsm;aMumifh &[ef;awmfrsm;onf tv,fydkif;jynfe,f tEk&m"rdUrS

rmwavht&yf\
teD;tem;
wpfae&mjzpfaom
tmavmu0d[m&
yd#uwfrsm;udk
ayay:wif a&;om;&ef qHk;jzwf awmfrlMuonf/ ae&m omoemawmftwGuf uHqkd;onf[k

qkdEkdifaom
tcsufwpfcsufrSm
xifSm;apOD;tHh-tcuftcJ
0*grPdtb,rif;onf
tkyfcsKyfolbk&if\
tusyftwnf;rS
rdrd
pdwfygvufyg
vGwfajrmuf
ajy;vTm;ykef;atmif;aepOftcg
tm;ay;jcif;ukd
rcH&rIyifwnf;/
xD;eef;udk
jyef&vmaom
rdrdtm;
ulnDapmifhaSmufcJhaom
ukyd*v0d[m&ae r[mwdax&ftm;vnf;aumif;? [rK*vu0d[m&ae wdax&ftm;vnf;aumif;

aus;Zl;qyfaom
taetm;jzifh
*sdef;bmom0if
*d&dqkdol\ausmif;udk
zsuf
xdkae&m
tb,*d&d0d[m&rnfaom ausmif;wkdufBuD; wpfckudk aqmufvkyf r[mwdax&ftm; wifvavonf/

(xkdtcsdefum;
c&pfray:rD
tjcm;trwfBuD;rsm;uvnf;
29-ESpfcefU[k
r[m0Hotvdk
tjcm;ausmif;rsm;udk
cefUrSef;&ayonf)
0*grPdrif;\
wdax&ftm;
wifvMuonf/
aqmufvkyf
xkdpOfwGif r[mwdax&fonf 0denf;udk tav;yoifhoavmuf ry? vlwkdUESifh qufqHjcif;rsm;

Gmt0iftxGufrsm;rIaMumifh r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;rsm;u if;tm; ESifxkwfvkdufavonf/ odkUaomf
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufESifh
tb,*d&d0d[m&
ausmif;wkdufBuD;
ESpfwkdufonf
xkdtcsdefwGif
0g'a&;&mtm;jzifh uGJjym;rI rSdao;ay/
oD[dkVfuRef; "rkpd*dkPf;ESifh om*vd,*dkPf; jzpfay:vmyHk

78/
"rkpd*dkPf;onf
pwifay:vmcJhonf/
0*grPdrif;vufxuf
tSifr[dEax&frS
tb,*d&d0d[m&wGif
qif;oufvmaom
ax&0g'udk
XmecsKyftjzpfjzifh
aS;OD;pGm
xkd;ESufjcif;[k
qkdEkdifonf/ a0g[m&uwd (eef;wuf at'D- 204) vufxufwGif r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESifh

tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufBuD;
ESpfwkdufwkdUonf
a0wkvs
yd#uwfudk
vufcHjcif;ESifhpyf
jiif;cHkrI
jzpfay:vmMuonf/ bmwdutb,rif; (at'D-38-66) vufxufrS p woD;wjcm;pD ynmoif&ef

XmeBuD;rsm;jzpfcJhMuaom
xkdausmif;wdkufBuD;ESpfwkdufonf
0g'a&;&mt,ltq
uGJjym;rIaMumifh
588
tpodkU
wpnf;wHk;wnf; rSdawmhacs/
79/
a0wkvs[lonfum; taomurif;BuD;vufxuf Ak'omoemudk zsuf&ef 0ifvmMuaom
a0wkvsykPm;wkdU
aMunmxm;Mu\/
vufrcHMuay/
pD&ifa&;om;onfh
usrf;jzpfonf/
ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;u
,if;a0wkvs0g'onf
,if;udk
xkdusrf;udk
aemiftcg
olwkdUu
Ak'0g'ESifh
r[m,me*dkPf;
bk&m;a[musrf;[k
qefUusifonf[kqkdum
0ifwkdU\
a0ykvokwESifh
toGifoPmef wl[efSdonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ r[m,me pwifay:vmonfh tcsdefudk ynmSifrsm;u c&pfou&mZf yxr&mpk
ESpfpavmuf[k cefUrSef;Muonf/
taCmowkdU\ pmayrsm; xifSm;acwfpm;vm&m tcsdefudk rSef;
yxr&mpkESpf[k qkdMuaomvnf; xkdUxufyif apm ay:vm[efSdonf/

80/
vufydkuf
,if;odkU ausmif;wkdufBuD;ESpfwkduf jiif;cHkrIay:vmaomtcg a0g[m&uwdrif;onf

Munfhraeom
awmhay/
uydvrnfaom
trwfudk
pmayt&yf&yf
avhvmap
tpD&ifcHapaomtcg Ak'0g'r[kwfaMumif;od& a0wkvsusrf;pmrsm;udk &EkdiforQ SmazGrD;wkdufaponf/

,if;t,ludk rodromvnf;aumif;? odompGmvnf;aumif; vufcHaom &[ef;rsm;udk ESifxkwfaponf/
od&doCFaAm"drif;udk owf rif;tjzpf cH,lvmaom a*gVmb,rif; (at'D 309-322) vufxufwGif
tb,*d&dausmif;wkduf a0wkvst,ltq acgif;axmifvmjyefonf/ Odvd,wdrnfaom ax&fonf
xkd0g'udk oabmrus tb,*d&drSxGufcGmcJhNyD; 'udP*d&dausmif;odkU oGm;onf/ 'uP*d&dausmif;odkU
a&mufaomtcg om*vrnfaom ax&fukd acgif;aqmifxm; om*vd, rnfaom *dkPf;udk zefwD;onf/
odkUaomf if;wkdU\ 0g'ukd trsm;pku vufrcHMuacs/ a*gVmb,rif;onf xkdtaMumif;udk odaomtcg
trSefw&m;0g'udk taotcsm xkwfazmfrnf[k (1) r[m0d[m&? (2) xlyg&mr? (3) &orPm&mr?
(4) a0*d&d0d[m&? (5) apwd,0d[m& ausmif;wkdufBuD;ig;wkdufrS ax&fBuD;rsm;udk yifhac:pka0;apNyD;
xkdax&fBuD;rsm;udk
qHk;jzwfap&m
,if;a0wkvs0g'onf
rdpmt,lom
jzpfonf[k
tqHk;tjzwf
ay;awmfrlMu a0wkvs0g'ESifh pyfaom pmtkyfpmayrsm;udk rD;wkdufypfaponf/ ,if;0g'acgif;aqmif

&[ef;ajcmufq,fwkdUudk aG;aumuf trSwftom;rsm; xifapum wkdif;jynfrS ESifxkwfvdkufonf/
81/
xdktESifcH
&[ef;ajcmufq,fwkdYonf
tdEd,awmifykdif;
uma0&odkU
oGm;a&muf
aSmifykef;aeMuonf/ uma0& wkdif;om;wkdUu xkd&[ef;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; qnf;uyf ukd;uG,fMuonf/

82/
ae&m "rkpd*dkPf; jzpfay:vmyHkudk odkU odtyf\/ tb,*d&dausmif; aeaom
&[ef;trsm;pkonf r[m,met,ltqrsm; wdrf;GwfMu\/ r[moHCdu*dkPf;om;rsm; jzpfMuaom

tdEd,
yvm&mrt&yfrS
0ZDykwu
&[ef;rsm;\0g'ukd
vufcHMuonf/
kd;om;ajzmifhpif;aom
ygVdbmomxuf ta&;tzGJUqef;Mu,f ouwbmom ydkpdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ xkdpOfwGif "rkpdrnfaom

ouwynmSd 0ZDykwu0g'Dyk*dKvf\ ajymrIqkdrI t,ltqwdkUukd vufcH&mrS tb,*d&dausmif;ae
&[ef;rsm;udkyif "rkpd*dkPf;[l ac:vmMuonf[k odrSwf&rnf/
589
tpodkU
83/ uma0&wkdif;odkU a&mufSdoGm;Muaom &[ef;wkdUwGif jAm[PtrsdK;om; oHCrdwqkdol

&[ef;i,fwpfyg; yg0ifonf/ rdrdq&mrsm;txHrS a0wkvs0g'udk oifMum;wwfajrmufcJhonfhtjyif
oD[dkVfuRef;okdUoGm;um
tb,*d&d
jzefUjzL;a[majymrnf[laom
ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd
oEd|mefjzifh
xkd0g'
ZGJBuD;pGm
vufrcHrae&?
pmayynmrsm;udk
vufcHatmif
avhvmoifMum;
oD[dkVfuRef;odkUul;um tb,*d&dausmif;wkdufokdU oGm;a&mufaexkdifavonf/

84/
xlyg&mrausmif;wkduf bk&ifudk,fwkdif ta&;w,ly oHCmrsm;udk pka0;apvsuf
0g'a&;&mrsm;udk ajymqdkapaomtcg tqkdyg oHCrdwonf r[m0d&0goD&[ef;wkdU\ t,ltqESifh

trltusifhwkdU
Iwfcsjypfwifum
a0wkvs
t,ludk
bk&ifoabmusavmufatmif
trTrf;wif
ajymjyavonf/ xkdtpnf;ta0;yGJwGif bk&ifhOD;av;awmfol r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufae tb,ax&fvnf;

yg0ifaqG;aEG;onf/ oHCrdw\t,ltqrsm;ukd zsufqD; ax&0g'udk Sif;vif;ajymjyonf/ odkUaomf
oHCrdw\ EIwfa&;<u,frI y&d,m,fjynfhpHkrIaMumifh a*g|mb,rif;udk,fwkdif ax&0g'udk qefUusif
rdpm0g'bufodkU ygoGm;avonf/ tBudrfum; oD[dkVfAk'0g'orkdif;wGif tkyfcsKyfolESifhwuG &[ef;Sifvl
tawmfrsm;rsm; ax&0g'udk qefUusif rdpm0g'bufodkU yxrqHk; ,drf;,dkifvdkufygoGm;aom tBudrf
jzpfavonf/ r[m0d[m&IH;yGJ? oHCrdw atmifvHpkdufyGJ[k qkdEkdifonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;onf
at'D
ig;&mpk
ESpfxuf0ufwkdifwkdif
trSefw&m;bufrS
tapmifhtaSmuftaerQom
&yfwnfEkdif
bk&iftm;ay;rI rcH&aomaMumifh pdk;aESmifhAsma0 taeuHUvsuf Sd\/ odkUaomf tIH;ay;tm;avsmh

pdwfaysmhaom olrsm;um; r[kwfMuygay/
85/
a*g|mb,rif;onf
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ
aS;uvdk
ewfGmpHaomtcg
r[m0d[m&ukd
rNrJapumrl
om;awmfBuD;
vHk;vHk;ypfy,fum;
qufvuf
aZ|wd
axmufyHhNrJ
eef;wufonf/
xm;onfr[kwf/
axmufyHhaeayonf/
oHCrdwonf
xkdrif;
rdrdud;qGJwkdif;ru
tcsdefaumif;udk apmifharQmfonfhtaetm;jzifh xkdrif;vufxuf wpfavQmufvHk;wGif tdEd,jynf uma0&okdU

jyef
tomckdaeavonf/
aZ|wdrif;um;
ol\
eef;pH
q,fhav;ESpfumvywfvHk;
r[m0d[m&&[ef;rsm;ukd axmufyHhapmifhaSmufoGm;avonf/
86/
xkdrif;\ nDawmf r[maoe eef;wufaomtcg oHCrdwonf oD[dkVfuRef;okdU
jyefa&mufvmonf/ aZ|wd r[maoe nDaemifESpfa,mufvkH; rif;om;i,fb0u oHCrdwxHwGif

pmayynm oifMum;zl;onf/ r[m0d[m&0goD &[ef;wkdUtm; oHCrdwonf a0wkvs0g'udk vufcH&ef
aoG;aqmifaomfvnf;
r&ay/
bk&iftm;
tcGifhoifhwkdif;
r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wkdU\
0de,
rrSefuefaMumif; ajymqkdaoG;aqmifaomaMumifh r[maoerif;onf aemufqHk; vkdufavsmoabmwlcsuf

ay;avonf/ r[m0d[m&&[ef;wkdUtm; qGrf;avmif;vQif aiG'Pfwyfrnf[lyif trdefUxkwfonftxd
jzpfavonf/ um; ajcmuf&mpkESpftwGif; r[m0d[m&&[ef;rsm; yXrqHk;tBudrf qGrf;iwfjcif;aywnf;/
oHk;&ufwkdifwkdif qGrf;cHxGufaomfvnf; qGrf;r& oydwfa&aq; aomufMu&onf/ pwkwaeU igwkdUum;
590
tpodkU
rdpmt,ludk r,l? toufudkom taocHonf[k oEd|mefcs tEk&m"rdUrS xGufcGmMuavonf/

xkd&[ef;awmfwkdUaMumifh aemiftcg orkdif;wGif oD[dkVfuRef;onf
Lanka is the home of Buddhism whose
teachings
by
are
pure
and
unsullied
and
untainted
heresy.
rdpm0g'rsm;
rayrvl;
rvdrf;rusHavmufatmif pifMu,foefUSif;aom Ak'"r\ wnf&mXme jzpfonf[k ausmfapmxifSm;cJhjcif;

jzpfavonf/
87/
r[m0d[m&rS xGufcGmcJhMuaom rax&fwkdUonf tcsdKUu rm,mrnfaome,f? tcsdKUu
a&m[PZeyk'fokdU oGm;Muonf/ r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufSd toHk;taqmiftm;vHk;ESifh taqmufttHkwkdUukd

bk&ifhemrnfjzifh "rkpd*dkPf;0ifwkdUonf xifovkd toHk;yMuavonf/ ypnf;rsm;udk o,fykd;Mu tvHk;pHk
ajrvSefypfvkdufMuonf/
oHCrdwESifh
taygif;ygwkdUonf
udk;ESpfwkdifwkdifyif
tb,*d&d
rif;rlaeMuavonf/ q,fESpfajrmuf arC0Pb,rnfaom trwfBuD; OD;aqmifonfh olykefwyfESifh

r[maoerif;\ ppfwyfwkdUonf bmoma&;taMumif;cH r[m*gr tvHk;t&if;ESifh wkdufckdufMu&ef
&ifqkdifMuavonf/ odkU&mwGif ppfrwkdufvdkuf&bJ bk&ifESifhbk&ifhtrwfBuD;wdkUonf ESpfOD;om; ajyvnfpGm
aqG;aEG; nDGwfrI&um ppfwyfESpfckvHk; kyfodrf;vsuf aejynfawmfokdU jyefMuavonf/
88/
jynfwGif;um; rdzk&m;wpfyg;onf rdrdwnfaqmufaeaom xlyg&mrausmif;wkdufukd
oHCrdwu [efUwm;&ef ud;pm;ojzifh vuform;wpfOD; apvTwf oHCrdwudk towfckdif;avonf/

,if;rdzk&m;onf
a0wkvsusrf;pm
[lorQudk
rD;IdUzsufqD;aponf/
r[maoerif;onfvnf;
r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd jyefvnf wnfaqmufay;&avonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;onf udk;ESpfvHk;

ykef;atmif;ae&mrS jyefa&mufvmMuonf/ ESpftwefMumatmif Nidrf;csrf; om,mrI &vkdufMuaomfvnf;
omoemawmf\ uHMurmum; taESmuft,SufrS rvGwfao;ay/ r[maoeu bk&ifonf rdpmt,lbuf
pdwfrukefao;bJ Sd 'udP*d&d aeaom udk0Sefwdrnfaom om*vd*dkPf;om; &[ef;wpfyg;udk
tm;ay;csD;ajrmufonf/
xkd&[ef;twGuf
wkduft&mrftwGif;rSmyif
bk&ifu
aZw0e0d[m&ukd
ausmif;aqmufay;&mwGif
aqmufjzpfatmif
r[m0d[m&ausmif;
aqmufonf/
xkd&[ef;onf
odumyk'ftmywfrsm;jzifh pGyfpGJjcif;cH& &ufSnfvrsm; ppfaq;NyD; vl0wfvJ&ef 0dedp,csrSwfjcif; cH&onf/

bk&ifhtrdefUjzifh
"rduac:
w&m;olBuD;csKyfukd
xyfrHppfaq;&m
aS;enf;twkdif;yif
trdefUjyefcs
vlxGufaponf/ oHCmhabmifrS ESifxkwfvkduf Muavawmh\/ r[maoebk&ifonf aemifw&

r[m0d[m&ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukdyif ypnf;av;yg;wkdUjzifh axmufyHh at'D 300-ESpfwGif uG,fvGefavonf/
89/
rQavmufaom
acwfumvtydkif;tjcm;twGif;
oD[dkVfuRef;omoemonf
edrfhcsnfjrifhcsnf SdcJhaomfvnf; ax&0g'D r[m0d[m&0goD&[ef;wkdU\ omoemapmifhpdwf"mwfum;

,drf;,dkifyduGJjcif;rSd? 0de,ESifhpyf oHCmtwGif; uGJjym;ap&ef vHk;yrf;jcif;udk Ak'udk,fawmfjrwftm;
aoG;xGufoH,dkyapjcif; oabmxm;Muonf[k rmvmvmaqu& u qkdcJhavonf/
591
tpodkU

In the Vinaya an attempt to bring about disunion among the Sangha is put in the
same
category as shedding the blood of the Buddha.

(Pali Literature of Ceylon by Malalaxekera p.54)
if;jyifvnf; rmvmvmaqu& u odkU quf qkdjyef\/

To the assaults of open opponents the Buddhist displays the calmest indifference,
convinced
that in its undiminished strength his a faith is firm and inexpugnable.
twdtvif;qefUusifvmolrsm;\ wkdufckdufjcif;tm; Ak'0g'D &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh 'g,umwkdUonf

twnfNidrfqHk;aom
vspfvsLIrIudk
azmfjyEkdifMuonf/
taMumif;rlum;
Ak'"r\
rukefqHk;Ekdif
rysufpD;Ekdifaom cGeftm;tay: ,if;wkdU\ ,HkMunfrIonf z,fSm; r&Ekdifavmufatmif ckdifNrJonf[k

odSdem;vnfxm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
rif;ESifhjynfolwkdU\
Ak'"rtay:
cH,lcsufjrifhrm;rIum;
pHwifavmufayonf/ Oyrm at'D 623-ckepf aZ|wdrif;onf wrdvfawG ESifh ppfwkduf&mwGif

IH;zkdUjrifojzifh rdrd rdzk&m;xH o0Pfpmjzifh rSmMum;onfrSm ]]ppfyGJ rdrdonf atmifjrifzkdUvrf; rsm;pGm rSd/
tu,frsm; wdrf;yg;cJhaomf oDvSiftjzpfjzifh tbd"rm oifMum;apvdkonf/ rdrdukdvnf; ukodkvfbm*
trQa0apvdkonf}} [k rSmMum;avonf/ rdzk&m;BuD;onf bk&mrSmMum;onfhtwkdif; yvkyfaomaMumifh
tbd"rmESifh
t|uxmBuD;rsm;yif
uRrf;usifaMumif;
r[m0Ho
qkdonf[k
oD[dkVfuRef;
ygVdpmayorkdif;wGif rmvmvmaqu& u azmfjyxm;ayonf/ xkdUjyif yrajrmuf uybk&if\ (at'D

q,f&mpkESpfxkd;)
ausmufpmwpfcsyfwGif
*kPfyrSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk
usrf;pmrsm;udk
,aeUuREkfyfwkdU
EIwfwufaqmifGufaom
awGUEkdifonf/
xkdbk&ifonf
&[ef;wkdUtm;
"ro*FPDusrf;udk
bmomjyefap aTjym;ay: a&;wifapcJhonf[k od&onf/ tmvk0d[m& oHCmhtpnf;ta0;BuD;onf

ygVdawmfESifht|uxmrsm;udk pepfwuspDpOf &[ef;toD;oD;tm; ydkif;ydkif; cGJa0usufrSwfapum wynfh
wyef;wkdUtm;
oifay;aponf/
oD[dkVfbmomjzifh
Sif;vif;
zGifhjyaponf/
aqmifvG,frSwfvG,f
tusOf;vuFm oHaygufuav;rsm;? *gxmygVdrsm;udk a&;om;ay;cJhMuonf/ xkd&[ef;awmfig;&mwkdU\

aus;Zl;um; Ak'bmom0ifrsm;tzkdU qyfrukefEkdifavmufatmif BuD;rm;vSayonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh atmufyg
rmvmvmaqu&\ rSwfcsufuav;ukd axmufI OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwkdU\ pGyfpGJajymqkdcsuf rrSefyHkudk
odSdEkdif&m\/
592
tpodkU
How far the Alu-vihara's redaction agreed with or differed from the cannon and
commenttaries settled by the third Council and introduced into Ceylon by Mahinda's mission, whether
after their introduction into the island any passapes previously considered unorthodox had creptinot
the orthodox scriptures and whether the Alu-vihara Council separated such interpolations, and how far
the Tipitaka and its commentary reduced to writing at Alu-vihara resembled them as they have come
down to us now, no one can say.
tmvk0d[m&
okwfoifjyifqif
tu&mwifjcif;
(pwkwoH*g,em
wifjcif;)onf
wwd,oH*g,emu twnfycJhNyD;aom oD[kdVfuRef;odkU tSifr[dE acgif;aqmifaom "r'lwtzGJUu

,laqmifvmcJhonfh ygVdt|uxmrsm;ESifh rnfrQavmuf wlnD rnfrQavmuf uGJjym;onf qkdonfudk
rnfolrQ rajymEkdif? ax&0g' r[kwf[k aS;tcgu ,lqcJhaom pmykd'frsm; (t,ltqrsm;) onf
ax&0g'twGif;odkU yg0ifavcJhovm;? tmvk0d[m& oH*g,em wifaomtcg ,if;0ifvmcJhNyD;aom
pmydk'frsm; (t,ltqrsm;) udk xkwfy,fypfcJhavovm; qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif? tmvk0d[m&
a&;wifcJhaom ygVdt|uxmrsm;onf ,aeU (uREkfyfwkdUacwf uREkfyfwkdUxHodkU a&mufvmaomtcg xkd ygVd
t|uxmrsm;ESifh rnfrnfrQ wlnDonf qkdonfudk rnfolrQ rajymEkdif/
odkU
qGJ,lvkyfBuHzefwD;
,lwwfajymwwfaomaMumifh
0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;onf
rl&if;twkdif; (Quotation) udkaw;Sif;rsm;ukd xkwfaqmifwifjy&jcif; jzpfonf/

This much, however, is certain that in the fifth century of the Christian era the present Pitakas,
etc., were considered orthodox both on continet and in Ceylon, as is evidenced by the visits of
Buddhaghosa and ta Hsian, and in view of the great care with which the orthodox monks attempted to
preserve the purity of the Word there is not much probability that the canon underwent any material
changes in the interval.
odkUaomf
at'D
ig;&mpk
SifAk'aCmoESifh
wkwf&[ef;awmf
zm[D,efwkdU
vma&muf
(avhvmaqmif,loGm;) jcif; [laom tcsufu xifSm;aponfhtavsmuf tdEd,EkdifiHESifh oD[dkVfuRef;uyg

vufSdyd#uwfudk
aS;a[mif;ax&0g'
aocsmaomtcsufjzpfonf/
trSefjzpfonf[k
ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;onf
todtrSwfyMuonf/
pum;wpfvHk;wpfav\
tcsufu
oefUSif;rI
(teuft"dym,f rcRwf,Gif; razmufjyefaprI) udkyif txl;*kyMuonf [laom IaxmifhrSae IvQif

yd#uwfusrf;pmawmfrsm;onf wpfpHkwpf&m txnfudk,ftm;jzifh ajymif;vJcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifzG,f rSdygay/
rSwfcsufaSUydkif;udk yHkBuD;csJU Ak'omoemorkdif;pmapmif ESm 16-vnf;aumif; edum,f\edum,f ESm
10-vnf;aumif;
OD;Ou|\
todkif;t0dkif;
yedum,
"romupmtzGJU0if
ponfwkdUu
]]oD[dkVfyd#uwfaqmif &[ef;awmfwkdUonf [dkuxJu a&maESmIyfaxG;NyD;om;jzpfwJh yd#uwfudk a&maxG;NyD;
593
tpodkU
rltwkdif;om rSwfaqmifMu&onf[k ynmSd rmvmvmaqu& u ol\ oD[dkVfuRef; ygVdpmayorkdif;wGif

a&;cJhonf[k r[kwfrrSefvkyfBuH qkdxm;avonf/ pum;&yfrsm;udk orkdif;q&mwpfa,muftaejzifh
olwyg;wkdUawG;awmBuHqrnfh
aSUqufzwfaomf
oHo,udk
udwif
odkUawGU&rnfjzpf\/
xkwfazmf
,if;wkdU\
ed'gef;cif;ay;xm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
&nfG,fcsufum;
oD[kdVfuRef;rSwpfqifh
a&mufvmaom jrefrmjynfomoemonfvnf; a&ma&maxG;axG; jA[P0g' vTrf;rkd;aeaom omoem[k

(oGm;ykyfavvGifh) odumcsvdkaom apwemqkd;jzifh a&;om;jzefUa0&efom jzpfonf/
90/
jrefrmjynfomoemonf
taomurif;BuD;\
wwd,oH*g,emwifNyD;csdef
"r'lwtzGJUwpfzGJUjzpfaom
pwifqif;oufvmaom
tSifaomP
omoemjzpfayonf/
rax&fBuD;rsm;ESifh
tSifOw&
OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUrS
aemiftcg
tdEd,rSvnf;aumif;?
oD[dkVfuRef;rSvnf;aumif; acwftrsdK;rsdK; usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; a&mufSdvmMuonf/ jrefrmjynf omoem\

aSUaqmifjzpfawmfrlMuaom ax&fBuD;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh ygVdawmfESifh t|uxm#Dum tjcm;
*EE&rsm;udk
rnfonhfusrf;*efu
em;vnfawmfrlcJhMuonf/
Ak'bmodw?
rnfonfhusrf;*efu
tnbmodw[k
cGJcGJjcm;jcm;
odkUjzpfonfhtavsmuf tqifhtwef;tvdkuf tav;tjrwfy&mwGifvnf;
tedrfhtjrifhtqifhxm;
rSwfom;
awmfrlMuonf/
txl;tmHkpdkuf avhvmawmfrlcJhMuonf/
tbd"rmuJhokdU
av;eufaom
usrf;*efrsm;udk
t|uxm #Dumusrf;BuD;rsm;ukdyif ausmfvGef t&aumufrsm;
ed,usrf;rsm;udk jrefrmhenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh cefUnm;x,f0g jynhfpHkpGm zefwD;awmfrlEkdifcJhMuonf/ odkUaomf

ygVdawmf t|uxmESifh qefUusifjcif; rSdMuacs/
91/
jrefrmhomoemorkdif;wGif
trSwfycJhMuonfh
jrefrmou&mZf
uHqkd;rkd;arSmifusaom
888-ckESpf
rD;IdUjcif;cH&aomfvnf;
toufESifhxyfwl
rlvyPmot|uxm
ayxkyfESpfxkyfrSwyg;
pkpnf;awmfrlEkdifcJhMuonf/
tqkdyg
]]*-i,foHk;ck?
Srf;odk[efbGm;vufxufwGif
apmifhaSmufawmf
tvHk;pHkaom
t|uxm
OoQpfxk}}
yd#uwfawmfrsm;
rlcJhMuojzifh
yd#uwfygVd
plV0gt|uxm
t|uxmrsm;udk
ayxkyfESpfxkyfudkum;
[k
SmazG
ESpftwefi,fMumrS
tvGefacsmifusaom Srf;jynf aus;awmZeyk'frsm;rS jyefvnf qifhyGm;ul;,lEkdifcJhMuonf[k q&mpOfquf

ajymqkdonfukd
rSwfom;Mu&onf/
wefzkd;xm;wwfaom
enf;tm;jzihf
tavh0goem
jrefrmwkdU\
ormOm[aMumifh
omoemawmfudk
acwfumvtrsdK;rsdK;ESifh
cspfjrwfEkd;
awGU&aomfvnf;
wkdif;jcm;jynfjcm; bmomjcm;wkdU\ tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGifyif Asmyg&ukd rkcs xufoefaom vHkUv0D&d,

owdorZOfjzifh
xdef;odrf;apmifhaSmufawmfrlvmcJhMuonfrSm
yroH*g,emESifh
q|
oH*g,em
acwfwkdifatmifyif jzpfonf/
92/
qufvmaom
xkdUaMumifh
xkd
oD[dkVfuRef;
wwd,oH*g,emonfvnf;aumif;?
tmavmu0d[m&
xkd
pkaygif;Gwfqkdjcif;
wwdw,oH*g,emrS
ayxuftu&mwifjcif;
pwkwoH*g,emonfvnf;aumif;? jrefrmEkdifiH 2-Budrfwkdif EIwfjzifh GwfzwfHkrQru ausmufpmwif
594
tpodkU
vnf;aumif;? tEkdifEkdifiHoHk; ckdifcHhom;em; xl;jcm;aom pmtkyfrsm; dkufESdyfvnf;aumif;? yrtBudrf?

q|rtBudrfwiftyfaom oH*g,emwkdUonfvnf;aumif; npfaMu;rwif tjypfuif;pifaom "rmEkavmr
oH*g,emwkdUom jzpfMuayonf/
,if;odkUjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm
apm'uq&mwkdU
wifjyxm;tyfaom
pk'dwuwkdU\
oH*g,emajcmufwef ayghysufao; odrfatmif yvkyf ajymqkda&;om; xkwfa0Muaom oH*g,emorkdif;?

Ak'omoemorkdif;?
edum,f\
edum,fpmtkyf?
a';'&JausmufpmwkdifwkdUyg
pum;&yfwkdUonf
t"r0g'rsm;om jzpfonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/

jyqkdcJhNyD;aom ,kwdtm*r om"ut&yf&yfwkdUaMumifh tbd"rmudk bk&m;ra[m[k pGyfpGJjcif;onf
t"r0g'om jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif;? oH*g,em 6-wefudk ao;odrfayghysufatmif vkyfjcif;onf "rudk
t"r? 0de,udk t0de, jzpfatmif vkyfjcif;omjzpf t"r0g'om jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif; EkdifiHawmf
oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2) q&mawmfrsm;u wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
595
tpodkU

EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf (2)
apm'em trSwf (7)
oAkwPfukd y,fjcif;ESifh pyfonfh 0dedp,
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;\ oAkwPfawmfudk xdyg;rIESifh pyfvsOf; wifjyavQmufxm;aom apm'em aom"em

2-&yfudk EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/
1/
Pfawmfudk
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf trSwf (7) apm'em tjzpfjzifh ]]Ak'jrwfpGm\ oAkw

xdyg;apvsuf
Ak'bmom
ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif;
a[majyma&;om;rIESifhywfouf
apm'emcsufyg bk&m;}} [laom avQmufxm;vTmudk 0denf;"dk&fHk;awmfodkU wifoGif; taMumif;udk

orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS
tbd"rmynmay;wm0efcH
(tbd"rmq&mpdef)u
a0zefykwfcwf
a&;om;xm;ygonf[k pGJqkdxm;ayonf/
2/
pGJqkdcsufwGif
tbd"rmq&mpdef
a&;om;xm;aom
tcsuf
5-csufukd
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocH tjzpf azmfjyxm;ayonf/

(u)
wdwdq&mBuD;wkdUudk
tnHhrcHvdkom
t|uxmq&mrsm;u
Ak'udk
oAkwPf
&onf[k qkdMuaMumif;/
(c)
oAkwPf &ygvsuf rdrd\ &efoljzpfaom a'0'wfudk tb,fhaMumifh
&[ef;ycGifh
ay;&oenf;/
(*)
oAkwPf&onfqkdygvsuf
ao;Ekyfaomodumyk'frsm;udk
y,fEkwfMuavmh[k
tb,faMumifh rdefUqkd&oenf;/
(C)
0dZmoHk;yg;onf
&[Emwkdif;&Sdaom
todPfjzpf\/
odkUqkdygrl
Ak'ESifh
&[Emyk*dKvfonf rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;/

(i)
Ak'
&Sdtyfaom
oAkwPfonf
0dZmoHk;yg;wkdYudk
<uif;usefrSd
xkd;xGif;NyD;
odjrif&SdcJhaom Pfjzpf\/
(um; tbd"rmq&mpdef\ a&;om;csufrS jzpf\)
3/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;onf
yxrOD;pGmwifoGif;aom
omrn
apm'em
tqkdyg
tbd"rmq&mpdef\ a&;om;csuf rl&if;rsm;udk oufaocHpmtkyfrsm;jzifh wifjy pnf;urf;pepfwus

apm'emMuonf/
'kwd,
xyfqifhwifoGif;aom
0daooapm'em
tqkdyg
tbd"rmq&mpdef
a&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;a[m yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh qefUusifbuf jzpfaomaMumifh tbd"rm

t"r0g'tjzpf qHk;jzwfay;yg&ef avQmufxm;oGm;Muavonf/
596
tpodkU
4/

oAkwPfESifh
ywfoufaom
apm'emwifcsufudk
pk'dwursm;
jzpfMuaom
awmifwGif;BuD;rS OD;Z0e (aeSife,f)? ig;qifhausmif; OD;Z0e? ewfrSD tSifqEm"du? a';'&JrS OD;OaZmwdu?

orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyfrS Ou| OD;cif[efESifh &ckdifjynfe,f OD;aTjynfhwkdU vHk;0acsyjcif; rycJhMuay/
apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\ pGJqkdcsuf (21)csufvHk;udk pk'dwuyk*dKvfxJu rnfolrqkd acsyEkdifonfhtcGifhta&;udk
0denf;"dk&fHk;u
ay;tyfxm;ayonf/
odkUygvsuf
apm'em
wifcsufudk
racsyMujcif;jzifh
apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ pGJqkdcsufukd 0efcH&modkU a&mufayonf/

5/
pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;teuf ocifjrwfqkdif wpfOD;wnf;uom acsyavQmufxm;cJhonf/
,if;okdU avQmufxm;&m ]]udk,fwkdifa&;om;cJhaom q&mpdefESifh aqG;aEG;Munhf&mwGif}} [k pum;cif;NyD;

avQmufxm;onfukd
axmufcsifhjcif;
tm;jzifh
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
rdrdPfpGrf;Pfpjzifh
acsyEkdifSmjcif;r[kwfbJ PftiSm;jzifh 0hH0Hhpm;pm; avQmufxm; jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGUSd&ayonf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

6/
oAkwPfawmfukd xdyg;rIESifh ywfouf apm'u pk'dwuwkdU ESpfOD;ESpfbuf
wifjyavQmufxm;csufrsm; teufrS yxrOD;pGm apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ wifjycsufudk oHk;oyfaytHh7/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifoGif;aom omrnapm'emcsufudk MunfhI&mwGif pGJqkdvdkaom
tcsufay:vGifNyD; oufaocH taxmuftxm; ckdifvHkonfudk awGU&ayonf/ oufqkdif&mpmapmifudkvnf;

0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;xH
oufaocHtjzpf
wifjyxm;ayonf/
xyfqifh
apm'emcsufudk
oHk;oyf&mwGifvnf; q|oH*g,emwif ygVdawmfrsm;udk tukd;tum;y wifjyxm;onfukd awGU&ayonf/

apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk odomHk azmfjy tyfayonf/
8/
oAkwPfawmfonf rnfonhfom0uwkdUESifhrQ rqkdifaom Ak'bk&m;SifwpfOD;wnf;om
ydkifonfh tom"m&P PfawmfjzpfaMumif; av;toacsFESifhurmwpfodef;wkdifwkdif yg&rDawmfwkdUudk

jznfhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJhaomaMumifh
xkdPfudk
&awmfrljcif;jzpfaMumif;?
oAkwPfawmfBuD;
pGrf;&nfoHk;yg;SdaMumif; ponfwkdUukd usrf;*efESifhtnD azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&ayonf/

9/
ay;cJhaMumif;?
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
a'0'wfonf
r[mukPmSifjzpfaomaMumifh
tmCmwBuD;vGef;oljzpf
&[ef;ycGifh
a'0'wfudk
&[ef;ycGifh
&onfjzpfap?
r&onfjzpfap
Ak'bk&m;udk jypfrSm;rnfomjzpfaMumif;? &[ef;ycGifh&onfhtwGuf a'0'wfrSm yapuaAm"dPf tajccH&

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Adrdom&ESifh tZmwowfwkdU\jzpf&yfukd oufaoxl avQmufxm;cJh Muonf/
10/
xkdUjyif bk&m;Sif y&dedAmefpHvGefcgeD;u ao;i,faom odumyk'frsm;ukd oHCmu
y,fEkwfvdkvQif y,fEkwf ygav[k rSmMum;cJhjcif;onf wynfhom; oHCmrsm;\ESpfoufrIukd jzpfapcJhaMumif;?

wynfhom; oHCmrsm;taejzifhvnf; wpfpHkwpfckudkrQ y,fEkwfjcif;rybJ bk&m;Sif oufawmfxifSm;
597
tpodkU
SdonfESifh
rjcm;
av;pm;vdkufemMuaomaMumifh
ESpfouftm;&zG,f
jzpfcJhaMumif;wkdUukd
azmfjy
avQmufxm;jcif;rsm;onf ,xm"r ,xm0de,oabmokdU ouf0ifvsuf Sdonfukd awGU&ayonf/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsycsufudk oHk;oyfcsuf

11/
wpfzef
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqkdif\acsycsufudk
oHk;oyfaythH?
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
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ocifjrwfqkdif tukd;yaom om"urSm rZdryPmo aw0dZ0pokwf jrefrmjyefyif jzpfonf/ xkdokwf
jrefrmjyefukd ocifjrwfqkdifu]]tSifbk&m; &[ef;a*gwronf tvHk;pHkudk od\/ tvHk;pHkudk jrif\/ tNrJrjywf
Pftjrifonf aS;I xif\[k t<uif;rJhPftjrifukd 0efcH\[k Mum;zl;ygonf/ uJhodkU
ajymqkdrIrsm;wkdUonf
ar;jref;avQmufxm;\/
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0p
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rJhPftjrifudk 0efcH\[l ajymqkdaom olwkdUonf ig\pum;t& ajymqkdolrsm; r[kwfukef?
ighudk r[kwf rrSefaomtm;jzifhvnf; pGyfpGJMuukef\/ Ak'Sifudk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;xm;onfukd
awGU&ygonf bk&m;}}
[k aumufEkwfwifjy avQmufxm;cJhonf/ ocifjrwfqkdif\ jrefrmjyefonf ta&;BuD;aom pum;&yfrsm;udk
0uGuf csefxm;cJhNyD; rdrdvdkcsifoavmufudkom aumufEkwfazmfjyxm;aom jrefrmjyefjzpfaMumif;udk rl&if;
(q|rlyd#uwf) jrefrmjyefESifh wkdufqkdifMunfhaomtcg xifSm;pGm awGUSdcJh&onf/ xkdokwf jrefrmjyef
ocifjrwfqkdif 0uGuf wrif csefxm;cJhaom ta&;BuD;aom pum;&yfrSm ]]tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap?
Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfyif jzpfayonf/
12/
wrifzwf
ocifjrwfqkdif\acsycsufonf uJhodkU ta&;BuD;aom rl&if;a'oemygpum;&yfudk

bmomjyefqkdxm;jcif;?
yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh
rnDGwf&um;
oabmroufa&mufjcif;?
apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\
om"urajrmufjcif;rsm;aMumifh
pGJqkdcsufudk
acsyEkdifjcif;
rSdaMumif;
awGU&ayonf/
aw0dZ0pokwf oHk;oyfcsuf
13/
apm'uESifh pk'dwuwkdY\ wifvTm acsvTmwkdUudk oHk;oyfNyD;aemuf oAkwPfawmfukd
xdyg;aomtcsufESifh ywfouf 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\ oHk;oyfcsufukd azmfjyaythH/

ocifjrwfqkdif wifjyaom pum;&yfwGif rnfonfhpum;vHk;udk zwfxm;cJhaMumif; odEkdifap&ef
aw0dZ0pokwf rl&if; ygVdESifh ,if;\ jrefrmjyefukd xkwfjyvdkufayonf/
598
tpodkU
wpfcgu 0pEG,f0ify&dAdkZfwpfOD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqHkNyD; odkUaompum;udk

avQmufxm; avonf/
okwH arwH baE oraPm a*gwarm oAnK oA'm0D ty&daooH P'eH
y#dZmemwd? p&awm p ar wd|awm p okw p Zm*& p owwH ordwH P'eH
ypKy|dwEd/ (r 2? 148/)
jrefrmjyef
]]tSifbk&m; &[ef;a*gwronf tvHk;pHkudk od\/ tvHk;pHkudk jrif\/ ig oGm;aeonfjzpfap?
&yfaeonf jzpfap? tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap? Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap? tNrJrjywf Pftjrifonf
aS;Ixif\[k t<uif;rJh Pftjrifudk 0efcH\ [l Mum;zl;yg\}} (r jref 2? 157/)
14/
0py&dAkdZfu
qufvuf
]]Pftjrifudk
0efcH\[l
ajymqkdaomolwkdUonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;t& ajymqkdolrsm; jzpfygukef\avm? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk r[kwfrrSefaomtm;jzifh

rpGyfpGJbJ Sdygukef\avm}} ponfjzifh avQmufxm;avonf/
15/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajzMum;csufudk razmfjyrD y&dAdkZf avQmufxm;aom pum;udk pdppf&ef
vdktyfayonf/
y&dAkdZfonf
ow0g'udk
tajccH
ar;aejcif;jzpfonf/
okwf
oAkwPfawmfESifh ywfouf ta&;BuD; aomtcsufrSm ]]owwH ordwH P'eH}} [laom

tcsufyif jzpfonf/ P'eH=Pftjrif[laom pum;ukd rnfodkUaom PftjrifrsdK; jzpfaMumif;
]]owwH ordwH}} [laom pum;t& azmfjyvsuf Sdonf/
owwH ordwH\ teufrSm = tNrJrjywf tcgcyfodrf; edp xm0&[lyif jzpfonf/
pdefwHk;BuD;rsm; xm0& vif;ae ouJhodkU rnfonfhtcsdeftcgrqkd tNrJwef; jrifaeaom PftjrifrsdK;yif
jzpfonf/
tcsufukd
xifSm;apaom
pum;&yfrSm
okw
p=tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap[laom
pum;&yfjzpfonf/ tdyfaysmfaepOfrSmvnf; jrifaeaomPf[k y&dAkdZfu qkdvdkayonf/

16/
xkdacwftcgu
rZdra'ow0dkufwGif
tw0g'vnf;
xGef;um;vsuf
Sdayonf/
vl\ukd,ftwGif; csrf;om okcudk cHpm;aom twonf tNrJSdae\/ twonf t&mtm;vHk;udk jrif\?

od\/ odkUaom t,ltqrsdK; Sdayonf/ wdwd q&mBuD;wkdUonf tw0g'udk tajccHvsuf
rdrdwkdUonfoAl=w&m;tm;vHk;udk odonf
oA'm0D=w&m;tm;vHk;udk jrifonf[l
0efcHMuaomtcg
tNrJrjywfjrifaeonf
odaeonf[l
a<u;aMumf
0efcHMuavonf/
0py&dAdkZfonf xkduJhodkU edpoAkwPf0efcHolwkdU\ pum;udk Mum;emrSwfom;&ol jzpfonfhtavsmuf

jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;vnf; odkUaom edpoAkw PftjrifrsdK;jzifh oAktjzpf 0efcHygoavm ar;vdk&if;
jzpfayonf/
599
tpodkU
rSwfcsuf/

/ 0py&dAdkZf\ tar;rsdK;udk t*FkwdK&f e0uedygwf? avmum,wdu okwfwGifvnf;
tvm;wl awGUSdEkdifonf/
17/
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;
xkwfazmfa[mMum;aom
tbd"rma'oemt&
rnfonfhkyf
rnfonfhemrfrQ edp[l rSdacs/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oyg'f? XD? bif jzpf wnf csKyfysuf
tedptcsufcsnf;om jzpfayonf/ PfqkdonfrSmvnf; emrfw&m;wkdUwGif tacgifcsKyf jzpfapumrl
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm Oyg'f XD bif pepf jzifhomvQif ay:aom obm0 wpf&yfjzpfayonf/ xkdUjyif
tdyfaysmfaepOftcg rnfonfhPfxl;rQrjzpf b0if(tdyfpdwf)omvQif jzpfvsuf Sdonf/ onfrSm
tbd"rmq&mBuD;rsm;udk rqkdxm;bd vlomrefwkdUyif odEkdifaom vufawGUobm0 jzpf&yfaywnf;/
odkUjzpf Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh tjcm;aom wdwdbk&m;wkdUonf tbd"rmtjrifcsif; vHk;0uGJjym;vsuf
Sdacsonf/ odkU uGJjym;ygvsuf pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf if;\ jrefrmjyefokw p=tdyfaysmfaeonfjzpfap?
Zm*& p=Ekd;Mum;aeonfjzpfap[laom bk&m;a[m rl&if;ygVdawmfjrefrmjyefukd wrifzwf ay,smvuef 0uGuf csefxm;cJhjcif;rSm
Mum;emolrsm; taejzifh Ak'tbd"rmESifh wdwdwkdU\ tbd"rm rwlaom tcsufudk &dyfrdoGm;rnf
pdk;aomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/
18/
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;onfum;
uhJokdUaom
tedptbd"rm
tjrifSdoljzpf
y&dAdkZf\
]]tdyfaysmfaewkef;rSmyif jrifaeaom PftjrifrsdK; Sdonfh oAkyk*dKvf [kwfygoavm}} [laom

ar;cGef;udk jywfjywfom;om; y,fcsawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
]]igonfum; ,if;uJhodkU tdyfaysmfaewkef;rSmyif jrifaeonfqkdaom owPfrsdK;Sdonfh
oAkrsdK; r[kwf}} [l ajzqkdawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/
19/
uJhodkU
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
wdwdwkdU\
oAkrsdK;udk
0efrcHaomtcg
y&dAkdZfu
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk rnfokdUajymvQif trSefajym&m a&mufrnfenf;[k qufvuf ar;avQmufayonf/ wGifrS

jrwfpGmbk&m;u ar;jref;ol y&dAkdZfESifh wefavmufHk odkU tajzay;awmfrlonf/
]]aw0daZm oraPm a*gwarmwd acg 0p Asmu&rmaem 0kw0g'D ap0 ar t}}
(r 2? 149/)
jrefrmjyef
0p &[ef;a*gwronf 0dZmoHk;yg; Sd\[k ajymqkdaomolonf trSeftm;jzifh ig\pum;t&
ajymqkdjcif; jzpf&m\/
20/
pum;t&vnf; olwyg;u odkU ajymvQif rSef\[kom rdefUawmfrlonf/ igonf
0dZmoHk;yg;udkom &onf/ oAkwPfukd r&[l 0efcHjcif;rsdK; r[kwfay/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
600
tpodkU
oAkwPf &Sdawmfrlonfh taMumif;udk tBudrfrsm;pGm 0efcHawmfrlcJhayonf/ taMumif;ESifh

ywfouf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;uvnf; om"u xkwfaqmif avQmufxm;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/
txufyg pum;pOft& tusOf;csKyf&aomf aw0dZ0pokwf jrwfpGmbk&m;u oAk[l
0efrcHjcif;onf ar;ol y&dAdkZfu tdyfaysmfwkef;rSmyif odaeaom edpoAk? owwoAkrsdK;ukd
0efcHovm;[k ar;onhftwGuf 0efrcHjcif; jzpfonf/ oAkwPfudk r& 0efrcHjcif; r[kwfay/
aw0dZPfudk &onf[k ajymvQif rSefonf[k qkdjcif;onfvnf; ar;olESifh wefHkom ajymjcif;jzpfonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh 0dZmoHk;yg;udkom &onf 0dZmSpfyg; oAkwPfwkdUudk r& r[kwfay/
tjcm;okwf
a'oemawmfrsm;pGmwkdU
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
rdrd
oAkwPfSif
jzpfaMumif;
0efcHa[mMum;xm;csuf rsm;pGmSdayonf/
aw0dZokwfukd ukd;um; Ak'bk&m;Siftm; oAkwPfSifr[kwf[k ajymqkdMuolwkdUonf
aw0dZ0pokwf\ t"dym,fudkyif em;rvnfMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? xkdokwfrSwpfyg; oAkwPfudk
0efcHa[mMum;xm;aom okwf a'oemrsm;udk rawGUzl;MuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? Ak'bmomwkdU\
udk;uG,ftm;xm;&m
txGwftjrwfqHk;jzpfaom
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
ao;odrfatmifyvkyfvdkonfh
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oAnKwPf qifjcifrSod
21/
bk&m;ocif
udk,fawmfjrwfonf
tvHk;pHkudkodaom
oAk?
tvHk;pHkudk
jrifaom
oA'm0D jzpfawmfrl\ qkd&mwGif tdyfaysmfaeckduf vnf;aumif;? rqifjcifaom tckdufvnf;aumif;

odjrifawmfrljcif;
rSday/
tdyfaysmfaeckduf
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jzpfaeukef\/
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rqifjcifaom
tckdufvnf;
odjrifawmfrljcif;
rSd/
oAkwPfawmfjzifh
qifjcifawmfrlrSom
odjrifjcif;iSm pGrf;Ekdif\/
22/
Oyrm
tpGrf;xufjrufaom
tdyfaysmfaeaomfvnf;aumif;?
rSefajymif;BuD;ukd
toHk;ryaomfvnf;aumif;
vuf0,fydkifydkifudkifxm;oltm;
rSefajymif;\
xufjrufaompGrf;tm;rSm
rxifSm;aomfvnf; rSefajymif;udk tpGrf;xufjrufrI rSd[k rqkdomouJhodkU xkdUtwl tdyfaysmfaeckduf

rqifjcifckduf
rodrjrifaomfvnf;
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tvHk;pHkudk
rjrif[kvnf;aumif;
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(u)
oAl oA'm0D ty&daooH P'eH y#dZmemwDwd [d 'H tEkZmedwAH od,m?
(c)
p&awm p ar/y/ ypKy|dwEd 'H ye emEkZmedwAH?
(*)
oAkwnmaPe [d tm0ZdwGm yZmemwd (r | 3? 136/)
601
tpodkU

t"dym,fqkdvdkcsuf
(u)
tvHk;pHkudk od\? tvHk;pHkudk jrif\? t<uif;rJhPftjrifudk 0efcH\ [laom pum;udk

jrwfpGmbk&m;onf 0efcHawmfrl&m\/
(c)
oGm;aeonf jzpfap &yfaeonf jzpfap tdyfaysmfaeonf jzpfap Ekd;Mum;aeonf jzpfap

tNrJrjywf tcgcyfodrf; Pftjrif aS;Ixif\ [laom pum;udkom jrpfy,fawmfrl\/
(vufcHawmfrrl)/
(*)
oAkwPfjzifh qifjcifrSom tvHk;pHkudk odawmfrl\/
wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh odolrSd
23/
om"uudk
oAkwPfESifhpyf rZdryPmoygVd uPuwvokwf ESm 328-329- vmaom

xkwfaqmif
Sif;vif;jy&ayOD;rnf/
tcgwpfyg;
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
uPuwv
trnfSdaom awm0,f aeawmfrl\/ xkdpOfu yae'Daumovrif;BuD;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;xHokdU

csOf;uyf oAkwPfESifh ywfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk oHo,uif;atmif ar;zl;avNyD/
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0efcHEkdifaom orP aomfvnf;aumif; jAm[aomfvnf;aumif; rSdEkdif? odkU 0efcHEkdifaom taMumif;rsdK;
rSdEkdif[k &[ef;a*gwru ajymqkdaMumif; tuREkfyf Mum;od&yg\/y/ odkU ajymqkdMuolrsm;onf
bk&m;pum;twkdif; ajymqkdjcif; [kwfygoavm? pGyfpGJ&m ra&mufygoavm? uJh&JU&m ra&mufygoavm}}/
24/
uJhodkU
yae'Daumovrif;u
avQmufxm;aomtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
atmufygtwkdif; jyefajzMum;av onf/

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0efcHEkdifaom
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taMumif;rsdK;
rSdEkdif[k
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&[ef;a*gwru
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rSdEkdif/
(vdkufvH
odkU
0efcHEkdifaom
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ighpum;twkdif; ajymjcif;r[kwf? ighukd pGyfpGJ&m a&muf\/ uJh&JU&m a&muf\}}

25/
bk&m;Sif\tajzpum;udk Mum;aomtcg aumovrif;BuD;u atmufygtwkdif;quf
ar;avQmufjyefavonf/
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vlawG
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wjcm;jzpfaeygonf/
Sif;jyawmfrlyg bk&m;}}
aumovrif;\
tar;pum;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
atmufygtwkdif;
wdwdusus
602
Sif;jyawmfrlavonf/
tpodkU
]]rif;BuD;
wpfBudrfwnf;jzifhomvQif
tvHk;pHkudk
odEkdifaom?
tvHk;pHkudk
jrifEkdifaom
orPaomfvnf;aumif; jAm[P aomfvnf;aumif; rSd? odEkdif jrifEkdifaom taMumif;rsdK;onf rSdEkdif?

pum;udk &nf ig ajymqkdjcif; jzpfonf}}/
26/
vdkonf/
okwf bk&m;ocif rdefUMum;aom pum;\ t"dym,fukd rdrd&& aumufwwfzkdU

a[mawmfrlvdk&if;rSm ]]tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odaomol jrifaomol rSd[k ig ra[m?
tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUukd odaomol jrifaomol Sd\[k ig a[monf/ odkUaomf wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh

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ajzawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfonf/ cH qkd&aomf ]]tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wkdUudk odjrifaom oAkyk*dKvftrSef Sdonf/
tvHk;pHkudk odaomfvnf; wpfBudrfwnf;jzifh tukefod tukefjrif[laom teufoabmudk rrSwf&}} [k
qkdvkdayonf/
27/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
uJhodkU
oAkwPftaMumif;udk
wdwdususSif;jyaomtcg
yae'Daumovrif;BuD;onf vGefpGm oabmus 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHygaMumif;]]oAnKwH r,H baE b*0EH tykpdrSm? oAkwH b*0g Asmumod? w yerSmuH kpwd
ap0 crwd p? awe prSm twrem}} (r 2? 333/)
[k avQmufxm;avonf/
jrefrmjyef
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jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
oAkwPftaMumif;udk
ajzMum;awmfrl\/
xkdajzMum;awmfrlcsufukdvnf;
tuREkfyfwkdUonf oabmvnf;usyg\/ ESpfvnf; ESpfoufyg\/ xkdtajzjzifhvnf; ESpfvdkaompdwf

SdMuygukef\/}}
28/
uPuwvokwf Ak'udk,fwkdif oAkwPftaMumif;udk twdtus taotcsm
a[mxm;ygvsuf ]]t|uxmq&mwkdUu Ak'onf bmrqkd tMum;tjrif todSdaom oAkwPf

&Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[efSd\}} [laom tbd"rmq&mpdefqkdol\ a&;om;csufonf bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;ESifh
vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
Ak'udk,fawmfwkdif oAnK[k0efcHyHk
29/
ormorK' (oAk)ESifhpyfvsOf; bk&m;udk,fwkdif 0efcHxm;yHkudkvnf; om"utjzpf
xkwfaqmifjyvdkufayOD;rnf/
aumovoH,kwf'[m&okwfwGif
yae'Daumovrif;BuD;u
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH csOf;uyf odkU ar;avQmuf zl;avonf/

]]b0rd aem a*gwarm tEkw&H ormoarm" tbdorKa'gwd yZmemwd}} (oH 1? 68/)
603
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
]]tSifa*gwronfvnf; twkrSdaom oAkwPfudk odol[l 0efcHygoavm}}/

xkdokdYar;avQmufaomtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
twdtvif;0efcHaMumif;
atmufygtwkdif;
rdefUMum;awmfrlonf/
]]t[H [d r[m&mZ tEkw&H ormoarm" tbdorKa'g}} (oH 1/ 68/)
jrefrmjyef
]]rif;BuD; rSefvSay\/ igonf twkrSdaom oAkwPfudk odawmfrl\}}/
30/
aumovoH,kwf '[&okwf bk&m;udk,fwkdif (oAk) jzpfaMumif; 0efcHxm;csuf
twdtvif;Sdygvsuf tbd"rmq&mpdefqkdolu r,HkMunfEkdifjcif;rSm rdpm'd|d rdpmouFy oabmrSvGJ

tjcm;oabmrjzpfEkdifacs/
31/
Ak'u
uJhodkU
oAkjzpfaMumif;
0efcHaomtcg
yae'Daumovu
wdwdq&mBuD;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;yHkudk odkU avQmufxm;jyefonf/ ]]tSifa*gwr yl&Puy paom

q&mBuD;wkdUukd oAkwPfSiftjzpf 0efcHyg oavm[l tuREkfyf udk,fwkdifar;&m oAktjzpf
olwkdU0efrcHMuyg/ tSifa*gwronf tG,fvnf;i,f\/ &[ef; yopfpvnf; jzpf\/ odkUjzpfvsuf
tb,fhaMumifh oAk[k 0efcHygoenf;}}/
aumovrif;u odkU ar;jref;aomtcg Ak'u ]]rif;udkvnf;aumif; a>rudkvnf;aumif;
rD;udkvnf;aumif; &[ef;udkvnf;aumif; 4-rsdK;udk i,fonf[k txifrao;oifhaMumif;}} rdefUawmfrl\/
'[&okwfawmf Ak'onf oAkwPfudk xkd;xGif; od\(&\) [k twdtvif;0efcHawmfrlonfudk
awGU&ayonf/
32/
okwf wdwdwkdUu oAktjzpf 0efrcH? a*gwrbk&m;uom oAktjzpf 0efcHonfudk
awGUSd&ayonf/
oabmw&m;a&;&m
odkU
bk&m;a[myd#uwfusrf;*ef
wm0efcHwpfOD;jzpfaom
txiftSm;
tbd"rmq&mpdef\
Sdygvsuf
orm'd|dtzGJUcsKyf\
]]t|uxmq&mwkdUonf
Ak'\
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk csD;ajrmufa&;om;&m xdkoAkwPf &Sdonfqkdaom wdwdq&mBuD;wkdUukd

tnhHrcHvdkonfu wpfaMumif;? Ak'udk tjcm;t&d,myk*dKvfwkdUESifh cGJjcm;xm;vdkaomaMumifh Ak'onf bmrqkd
tMum;tjrif todSdaom oAkwPf &Sdonf[k jyqkdMu[ef wl\}} [laom a&;om;csufonf
t|uxmq&mwkdUukd jyuf&,fyjcif; bk&m;ocifukd apmfum;jcif;jzpf t"r0g'DwkdU\ rawmfrw&m;
pGyfpGJa&;om;jcif;om jzpfonf[l 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
604
tpodkU

ygVdawmfwkdU vmSdyHk
33/
pk'dwutzGJUom;wkdUu
if;wkdU\
xifjrifcsufoufoufjzifh
oAkwPf[lonf
t|uxmq&mwkdU vkyfBuH xm;aom *kPfyk'f jzpfav[ef a&;om;xm;&m t|uxmwkdU vkyfBuHa&;om;csuf

r[kwfrl tbd"rmygVdawmfwkdYyif vmSdaMumif;udk xyfrH azmfjyayOD;thH/
]]uwarm p yk*avm ormorKa'g? a"uapm yk*avm ykAteEkkawok "arok
omrH opmed tbdorKZwd? ww p oAkwH ygykPmwd? Aavok p 0oDbm0H? t,H 0kpwd
yk*avm ormorKa'g}} (tbd 3/ 117/)
(yk*vynwd ygVdawmf)
jrefrmjyef
ormorK'yk*dKvf[lonf
tb,fenf;?
avmu
tcsdKUaom
yk*dKvfonf
aS;u
rMum;zl;ukefaom w&m;wkdU udk,fwkdif opmwkdUukd xkd;xGif; od\/ xdkopmw&m;wkdU tukeftpif

odjrifjcif;
(oAktjzpf)
okdUvnf;aumif;?
tm;awmfq,fwef
Pfawmfq,fyg;wkdU
avhvmEkdifeif;jcif;okdYvnf;aumif; a&muf\/ yk*dKvfudk ormorK'[k qkdtyf\/

rSwfcsuf/
yapuorK'yk*dKvftaMumif;
ygykPmwd=xkdopmw&m;wkdU
opmav;yg;udk
oAktjzpfodkU
odjcif;wlaomfvnf;
a[m&mum;
ra&muf}}
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
[k
]]e
vmSd\/
yapuAk'gwkdU
ww
oAkwH
ygVdawmfudkaxmuf
todcsif;
uGmjcm;aMumif;
tjcm;t&d,mwkdUESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm omyif uGmjcm;rnf jzpfaMumif;udk rSwfom;xm;oifh\/
obm0,kwdazmfjycsuf
34/
bk&m;a[mygVd
aom"u
tm*r,kwdtm;jzifh
oAkwPfSdyHk
a*gwrbk&m;Sif
oAkwPf&SdyHkwkdUukd jyNyD;aemuf avmuobm0,kwdtm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;taejzifh oAkwPf

&SdyHkudk jyOD;tHh/
yk*dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf todPf ynmSdvm&efrSm (xl;jcm;aom yg&rDSifrsm; r[kwfvQif)
tcsdef,lum qE 0D&d, orm"dwkdUjzifh avhvmud;ukwf tm;xkwfqnf;yl;&NrJ jzpfayonf/ rsufjrifavmu
ynmoif,laeMuaom ausmif;om;b0udk avhvmvQif 3-ESpf? 4-ESpfom ynmoifMum;EkdifolwkdUonf
rlvwef;tqifh ynmavmufom wwfajrmufMu\/ 6-ESpf? 7-ESpf oifMum;EkdifvQif tv,fwef;tqifh?
xkdxuftcsdef,lum avhvmtm;xkwfygvQif txufwef;tqifh wuodkvftqifh ponfh tqifhjrifynmudk
&SdEkdifayonf/ um; a,bk,soabmudk cHiHk oHk;oyfjcif; jzpf\/
605
tpodkU
tcsdKUaom olwkdUum; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tHhMoavmufatmif ynmxl;cRefonfukd awGUEkdifayonf/

Oyrm(u)
jrefrmjynfwGif
t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxufu
yd#uwfawmfrsm;udk
EIwfwuf
6-ESpfom;tG,f
tm*HkaqmifEkdif
armifxGef;udifonf
yd#uwfarmifxGef;udif[k
xifSm;cJhzl;onf/ ol\taMumif;rSm jrefrmjynfomru urmokdUyif ausmfMum;cJh\/

(c)
rHkGmcdkif
uEDrdUrS
ausmfMum;xifSm;aom
uEDq&mawmfBuD;\
r,fawmfBuD;
a':aumif;onf yd#uwfawmf ygVdpmayrsm;udk wpfBudrfrQ zwfIjcif;jzifh EIwfwuftm*Hk

&Sdavonf/
(*)
NAdwdoQ oHtrwfwpfOD;jzpfol 0DvsH[mrDvfwefonf 3-ESpftG,fuyif a[NAJ ([Dbl;)

bmomudk wwfajrmuf \/
7-ESpftG,fwGif a[NAJbmomudk oifMum;aeaom
wuodkvfausmif;om;wpfOD;xuf ydk wwfajrmufNyD; 12-ESpftG,fwGif ygSef tl&'l

[if'lpwefeD
(C)
tygt0if bmompum;aygif; 12-rsdK;udk ajymqkdEkdif\/
tar&duefjynfrS
0DvsH*sdrf;qpf'pfonf
touf
2-ESpftG,frSmyif
ta&;tzwf
wwfajrmuf\/
(i)
ocFsmynmbufwGif tG,fESifhrvdkufatmif xl;cRefaeaomuav;rsm;udkvnf; rMumcP

awGUjrifMum;odae&\/
xl;cRefrIrsm;um;
b0
avhvmqnf;yl;aom
0D&d,
ponfaMumifhom
r[kwfbJ
aS;aS;b0u avhvmcJhaom yg&rDukodkvftxHkwkdU\ taxmuftyHhu vGefuJpGmyg0ifaeaomaMumifhvnf;

jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wpfb0 ESpfb0ru b0aygif; &maxmifodef;oef;[k ra&wGufEkdif?
av;toFacsESifh
urmwpfodef;wkdU
SmrSD;awmfrlcJhavonf/
umvywfvHk;
b0rsdK;pHk
oAkwPfynm&dSa&;twGuf
usifvnfum
oAkwPfudk
y"meOD;wnfcsufxm;vsuf
jzpfav&m&m
b0rsm;pGmwkdU ay;urf;v'gef;jcif; ('geyg&rD)? tusifhoDvapmifhxdef;jcif; (oDvyg&rD)? umrtaESmiftzGJU

tdrftaESmiftzGJUwkdUrS cGJcGmxGufajrmufjcif; (aeuryg&rD)? todynmtxl;xl;udk qnf;yl;avhvmjcif;
(ynmyg&rD) paom yg&rDawmfwkdUukd trsm;olwkdYxuf xl;uJpGmjznfhusifhawmfrlvsuf oAkwPfynmudk
SmrSD;cJhavonf/
xkdokdU av;toacFsESifh urmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; xl;xl;uJuJ jznfhusifhqnf;yl;cJhjcif;aMumifh
&Sdvmaom ynmrSm rnfonfhyk*dKvf\ynmESifhrQ EIdif;,SOfwkdif;wmr&aom tvHk;pHkodaomynm (0g)
oAkwPfawmfom jzpf&ayrnf/
35/
xkdUjyif jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmfwdkUukd qifjcifavhvmvQif
oAkwPfawmfSif
w&m;awmf?
jrwfpGmbk&m;jzpfaMumif;
y#dporkym'f
w&m;awmfwkdUuJhokdU
odSdEkdifayonf/
rSefuefwdus
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
cufcJeufeJvSaom
opmav;yg;
w&m;awmfrsm;?
606
tpodkU
jA[ZmvokwfuJhokdU
t,l0g'rsdK;pHk
y|mef;usrf;BuD;tygt0if
rdpm'd|dtzHkzHkudk
vTrf;cH
tbd"rma'oemwkdUuJhokdU
a[mMum;aom
BuD;us,fvSaom
a'oemrsm;?
a'oemawmfwkdUukd
a[mMum;awmfrl&m if;a'oemawmfwkdUukd jzpfay:apaomPfrSm oAkwPfrSwyg; tjcm;Pf

rjzpfEkdifawmhay/
jA[ZmvokwfuJhokdU av;eufus,fjyefUaom okwfw&m;awmfBuD;rsm; "ro*FPD 0dbif; paom
tbd"rmckepfusrf; w&m;awmfrsm;udk zwfHkavmuf r[kwfbJ q&morm;enf; ususee oif,lqnf;yl;
avhvmusihfBuHzl;ol rSeforQ twdrfteufudk em;vnfNyD; bk&m;Siftm; oAkwPfawmfrSd[k rnfolrQ
rajym&JMuay/ yd#uoHk;yHkudk oabm a&;ajzESifhwuG EIwfiHkaqmifMuaom rnfonfhq&mawmfurQ
oAkwPfawmftay: oHo,rSdonfrSm xifSm;aom vufawGUom"u jzpfavonf/
36/
xkdUjyif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf udk,fawmfwkdifxkd;xGif;odSdaom w&m;tm;vHk;udk tukeftpif
a[mawmfrlcJhonf r[kwfay/ odSdxm;aomw&m;awmfwkdUteuf ow0gwkdUtusdK;Sdr,fh w&m;tcsdKU

wpfpdwfwpfa'oavmufukdom a[mMum;awmfrlcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ odawmfrlvsuf ra[mMum;cJhaom
w&m;wkdUum; a[mMum;NyD;w&m;wkdUxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm usefSdaeao;\/ tcsufonf atmufyg
r[m0*oH,kwygVd oDoyg0eokwf -ESm 383-jzifh xifSm;\/
37/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
aumorDjynf
,if;wkdufawm
oDwif;oHk;aexkdifawmfrlpOfu
tenf;i,faom ,if;wkduf GufwkdYukd vufjzifhudkif ]]&[ef;wkdU ig vufjzifh udkifxm;aom

,if;wkdufGufwdkUESifh (usefaom) awmtwGif;Sd ,if;wkdufGufwkdUonf tb,fu rsm;oenf;}} [k
ar;awmfrl\/ &[ef;wkdUu ]]tSifbk&m; jrwfpGmbk&m; vufjzifh udkifxm;aom ,if;wkdufGufwkdUonf
enf;vSyg\/ pifppfum; awmtwGif;Sd ,if;wkdufGufwkdUonfom rsm;vSygukef\/}} [k avQmufxm;Mu\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]&[ef;wkdU twlyif igonf xl;aomPfjzifh od ra[mMum;aom w&m;wkdUom
rsm;ukef\/ tb,fhaMumifh ra[moenf;[lrl r*fwnf;[laom tusifhjrwf\ tp r[kwf/y/ wPSmrS
xGufajrmuf&ef rjzpf? xkdUaMumifh ig ra[m[k rdefUawmfrl\/
(r[m0* oHokwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef
oDoyg-0eokwf-389)
xkdrQ
rsm;jym;vSaom
w&m;wkdUukd
odaomPfrSm
tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;rSd
odjrifaom
oAkwPfawmfyif jzpfayonf/ odkU jzpfEkdifcsuf obm0,kwdukd axmufvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;

tvHk;pHkodaom oAkwPfawmf SdaMumif; odEkdifonf/
a'0'wfudk &[ef;yay;jcif;
38/
a'0'wfukd &[ef;ycGifh ay;jcif;aMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wf\ aS;tjzpfukd rod?
jrwfpGmbk&m; oAkwPfrSd[k orm'd|dokawoetzGJUem,u q&mpdefu trSefw&m;okawoe

trSwf(1) pmapmif pGyfpGJ a&;om;cJh\/ aS;tjzpf[k qkd&m jzpfvwHUaom tem*wfudk qkdvdk[ef
607
tpodkU
Sdayonf/ q&mpdefonf a'0'wfudk &[ef;ycGifh ay;jcif;taMumif;udk rodaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?

jrwfpGmbk&m;\
w&m;a'oemwkdUudk
oabmaygufem;vnfrI
rSd?
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
Munfdkaom
o'gw&m;enf;yg;NyD; tjypfSmvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; xkdodkU pGyfpGJa&;om;jcif; jzpfayrnf/

a'0'wftm; &[ef;ycGifhay;jcif;taMumif;udk apm'uyk*dKvfwkdUu "ry't|uxmtukd;tum;jzifh
0daooapm'em
wifjycJhMuNyD;
jzpfonf/
rdvdEyOygVdawmfvnf;
rdvdErif;BuD;u
ar;
tSifem*aoeu atmufygtwkdif; ajzqkd awmfrlcJh\/

]]umkPdaum
r[m&mZ
b*0g
oAk
p?
umkane
r[m&mZ
b*0g
oAkwnmaPe a'0'w *w MoavmauaEm t'o a'0'wH/y/ tyAZdawmyd t,H

armCyk&daom uy|dwd, ar0urH tm,l[dwDwd umkane a'0'wH yAmaZod}} (ck 11? 14/)
(rdvdEyOygVd)
jrefrmjyef
rif;jrwf
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
oem;jcif;
]]ukPm}}vnf;
Sdawmfrl\/
tvHk;pHkaom
w&m;wkdUudkvnf; odawmfrl\/ oem;awmfrlaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oAkwPfawmfjzifh

a'0'wf\ vm;&m ]]*wd}} udk MunfhawmfrlonfSdaomf tyg,f usapwwfaom uHukd tm;xkwf
uka#wpfodef;ru rsm;pGmaom urmwkdUywfvHk; i&JwpfckrS i&J wpfckokdU ysufpD;us? a&muf&mwpfckrS
ysufpD;us
a&muf&mwpfckodkU
vm;a&mufvwHUaom
a'0'wfudk
jrifawmfrl\/
xkdtaMumif;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oAkwPfawmfjzifh odawmfrl a'0'wf\ tykdif;tjcm;rSdaom uHonf

igbk&m;\ omoemawmf &[ef;yonfSdaomf tqHk;tykdif;tjcm; Sdonf jzpfvwHU/ qif;&Jonf
aS;qkdcJhNyD;aom tydkif;tjcm;rSdaom uHukdaxmuf tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;Sdonf jzpfvwHY/ (r*fzkdvfrS)
tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom
olonf
&[ef;ryaomfvnf;
(i&J)
wpfurmywfvHk;
wnfvdrfhrnfom
jzpfaomuHukd tm;xkwfvwHU[k odawmfrl oem;aomaMumifh a'0'wfudk &[ef;yay;awmfrl\/

(rd jref? 123 /) (rdvdEyOygVdawmf jrefrmjyef)
if;ygVdawmfukd tusOf;csKyfaomf oAywPfawmf t&if;cHaom r[mukPmawmfaMumifh
a'0'wftm;
&[ef;ycGifhay;onf[k
rSwf,ltyf\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
a'0'wf\
aSUtjzpf
aemuftjzpfwkdUukd wpfb0omru b0 rsm;pGmwkdUukdyg odjrifawmfrlayonf/

39/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf bk&m;tjzpfokdU a&mufawmfrlcgrS rdrdtoufudk tE&m,fyrnfholwkdU\
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmifawmfrlonf r[kwfao;/ yg&rDjznfhusifh&if EkpOftcgwkdUvnf; rdrdOD;acgif;udk

ausmufcJjzifh xkum touf &efSmaom rsufaphvnf vrf;rSm;aeaom ykPm;wpfa,muftm; vrf;rSefukd
TefMum;jyoum tusdK;ukd aqmifawmfrlcJh\/ (Zmwut|uxm yr r[muydZmwf? ESm-70)
xkdokdU tusdK;udk aqmifcJhaom b0wkdUrSm rsm;jym;vSukef\/ vufSd orm'd|dokawoe
todkif;t0kdif; yk*dKvfrsdK;taejzifhum; rdrdukd &efrlrnfholtm; udwifumuG,f ESdrfeif;xm;rnfom jzpfonf/
608
tpodkU
odkU &efoludk ta&;,ljcif;onf vlomrefwdkUtwGuf obm0us[ef Sdaomfvnf; twkrSd xdyfwef;

olawmfaumif;BuD;jzpfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;tzkdUrlum; &efoludk udwifta&;,ljcif;onf obm0rusay/
orm'd|dokawoeorm;wkdUonf bk&m;udpudk bk&m;vdk rpOf;pm;bJ rdrdwkdUuJhodkU ukd,fcsif;pmNyD;
pOf;pm;aerdMuojzifh ,ckvdk pGyfpGJrdjcif; jzpfayonf/ bk&m;um; bk&m;aywnf;/
ao;Ekyfaom odumyk'frsm;
40/
oAkwPf&ygvsuf tb,faMumifh Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odumyk'frsm;udk
Ekwfy,fMuyg[k rdefUawmfrl&ygoenf;[l q&mpdefu apm'emxm;\/ oAkwPf rSdom xkduJhodkU

rdefUawmfrljcif;jzpf\[k
q&mpdefwkdU\
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUu
,lqcJhMujcif;
jzpfonf/
apm'uq&mawmfwkdUu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ao;i,faom odumyk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fypfMuavmh}} [k

wpfxpfcs
ckdif;awmfrrlbJ
Ekwfy,fvdku
Ekwfy,fMu[kom
ckdif;awmfrlcJhaMumif;ESifh
xkdokdU
rdefUMum;awmfrljcif;\ &nfG,fcsufESpfrsdK;udkyg ('D #D 2? 186) tudk;tum;jzifh 0daooapm'em

wifjycJhMuayonf/
41/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;onf rl&if;jzpfaom ygVdawmfudk MunfhIaomtcg 'DCedum,
r[m0*ygVd r[my&dedAmeokwf]]tmucFrmaem tmeE oHaCm rrpa,e ck'gEkck'umed odumy'ged orl[ewk}}

('D 2? 127/)
[k awGUSd&onf/
jrefrmjyef
]]tmeEm oHCmawmfonf ig uG,fvGefaomtcg tao;tEkyfodumyk'fwkdUukd Ekwfy,fvdkaomf
Ekwfy,favavmh}} [k jzpf\/
wGif q&mpdefu ]]Ekwfy,fvkdcJhaomf}} [laom pum;udk csefxm; ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom}} [laom
pum;udk xnfhoGif; xm;&m a[mawmfrl&if; pum;awmfESifh tmabmfvGJaeayonf/ q&mpdef a&;om;cJhaom
(8) trSwfjy pum;ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunhfyg/
rl&if;pum;awmfrSm ]]Ekwfy,fvkdcJhaomf Ekwfy,fav}} [k a[mawmfrl&um; ]]rEkwfy,fvdkaomf
rEkwfy,fESifh}} [laom t"dym,fpum;us oufa&mufawmhonfom jzpf\/
xkdokdU rdefUawmfrljcif;\ taMumif;rSmvnf; ao;i,faom odumyk'frsm;udk rusifhBuHvdkMuaom
yk*dKvfwkdU\
tvdk(yk*vZmo,)
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
omoemawmfESifh
oHCmawmfwkdU\
BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfyHkudk xifSm;apvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; rdefUMum;jcif; jzpfaMumif;ukd om&w'DyeD#Dum

wwd,wGJ (ESm-499) jyqkdxm;onf/ apm'uyk*dKvfwkdUuvnf; t"dym,frsdK;udk 0daooapm'em
jyqkdNyD; jzpf\/
609
tpodkU
42/

]]Ak'udk,fwkdif ynwfawmfrlcJhonfh odumydk'frsm; Ekwfy,foifhaom odumyk'frsm;
ygSdEkdifygrnfavm}} [k q&mpdefu xyfqifh apm'u wufxm;\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;awmf

]]Ekwfy,foifhaom ao;Ekyfaom odumyk'f rsm;udk}} [k rqkd? ]]ao;Ekyfaom odumyk'frsm;udk}} [kom
0daooerybJ qkdonf/ ]]Ekwfy,foifhaom}} [laom 0daooerSm q&mpdefu tydkxnfhxm;jcif; jzpfNyD;
rdrdxnfhxm;aom pum;&yfukd rdrdukd,fwkdif apm'emaejcif; jzpf\/ xkdUaMumifh ajzSif;zG,fyif rvdkawmhNyD/
43/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ wynfhom; om0uwkdUonf if;odumyk'fwkdUukd Ekwfy,fvdkaom qErSd?
wkd;om usifhBuH vkdMu&um; Ekwfy,foifhaom odumyk'frsm; Sd-rSdudk a0zef&efyif tvdkrSdMuay/

oAkwPfjzifh od r[mukPmawmfjzifh ynwfcJhaom odumyk'fwkdU y,fEkwfoifhaom odumyk'f[k
rSdvnf; rSday/
]],m0 uD0 bdua0 bduL tynwH e ynayEd? ynwH e orkpdEdEd? ,xm
ynawok odumya'ok orm'g, 0wdEd? 0k'da,0 bdua0 bduLeH yg#ducFg? aem
y&d[med/}} ('D 2? 65/)
]]&[ef;wkdU &[ef;wkdUonf (bk&m;) rynwfaomt&mudk rynwfbJ ynwfNyD;aomt&mudk
ry,fzsufbJ ynwfxm;orQaom odumyk'fwkdUudk aumif;pGmaqmufwnf usifhaeorQ umvywfvHk;
&[ef;wkdUtm; BuD;yGm;&efomSday\/ qkwf,kwf&efum; rSday/ (if; r[m0*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef ESm-75)
ygVdawmfukd axmuf jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfcJhaom odumyk'fwkdU y,fEkwfzG,fvnf; rSd?
jznfhpGufzG,fvnf; rvdk? twdtus jynfh0NyD;om;[k rSwf,l&rnf/
jyqkdcJhNyD;aom taMumif;rsm;udk rodaomaMumifhom q&mpdefonf jrwfpGmbk&m; oAkwPf
rSdav[ef a0zef a&;om;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/
0dZmoHk;yg;
44/
q&mpdefu ]]0dZmoHk;yg;onf &[Emwkdif; &Sdaom todPf jzpf\/ odkUqkdygrl Ak'ESifh
&[Em rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;}} [k a&;om;cJhjyef\/

0dZmoHk;yg;udk &[Emwkdif; r&Mu/ tcsdKUaom &[Emyk*dKvfwkdUom 0dZmoHk;yg;udk &MuaomaMumifh
q&mpdef\ pum; onf tpuyif rSm;,Gif;cJhavNyD/ xifSm;apOD;tHh/
wd0kwuygVd aw0dZokwf ESm-261? rZdryPmoygVd aw0dZ0pokwf ESm 249-ponfwkdUt&
0dZmoHk;yg;[lonf
ykaAed0gomEkwdPf?
'dApuKPf?
tmo0u,PfwkdU
jzpfMuonf/
xkdoHk;rsdK;wkdYwGif t&[wr*fudk tmom0u,[k qkd&aomaMumifh tmo0uPf[laom 0dZmonf

&[Emwkdif;
&Mu\/
ykaAed0gomEkwdPf?
'dApuKPfwkdUum;
psmeftbdnmOf&rS
jzpfay:EkdifaomaMumifh if;PfESpfrsdK;ukd &[Emwkdif; r&Mu? psmef tbdnmOf &aom &[EmwkdUom

&EkdifMuavonf/ xkdpum;rSef\/ ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmf okodrokwf rsm;pGmaom &[ef;wkdUonf
610
tpodkU
jrwfpGmbk&m;txHawmf t&[wzkdvf&aMumif; (&[EmjzpfaMumif;) avQmufxm;Mu&m okodrrnfaom

&[ef;u ]]tSifbk&m;wkdU xkduJhodkU odjrifMuvQif (&[EmjzpfMuvQif) wefckd;trsdK;rsdK; zefqif;Ekdifygovm;/
ykaAed0goudk atmufarhEkdifygovm;/ 'dApuKjzifh ow0gwkdUukd jrifEkdifygovm;}} ponfjzifh ar;jref;&m
xkd&[ef;wkdUu
wefckd;
rzefqif;EkdifaMumif;?
ykaAed0goudk
ratmufarhEkdifaMumif;?
'dApuKjzifh
rjrifEkdifaMumif; rdrdwkdUonf ynm0drkwrsm;om jzpfaMumif; ajzqkdMuonf/ xkd&[ef;wkdUonf xkd0gwGif;

t&[wzkdvf&olrsm; jzpfMu\/ (if;t|uxm 116)
45/
okodronf
avQmufxm;ar;jref;&m
xkd&[ef;wkdU
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
ajzMum;csufukd
em;rvnfojzifh
w&m;a[mawmfrlaomtcg
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH
&[EmtjzpfodkU
a&mufvm\/
okodronf oludk,fwkdif &[Emjzpfaomfvnf; 'd0d"? 'dAaomw? ykaAed0gomEkwd? 'dApuK ponf

r&bJ oku0dyuyif jzpfayonf/ xkdtaMumif;udk t|uxm ]]e au0vH wGar0 edZmeaum
oku0dyaum? {awyd bduL {0lyga,0}} [k rdefUqkdavonf/ (ed'geoH,kwf/ |-ESm-117)
46/
xkdUjyif ed'ge0*oH,kwf t|uxm o'rywdlyuokwf tzGifh ESm-187 ]]'ged umav ypaE wdam 0dZm ygykPdwHk toaumEm tmo0u,rwH
ygykPdEd}}[k zGifhqkdxm;\/
jrefrmjyef
,cktcg
umvMumvGefaomf
0dZmoHk;yg;odkU
a&mufjcif;iSm
rpGrf;EkdifMuonf
jzpf
tmo0u,rQodkUom a&mufMu ukefvwHU/

tzGifhukd axmufvnf; 0dZmoHk;yg;vHk; r&Muaom &[EmwkdUvnf; SdaMumif; xifSm;onf/
tcsKyftm;jzifh oku0dyu&[EmwkdUonf psmef? 0dZm? tbdnmOf? y#dord'gwkdUukd r&Mu/ xkdUaMumifh
0dZmoHk;yg;onf &[Emwkdif; &aom tbdnmOfjzpf\[laom q&mpdef\ pum;onf xifrdxif&m
a&;om;aom trSm;oufouf jzpf\/ tpuyif rSm;cJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh odkUqkdygrl Ak'ESifh &[Em
rnfodkU jcm;em;ygoenf;[laom aemufqufwGJykpmudk a0zef&efyif rvdktyfvSawmhay/
611
tpodkU

jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh &[EmwkdU jcm;em;yHk
47/
odkUaomf
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
&[EmwkdY
uGmjcm;yHkudk
t>rufrQ
jyqkdOD;thH/
&[Emyk*dKvfwkdUonf udavomtm;vHk; y,fowfNyD;Mucsif; wlaomfvnf; avmuDpsmef tbdnmOft&m

y#dord'gyw&[Em? qVbdn&[Em? aw0dZ&[Em? oku0dyu&[Em ponfjzifh &[Emcsif;vnf;
uGmjcm;Mu\/
0dZmoHk;yg;ukd
&aom
aw0dZ&[Emcsif;vnf;
uGmjcm;Mu\/
xifSm;apOD;tHh/
0dZmoHk;yg;wkdUwGif ykaAed0gomEkwd0dZmudk(1) wdwdrsm;?

(2) yuwdom0ursm;?
(3) r[mom0ursm;?
(4) t*om0ursm;?
(5) yapuAk'grsm;
(6) jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU &SdEkdifMu\/
xkdyk*dKvfwkdUwGif(1) wdwdwkdUonf urmav;q,fom atmufarhEkdifukef\/
(2) yuwdom0uwkdUonf urmwpf&m? wpfaxmif atmufarhEkdifukef\/
(3) r[mom0uwkdUonf urmwpfodef; atmufarhEkdifukef\/
(4) t*om0uwkdUonf wpftoacsFESifh urmwpfodef; atmufarhEkdifukef\/
(5) yapuAk'gwkdUonf ESpftoacFsESifh urmwpfodef; atmufarhEkdifukef\/
(6) jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdYonf tykdif;tjcm;rSd atmufarhEkdifukef\/
48/
xkdUjyifvnf;(1)
wdwdwkdYonf
cEmtpOfudk
avQmufom
atmufarhEkdifukef\/
tpOfudk
vTwf
pkwdy#doaEtm;jzifh atmufarhjcif;iSm rpGrf;EkdifMuukef/

(2-3) yuwdom0uESifh
r[mom0uwkdUonf
cEmtpOftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
pkwdy#doaEtm;jzifh vnf;aumif; atmufarhEkdifukef\/

(4)
t*om0uwkdUonf
cEmtpOftm;jzifh
atmufarh&ef
rvdkbJ
pkwdy#doaEtm;jzifh
atmufarhEkdifukef\/
(5)
yapuAk'wkdYvnf; xdkUtwlyif jzpf\/
(6)
jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdUonfum; cEmtpOfodkUvnf; avQmufzG,frvdk? pkwdy#doaEudkvnf;

IzG,frSdbJ tvdkSdovdk atmufarhEdkif\/
(0dok'dr*t|uxm? 'k-41? 'DCedum,r[m0*t|uxm-2/ y#dord'gr*t|uxm/y/323)
612
tpodkU
odkUvQif ykaAed0got&m om0ujzpfaom &[Emcsif;vnf; uGmjcm;Mu\/ &[EmESifh

jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdUonfum; omyif uGmjcm;awmhonfom/
49/
,m0wuH ye tmuacF,s? wm0wuH ya,s? {0H y&dok'H b*0awm 'dApuK/
(r[meda'oygVd/
277/
plVdeda'oygVd/
174)
wkdUukdaxmuf
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
'dApuKonf
tvdkawmfSdoavmuf IjrifEkdifaom tvGefpifMu,faom 'dApuKjzpf\/ tjcm;&[EmwkdU\ 'dApuKum;

tvdkSdoavmuf rjrifEkdif? odkU uGmjcm;\/
50/
t&[wr*fudk
tmo0u,0dZm[k
ac:\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\
tmo0u,0dZm
(t&[wr*f)onf udavomwkdUukd y,fowf&m 0goemESifhwuG y,fowfEkdif\/ tjcm;&[EmwkdU\

t&[wr*fonf 0goemESifhwuG ry,fowfEkdif? odkU tmo0u,0dZmcsif; uGmjcm;Mu\/ xkdUaMumifh
om&w'DyeD#Dum (y) 217? 0dok'dr*r[m#Dum (y) 219 wkdY ]]e [d XaywGm b*0EH tan
o[0goem, udavao y[mwHk oaumEd}} [k rdefUqkd\/ teufum;]][d?
rSef\/
b*0EH?
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk/
XaywGm?
csefxm;/
tan?
jrwfpGmbk&m;rSwyg;ukefaom (&[Em) yk*dKvfwkdUonf/ o[ 0goem,? 0goemESifhwuG/

udavao? udavomwkdUudk/ y[mwHk? y,fjcif;iSm/ e oaumEd? rpGrf;EkdifMuukef/}}
51/
tcsdKUolwkdU\
xkdUjyif
t&[wr*fonf
0dZmoHk;yg;udkom?
t&[wr*fonf
t&[wr*frSeforQ
tcsdKUolwkdU\
t&[wzdkvfudkom
t&[wr*fonf
y#dord'gav;yg;wkdUukdom
yapuaAm"dPfukdom
t&[wzkdvf[laomtusdK;udk
ay;Ekdif\/
ay;Ekdif\/
ay;EkdifMuaomfvnf;
tcsdKUolwkdU\
t&[wr*fonf
tbdnmOfajcmufyg;wkdUukdom?
ay;Ekdif\/
(y)
yapuAk'gwkdU\
jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\t&[wr*fum;
tcsdKUolwkdU\
t&[wr*fonf
tvHk;pHkaom*kPfwkdUESifh
jynfhpHkjcif;ukday;Ekdif\/ xkdUaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\ t&[wr*fudkom ]]tEkw& (twkSdaom) aAm"d}} [k

qkd&onf/ yg&mZduu@t|uxm y wGJ 110? t|uxmudk aumuf t&[wr*f[laom
tmo0u,0dZmcsif; uGmjcm;yHkudk odtyf\/
q&mpdefonf
yd#uwfpmayusrf;*ef
rESHUpyfSmojzifh
0dZmoHk;yg;ukd
&[Emwkdif;&onf[k
rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqa&;om;NyD; bk&m;ESifh &[Em ruGmjcm;[efjzifh bmomjcm;pma&;q&mwkdU\ avoHukd

aemufa,mifcHvdkufwwfHkrQjzifh a&;om;cJhavonf/ jyqkdcJhNyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdYt&]]&[Emwdkif; 0dZmoHk;yg; r&Mu? 0dZmoHk;yg;udk&aom &[Emcsif;aomfrSvnf; jcm;em;Mu\/
&[EmESifh jrwfpGmbk&m; uGmjcm;ykHrSmum; EIdif;,SOfyif r&Ekdif}} [k odom xifSm;NyD/
613
tpodkU

tom"m&PPfawmf
52/
odkU om0uwkdUESifh qufqH om0uwkdUvnf;Sdaom 0dZmoHk;yg;wkdU jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
om0u&[EmwkdU uGmjcm;Muonfomru &[Emom0uwkdU vkdufrrSDEkdif &[Emom0uwkdU rSd? jrwfpGm

bk&m;wkdUomSdaom tmom"m&PPfawmfwkdUvnf; Sdao;\/
if;PfawmfwkdUrSm(1)
ow0gwkdU\ aÈt,kwf tjrwf tEkt&ifhudkodaom NEd,ya&my&d,wPf/
(2)
ow0gwkdU\ tmo, tEko,udk odaom tmo,mEko,Pf/
(3)
tpHktpHkaom wefckd;jym#d[mudk jy&mjzpfaom ,ruyg#d[m&d,Pf/
(4)
r[mukPmormywfESifhwuG jzpfaomPf/
(5)
tvHk;pHkudkodaom oAkwPf/
(6)
twm;tqD;rSd odaom tem0&PPfwkdUjzpf\/

(y#dord'gr*fVd? 4/ if; t|uxm? y-54/)
PfawmfwkdUjzifhvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh tjcm;&[EmwkdUonf uGmjcm;Mu\/

53/
y#dord'gr*ygVdawmf-375-
&[Emyk*dKvf\ynmonf
yapuAk'g\ynmESifh
tvGefa0;uGm jcm;em;aMumif; &[Emudkaxmuf yapuAk'gonf a0;uGmjcm;em;aom ynmSdol

(tomrEynm)
rnfaMumif;
yapuAk'gESifh
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ynmonf
a0;uGm
yapuAk'gESifh
wpfavmuvHk;udkaxmuf jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tjrwfqHk; tuGmjcm;qHk;jzpfaom ynmSdyk*dKvf jzpfaMumif;

jyqkdxm;onf/
54/
ynmt&momvQif uGmjcm;awmfrlonf r[kwfao;?
oDv orm"d 0drkwd 0drkwd
P'e t&mwkdUvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf wpfavmuvHk;udk vTrf;cHpdk;rkd;Ekdif\/ omvGef awmfrl\

(0dok'dr* t|uxm? y? 201) jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oDv orm"d ynm paom emrum,
(emrfw&m;taygif;) jzifhom uGmjcm;awmfrlonfr[kwfao;/ 32-yg;aom a,mufsm;jrwfwkdU\ vuPm
ajcmufjzmaom
a&mifjcnfawmf
uGmjcm;ao;\/
um;
wkdUjzifh
wifhw,faom
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
lyum,awmfjzifhvnf;
&[EmwdkU
ruGmjcm;vS[k
&[EmwkdUESifh
xifaeaom
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdUuJodkUaom olrsm;twGuf t`rGufrQ jyqdkcsufwnf;/

55/
]]oAkwPfonf
0dZmokH;yg;wdkYudk
MuGif;usefrSd
xdk;xGif;NyD;
odjrif&SdcJhaom
Pfjzpf\}}[k q&mpdefu qdkjyefonf/ oAkwPf[lonf-0dZmokH;yg;jzpfonf[k qdkvdk[ef wl\/

trSefrSm-0dZmokH;yg;onf
om0uwdkUvnf;
qufqH\/
oAkwPfum;
om0uwdkUESifh
614
rqufqH? oD;jcm;jzpf\/
tpodkU

0dZmokH;yg;wdkUwGif ykaAed0gomEkwdonf vGefcJhNyD;aom twdwfw&m;wdkUudk tmHky\/
'dApuKonf ypyKef lygHkudk tmHky\/ (0dok'dr*t|uxm? 'k/ 63-64/ tbd"rm0wm&? 1147-1153*gxmrsm;) tmo0u,onf tyrmP A[d' e 0wAjzpfaom edAmefudktmkHy\/
(oDvuE0* t|uxm? 203/ y|me ygVd (y)/ 135/)
oAkwPfonf tvkH;pkHudktmkHy\/ (oDvuE0*t|uxm? 93) odkU tmkHtm; jzifhvnf;
0dZm okH;yg;ESifh oAkwPfwdkU rwlaMumif; oD;jcm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; odom\/
56/
y#dord'gr*ygVd 125/127 wdkU oAkwPftaMumif;udk ]]tvkH;pkHaom ocFw
tocFww&m; tvkH;pkHaom twdwf tem*wf ypyKefw&m;}} wdkUudk odaomaMumifh oAkw Pfrnf\

ponfjzifh tus,fjyqdkxm;onf/
xdkUaMumifh
0dZmokH;yg;udk
odjrifaomPfudk
oAkwPf
jzpfav[efqdkaom
q&mpdef\0g'onf trSm;oufoufom? tvkH;pkHodaom oAkwPfudk wpfpdwfwpfa'oom odaom

ya'oPfjzpfatmif a&;aompum;om[k a0zefokH;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
,aeUjrefrmEdkifiH ay:aygufaeaom awmifwGif;BuD;OD;Ou|\ *dkPf;om;wdkUonf dk;om;aom
Ak'bmom &[ef;Sifvltrsm;tm; rdpm'd|d acsmufurf;yg;odkU wGef;csaeMuolrsm;om jzpfMuonf?
wenf;tm;jzifY
vlUtjzpfudk
&cJjcif;
o'gw&m;ESifhjynfhpkHcJjcif;
bk&m;SifESifh
awGU&cJjcif;
olawmfaumif;w&m; em&cJjcif; &[ef;b0udk &cJjcif;[laom 'kvbw&m;ig;yg;udk &xm;olrsm;tm;

'kvbw&m; vufvGwfoGm;atmif jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmifaeMuolrsm;om jzpfayonf/
57/
odkU a0zefjyqdkcJhonfhtwkdif; oAkwPfawmfonf ygVdawmfwdkU txiftSm;
vmSdygvsuf
ygVdawmfwdkU
rygbJ
t|uxmq&mwdkU
vkyfBuH
a&;om;xm;av[efjzifh
ykwfcwfa&;om;Muaom orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0if pk'dwuwdkU\ pum;&yfrsm;onf vnf;aumif;

jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
&[EmwkdU
rsm;pGmuGmjcm;ygvsuf
rjcm;em;av[ef
ykwfcwfa0zefMuaom
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0if pk'dwuwdkU\ pum;&yfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;? ax&0g' yd#uwfygVdawmf

t|uxm
#DumwdkUESifY
qefUusifaomaMumifh
t"r0g'omjzpfonf?
if;0g'udk
ajymqdkMuaom
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUESifY ywfouforQ pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkUonf t"r0g'DwdkUom jzpfMuonf[k EdkifiHawmf

oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) q&mawmfwdkUu
wnDwGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
615
tpodkU

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19/
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24/
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9/
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11/
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12/
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13/
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14/
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16/

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17/
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18/
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22/
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23/
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24/
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28/
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tusdK;rSd? bmoma&; trdIufodkufrsm;[kyif q&mYenf;wl wynfhuvnf; xifjrif,lq[ef Sdayonf/
690
tpodkU

a"m0eokwf t"dym,frSef
3/
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tdk;jzpf bk&m; &[Em olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;\ "mwfawmf arGawmfrsm;ESifh rqkdifay/ xkdpum;rSef\/
'DCedum, r[m0*ygVd r[my&dedAmeokwf 117? t*kFw& edum, pwkuedygw xlyg&[okwf 567wkdUjrwfpGmbk&m;?
yapuAk'g?
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pMu0aw;rif;?
av;OD;udkom
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4/
apwDrxkdufaom vlomrefwkdU\ tdk;udk ylaZmf&m tusdK;rSdaomfvnf; apwDxkdufaom
"mwfawmfarGawmfwkdUukd ylaZmf&mum; tusdK;rsdK;pGm Sd\/ tusdK;SdaMumif;rSm,xm acg tmeE &anm pu0wd o&Da& y#dyZEd? /y/ awoH wH b0dwd 'DC&wH
[dwm, okcg, ('D? 2? 117)
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jrefrmjyef
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tavmif;awmfvnf;
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vrf;rav;cGqHk&m
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apwDukd
xkdapwD tMuifolwkdUonf yef;udkjzpfap? eHUomudk jzpfap? eHUomrIefUukdjzpfap
wifrlvnf; wifukefvwHU/
Sdckd;rlvnf; Sdckd;ukefvwHU/
pdwfjzifhrlvnf; MunfdkukefvwHh/
691
tpodkU
xkdokdUyjcif;onf MumjrifhpGmaomumvywfvHk; xkdolwkdUtm; pD;yGm;csrf;omtvkdUiSmjzpfvwHh}} ('D? jref? 2?

136)
xkdokdU a[mawmfrlonfhtwkdif;yif bk&m;Sif y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf tZmwowfrif; paom
Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdU apwDwnfxm;MuyHkudk]]tx acg &mZm rm*a"m}} ponfjzifh r[m0*ygVdawmf r[my&dedAmeokwf 137-
a[mawmfrl\/
if;ygVdawmft& jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf(1)
&mZ*d[fjynf tZmwowfrif; wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(2)
a0omvD vdp0Drif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(3)
uydv0wf omuD0ifrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(4)
tvuy AkvDrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(5)
&mrGm aumvd,rif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(6)
a0|'Dywkdif; if;wkdif;om; ykPm;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(7)
yg0gjynf rvmrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(8)
ukodemHk rvmrif;wkdU wnfxm;aom o&D&apwD?
(9)
a'gPykPm; wnfxm;aom wkrapwD?
(10)
arm&d,rif;wkdU wnfxm;aom t*Fg&apwD-
[l apwDq,fql SdcJhzl;aMumif; od&onf/
(r[m0*ygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 159-160) xkdUjyif
rdvdEyOmygVdawmf 323? (if;-jrefrmjyef 346)]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\
t*Fgudk;yg;ESifh
jynfhpHkaom
pum;awmfonfvnf;aumif;?
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paom y&dabm*apwDwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHCm&wemonfvnf;aumif; ukefrsdK;pHka&mif;aom aps;Hk
rnf\/
xkdaps;Hk
edAmeorwdwkdifatmifaom
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
ukefrsdK;pHkwkdUukd
Zmwdorwdtp
jzefUcif;xm;tyf\/
edAmefcsrf;omESifh
xkdaps;Hk
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xkdxkd
[laom
ukefwkdUukd
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apwDawmfwkdUudk ukefaps;HkBuD;ESifh EIdif; jyqkdxm;onf/
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'udPZeyk'f
aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm; aoNyD;aemuf yvkyfMuaom tdk;aq;yGJuJhokdU tusdK;rSdr[kwfaMumif; xifSm;onf/

a"m0eokwfvmpum; t&dyft>rufrQudk ,l vlomreftdk;ESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmfudk wpfwef;pm;wnf;
twlwl,lqum ypfy,fjcif; ryoifh? oAkbk&m;SifESifh ykxkZOfvlomrefwkdUukd xyfwlxyfrQxm;NyD;
692
tpodkU
pOf;pm;aeMuojzifhom ,ckuJhokdU "mwfawmf arGawmf rylaZmfaumif;[k t,lwdrf;apmif;Mujcif;jzpfonf/

bk&m;Sifonf wpfavmuvHk;xufjrwfonf[k ,lqvdkufHkjzifhyif jyem rSdawmhay/
5/
"ry' vmaom t*d'wjAm[P0wK t"dym,frSefukd qkdOD;tHh-
]]awmifudk udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfMu/ awmudk t&Hudk opfyifukd udk;uG,f&m[k qnf;uyfMu/

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ay;aeaom t*d'wykPm;tm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u xkdawm awmif t&H opfyifwkdUonf ab;uif;aom
jrwfaom udk;uG,f&m r[kwf? 'kucyfodrf;rS rvGwfEkdif[kvnf;aumif;? bk&m; w&m; oHCmwkdUonf
ab;uif;aom jrwfaom udk;uG,f&mjzpf\/ 'kucyfodrf;rS vGwfEkdif\[l vnf;aumif; "ry't|uxm
'k-159- a[mawmfrlonf/ if; a'oemawmf(u)
188-189 *gxmwkdUjzifh ab;uif;&m r[kwfaom awmawmif t&H opfyif paom

ukd;uG,f&mudk vnf;aumif;?
(c)
190-191-192 *gxmwkdUjzifh ab;uif;&m jzpfaom bk&m; w&m; oHCm- [laom

udk;uG,f&mudk vnf;aumif; a[mawmfrlonfukd awGU&\/
pk'wdwuyk*dKvf\ aom"emvTm (u) trSwfjy ab;uif;&m r[kwfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUukdom

xkwfjy (c) trSwfjy ab;uif;&m jzpfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUukd csefxm;cJhNyD; ]]odkU udk;uG,f&m[lorQudk
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rdk;rom; jyqkdxm;onf/
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jrwfaom udk;uG,f&mwkdUom jzpfMuonf/
"mwfawmf arGawmfwkdUukd dScdk;ylaZmfjcif;onf (u) trSwfjy
awm awmif t&H opfyifwkdUukd udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK; r[kwfrl (c) trSwfjy bk&m; w&m; oHCm
udk;uG,fjcif;rsdK;omvQif
tusHK;0ifonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf
"mwfawmf
arGawmf
wkdUukd
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xkdUaMumifh if;"ry'ygVdawmft&vnf; "mwfawmfarGawmf apwDawmfwkdUukd rylaZmf&[k t"dym,frxGuf?
ylaZmfoifh onf/ ylaZmfaumif;onf[lom t"dym,f xGufayonf/
6/
rnf\/
ed'geoH,kwf tbdeEeokwf ]]yx0D"mwfudk ESpfoufaomolonf 'kuudk ESpfoufonf

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tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf
0ga,m"mwfukd ESpfoufoludkvnf; xkdenf;twkdif; a[mawmfrl\/

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0dnmPf[laom
cEmig;yg;wkdUukd
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xkduJhodkUyif
a[mawmfrl\/
(cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf tbdeEeokwf/ 26)
693
tpodkU

puK aomw Cme Zd0Sg um, re ly o' *E &o azm|A "r [laom tm,we 12-
yg;wkdUukd
ESpfoufolwkdUudkvnf;
xkduJhodkUyif
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rvGwf[k
a[mawmfrl\/
ylaZmfjcif;udk
rvdkvm;ojzifh
jzpfatmif
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(oVm,we0*oH,kwygVd-246)/
pk'dwuyk*dKvf
"mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
tjypfjyvkd&um;
jrwfpGmbk&m;"mwfawmf
"mwfawmfESifh
a[maomokwfudkom xkwfjyxm;[ef wlayonf/

"mwfav;yg;omru
qifwlkd;rSm;
jrwfpGmbk&m; tvdkawmfrSm yx0D paom
cEmig;yg;
tm,we
12-yg;udk
trSefpifppftm;jzifh
ESpfoufjcif;
(wpfenf;)
wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;[lorQonf
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ryoifhay/
ESpfoufolrsm;udkyg
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a[mxm;ay\/
wPSm&m*omjzpf
Sd;ckd;ylaZmfjcif;um;
cEm
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Munfvifap ylaZmfjcif; Munfdkjcif;om jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh tbdeEeokwft&vnf; "mwfawmfrsm;udk
rylaZmfaumif;? rylaZmfoifh[laom teuf t"dym,f rxGufay/
7/
wpfzefvnf; cE0*oH,kwf 0uvdokwf ]]0uvd ... oifhrSm tykyfaumifudk
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wifhw,frIudk MunfhI tm;r&Ekdifjzpfum jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd tNrJwap MunfhIae&jcif;iSm &[ef;ycJhonf/
&[ef;yNyD;aemuf tpmtm[m& pm;oHk;csdefukdxm; useftcsdefrsm; o&Zm,fjcif; ur|mef;ESvHk;oGif;jcif;
ponfrybJ
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aeavonf/
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a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/ ("ry't|uxm? 'k? 380? t*Fkw&t|uxm? y? 195/)
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SdaMumif;udka, aw bdua0 bduL oDvorEm orm"dorEm ynmorEm /y/ 'erm[H bdua0
awoH bduLeH A[kyum&H 0'grd (ck?1?267)
[k wd0kwfygVdawmf a[mawmfrlonf/
xkdUjyif t*kFw&edum,f t|uedygwf r[memrokwf ESm-56-ESifh ZD0uokwf ESm-58 ]]rdrdvnf;
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694
tpodkU
('g,um)onf rdrdtusdK; olwyg;tusdK; ESpfrsdK;vHk;udk usifhaqmifolrnf\}} (tif?jref?3?57-8) [k

a[mawmfrl\/
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0dea, rap&rvH? o a0 oa'gwd 0kpwd (tH?1?149)/
[k a[mawmfrl\/
jrefrmjyef
(tMuifyk*dKvfonf) oDvESifh jynfhpHkolwkdUukd zl;jrifvdk\/ olawmfaumif;w&m;udk emMum;vdk\/
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xkdoludk pifppf o'gw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkaomol[k
qkdtyf\ (tif?jref?1?167)/
&[ef;awmfwkdUukd
zl;jrif&jcif;ukd
aumif;usdK;w&m;
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a[mawmfrlxm;ayonf/
8/
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qif;&Jukd vGefajrmufEkdif\[k ,lqonf r[kwf? xkdodkU ,lq zl;jrifjcif; ylaZmfjcif;
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pifppf "mwfawmf apwDawmf ylaZmfjcif;um;tom'd,Ea0 wxm*w a'0rEkm "mwk&weH 0wHK u&dwGm 0xm*w
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jrefrmjyef
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jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Pfawmf&wemudk tmHkyojzifh aumif;aom tusihfukd rSD0Jukefonfjzpf vl ewf edAmef
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695
tpodkU
jyqkdxm;onfhtwkdif;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\
"mwfawmf&wemudk
trSDyum
Pfawmf
*kPfawmfwkdUukd
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xkdUjyifvnf;]]apwd,H 0g aAm" 0g 'doGmyd [d Ak'g&rPH oHC'aee oHCm&rPH yDw Oyga'wGm
wa'0 c,awm 0,awm oroaEm t&[wH ygykPmwd}}[k
oDvuE0*t|uxm
166?
rlvyPmot|uxm?y?
258-wkdU
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jzpfay:vm\/
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t&[wzkdvfodkUyif a&mufEkdif\/
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t&[wzkdvfwkdifatmif tusdK;&onfrSm ,HkrSm;zG,f rvdkay/
pdwfxm;raumif; rzl;jrifwwfol?
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om0wdjynf wpfcgrQ ray;vzl;aomaMumifh t'dEykAu rnfaom ykPm;\om; r|uk@vDonf
tema&m*g& aocgeD; jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; zl;jrif& Munfdkaompdwfjzpfum vuftkyfcsDrkd; Sdckd;cJhav\/
xkdukodkvfaumif;rIudky
wm0womewfjynfokdU
a&muf&aMumif;ukd
0drme0wKygVdawmf
115?
0drme0wKt|uxm 303-4 jyqkd xm;onf/

onfrSwyg;vnf;
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wnfxm;Mu\/
trsdK;om;wpfa,mufonf
olwpfyg;wkdUukdvnf; ylaZmf&efwkdufwGef;\/
"mwfawmf
apwDawmfudk
ylaZmf
xkdtrsdK;om; wm0womewfjynfodkU a&muf&aMumif;ukd
0drme0wK ygVdawmf 112-3? 0drme0wKt|uxm 310-1- jyqkdxm;onf/
apwDawmfonf
ukodkvfyvkyf&mXme ukodkvfaTtkd; jrKyfESH&mXmewpfckjzpfonf[k ck'uygXygVd ed"du@okwf

apwd,rSd p oHaC 0g? yk*av twdxDok 0g/
rmw&d ydw&d pmyd? taxm aZ|rSd bmw&d (ck?1?10)
apwDawmf jzpfap? oHCmawmf jzpfap oDvSdaom yk*dKvf jzpfap? c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm;
jzpfap trd tz toufBuD;ol tpfukd OD;BuD; OD;av; jzpfap ukodkvfaTtkd;udk jrKyfESHvQif aumif;aom
jrKyfESHjcif;rnf\[k a[mawmfrl\/
apwDawmf "mwfawmfwkdUukd ylaZmfaomolwkdUonf aumif;usdK;csrf;om&ouJhokdU apwDawmf
"mwfawmf ylaZmfjcif;udk uJh&JUaomolwkdUonfvnf; qif;&J'ku a&mufMu&avonf/
&mZ*d[fjynf
ol<u,fwpfa,muf\ r,m; orD;ESifh acR;rwkdUonf Munfdkaompdwfjzifh "mwfawmfylaZmfrnf[k yef;eHUom

ponf,loGm;&ef jyifqif&m ol<u,fu ]]tdk;awGudk ylaZmfjcif;jzifh bmtusdK;Sdrnfenf;}} [k
696
tpodkU
Ncdrf;ajcmufwm;jrpfum "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;udk uJh&JUcJhavonf/
xkdrdef;rwkdUonf ol<u,f\pum;udk
rem,lbJ "mwfawmfylaZmfjcif;ukd yMu\/ uG,fvGefMuaomtcg ol<u,fu NydwmbHkjzpf if;\ r,m;

orD;ESifh acR;rwkdUu ewfjynf jzpf&avonf/ (ayw0wK t|uxm-197) xkdtaMumif;udk if;Nydwmu
tSifr[muytm; ]]wynfhawmfonf yef;eHUomwkdUudk aqmif,lum apwDawmfokdU oGm;aom r,m;
orD;ESifh acR;rwkdYukd wm;jrpf "mwfawmfylaZmfrIukd uJh&JUcJhaomaMumifh i&JESifhwlpGm NydwmbHk jzpfcJh&yg\}}
[k avQmufxm;avonf/
xkdUaemuf ]]NydwmbHkb0rS uRwfvGwf vlUb0okdY a&mufcJhvQif apwDylaZmfrIukd rarhravsmh
txyfxyfyygawmhrnf}} [l vlrkdufaemufrS aemifw&aompum;udk avQmufjyefonf (ck-2? 180)/
"mwfawmf
arGawmf
apwDawmfwkdUukd
ylaZmf
tusdK;SdaMumif;jzifh
apm'uyk*dKvfwkdUu
0daooapm'em wifjyaom ]]wd|aE edALaw pmyd}} paom 0drme0wKygVdawmf 66 ]]a,m ap ylaZ,s

orK'H}}
paom
ax&my'geygVd-168
ponfwkdUonfvnf;
ckdifvHkaom
om"ursm;
jzpfMu\/
"mwfawmfylaZmf tusdK;rSdonfhtaejzifh pk'dwuyk*dKvf wifjyaom a"m0eokwf? "ry' tbdeEeokwf

ponfwkdUonf ygVdawmf wkdufdkufvmonfhtwkdif; r[kwfbJ vkd&mqGJ t"dym,f,lxm;aomaMumifh
om"u rajrmufay/
0wfxnfESifh ouFef;
9/
0wfxnfzsOfpif;udk ouFef;[k rcGJjcm;awmhbJ t0wf[l wom;wnf; jrifMuNyD[k
vlaovljzpfq&mu y&rwftjrif &ifhoefaeonfhES,f a&;om;xm;\/
("mwfav;yg; tpkta0;?
kyftpkta0;[l jrifNyD[k qkdrS y&rwftjrif aygufzG,f&m Sdayonf/)

cEm tm,we "mwk tedp 'ku tew paom pum;onf y&rwfe,f rSefuef\/
ow0g
vl
ewf
rdef;r
a,mufsm;-paom
pum;onfvnf;
orkwde,f
yk*dKvf
rSefuefonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onfyif orKwdopmudk ry,fbJ ac:a0:ajymqkd oHk;EIef; a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/ xkdUaMumifh

oDvuE0*t|uxm
316-ponfwkdU
(oauFw0peH
opH?
avmuorKwd
u&PH)
[k
ajymqkdxm;Muonf/
xkdUaMumifhyif todPfSdolwkdUonf vlcsif;wlapum rdbESifh om;r,m;wef;wl rqufqHbJ
cGJjcm;um qufqHMuavonf/
0wfxnfzsOfpif;ESifh ouFef;ukd cGJjcm;odjrifwwfum bk&m; paom
t&d,myk*dKvfwkdU 0wfHkaomouFef;ukd dkaojrwfEkd;Muonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmf q'efqifrif;onfyif

aomEkwdK&frkqkd;\xH ouFef;ukd jrifaomtcg tdktao ycJhzl;onf/ (Zmwft|uxm? yr? 51/)
apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU wifjyaom ]]yaE 'doGme umom0H}} paom ax&my'gefygVdawmf ESm-52-ESifh
]]yAZdw y&dabma*g [d tm*g&dumeH apwd,|meda,m}} [laom yg&mZduu@t|uxm 'k-67
wkdUonfvnf; ouFef;udk kdaoav;pm; oifhaMumif; jyqkd&m om"u ajrmufMuayonf/
697
tpodkU
vlaovljzpfq&m a&;ouJhokdU 0wfxnfESifhouFef; twlwljzpfvQif ax&0g'&[ef;awmfrsm;onf

rnfonfht0wfrsdK;udkrqkd 0wfaumif;ayvdrfhrnf/
tusudk r0wfoifhay/
trSefum; &[ef;onf vl0wfaMumif\ t0wfykqkd;
trSefpifppfum; t0wfcsif;wlaomfvnf; rdef;ronf rdef;r\ t0wfukdom?
a,mufsm;onf a,mufsm;t0wfudkom? &[ef;onf &[ef;t0wf(ouFef;) udkom 0wfHkoifhonf/ 0wfHkrS

obm0usonf/
rQavmuf uGJjym;csufukd todPftoifhtwifhSdolrsm;yif odEkdifayonf/
ax&0g'
&[ef;awmfwkdU\ ouFef;onf jrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlonfh 0denf;a'oemawmfESifhtnD jzwf& csKyf&

qkd;&aom t0wfrsdK; jzpfonf/
ouFef; Sdoifhaom yrmP? qkd;oifhaom qkd;&nf? &ufoifhaom
csnftrsdK;tpm; ponfwkdUukd 0denf; ynwfcsufSd&m 0denf;udk avhvmzl;ygvQifvnf; vlUt0wfESifh

ouFef;ukd wpfom;wnf; jrifrnfr[kwfyg/
10/
aomwmyef vl'g,umu ykxkZOf &[ef;omraPwkdUudk Sdckd;xdkufaom taMumif;wkdUrSm
&[ef;tjzpfukd ywwfaom tusifhw&m;ESpfq,fESifh toGiftjyif ESpfrsdK;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;? tusifhw&m;

ESpfq,frSm (1) jrwfaom w&m; arGUavsmfjcif;? (2) jrwfaom OykofyrI tNrJSdjcif;? (3) jrwfaom
qGrf;cHrIpaom tusifhSdjcif;? (4) aumif;rGefpGm 0wfHkaexkdifjcif;? (5) puK paom aÈudk apmifhpnf;jcif;
ponfrsm;wnf;? toGiftjyifESpfrsdK;rSm (1) zef&nfqkd;aom ouFef;ukd 0wfHkjcif;? (2) OD;jynf;acgif;
wHk;&dwfjcif;wkdU jzpfaMumif; rdvdEyOmygVd 161 (if;jrefrmjyef? 175-6) jyqkdxm;onf/
xkdUjyif rdvdEyOm jrefrmjyef 275-yif]]rif;jrwf ... vl\ toGiftjyifonf rnDGwf? vlyk*dKvfonf toGiftjyif tm;enf;aomaMumifh
t&[wzkdvfodkU a&mufvQif a&mufaom xkdaeUyif &[ef;aomfvnf; y&\/ y&dedAmefaomfvnf; y&\}}
[k rdefUawmfrl\/
pum;&yfukd axmufvnf; ouFef; xl;jcm;aom *kPfSdaMumif;? ouFef;ESifh
0wfxnf jcm;em;aMumif; odEkdifay\/

zkax&fonf
aemiftem*wf
&[ef;
&[ef;rwkdU
trltusifhudk
oHa0*jzpfzG,f&m
a[mMum;xm;onfwGif ]]t*g&a0gp p umoma0? w'g awoH b0dwd}} (ax&*gxmygVd? 342)

aemiftcg (&[ef; &[ef;rwkdUonf) t&[w"ZouFef; dkaoMuvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k a[mawmfrlcJhonf/
,cktcg
vlaovljzpfq&mu
ouFef;ukd
rdkaovkdMuolwkdU\
aSUaqmifvrf;jyozG,f
0wfxnfzsOfpif;ukd ouFef;[k rcGJjcm;awmhbJ wpfom;wnf;jrifNyD[k vrf;rSm;ukd jyoGm;cJhavonf/

vlaovljzpfq&monf
dkufpfa';Apf
paom
Ak'0g'D
r[kwfonfh
ygVdynmSif
yk*dKvfrsm;u
bk&m;tjrwfqHk;0g'? bk&m; 6-ql0g'? bk&m; 25-ql0g'rsm; ay:vmjcif;onf Ak'\ ppfrSefaom

tew0g'xJwGif 0d&Pac: aygif;jrufrsm; xlxyfpGm aygufvmjcif;ESifh wlonf[k
wkdufdkufeD;yg;
bmomjyef
698
Mahapadana
Sutta
ponf
a&;om;xm;aom
pum;vHk;udk
Introduction to
tpodkU
bmoma&;trIdufodkuf[k oHk;EIef;jcif;rSm Ak'0g' wpfomoemvHk; Ak'0g'D tm;vHk;wkdUukd yrmrcefU

apmfum;vdkufjcif; om jzpfayonf/
cHiHkoHk;oyf qHk;jzwfjcif;
qkdtyfcJhNyD;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk cHiHk oHk;oyfaomfjrwfpGmbk&m;\
udk;uG,f&aom
0g'onf
0g'jzpf
"mwfawmf
vlaovljzpfq&mESifh
arGawmf
apwDykxkd;awmfrsm;udk
wynfhwkdU\
0g'onf
Sdckd;ylaZmf&aom
"mwfawmfarGawmf
apwDykxkd;awmfrsm;ukd rSdckd; rylaZmf&? trdIufodkuf[k ,lqaom 0g'jzpfojzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;0g'ESifh

qefUusifaomaMumifh t"r0g' jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtGwf qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
699
tpodkU

EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf-2
apm'em trSwf (13)
Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rI "avhxHk;pHy,f 0dedp,
Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;ESifh
ywfouf apm'emaom"em ESpf&yfukd 0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf
1/
apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;u vlaovljzpf pmtkyf pmrsufESm 127? 128 wGifygaom-
]]qDrD;tckd;wkdif ndxGef;jcif;? ylaZmfjcif;? 'l;axmufdkusdK; Sdckd;jcif; aMu;pnf acgif;avmif; xkd;jcif;?

"roDcsif; usL;&ifhjcif;? *kPfawmfzwfjcif;? Oykofapmifhjcif;? qkawmif;ywem yjcif;jzifh csOf;uyf&aom
ewfwkdU? bk&m;wkdU uREkfyfwkdU ,HkMunf&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhacs}} [laom a&;om;csufukd xkwfjy if;pum;t&
OD;Ou|ESifh
ol\MoZmcH
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUom;rsm;onf
qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;
paom
bmoma&;vkyfief;wkdU tusdK;&onf[k r,HkMunfbJ ypfy,fjcif;jzifh Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rI"avhxHk;pHrsm;ukd

zsufqD;Muonf[k apm'emMu\/
2/
if;apm'emudk orm'd|dokawoetzGJUu wdwdusus acsy aom"emjcif; ry/
ocifjrwfqkdif\
aom"emvTm
rlvyPmo
rlvy&d,m,okwf
ESm
1-rS
10-txd
tqkdtrdefUrsm;udk Munhf ]]if;okwftqHk; &[ef;awmfrsm;u auseyfjcif; rSdMuaMumif;udk awGU&ojzifh

jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom tcuftcJrsm; Sdonfjzpf&m olUtzkdU ravQmufwwfEkdifyg/
wwfpGrf;orQ wifjyygrnf}} qkd wifjyoGm;onf/
okdUaomf
xkdpum;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif rvG,faom
tcuftcJrsm; Sdonf[k ygSd&m if;pum;rSm acsyvdk&if; y"me r[kwfao;aomfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;tay:

,HkrSm;ouFm 0dpdudpmjzpfzG,fygSd pdppfa0zefOD;tHh3/
rlvyPmoygVd rlvy&d,m,okwf pmrsufESm 8- ]]'ra0gp b*0g? e aw bduK
b*0awm bmodwH tbdeEKEd=jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'oemawmfukd a[mawmfrlNyD/
&[ef;wkdUonf
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlaom w&m;a'oemawmfukd rESpfoufMuukef}} (r?jref?1?10) [k vmSd\/

xkdokdU rESpfoufjcif;taMumif;udk rlvyPmo t|uxm y-wGJ pmrsufESm 58- ]]aw yowm
bduL 'H b*0awm 0peH emEkarm'ok? uom tnmPaue=xkd&[ef;ig;&mwkdUonf rodaomaMumifh
rESpfoufMujcif;jzpf}} [k zGifhqkdxm;onf/ rdrdem;rvnfaom pum;udk rnfol ESpfoufygvdrfhrnfenf;/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf tb,fhaMumifh odjrifatmif (odjrif ESpfoufatmif) ra[moenf;?
rvG,faom
tcuftcJ
SdaomaMumifhavm-[k
ar;tHh?
xkd&[ef;wkdU\rmeudk
csdK;zsufatmif
rlvy&d,m,okwfudk a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfaomaMumifh xkd&[ef;wkdUPfjzifh rvkdufEkdifatmif rodjrifatmif

a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfonf[k
ajz&m\/
csJUOD;tHh?
xkd&[ef;wkdUonf
jAm[PZmwfSdolrsm;jzpf
700
tpodkU
aA'oHk;yHkwkdUukdvnf; yg&*la&muf wwfajrmufMuav&m ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;\ y&d,wfw&m;awmfukdvnf;

cPcsif;yif wwfajrmufMuvdrfhrnf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;a[monfukd bmrqkd cPcsif; odvdrhfrnf}} [k
rcefUrav; txifa&mufum rmewufaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf xkd&[ef;wkdU
pdwfjzpfyHkudkod ]]&[ef;rsm;onf olwkdU\ rmeajimifhukd ry,fEkwfvQif r*fzkdvfukd &EkdifMurnfr[kwf}}

[k
qifjcifawmfrlum
xkd&[ef;wkdUrmeukd
csdK;ESdrf&efyif
wrifrodatmif
PfrrDatmif
a[mawmfrljcif;jzpfonf/ um; rlvyPmo- t|uxm y-wGJ pmrsufESm 18?58- zGifhqkdcsufjzpf\/

xkdpum;t& jrwfpGmbk&m;twGuf rvG,faomtcuftcJrsm; rSd[k od&\/ xkdUaMumifh ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;rSmyif
rvG,faom tcuftcJrsm; Sdonf jzpf&m}} [laom ocifjrwfqkdif pum;udk trSm;pifppf[k rSwf&rnf/
ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUudk rMunfhwwf ajcajcjrpfjrpf rodem;rvnf onfhtwGufaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ao;odrfapvdkaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; ajymaompum;om jzpfonf [k
rSwf&ayonf/
,cktcg vlaovljzpfq&m\ pum;ESifh if;udk axmufcHwifjyaom ocifjrwfqkdif\ aom"emvTm
pum;wkdUukd pdppfa0zefaytHh-
qDrD;tckd;wkdif ndxGef;jcif;
4/
qDrD;tckdk;wkdif
(tarT;wkdif)
ndxGef;jcif;udk
vlaovljzpfq&mu
y,fzsufcJh\/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ aom"emvTm vnf; o*gxm0*oH,kwf? okE&duokwf? 161- a[mawmfrlaom]]ykPm; ... xif;udk rD;IdUaom oifonf rD;IdUumrQjzifh pifMu,f\[k ratmufarhvifh?
tb,fhaMumifhenf;? xkdxif;udk rD;IdUjcif;onf tyom jzpfonf/ xkdpum;onf rSef\/ tMuifolonf
tyjzpfaom rD;IdUjcif;jzifh pifMu,fjcif;udk tvdkSd\/ xkdoludk xkdrD;IdUjcif;aMumifh pifMu,f\[k ynmSdwkdU
rqkdukef}} [laom pum;&yfukd ukd;um; rD;ylaZmfrIESifh ywfouf jrwfpGmbk&m; tvkdrSd[k vnf;aumif;?
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vnf;aumif; acsyvTmwifoGif;um vlaovljzpf q&mY0g'udk axmufcHcJhonf/
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vHk;0rwlaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/
aS;u rD;ylaZmfrI (wpfenf;) rD;vkyfauR;rIrSm zGm;&maeUjzpfaom
rD;ukd,lxm; if;rD;ukd raoap&atmif tNrJwap avmifpmxnfh ay;NyD; axmywf? trJom;? ig; paom
pm;zG,fwkdUukd rD;xJokdUxnfhum ylaZmfjcif;rsdK; jzpf\/ {uuedygwf e*kF|Zmwf t|uxm? y? 519? 520-
bk&m;tavmif;awmf O'dpjA[PrsdK; jzpfpOfu xkdbk&m;tavmif; zGm;jrif&maeUjzpfaomrD;udk ,lxm;NyD;
]]tu,f tdrfaernfqkdygu aA'oHk;yHkudk oifyg/
awmxJodkU0ifum
rD;udkvkyfauR;vsuf
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jA[mhjynfokdUwufyg}}
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bk&m;
tavmif;awmfonf rD;udk,l rD;vkyfauR;vsuf aecJhavonf/ wpfaeUwGif EGm;wpfaumif& rD;bk&m;udk

EGm;om; (trJom;) pm;aprnf[k tBuHjzpf\/
qm;rygbJ pm;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/
qm;ESihf pm;aprnf[k
701
tpodkU
BuHum qm;Sm xGufcJhonf/
rkqdk;wkdUu EGm;udk owfpm;xm;av&m qm;Sm&mrStjyef EGm;udk
owfpm;xm;onfukd awGUaomtcg ]] rD;bk&m;onf udk,fhzkdUjzpfaom EGm;udkrQ rapmifhaSmufEkdif? ighudk

tb,frSm apmifhaSmufEkdifvdrfhrnfenf;}} [k owd&um rD;ukd Nidrf;owf &aoh&[ef; ychJaMumif;
jyqkdxm;onf/
'kuedygwf
oE0Zmwf
t|uxm
('k-39)vnf;
bk&m;tavmif;ykPm;onf
rdbwkdUu
zGm;aomaeYwGif ,lxm;aom rD;ukd ay;vdkuf xkdrD;ukd,lum vkyfauR;ylaZmfaeavonf/
wpfaeUwGif
EkdUCemudk& EkdUCemudk r[mjA[mtm; ylaZmfrnftBuHjzifh rD;xJokdU xnfhcJh&mrS ]]rdrd opfGufrkd;ausmif;

rD;avmifaomaMumifh
owd&um
rD;[laom
oif
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ig
rvkdcsifawmhNyD}}
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Nidrf;owfcJhaMumif; jyqkdxm;onf/
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqkdif
wifjyaom
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okE&duokwfvm
okE&dubm&'GgZ rD;ylaZmfyHkrSmvnf; jAm[P0g't& rD;bk&m;ylaZmfrIom jzpf\/ xifSm;aptHht* Zk[wDwd tm[kw yudyae e Zmavwd/y/ ok0dao"d-awm p jA[avmu*grd
ra*gwd (oH?|?1?214)/
if;t|uxmt& okE&dubm&'GgZonf rD;xJodkU ylaZmfzG,f&m? pm;aomufzG,f&mwdkUudkxnfh
rD;IdUcJh avonf/ xdkodkU ylaZmfNyD;aemuf <uif;usefaom Cemxrif;udk jrif BuHpnfonfrSm
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Cemxrif;udk
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<uif;usefaom
Cemxrif;udk jA[m\ yg;pyfrSjzpfaom jAm[Ptm; ay;v&vQif tza&m? om;udkyg a&mifh&Jap&m

auR;arG;&m
a&mufayrnf/
jAm[PudkSmcJh&mrS
jA[mhjynfc&D;udkvnf;
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
aumif;pGm
awGUjcif;jzpfonf/
okwfoifNyD;jzpfrnf}}
xdkUaemuf
[kBuHum
jrwfpGmbk&m;u
]]ykPm;..xif;udkrD;dIUaom oifonf rD;IdUumrQjzifh pifMu,f\ [k ratmufarhvifh}} ponfjzifh

a[mawmfrlonf/
um; aS;acwf jAm[PwdkU rD;ylaZmfyHk? rD;vkyfauR;yHkESifh okE&dubm&'GgZ rD;ylaZmfyHkwnf;/
olwdkU\ ylaZmfjcif;um; rD;udkylaZmfjcif; jzpfavonf/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkU
qDrD;ndxGef;ylaZmfjcif;rSm
qDrD;xJodkU
wpfpHkwpf&maompm;aomufzG,f
ylaZmfzG,fwdkUudk xnfhum rD;dIUaejcif;rsdK; r[kwf? rD;udk ylaZmfonf r[kwf? rD;xJodkUxnfh dIUvdkufaom

ypnf;udk r[mjA[mBuD; oHk;aqmifavNyDponfh t,lrsdK;vnf; rSd/ pifppfaomfum; ta&miftvif;udk
ay;vonfh taejzifh qDrD;udk ndxGef; ylaZmfMujcif; jzpfayonf/ rD;ta&miftvif;jzifh ylaZmfxdkufaom
olwdkUudk ylaZmfMujcif; jzpfayonf/
txl;rSwf&efum; - jAm[P0g'DwdkUu rD;udk ylaZmfjcif;jzpfonf/ Ak'0g'DwdkUu rD;tvif;a&mifjzifh
bk&m;udk ylaZmfjzif; jzpfonf/ rD;udk ylaZmfjcif; r[kwfay? odkU jcm;em;onf/
702
tpodkU
rD;xGef;&ef qD?qDrD;cGuf?za,mif;wdkif ponfwdkUonf okwefygVdawmfwdkU vmaom vzG,f0wK

(vaumif;aom ypnf;0wK) q,frsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;jzpfayonf/ cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmfaom tEH a'wd/y/ ygeH a'wd? 0wH a'wd? ,meH a'wd? rmvH a'wd? *EH a'wd? 0davyeH
a'wd? ao,sH a'wd? tm0oxH a'wd? y'Day,sH a'wd/ (oH?2?212)
xdkolonf xrif;udk ay;v\/y/ tazsmfudk t0wfudk ,mOfudk yef;udk eHomcJudk eHomaysmif;
eHom&nfudk\ tdyf&mae&mudk tdrf ausmif; Z&yfudk qDrD;xGef;&ef qD qDrD;cGuf qDrD;pm za,mif;wdkifudk
ay;v\/ (if;jrefrmjyef) xdkqDrD;xGef;&ef qDrD;cGuf za,mif;wdkif ponfudk ndxGef; ylaZmf v'gef;onf
jzpfap? rndxGef;bJ v'gef;onf jzpfap qDrD;tvyifjzpf\/ ndxGef;rI rndxGef;rIum; tcgtcGifhudk
axmufcsifh oifhovdk qEtavsmuf yvkyf&efyifjzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh 0drme0wK t|uxm-47
]]''gwd y'DyEd y'DyH OZmavaEm 0g tEkZmavaEm 0g y'Dy'geH ''gwd}} [k rdefUqdk\/
''gwd y'DyEd ''gwd y'DyH(qDrD;tvay;\)[lonf y'DyH? qDrD;udk/ OZmavaEm 0g?
xGef;ndaomfvnf;aumif;/ tEkZmavaEm 0g? rxGef;ndbJaomfvnf;aumif;/ y'Dy'geH? qDrD;tvudk/
''gwd? ay;v\/
o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVd? u''okwf 29- ]]u 'a'g a[mwd puKa'g = tb,fudk ay;vaom
olonf rsufpdudkvonf rnfygoenf;}}[k ewfom;wpfa,mufar;avQmufonfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u
]]'Dya'g a[mwd puKa'g=qDrD;udk ay;vaom olonf rsufpdudk ay;vonfrnf\}}[k ajzqdkawmfrlonf/
oH,kwft|uxm?y?78-
rSdaomaMumifh
]]trdkufarSmif0,f
ta&miftvif;qDrD;udk
rsufpdaumif;olwdkUyif
ay;volonf
tqif;udk
rsufpdudkvonfrnf\/
jrif&jcif;
tSiftEkk'guJhodkU
'dApuKESifh jynfhpHkjcif;udkyif &wwfonf}}[k zGifhjyxm;onf/

tarT;wdkif tcdk;txHkay;v&jcif; tusdK;udkvnf; ax&my'gefygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 379-]]jrwfpGmbk&m;tm;vnf;aumif;?
ay;vcJh&aomaMumifh
b0BuD;i,f
igonf
uHtm;avsmufywfukefaom
usifvnf&onfSdaomf
ausmfapmjcif;Sdol?
eufeJaomynmSdol?
tjrwfqHk;aom
xufaomynmSdol?
udk,fteHUarT;ol?
*dkPf;oHCmtm;vnf;aumif;
tcdk;txHkudk
tusdK;qufq,fyg;wdkUudk
cHpm;&ay\/
tNcHt&Hrsm;ol?
ajrBuD;txkESifhwlaom
jyefUajymaomynmSdol?
vsifaom
ynmSdol?
ynmSdol?
TifaomynmSdol?
vsifjrefaomynmSdoljzpf
tcdk;txHktv\
tpGrf;aMumifhomvQif ,cktcg at;jraom edAmefcsrf;omodkU a&muf&ay\}}[k jyqdkxm;\/

rQpum;jzifh Ak'bmom0ifwdkU qDrD;tarT;wdkif ndxGef;ylaZmfjcif;onf aS;acwf jAm[PwdkU\
rD;vkyfauR;ylaZmfjcif;ESifh wpfrsdK;wpfjcm;pDomjzpf aS;acwf xif;rD;ylaZmfrIae&mwGif ,ckacwf qDrD;
za,mif;wdkifwdkU tusHK;r0ifaMumif;? qDrD;ylaZmfrIonf bk&m;tavmif; paom olawmfaumif;wdkU
jznfhqnf;yl;aom 'geyg&rDwpfrsdK;jzpfaMumif; xifSm;onf/ ocifjrwfqdkifonf o*gxm0*oH,kwf?
703
tpodkU
okE&duokwf\ ,xmblwuseaom t"dyg,fudk rodjrif r,lqwwf? bmomjyefudkzwfwwfHkrQomSd

qDrD;ylaZmfjcif;onf ta&miftvif;vaom y'Dy'gersdK;jzpfonfudk rodaomaMumifhomvQif aS;acwf
jAm[PwdkU rD;ylaZmfrIESifh ,ckacwf qDrD; za,mif;wdkif ylaZmfrIudk a&maxG;,Sufwif rSwfxif ,lqrdjcif;
jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
ylaZmfjcif;
5/
ylaZmfjcif;udkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu y,fcJh\/ aom"emvTm ocifjrwfqdkifu
r[my&dedAmeokwf0,f a[mawmfrlaom ]]yef; eHUom wl&d,mjzifh ylaZmfjcif;xuf avmukw&mw&m;

tm;avsmfpGm usifhoHk;jcif;onfom tjrwfqHk;ylaZmfoum&rnf\}} [laom pum;&yfudk wifjyxm;\/
vlaovljzpfq&mu yef; eHUom ponfjzifh ylaZmfjcif;[k vnf;aumif;? tusifhjzifh ylaZmfjcif;[k
vnf;aumif;
txl;rcGJjcm;bJ
ylaZmfjcif;[k
omrnqdkxm;aomaMumifh
(tmrdoylZm?
"rylZm)
ESpfrsdK;vHk;udkyif y,f&ma&muf\/ xdkUaMumifh pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkif wifjyvmaom r[my&dedAmeokwfvm

tusifhjzifh ylaZmfjcif; [lonfudkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu y,fonf[kyif qdk&ayonf/
if;r[my&dedAmeokwf a[mawmfrlonfrSmvnf; tjrwfqHk;jzpfaom ylaZmfoum&udkom a[m
qDrD;? tarT;wdkif? yef;eHUomponfjzifh ylaZmfrIudk vHk;0ry&[k wm;jrpfawmfrlonf r[kwfay/ t*Fkw&ygVd?
vdp0dukrm&uokwf 68? if;jrefrmjyef 83-
]]vufHk;tm;udk;qnf;yl; acR;'D;'D;us jzpfaptyfukefaom? w&m;ESifhavsmfukefaom? w&m;ojzifh
&tyfukefaom? x<uvHkvjzifh &tyfukefaom pnf;pdrf OpmwdkUjzifh orP jAm[PwdkUudk tdktao
tav;tjrwfyaom
ylaZmfaom
trsdK;aumif;om;tm;
BuD;yGm;wdk;wwfjcif;udkom
arQmfvifhtyf\/
qkwf,kwf ysufqD;jcif;udk rarQmfvifhtyf}}[k a[mawmfrlonfudk axmuf ypnf;jzifh ylaZmfrI tmrdo

ylZmonfvnf; tusdK;rsm;aom tusifhaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
'l;axmuf dkusdK; Sdcdk;jcif;? *kPfawmfGwfzwfjcif;

6/
Sdcdk;jcif;? tdktaoyjcif;? *kPfawmf Gwfzwfjcif;wdkUudkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu
y,fcJh\/
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqdkifu t*FkwdK&f lyokwf jrefrmjyef 397-udk tusOf;csHK;wifjyNyD; ]]omoem,Ofaus;rI
tpydkif;wGif tqif; toHwdkU\ t&if;cHjzpfaom vlrsm;pk\ tvdkqEtavsmuf qGJaqmifMu&onfrSm
wpfenf;tm;jzifh trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;rIyif jzpf&jcif;ygbk&m;/ omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifhum; wjcm;pDom
SdaMumif;}} jzifh aom"emvTm wifoGif;\/ Sdcdk;jcif;? *kPfawmf Gwfzwfjcif;wdkUonf if; lyokwft&
omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifh wjcm;pD[k acsy vlaovljzpfq&mYpum;udk axmufcHcJhavonf/
704
tpodkU
xdkokwfqdkvdkonfrSm(1)
tqif;oPmefudkMunfh tqif;oPmefaumif;aomaMumifh Munfdkol?
(2)
olwyg;wdkY\csD;rGrf;oHudk Mum;& toHMum;Munfdkol?
(3)
acgif;yg;pGm usifhBuHaexdkifonfudk jrif Munfdkol?
(4)
oDv orm"d ynmw&m;udk odjrif Munfdkol
[k yk*dKvf 4-rsdK; 4-pm;Sdonf/

xdk 4-rsdK;wdkUwGif tqif;? toHudk yrmPyol (yrmPyMunfdkol)wdkYonf qE&m* tvdkodkU
vdkufyg& tZwoEmefjzpfaom *kPf? A[d'jzpfaom tusifhudk rodukef? olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;aom
csD;rGrf;oHjzifhom arsmyg&awmh\/ tZw? A[d'jzpfaom*kPfudk odolwdkUonfum; tqD;twm;rSd odjrif
onfjzpf olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;oHjzifh rarsm&awmh[k qdkvdkonf/
xdkokwft& ]]oifwdkUonf oifwdkUMunfdkaeaom tMunfdkcHyk*dKvf\ kyftqif;oPmefudk
jrif&Hk? xdkyk*dKvftm; olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;oHudk Mum;&HkrQjzifh (kyfjrif? oHMum;rQjzifh) ESpfouf auseyftm;&
raeMuvifhOD;/
xdkyk*dKvf\
twGif;oEmefjzpfaom
oDv
orm"d
ynm*kPfESifh
tyjzpfaom
tusifhudkodatmif yygOD;}} [k jrwfpGmbk&m; qHk;rawmfrlvdk&if; jzpfayonf/ bk&m;Sdrcdk;vifh? *kPfawmf

rGwfzwfvifh[k qHk;rawmfrlvdk&if; r[kwfay/ tMunfdkcHyk*dKvf\ tZwoEmef jzpfaom*kPf?
A[d'oEmefjzpfaom tusifhudk rodjrifbJ olwyg;wdkU ajymoHMum;rQjzifh Munfdkaom olwdkUudkom
toHjzifharsmol[k qdk&onf/ bk&m;Sdcdk;ol? *kPfawmf GwfzwfolwdkUudk toHjzifharsmol[k qdkonfr[kwf/
xdkUaMumifh ]]omoem\ qdkvdk&if;ESifh wjcm;pD}} [k rqdkvifh/ ocifjrwfqkdifonf lyokwf\
teuft"dyg,fudk usepGm r,lwwf aomaMumifhom xdkuJhodkU qdkrdjcif; jzpfavonf/
rSwfcsuf/
/ toHt& olwyg;wdkU csD;rGrf;MuaomtoHudk ,ljcif;rSm yk*vynwdygVdawmf 162-vm
aCmoyrmPyk*dKvfudk tus,fjyaomygVdt& jzpfonf/

Sdcdk;jcif;? tdktaoyjcif; tpOftvmonf &wemoHk;yg;udk dkaoav;pm;Muaom Ak'bmom0if
olawmfpifwdkU yavhSdaom tpOftvmaumif;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;
om0wdjynfaepOfu
tvGefrmeBuD;ojzifh
rmew'rnfaom
ykPm;onfyif
jrwfpGmbk&m; ajcawmf&if; 0yfpif;OD;cdkufum Sdcdk;NyD;vQif jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; ]]tb,fyk*dKvfwdkU rmeudk

ry&moenf;? tb,f yk*dKvfwdkU dkaorI? aumif;pGm ylaZmfrIudk y&oenf;}} [k ar;avQmuf&m
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]trd? tz? tpfudkBuD; (tpfrBuD;)? q&mwdkU rmeudk ry&m? if;yk*dKvfwdkU dkaorI?
aumif;pGmylaZmfrIudk y&m\}}[k a[mawmfrlonf/(o*gxm0*oH,kwygVd? rmew'okwf-180)
aygu&omwdykPm;BuD;onfvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;udk qnf;uyfudk;uG,fol OygoumjzpfNyD;aemuf
atmufygtwdkif; avQmufxm;cJhonf/
705
tpodkU

]],xmp b0H a*gwarm Ou|m, tnmed Oygouukvmed OyouFrwd/y/ awoH wH
b0dwd 'DC&wH [dwm, okcg,}} ('D? 1? 103)

]]tSifa*gwronf Ou|rdU tjcm;aom OygoumtdrfwdkUodkU <ua&mufawmf rlouJhodkU
aygu&omwdykPm; tdrfodkUvnf; <ua&mufawmfrlyg/ xdk aygu&omwdykPm;tdrf tMuif vkvifysdK?
vHkrysdKwdkUonf tSifa*gwrudk tdktao Sdcdk;rlvnf; Sdcdk;ukefvwH/ c&D;OD;udyrlvnf; yukefvwH/
ae&mudk ay;vrlvnf; ay;vukefvwH/ a&udk ay;vrlvnf; ay;vukefvwH/ pdwfudkMunfvifaprlvnf;
MunfvifapukefvwH/ xdk (odkYyjcif;)onf MumjrifhpGmaom umvywfvHk; xdkvkvifysdK? vHkrysdKwdkU\ pD;yGm;
csrf;om tvdkUiSm jzpfygvwH}}[k avQmuf\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]]uvsmPH 0kpwd jAm[P=ykPm; aumif;aompum;ukd oifqdkay\}}[k rdefUawmf
rlownf;/ ('D? jref? 1? 104)
jA[m,kykPm;BuD; tdktaoyyHkudkvnf; rZdryPmoygVd? jA[m,kokwf]]{0H 0kaw jA[m,k jAm[aPm O|m,moem {uHoH Ow&mo* u&dwGm b*0awm
yga'ok od&om edywdwGm b*0awm yg'ged rkace y&dpkrwd? ygPD[d p y&dorm[wd}}
(r? 2? 345)/
odkUrdefUawmfrlonfSdaomf
jA[m,kykPm;onf
ae&mrSx
vuf0Jwpfzuf
ykcHk;xuf
udk,f0wfudk pHy,fwifonfudky jrwfpGmbk&m;\ ajcawmfwdkU OD;wdkufum ajcawmfwdkUudk cHwGif;jzifhvnf;

pkyf\/ vufwdkUjzifhvnf; oHk;oyf\}}[k rdefUqdkxm;onf/
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef ESm-242- vnf; ]]odkU ajymqdkaomf ZmPkamPdykPm;onf
tvHk;pHkjzLaom jrnf;uaom&xm;rS oufqif; ykcHk;wpfzuf udk,f0wfudkwif jrwfpGmbk&m;Sd&mt&yfodkY
vuftkyfudkGwf oHk;BudrfO'gef;pum;udk >rufqdk\}}[k rdefUqdkonf/ xdkykPm;>rufqdkaom O'gef;pum;rSm
,cktcg Ak'bmom olawmfpif trsm;wdkU\EIwfzsm; rMumcP GwfqdkMuaom ]]earm w b*0awm
t&[awm ormorK'}}[laom bk&m;Sdcdk;yifjzpfonf/ *kPfawmfoHk;yk'fudk Gwfqdk bk&m;Sdcdk;jcif;yif
jzpfayonf/
tmVm0ubDvl;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh w&m;(oHCm)wdkUudk Sdcdk;vsuf vSnfhvnfrnf jzpfaMumif;udk
okwedygwygVd]]aom t[H 0dp&dmrd? *grm *grH yk&m yk&H/
errmaem orK'H? "r p ok"rwH/}} (ck?1?307)
[laom*gxmjzifh ajymqdkBuHK;0g;cJhavonf/
jrefrmjyef
]]xdkigonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;?
w&m;awmf\
aumif;aomw&m;\
tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; Sdcdk;vsuf wpfGmrS wpfGm? wpfrdUrS wpfrdUodkY vSnfhvnfygawmhtHh/}}
706
tpodkU
(ck? jref? 1? 291)

tSifom&dykw&max&f\tavmif;
o&'vkvif
(okkpd&aoh)onf
vnf;aumif;?
aomruax&fonf vnf;aumif;? acrmax&Donf vnf;aumif; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmfwdkUudk Gwfqdk

ylaZmfcJhaMumif; ty'geygVd/ y? 22?225/ ax&Dty'geygVd 227-wdkU vmSdonf/
ed*Pem#ykw\ wynfhjzpfcJhzl;aom Oygvdol<u,fonfvnf; ]]"D& 0d*warm[? ybdEcDv 0dZdw0dZ,/
teDC okorpdw? 0k'oDv om"kyn/
a0orE& 0drv? b*0awm w om0aum[rod/}} (r? 2?48)
]]tuREkfyfonf jrJNrHaom ynmSdawmfrlaom? arm[uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom? ajimifhwHoif;wdkUudk
zsufqD;awmfrlNyD;aom? atmifNyD;aomatmifyGJSdawmfrlaom? qif;&Juif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom? nDrQaompdwf
Sdawmfrlaom? BuD;yGm;aomtusifhoDv Sdawmfrlaom? aumif;jrwfaomynm Sdawmfrlaom? &m*tpSdaom
tqdyfudk vGefajrmufawmfrlNyD;aom? &m* tnpftaMu; uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;\wynfh
jzpfay\ (r?jref?2?53)}} ponfjzifh oHk;yg'Sd *gxm q,f*gxmwdkUjzifh jrwfpGmbk&m;*kPfawmfwdkUudk
GwfqdkcJhav&m olUq&mjzpfcJhzl;aom ed*Pu ]]ol<u,f..oifonf &[ef;a*gwr\ *kPfaus;Zl;wdkUudk
b,ftcgu zGJUqdkoDukef;xm;oenf;}}[kyif ar;jref;cJhavonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmef0ifpHNyD;aemufvnf; t|uxm? #Dumpaom usrf;yyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? usrf;yr[kwfaom Ak'bmom0if olawmfpif trsm;onfvnf;aumif; bk&m;paom
&wemoHk;yg;wdkUtm; av;pm;pGmyif Sdcdk;cJhMuayonf/ Sdcdk;jcif;udky,faom vlaovljzpfq&mESifh aemufvdkuf
wpfpkwdkUonfum; rmepaom tukodkvfw&m;qdk;rsm; ESdyfpufcHae&aomaMumifhom odkU y,frdayonf[k
oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
tdktaoyjcif;
7/
dkaoxdkufaom olwdkUudk tdktao yjcif;onf ]]*g&a0g p? ed0gawm p? oEK|d p?
uwnKwm}} paom r*Fvokwf ygVdt& aumif;usdK;w&m; wdk;yGm;aMumif; r*Fvmwpf&yf jzpfayonf/

yknud&d,0wK q,fyg;wdkUwGifvnf; wpfyg;tygt0if jzpfayonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwdkifyif
opmav;yg;w&m;udk odNyD;p(bk&m;jzpfNyD;p) Oka0vawm ae&O&mjrpfurf; qdwfausmif;anmifyif&if;
aeawmfrlpOf ]]dkaop&m? rSDcdkp&mrSdbJaejcif;onf qif;&JvS\/ igonf tb,fodkUaom orPjAm[Pudk
tdktao tav;tjrwf trSDo[Jy ae&ygtHhenf;}}[k tBuHjzpf\/
xdkUaemuf udk,fawmfjrwfxuf omvGef oDv? orm"d? ynm? 0drkwd *kPfwdkUESifh jynfhpHkaom
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomoludk rawGUjrif&um; ]]igonf (ig)xdk;xGif; odtyfaom w&m;udkyifvQif
tdktao tav;tjrwf trSDo[Jy ae&rlum; aumif;ay&m\}}[k tBuHjzpf\/ tBuHjzpfNyD;aemuf
707
tpodkU
udk,fawmfjrwfonf udk,fwdkifxdk;xGif;odjrifaom w&m;udkyif tav;tjrwfy aeawmfrlcJhavonf/

(o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVd? *g&0okwf? 140? 141-2/ t*Fkw&edum,ygVd?y? 328-329/ jrefrmjyef?
pwkuedygwf? yXrOka0vokwf? 343-5)/
xdkUjyif t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? t|uedygwf? oyK&dookwf 77- ]]tdrfaeaom ynmSdonf
pifppftm;jzifh rsm;pGmaom vlwdkU\ tusdK;iSm jzpf\/ aeUnOfhwdkUywfvHk; ysif;&djcif;rSdaom ynmSdonf
aS;OD;pGm trdtzwdkUtm; aS;yzl;aomaus;Zl;udk tzefwvJvJ atmufarhonfjzpf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
ylaZmf\/ tdrf&mraxmifbJ &[ef;yaom jrwfaomtusifhudk usifhaomyk*dKvfwdkUudk tdktaoy\/ /y/
olawmfaumif;w&m; aumif;pGmwnfaom xdkolonf tvHk;pHkaom olwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk aqmif\/
xdkolonf 0efwdkrI ]rap&}tnpftaMu;ukd y,fazsmuf at;Nidrf;aom avmuodkU a&muf&\}} [ka[mawmf
rl\/
xdkUjyifvnf; 0de,yd#u? plV0*ygVda, 0k 2323 rypm,Ed? e&m "r aum0d'g/
'da| "arp ygoHom? or&ma, p ok*wDwd/
aw [d emr bdua0 wd&pme*wm ygPm tnrnH o*g&0g oywdm
obm*0kwdwm 0d[&dEd/ " acg wH bdua0 aomabx? ,H wkarS {0H oGmumaw
"r0dea, yAZdwm ormem tnrnH t*g&0g tywdm tobm*0kwdum 0d[a&,smx/ /y/
tEkZmemrd bdua0 ,xm 0k 2323 tbd0g'eH ypK|meH tOvdurH omrDpdurH t*goeH
ta*g'uH t*yd@H}} (0d?4?311)
[k a[mawmfrl\/
jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU
...
w&m;
vdrm
BuD;oludk
dkaoaomvlwdkUonf
rsufarSmufb0vnf;
csD;rGrf;cH&ukef\/ aemifwrvGefb0vnf; aumif;&m*wdSd ukef\/

&[ef;wdkU ... wd&pmefjzpfaom ow0gwdkUonfyifvQif tcsif;csif; dkaojcif;? udkif;Gwfjcif;?
oabmwl toufarG;jcif;Sdvsuf aeukefao;\/ &[ef;wdkU ... odkU aumif;pGma[mtyfaom "r0de,
&[ef;yMuukefvsuf tcsif;csif; rdkrao? rudkif;rGwf? oabmwl toufrarG;bJ aeMujcif;onf
wifhw,fyg rnfavm/ /y/
&[ef;wdkU ... oDwif;BuD; tpOftwdkif;Sdcdk;jcif;? c&D;OD;udjcif;? vuftkyfcsDjcif;? tdktaoyjcif;?
ae&mOD; a&OD; qGrf;OD;wdkUudk cGifhyawmfrl\/(plV0*fygVdawmf? jrefrmjyef-316)
"ry'ygVdawmfvnf; Sdcdk;jcif;? tdktaoyjcif;\ tusdK;udktbd0g'eoDvd? edpH 0k2323 ypm,daem/
pwma&m "rm 02323Ed? tm,k 0aPm okcH AvH/ (ck?1?29)
708
tpodkU
[ka[mawmfrl\/
NrefrmNyef
tNrJ Sdcdk;avhSd rdrdxuf *kPf touf odumtm;jzifh BuD;aomolwdkU tdktaoyavhSdol
wdkUtm; toufSnfjcif;? tqif;vSjcif;? csrf;omjcif;? cGeftm;BuD;jcif;[laom tusdK;xl;w&m;
av;yg;wdkUonf wdk;yGm;ukef\/
ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefrsm;udkaxmuf rdrdxuf touf odum *kPfBuD;rm;aom olwdkUudk
tdktao yjcif;onf bk&m;tavmif;paom olawmfaumif;wdkU\ aumif;aomtpOftvm? tusdK;rsm;aom
tusifh wpfyg; jzpfonf/ vlaovljzpfq&mESifh ol\ wynfhwdkUonfum; xdktdktaoyjcif; tpOftvm
"avh xHk;pHudk wGef;vSefy,fzsufcJhojzifh tpOftvmaumif;wpf&yfudk csdK;jzwfaomolrsm;jzpfonf[k
a0zefawmf rlMuonf/
aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;
8/
vlaovljzpfpmtkyf 128-vm aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;udk jypfwifajymqdkjcif;ESifh
ywfoufvnf; Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ aMu;pnfwD;jcif;? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;wdkU &nfG,fcsuf

3-csuf yg0ifaMumif; odxm;Mu&ef oifhonf/ ,if;wdkUrSm(u)
&[ef;awmfwdkUtwGuf oHCmpnf;a0;jcif;?
(c)
&[ef;? Sif? vl? ukodkvfSifwdkUtwGuf ywd'ge yknud&d,0wKyjcif;ESifh
(*)
o''geyjcif;wdkUyif jzpfonf/
(u)
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufu &[ef;awmfwdkUonf aeUtcsdefwGif rdrdwdkU\ 'd0gXmeac:

aeUoefU&m ae&mwdkU wpfyg;csif;ae w&m;tm;xkwfMuonf/ wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg;
pum;ajymqdkjcif; rSdMuacs/ wpfpHkwpf&m taMumif;udpSdvQif odkUr[kwf wpfyg;yg;
rusef;rrmjzpfvQif ausmif;wvif;tv,fwGif qGJxm;aom ausmufpnf? pnfBuD;?
acgif;avmif;ponfwdkUudk wD;&onf? xdk;&onf/ xdkausmufpnf acgif;avmif;oHudk
Mum;&vQif rdrd\'d0gXmewdkUrS xGufum pnf;a0;&m nDrl&m wefaqmif;odkU tm;vHk;<uvm
Mu&onf/ taMumif;udk "ry't|uxm? yxrtkyf? tnw&bduK0wK (ESm-184)?
oHudpomraP&0wK (ESm-427)wdkU tus,f MunfhIEdkifayonf/
,if;wdkUudk trSDy ,cktcgvnf; oHCmpnf;a0; nDrl&mjzpfaom pmcsjcif;?
bk&m;0wfwwfjcif;? oHCmpnf;a0;jcif;wdkU aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;? tkef;armif;?
ausmufpnfwdkUudk wD;acgufxdk;ESufjcif; tpOftvm jzpfae&ayonf/
(c)
xdkrSwpfyg; Ak'bmom olawmfpifwdkUonf rdrdwwftm;orQ 'ge yMuaomtcg xdk'ge\

tusdK;tmedoifudk rdrdrSwpfyg; rdb? q&morm;tpxm; ow0ga0ae,swdkUtm;
709
tpodkU

trQa0Mu&NrJjzpfonf/
,if;rSmvnf;
ywd'geyknud&d,0wK
tm;r&MubJ
jzpfayonf/
aMu;pnf?
yknud&d,0wKwdkUwGif
odkU
acgif;avmif;?
trQa0&m
tkef;armif;?
wpfyg;yg0ifonfh
EIwfjzifh
>rufqdkHkrQESifh
ausmufpnfwdkUudk
wD;cwf
xdk;ESufMuNrJyif jzpfavonf/ olawmfpifyk*dKvfwdkif;yif aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif;oHwdkUudk

Mum;&vQif ywmEkarm'emrI om"ktEkarm'em yMuNrJyifjzpf&m Ak'omoemawmf\
xHk;wrf;pOfvm vGefpGmodrfarGUaom "roabmrsm;jzpfojzifh tn0g'DwdkUESifhrqdkif? udk,fydkif
Ak',Ofaus;rI ppfppfyif jzpfayonf/
(*)
xdkUjyifvnf;
'ge0wKwdkUudk
cGJa0azmfjy&m
tbd"rmvm
'ge0wK
6-rsdK;Sd&m?
'kwd,ajrmuf o''ge ae&m aMu;pnf? acgif;avmif; v'gef;jcif;? pnf acgif;avmif;

aMu;pnf ponfrsm;udk bk&m;&ifjyifawmf wD;cwf xdk;ESuf toHxGufay:apjcif;
ponfrsm;udk qdkxm;ayonf/ xdktaMumif;udk p&d,myd#ut|uxm\ zGifhqdkcsufwGif,'g o''geH 'mrDwd ab&drk'd*Fg'Dok tnwa&e wl&da,e wdPH &wemeH
Oy[m&H ua&mwd uma&wd p? o''geH ar wd ab&Dtm'Ded Xaywd Xygaywd p/
(p&d,myd#u?|?299)
tMuiftcg o''geudk ay;vtHh[k BuHpnfum pnfBuD;? rkdk;pnf? aMu;pnf?
acgif;avmif;ponf
wdkUwGif
wpfrsdK;rsdK;aom
wl&d,mjzifh
&wem
oHk;yg;wdkUtm;
ylaZmfjcif;udk ytHh? yaptHh/ ig\ o''ge jzpfygap [l pnfBuD;? rkdk;pnf? aMu;pnf?

acgif;avmif;wdkUudk xm;tHh? xm;aptHhponfjzifh azmfjyxm; ayonf/
xdkUaMumifh
aMu;pnf
acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;paom
udprsm;onf
,ckrSay:aygufvmaom
udprsm;r[kwf? Ak'jrwfpGm oufawmfxifSm; SdpOfuyif yvkyfvmcJhaom Ak'bmom omoemawmf\

xHk;wrf;pOfvm udp&yfrsm; jzpfojzifh pifppf aumif;jrwfaom udprsm;jzpf tjypfqdkolwdkUomvQif
Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rIrS aoGzD ysufjy,faeolrsm; jzpfaMumif; xifSm;ayonf/
Oykofapmifhjcif;
9/
Oykofapmifhjcif;udkvnf; vlaovljzpfq&mu r,HkMunf[kqdkum y,fzsufcJhjyefonf/
pk'dwuwdkU acsyvTmwGif jyefvnfacsy aom"emxm;onfudk rawGU&/ Oykofapmifhjcif;ESifh ywfouf

vuP okwf]],rd bdua0 wxm*awm yk&drH b0H yk&drH Zmw yk&drH edauwH ykaA rEkblawm
ormaem 'Vorm'gaem ta[mod? ukoavok "arok t0wdworm'gaem um,okp&daw
0pDokp&daw raemokp&daw 'geoH0dbma* oDvorm'gae Oaygoxky0gao}} ('D?3?119)
ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/
710
tpodkU

jrefrmjyef
&[ef;wdkU ... jrwfpGmbk&m;onf aS; arG;zGm;cJh&m Zmwd? aS; jzpfcJh&m b0? aS; aecJh&m bHkXmewdkU
vljzpfpOftcgu ukodkvfw&m;wdkU NrJNrHpGm aqmufwnf\/ rqkwfrepf aqmufwnf\/ um,okpdkuf
0pDokpdkuf? raemokpdkuf vnf;aumif;? ay;urf;a0zefjcif; vnf;aumif;? oDvaqmufwnfjcif;
vnf;aumif;? OykofapmifhoHk;jcif; vnf;aumif; (NrJNrHpGmaqmufwnf\/ rqkwfrepfaqmufwnf\/
('D?3?199))
t*Fkw&edum,? t|uedygwygVd? Oaygox0*f? oHcdwLaygoxokwf jrefrmjyef 80-
]]&[ef;wdkU ... t*FgSpfrsdK;ESifh jynfhpHkaom usifhoHk;tyfaom Oykofonf tusdK;BuD;\/ tmedoif
BuD;\/ wefcdk;BuD;\/ BuD;aom ysHUESHUjcif;Sd\}}ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/
xdkUtwl 0wwlaygoxokwf 84? 0domcgokwf 87? 0gao|okwf? aAmZ*Fokwf 90-wdkUvnf;
t*FgSpfyg;Sdaom Oykof\ tusdK;BuD;rm;aMumif;udk a[mawmfrlNyD; aemufqHk;]]wom [d em&D p ea&m p oDv0g/
t|*FkaywH Oy0kaygoxH/
yknmed uwGm e okckj',med/
tedEdwm o*rkayEdXmeH/ (tH?3?90)
[ka[mawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyef
xdkUaMumifhomvQif oDvSdaom rdef;rjzpfap a,mufsm;jzpfap wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olonf
t*FgSpfrsdK;Sdaom Oykofudk usifhoHk;&m\/ (xdkrdef;r? a,mufsm;wdkUonf) csrf;omaom tusdK;udk jzpfap
wwfukefaom ukodkvfaumif;rIwdkUudk yukefaomaMumifh ruJh&JUtyfukefonfjzpf ewfjynfodkU uyfa&muf
&ukef\/ (tif?jref?3?85-88)
ygVdawmfwdkUudk axmuf OykofapmifhoHk;jcif;trIonf tusdK;rsm;aom tusifhwpfckjzpfaMumif;
xifSm;onf/ Oykofapmifhjcif;udky,faom vlaovljzpfq&mwdkU\ 0g'onf tpOftvmaumif;udk csdK;zsuf
aom0g'jzpfonf[k a0zefawmfrlMuonf/
Moumouefawmhcef;ESifh aTapwD
10/
xdkUaemuf apm'u yk*dKvfwdkYu aTtbd"rm trnfcH olwdkY\ ar;cGef;aygif; (80)
teufrS(u)
Moumouefawmhcef;ESSifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?
(c)
bk&m;aTuyfjcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?
(*)
aTwd*HkponfwdkU tapmifhxm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;?
711
tpodkU
(C)

ausmufcJ tkwfcJrsm;udk bk&m;twkvkyf Sdcdk;jcif;ESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;/
ar;cGef; 4-csufudk xkwfazmfjyvsuf xdkuJhodkU a&;om;jcif;onf Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rI "avh

xHk;pHrsm;udk ajymifavSmif apmfum;xm;onf[k apm'emcJhMuonf/
if;apm'emudk acsyaom orm'd|d okawoetzGJUrS wifoGif;aom aom"emvTmwGif-olwdkUonf
apwDykxdk;rsm;udk tkwfcJ ausmufcJrsm;udk twkvkyfxm;onf[k ra[majym? ra&;om;cJh MuaMumif;?
OD;aTjynfh\ vlUtbd"rm pmapmifwGifygaom ar;cGef;udkMunfh if;wdkUtm; pGyfpGJjcif;rQomjzpfaMumif;?
ar;cGef;onf ar;cGef;rQomjzpf tajzr[kwfaMumif; aom"em wifoGif;Muonf/
odkUaomf
tajzudkodvdk
if;ar;cGef;yg
ar;aom
pum;toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk
dk;dk;ar;cGef;
Moumobk&m;Sdcdk;paom
r[kwfrl
axmufIjcif;tm;jzifh
ar;cGef;Sifonf
apm'uyk*dKvfwdkUwifjyaom
apm'emouJhodkU
"avhxHk;pHrsm;udk
rESpfoufojzifh
xdkodkUyusifholrsm;udk
ajymifavSmifvdkaomoabmjzifh ar;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf/

xdkUjyif ]ar;cGef;onf ar;cGef;rQom jzpf tajzr[kwfyg}[k orm'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUu
acsy&m ar;Hkomjzpf tjypfrSd[k qdkvdk[efSd\/ odkUqdkaomf OD;Ou|onf vluarG;ol [kwf&JUvm;?
orm'd|d okawoeorm;wdkUonf vlrS[kwfMu&JUvm; ponfjzifh ar;onfSdaomf oifhavsmf EdkifygtHhavm?
roifhavsmfacs/ xdkenf;twl Ak'bmomwdkU tav;tjrwfyaeaom udpwdkUudkvnf; ]ar;cGef;yg}[k
umuG,f tremy ajymjcif; ryxdkufaMumif; odEdkifayonf/
11/
rnfodkUyifqdkap Moumo uefawmhcef; ponfum; uJh&JUzG,f&m tjypf wpfpHkwpf&m
rxifay? tenf;i,fSif;OD;tHh/
(u)
t&d,yk*dKvfwdkUtm; uJh&JUpGyfpGJ qJa&;rdvQif t&d,m[k odonf jzpfap rodonf jzpfap

t&d,ly0g'uH xdkuf\/ teE&d,uHESifh wl\/ ewfjynfudkvnf; wm;jrpf? r*fudkvnf;
wm;jrpfwwf\/ odkUaomf ukpm;um; &aumif;ygonf/ xdkUaMumifh t&d,myk*dKvfwdkUudk
uJh&JUpGyfpGJ qJa&;rdcJhygu xdkyk*dKvfxHodkU oGm; ]]wynfhawmfonf tSifbk&m;tm; odkU
ajymrdcJhygonf/ xdktjypfudk onf;cHyg}}[k onf;cH aptyf\/ 0efcs awmif;yef tyf\/
tu,f y&dedAmef pH0ifoGm;vQif y&dedAmefpH&m t&yfodkU (okomef wdkifatmif)yif oGm;
onf;cHaptyf awmif;yef tyf\}}[k yg&mZduu@t|uxm? y? 134/ y#dord'gr*
t|uxm? y? 337-8/ 0dok'dr*t|uxm? 'k? 55-6 wdkU jyqdkxm;ayonf/
xdkodkU
jyqdkxm;csuft&
tu,f
ykxkZOfwdkU
obm0tavsmuf
&wemoHk;yg;wdkUtm; jypfrSm;rdaomf xdktjypf(t&d,ly0g'uH)wdkUrS vGwfajrmufapjcif;iSm

uefawmh&m tjypfwif&ef rSdonfhtjyif csD;rGrf;zdkUyif aumif;ygay\/
(c)
]]Ak'u aTrudkif&[k qdkxm;ygvsuf bk&m;udk aTuyfjcif;? yef;uyfjcif; vkyfaeMuonfrSm

Ak'0g'vm;}}[laom ar;cGef; jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &[ef; omraPwdkUudkom aTrudkif&[k
712
tpodkU

wm;jrpf vl'g,dum 'g,dumrwdkUudk rwm;jrpf? wm;jrpfvnf;rjzpf/ taMumif;rSm
ololigigodaom t&mjzpfonf/ ausmif; toHk;taqmif (aoemoey&dab*)jzpfvQifum;
&[ef; omraPwdkUonfyif aTaiGjzifh yvkyfxm;aom ausmif;toHk;taqmifudk udkiftyf
oHk;oyftyfaMumif;udk ]]aoemoey&dabma*gye oAuyda,m? wom Zmwly&Zwr,m
oaAyd aoemoey&dum&m tmrmom}} [k yg&mZduu@t|uxm? 'k? 130/
0de,o*F[t|uxm 30-wdkU rdefUqdk\/
uyjrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHNyD;aemuf uyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ o&D&"mwfudk aTapwDBuD; wnf

xm;MuaMumif;udk ]]twDaw ud&uy'oAv ok0Papwda, u&d,rmae Am&mPod0godaem/y/
{uH ax&H yd@m, y0oEH yok}}ponfjzifh "ry't|uxm? 'k? 344- rdefUqdkonf/ if;t|uxm? 'k?
444-yif uyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ apwDwnfMupOfu aT ravmufojzifh &[Emwpfyg;u GmxJ0if
wdkufwGef; EdI;aqmfcJhzl;aMumif;udk jyqdkxm;\/
0drme0wKt|uxm 142-vnf; ]]om ud& uy b*0awm a,mZedum ueuxlay u,d&rmae /y/ rm[H
apwd,wm, 'rDwd}}
[k jyqdkxm;\/
jrefrmjyef
xdktrsdK;orD;onf uyjrwfpGmbk&m;\ wpf,lZemSdaom aTapwD wnfxm;pOftcgu oli,fr
jzpf trdESifhtwl apwDwnf&m t&yfodkUoGm; trdudk ]]tar olawG bmvkyfMuwmvJ}}[k ar;\/
]]apwDwnf&ef aTtkwfrsm; vkyfMuwmaygh}}[k ajzqdk&m Munfdkpdwf jzpf ]]tar usrvnfyif;u
qGJud;av;udk apwDwnfzdkY vygonf}}[k qdk vcJhavonf/
t|uxmwdkUudkaxmuf bk&m;apwDudk aTuyfHkru aTapwDyif wnfcJhaom xHk;a[mif;Sd\/
xdkUjyif yg&mZduu@t|uxm? 'k? 257/ 0de,o*F[t|uxm ]]oap ye oHCH 0g *PH 0g yk*vH 0g temrodwGm 'H [d&nok0PH apwd, a'r?
0d[m& a'r? e0ur a'rmwd 0'Ed? y#dudydwHk e 0wd? ar 'H bPEDwd
uyd,um&umeH tmpdudwAH/ (0d?o*F[?|?56)
[k zGifhqdk\/
jrefrmjyef
tu,f oHCm? *dkPf;? yk*dKvfudk roHk;oyfrl aT aiGudk apwDawmftm; vyg\? ausmif;tm;
vyg\? e0urtm; vyg\-[k qdkukeftHh/ y,fjcif;iSm roifh? olwdkUonf odkUajymqdkMuonf[k
uyd,um&uwdkUtm; ajymMum;&rnf/ odkU zGifhqdkaom t|uxmwdkUudk axmuf bk&m;tm;
aTuyfjcif;onf tjypfrxif? tusdK;yif jzpfayonf/
713
tpodkU

tapmifhxm;jcif;
12/
rxm;ygbJ
od'wjzpfaom bk&m;rSm olcdk;? "m;jy&efudk umuG,f&ef[k '&0rf wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ

aTwd*HkwdkU?
r[mjrwfrkedwdkUrSm
'&0rfxm;aejcif;rSm
Ak'0g'vm;
jAm[P0g'vm;[k
ar;cGef;xkwfwm;\/
rar;oifhaom ar;cGef;twGuf Ak'bmom0if wpfa,mufudk ajzqdkapvQif OD;aTjynfhwdkUuJhodkU
bk&m;
w&m;trSefudk
r,HkMunfaom
Aef;jybmoma&;orm;?
kyf0g'D
orm'd|dokawoersm;\
&efudkaMumuf aTwd*HkponfwdkU tapmifhxm;&onf[k ajzqdkayvdrfhrnf/

trSefrSm oufawmfxifSm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oufrJhapwDykxdk;rsm;onf rwlay/ oufawmfxifSm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ toufawmf? oAkwmPfawmf? udk,fa&mifawmfESifh ypnf;av;yg;wdkUudk tE&m,f
ryEdkifaomfvnf; oufrJhapwDawmf\ ypnf;rsm;udk tE&m,fyEdkifolum; rsm;jym;vSbd\/ xdkodkU
rwl&um; oufawmfxifSm; jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh oufrJhapwDawmfudk t&mcyfodrf; rEdIif;,SOfoifhay/
xdkUaMumifh
oufawmfxifSm;
jrwfpGmbk&m;
tapmifhrxm;aomfvnf;
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13/
jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmef pHNyD;aemuf <uif;usef&pfaom "mwfawmfwdkUudk ukodemHkjynfom;
rvmrif;wdkUu tapmifhxm; ylaZmfMuyHkudk -
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14/
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ta&twGuf SdrnfrSm odomayonf/
715
tpodkU

apwDwnfxm;jcif;
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(O'geygVd? Am[d,okwf? 86)
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16/
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18/
ndxGef;jcif;?
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717
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EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2)
apm'em trSwf (14)
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'g,dumrwdkYtm; qkay;rIudkvnf; yMuukefao;\/ (vlaovljzpfpmtkyf? pmrsufESm-147)
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718
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apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ omrn0daooapm'emvTm ESpf&yfvHk;udk cHiHk oHk;oyf&aomf
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33/
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pyf NrwfpGmbk&m;Sif rlcsvrf;Tefxm;aom auorkwdokwf omVokwfvrf;Tefcsufrsm;udk vGefpGm

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731
tpodkU
34/

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0efrcHMubJ i,fpOfu vlMuD;olr rsm;u oifay;vdkufaompmudk ,ckwdkifyif owd&rSwfrdaeygonf?

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aovQifNywf\ aemufb0r&Sd[k t,lSdaom Oap'0g'DwdkUu aemuf usifvnfNcif;udk wG,fwmuyfNidNyD;
aNymaeMuwmyg? wu,fNrJwm r[kwfygbl;[k qefUusifuefUuGufaNymqdkNcif;\ taMumif;udkazmfNyNyD;
ow0g'DwdkU\ t,ludk ukefonfyrm NrwfpGmbk&m; Pfawmf xifyHkudk azmfNyaompmydk'f Nzpf\?
xdkUaemuf quf aovQif Nywf\/ aemufb0rSd[kt,l&SdMuaom Oap'0g'DwdkU\ t,ludkvnf;
y&rwtm;Nzifh xif&Sm;Sdaom oum, (Oyg'geuEmtaygif;)udk aMumufGHUpufqkwfGHSmMuukefvsuf
oum,odkUom tpOfaNy;0if tzefzef usifvnfaeMu&aMumif; wdkifikwf ud;Nzifh csnfxm;aom acG;onf
xdkwdkifikwfudkom tzefzef vSnfhvnfaNy;ae&yHkrsdK; azmfNyxm;onfudk awGU&rnf Nzpf\? p-o-C-Z-u
[laom yom'kyfig;yg; kyf0g'udk w&m;aoudkifxm; Oap''d|d t,lbufodkU Gwf,drf;aeaom
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm; owdxm;pOf;pm;p&m Nzpfay\/
35/
oDvcH,laqmufwnfNcif; OykofoDwif;apmifhoHk;Ncif;onf orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkU
pGyfpGJouJhodkU twow0g'vnf; r[kwf? tw0g'EG,faom tvkyfrsm;vnf; r[kwfbJ NrifhNrwfaom

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&[ef;wdkU . . . t*FgSpfrsdK;ESifh NynfhpHkonfh usifhoHk;tyfaom Oykofonf tusdK;MuD;\/
tmedoifMuD;\/ wefcdk;MuD;\/ MuD;aom ysHUESHUNcif; Sd\/ &[ef;wdkU . . . tb,fodkU usifhtyfaom
t*FgSpfrsdK;ESifh
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732
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vdkvm;vsuf aeukef\? igonfvnf; wpfnOfhESifh wpfaeUywfvHk; toufowfNcif;udk y,f
toufowfNcif;rS aSmifMuOf wkwf"m;vufeufudk csxm; SufNcif;&Sdol oem;Ncif;odkU a&mufol
cyfodrf;aom ow0gwdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk vdkvm;ol Nzpf aeygtHh? taMumif;t*FgNzifhvnf; &[EmwdkUudk
twkvdkuf yygtHh? odkUyaomf igonf OykofusifhoHk;onf rnfayvdrfhrnf-[k qifNcif\/ yxr
t*FgESifh NynfhpHk\/ (ponf)
oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf tusifhNrwfudk a[mMuawmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfwdkU
taNccHtusqHk; ta&;tMuD;qHk;Nzpfonfh oDvESifhywfouf a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfaygif;
rsm;pGm Sdayonf? xdkUaMumifh oDvcH,l usifhoHk; aqmufwnfNcif;onf tydktvkyfvnf; r[kwf?
Ak'0g'usifhpOft& trSefvkyf&rnfh vkyfoifhvkyfxdkufonfh p&Pw&m;om Nzpfayonf/
oydwfoGwfNcif;
36/
oydwfoGwfNcif;ESifh
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Nzpfayonf/
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csD;rGrf;onfNzpfap? vuftkyfcsDvsuf xuf0ef;usifrS vdkufonf Nzpfap pifppf xdkolonf ewfNynfodkU
a&muf&m\ [l Nzpf\/
37/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkU
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Sdcdk;vsuf vdkufygaeNcif;rsdK; r[kwfay/
733
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38/

aoqHk;olwpfa,mufonf
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tmHktm;avsmfpGm ewf vl wd&pmef i&J*wdrsm;odkU a&mufaeolwdkUudk &nfTef;onf r[kwfbJ
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ukodkvf,lygu
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39/
Ak'bmom0ifwdkU aooltwGuf &nfrSef; oHCmawmftm; qGrf; ouFef; v'gef;
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ZmPkamPdokwf? ESm-478/ ,if; NrefrmNyef-469/)
40/
a&muftyf &tyfaom ukodkvftzdkUudk trQay;a0rIonf ywd'geukodkvf ay;a0tyfaom
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rkcs&aponfh yw'geukodkvfom Nzpfayonf/
41/
odkU
qkawmif;Ncif;
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wpfb0rS
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734
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42/
orm'd|dokawoetzGJUacgif;aqmifwdkUonf urH y#dAm[aEemyd 0dygaum y#dAm[dawm
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735
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42/
aom"emed*Hk;
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43/
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t|uxm? 150- Nyqdkxm;ayonf/
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44/
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NrwfpGmbk&m;
tqHk;trawmftwdkif;
trSefwu,f
aNzmifhaNzmifh
rSefrSef
vdkufemusifhMuH vdkonfr[kwfbJ vdkufemusifhMuHvdkouJhodkU aumufuspfpOf;vJpGm {0H yoaEm t[H

b*0wd= tuREkfyf NrwfpGmbk&m;udk Munfdkygonf ponfNzifh aNymqdkvmaom b*0y&dAdkZftm; 'ku&H acg
{wH b*0 w,m tn'd|daue ponfNzifh ]]b*0 oifhvdk t,l0g'wpfyg;&Sdaeolonf okb0darmuodkU
uyfa&muf aezdkU&ef cJ,Of;vSayonf}}[k NrwfpGmbk&m;Sif udk,fawmfwdkif ygxdu0*ygVd? ygxduokwf?
28-
a[mzl;aom
xHk;t&
trSefwu,f
vufcHusifhoHk;vdkMuonf
r[kwfbJ
wynfhawmfrsm;
736
tpodkU
vufcHusifhoHk;Edkif&ef TefMum;ay;yg[k avQmufxm;Muaom (vlaovlNzpf0g' kyf0g') t,lwpfyg;

pGJ0ifaeMuaom
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwdkUudk
usifhoHk;EdkifzdkU
TefMum;&efrSm
Ak'SifawmfNrwfyif
wwfEdkifrnfhudp [kwfay/
rQaom
pum;tpOfNzifh
OD;Ou|
ocifNrwfqdkifESifh
,lqcsufrsm; pGyfpGJcsufrsm;onf bk&m;Sifa'oemawmf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfwdkUESifh qefUusifaom

rSm;,Gif;pGm,lqxm; pGyfpGJxm;onfh apmfum; ykwfcwfcsufrsm;om Nzpf t"r0g'rsm;aom NzpfaMumif;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; tnDtGwf qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
737
tpodkU

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2)
apm'em trSwf (15)
Oyg'gefESifh pyfaom 0dedp,
Oyg'gepaom
bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmf
a0g[m&pum;vHk;rsm;\
teuft"dym,frSefudk
ypfy,fNyD;
udk,fxifovdk teuft"dym,f aumuf,lvsuf a[maNyma&;om;Ncif;ESifh ywfouf apm'emaom"em

ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf/
1/
apm'emq&mawmfrsm;u ]]vlaovlNzpf OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkuf orm'd|dokawoe0g'D
paom olwdkUonf vlaovlNzpf0g'udk usm;uefay;Edkif&ef ygVdawmfrsm;udk rNzpftNzpf uNypfunpf

zspfnpfNyD;
ZGwftwif;
rw&m;xnfhoGif;Mu&ovdk
teufay;Mu&ovdk
vlaovlNzpf0g'udk
bk&m;a[mr[kwf
acszsufrnfh
ygVd
vufvkyfygVdrsm;udk
a0g[m&pum;vHk;rsm;\
teuft"dym,frSefudkvnf; ypfy,fNyD; xifovdk t"dym,fNyefqdkMuygonf bk&m;}}[k avQmufxm;MuNyD;vQif

xdkyk*dKvfwdkU\ ygVd a0g[m& t"dym,fNyef trSm;wdkUudk (u) tu&mtrSwfNyrS p () tu&m
trSwfNywdkifatmif tcsufaygif; (36)csufrQ xkwfNy ,if;pum;&yfrsm;onf bk&m;a[m ygVdawmf
t|uxmrsm;ESifh rnDGwfbJ qefUusifaeygonf[k wifNy apm'emMuonf/
2/
,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwu yk*dKvfrsm;u Nyefvnf acsyNcif; ryEdkifMuaomaMumifh
apm'em pum;&yfudkom (u)trSwfNy apm'emcsufrS p oabmwl&m aygif;pyfvsuf pdppfoHk;oyfMuaytHh/

(u)
Oyg'gef(0g)tpGJqdkwm bmvJ? if;um; tNcm;r[kwf? pdwf0dnmPf(0g) emrfonf

kyfw&m;udk zefqif; tkyfpdk;ae\ [laom ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; rufwmESifh
zdkUpf(0g)
"mwfaoESifh"mwfSif
(0g)
*kPfESifh
*kaP;wdkUudk
wpfckpD
wpfuGJpD
wnfae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;?
wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;
*gxmrEefrsm;
y&dwfrsm;
tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;
um,od'd yD,od'd aq;rsm; tdrfruf,mruf\ tusdK; tNypfrsm; aA'ifrsm;udk

,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;?
aemufqHk;
wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk
obm0"rxuf
ausmfvGefaeaom
,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;?
Nzpf&yfrsm;udk
tpGJtvrf;(0g)
(0g)
Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\/ (vlaovlNzpfpmtkyf? 'kwd,tMudrfdkuf ESm-72)

(u)trSwfNy pum;&yfudk 0gus tpdwf tpdwf cGJNcm;vdkufvQif (u-1)pdwf0dnmPf(0g)
emrfonf
kyfw&m;wdkUudk
zefqif;
tkyfpdk;ae\[laom
,HkMunfrIonf
tpGJtvrf;(0g)Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\/
738
tpodkU
(u-2) rufwmESifh zdkUpf(0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwfSif(0g) *kPfESifh*kaP;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD

wnfae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\/
(u-3) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm; *gxmrEefrsm; y&dwfrsm; tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm; um,od'd
yD,od'daq;rsm; tdrfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm; aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\/
(u-4) aemufqHk; obm0"rxuf ausmfvGefaeaom Nzpf&yfrsm;udk(0g) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk
,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [l pum;0gus 4-0gus Nzpf\/
xdk 4-0guswdkUwGif (u-1) pdwf0dnmPf (0g) emrfonf kyfw&m;udk zefqif; tkyfpdk;ae\[laom
,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [laom pum;onf rSm;,Gif;aom pum;om
Nzpf\? rSm;,Gif;yHkudk odkU od&m\/ pum;0gus kyfw&m;udk aS;OD;pGm pdppf&m\/
kyfw&m;onf (1)
uHaMumifhNzpfaom urZkyf?
(2)
pdwfaMumifhNzpfaom pdwZkyf?
(3)
OwkaMumifhNzpfaom OwkZkyf?
(4)
tm[m&aMumifhNzpfaom tm[m&Zkyf?
(5)
rnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhrQNzpfonf r[kwfaom eukawmpdork|mkyf [l 5-rsdK; &Sd\/
xdk 5-rsdK;aom kyfwdkUwGif pdwZkyfudk pdwfu(0g)pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom emrfw&m;u

NzpfapaomaMumifh
,if;udk
&nfG,f
]]pdwf0dnmPf(0g)
emrfonf
kyfw&m;udk
zefqif;\}}[k
ac:a0:aNymqdkvdku ac:a0: aNymqdkEdkifonf? (pdwfvQifNzpfaMumif; Sdonf? pdwfaMumifh Nzpfonf? pdwfu

Nzpfaponf/ pdwfu zefqif;onf[laom a0g[m& pum;vHk;rsm;onf wpfckESifh wpfck y&d,m,fcsnf;om
Nzpf t"dym,ftm;Nzifh wlrQMuonf/)
xdkUNyifvnf; ]]aom ye taqaum tremyH lyH ua&mwd? aqaum remyH 'eD,H? {0ar0
ykxkZaem tukovpdawe 0g P0dy,kwukoave 0g puKor'g'd0d&[dwH 0dlyH ork|maywd?
Por,kwukoave puKor'g'dorEH tbdlyH}} (oH? |? 2? 300)
ruRrf;usifaom
yif;rif;orm;onf
yif;rif;orm;onfum;
ESpfcdufzG,f
MunfhcsifpzG,f
rESpfcdufzG,ftqif;udk
tqif;udk
y\?
y\?
twlyif
uRrf;usifaom
ykxkZOfonf
tukodkvfpdwfNzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? PfESifh r,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfNzifhaomfvnf;aumif; rsufpd\

NynfhpHkNcif; ponfrS uif;aom (rsufpdonf rNynfhpHkaom) azmufNyefaom (rvSyaom) kyfudk
Nzpfapwwf\? PfESifh ,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfNzifh rsufpd\ NynfhpHkNcif; paom *kPfESifh NynfhpHkvSyaom
kyfudk Nzpfap\/
739
tpodkU
t|uxmpum;&yfNzifh tukodkvfpdwfESifh Pfr,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfwdkUu rvSyaom kyfudk

Nzpfaponf zefqif;onf? PfESifh,SOfaom ukodkvfpdwfu vSyaom kyfudk Nzpfaponf zefqif;onf[k
qdkEdkifNyefonf/
xdkUaMumifh pdwZkyfudk pdwfu zefqif;onf[k ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; tukodkvfpdwfESifh
P0dy,kwfpdwfwdkUu raumif;aom kyf? rvSy rNynfhpHkaom kyfudk zefqif;onf? Por,kwf
ukodkvfpdwfu aumif;aom kyf vSyNynfhpHkaom kyfudk zefqif;onf[k ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;
tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gefr[kwf? bk&m;Sif a'oemawmfudk ,HkMunfaom o'gNy|mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwKyg'f
Nzpfonf[k oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
3/
pdwf0dnmOf(0g)emrfonf kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf;(0g)
Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\[laom pum;&yfonfvnf; obm0"rrS vGJacsmfaeay\/ pdppfMuukeftHh/

pdawe eD,wd avmaum? Pdawe y&duwd/
pdw {u"r? oaA0 0orEG*l/ (oH? 1? 36)
pdwfonf avmuudk aqmif\? pdwfonf avmuudk qGJiif\? tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUonfyifvQif
pdwf[laom wpfckaom w&m;\ tvdkodkU tpOfwpdkuf vdkufMuukef\/ (pdwokwf)
pdwoHudavom bdua0 owm oHudvdEd? pdwa0g'gem 0dokZEd/ (oH? 2? 123)
&[ef;wdkU pdwfnpfl;Ncif;aMumifh ow0gwdkUudk npfl;ukef\? pdwfNzLpifNcif;aMumifh (ow0g)
NzLpifukef\/
lyrSd oHudvd|rSd? oHudvdEd rmP0g/
lay oka' 0dokZEd? teumwH ra[odem/
pdwrSd oHudvd|rSd? oHudvdEd rmP0g/
pdaw oka' 0dokZEd? wd 0kwH ra[odem/ (oH? |? 2? 299)
kyfnpfEGrf;onf Sdaomf ow0gwdkU npfEGrf;&ukef\? kyfonf pifMu,fonf Sdaomf ow0gwdkU
pifMu,f&ukef\[k r[mod rkedxGwfwif bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrrltyfacs? pdwfnpfEGrf;onf Sdaomf
ow0gwdkU npfEGrf;&ukef\? pdwfpifMu,fonf Sdaomf ow0gwdkU pifMu,f&ukef\[k r[mod
rkedxGwfwif bk&m;Sif a[mMum;awmfrltyfayonf/
pdaw *[ywd &udaw? um,urrd &udwH a[mwd/
0pDurrd &udwH a[mwd? raemurrd &udwH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265)
'g,um pdwfudk apmifhaSmufvQif um,uHudkvnf; apmifhaSmufonf rnf\? 0pDuHudkvnf;
apmifhaSmufonf rnf\? raemuHudkvnf; apmifhaSmufonf rnf\/
pdaw *[ywd AsmyaE? um,urrd AsmyEH a[mwd/
0pDurrd AsmyEH a[mwd? raemurrd AsmyEH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265)
740
tpodkU
'g,um pdwfysufpD;vQif um,uHvnf; ysufpD;\? 0pDuHvnf; ysufpD;\? raemuHvnf;

ysufpD;\/
pdaw *[ywd tAsmyaE? um,urrd tAsmyEH a[mwd/
0pDurrd tAsmyEH a[mwd? raemurrd tAsmyEH a[mwd/ (tH?1? 265)
'g,um pdwfrysufpD;vQif um,uHvnf; rysufpD;? 0pDuHvnf; rysufpD;? raemuHvnf; rysufpD;/
odkU paom bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;Nzifh pdwfpifMu,faumif;rGefNcif;aMumifh kyfw&m;
aumif;rGef pifMu,f&onf? pdwf,kwfnHhnpfEGrf;Ncif;aMumifh kyfw&m; ,kwfnHhnpfEGrf;&onf? kyfw&m;udk
pdwfu OD;aqmif Nc,fvS,faeonf[laom tcsufonf odomxif&Sm;ayonf/
4/
wpfOD;wpfa,mufaom yk*dKvfonf rdrdtdrfrS ausmif;odkU vmonf[k qdkMuygpdkU?
xdkyk*dKvf\ kyfudk,fMuD;onf tb,fhaMumifh ausmif;odkU a&mufvm&oenf;? pOf;pm;avmh? xdkyk*dKvf\

oEmef aS;OD;pGm ausmif;odkU oGm;vdkaompdwf Nzpfay:xmcJhonf? xdkpdwfaMumifh xdkyk*dKvfonf ausmif;odkU
aS;IoGm;avawmhonf? xdktcg xdkyk*dKvf\ kyfudk,fMuD;onf pdwf\ qGJaqmifrIaMumifh waGUaGUNzifh
ausmif;odkU a&mufvmonf r[kwfavm? tu,f ausmif;odkU oGm;vdkaompdwf rNzpfay:cJhygu
xdkkyfudk,fMuD;onf tb,fenf;ESifhrQ ausmif;odkU a&mufvmrnf r[kwfacs? um; vufawGUaywnf;/
y&rwobm0tm;Nzifh xifSm;atmifNyOD;tHh? wpfpHkwpfckaom t&yfodkU oGm;&mtcg aS;OD;pGm
oGm;rnf[laompdwf
Nzpfay:vm\/
pdwZ0ga,m"mwfonf
cEmudk,ftESHU
xdkpdwfNzpfonfESifh
Nzpfay:vm\/
wpfydifeuf
xdk0ga,m"mwfonf
pdwfaMumifhNzpfaom
rdrdESifh
wpfygwnf;
0dnwfac:aom kyfudkvnf; Nzpfapavonf/ xdkodkU pdwZ0ga,m"mwf\ (0dnwfudkyg wpfygwnf;

Nzpfapvsuf) Nzpfay:vmonfhtwGuf pdwf\ trlt&m tvdkqEaMumifh 0ga,m"mwf vIyf&Sm;Ncif;\
tpGrf;Nzifh kyfudk,fMuD;onf waGUaGU pdwfvdk&mt&yfodkU a&mufatmif oGm;&avonf ('D? |? 1? 172)/
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf avmuDw&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfhtcg pdwfudk tMuD;tr; tOD;y"mexm;
a[mMum;awmfrlonf? avmukw&mw&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfhtcg ynmudk tMuD;tr; tOD;y"mexm;
a[mMum;awmfrlonf (tbd? |? 1? 110)/
NyqdktyfNyD;aom bk&m;a[ma'oem t|uxmtqdktrdefUESifh ,kwdobm0wdkUudk axmufq
pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfu kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;aeonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/ xdkUaMumifh pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfonf
kyfw&m;udk tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf bk&m;a[ma'oemawmfESifh t|uxmtqdktrdefUrsm;udk
,HkMunfav;pm;aom o'gNy|mef;onfh r[mukodkvf pdwKyg'fom Nzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef r[kwfay/
odkU pdppfoHk;oyfNyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;wdkUaMumifh ]]pdwf0dnmOf (0g) emrfonf kyfw&m;udk
zefqif; tkyfpdk;ae\[laom ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom
pum;&yfonf
bk&m;a[m
a'oemESifh
t|uxm
tqdktrdefUrsm;udk
Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpifwdkU
741
tpodkU
txiftNrifrSm;atmif a&m;om;a[maNymtyfaom pum;om Nzpf NyqdktyfNyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm

a'oem"rwdkUESifh qefUusifonfh t"r0g'omNzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkUu oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
(u-2) trSwfNy 'kwd,pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

5/
rufwmESifh zdkUpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwfSif (0g) *kPfESifh *kaP;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD
wnfae\[laom
,HkMunfrIonf
tpGJtvrf;
(0g)
Oyg'gef
rnfavawmh\[laom
(u-2)
trSwfNy'kwd,pum;0gus ]]rufwmESifh zdkUpf (0g) "mwfaoESifh "mwfSif}} [laom pum;&yfonf

yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwfESifh awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwfwdkUudk qdkvdkaMumif; aSUaemuf pum;&yfwdkUNzifh
odom\? ]]*kPfESifh *kaP;}} [laom pum;&yfum; t&mESifh roufqdkifacs? yx0D tmayg awaZm
0ga,m [laom r[mbkwf "mwfMuD;av;yg;wdkUonf t0dedaAm*=(cGJNcm; r&aumif;aom=0g-wpfckpD
wpfuGJpD rwnfaeaumif;aom) kyfNzpfNcif;aMumifh ,if;wdkUudk wpfckpD wpfuGJpD wnfae\[k tbd"rmudk
avhvmzl;olwdkU
,HkMunfMurnf
r[kwfonfhtwGuf
txl;pdppf&efrvdk[k
oabmydkufawmfrlMuonf/
(u-3) (u-4) trSwf wwd, pwkw pum;0gusudk pdppfcsuf

6/
wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm; *gxmrEefrsm; y&dwfrsm; tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;? um,od'daq;rsm;?
tdyfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm;? aA'ifrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif; aemufqHk; obm0"rxuf

ausmfvGefaeaom Nzpf&yfrsm;udk (0g) wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf;aumif;? tpGJtvrf; (0g)
Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\ [laom (u) trSwfNy wwd, pwkw pum;0gusrsm; ]]*gxmrEefrsm;?
tif;tdkifcvSJUvufzGJUrsm;? um,od'd yD,od'daq;rsm;? tdyfruf,mruf\ tusdK;tNypfrsm; aA'ifrsm;udk
,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom pum;&yfrsm;onf Ak'omoemawmfESifh
roufqdkifaomaMumifh
,if;wdkUudk
rpdppf
roHk;oyfawmhbJ
Ak'a'oemawmfESifh
oufqdkifaom
]]wefcdk;Nym#d[mrsm; y&dwfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf tpGJtvrf; (0g) Oyg'gef rnfavawmh\}} [laom

pum;&yfudkom pdppfoHk;oyfMuukeftHhbk&m;\ *kPfawmf 9-yg;wdkUwGif b*0g[laom *kPfawmfonf1/ &d, 2/ "r 3/ ,o 4/ od&D 5/ umr 6/ y,w-[laom bkef;awmf 6-yg;wdkUESifh
NynfhpHkawmfrlNcif;yifwnf;/
xdk 6-yg;wdkUwGif(1)(u) rdrd\
udk,fawmfudk
tEkNrLozG,f
odrfarGUao;i,fatmif
zefqif;Edkifaom
]tPdrm}bkef;awmf?
742
tpodkU
(c)

pdwf\tvm; aumif;uifzsm;0,f ayghyg;vsifNref psmefysHMuGoGm;Edkifaom
]vCdrm}bkef;awmf?
(*)
udk,fawmfudk tvdkSdoavmuf MuD;rm;atmif zefqif;Edkifaom ]r[drm}bkef;awmf?
(C)
tqD;twm; tuG,ftumr&SdbJ vdk&mt&yfodkU wpfcPNcif; MuGa&mufawmfrlEdkifaom

]ywd]bkef;awmf?
(i)
t"d|mefNcif;
ponf\
tpGrf;Nzifh
tvdkSdtyfaom
tusdK;udk
NyD;apEdkifaom
]ygur]bkef;awmf?
(p)
udk,fawmf\ pdwfawmfrS vlrif; ewfrif; ponfwdkUudk ydkifeif;tkyfpdk; vTrf;rdk;Edkifaom

]odwm}bkef;awmf?
(q)
wefcdk;trsdK;rsdK;udk zefqif;Ncif;ESifh pGef;Edkifonf\ tNzpf[laom ]0odwm}bkef;awmf?
(Z)
aumif;uifNzifh MuGoGm;pOfNzpfap? tNcm;udpwpfpHkwpfckudk ypOfNzpfap NyD;qHk;apvdk&mtcg

NyD;qHk;apEdkifaom ],wumr0om,dwm]bkef;awmf 8-yg;aom bkef;awmfonf
]&d,}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(2)
r*fav;wef zdkvfav;wef edAmeftm;Nzifh 9-yg;aom avmukw&mw&m;awmfonf

]"r}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(3)
avmuoHk;yg;
ysHUESHUaom
[kwfrSefaom
*kPfawmfwdkUaMumifh
&tyfaom
tvGef
oefUSif;pifMu,faom ausmfapmNcif;onf ],o}bkef;awmf rnf\/

(4)
lyum, (kyfyHkawmf)udk zl;aNrmfNcif; aMumifhMupdkufaom vltaygif;\ rsufpdwdkUudk

MunfvifapNcif;iSm pGrf;Edkifaom tvHk;pHkaom tNcif;t&mwdkUESifh NynfhpHkaom tm;vHk;aom
t*FgMuD;i,fwdkU\ vGefpGmwifhw,f oym,faom toa&awmfonf ]od&D}bkef;awmf
rnf\/
(5)
tvdkSdtyf awmifhwtyfaom udk,fawmf\ tpD;tyGm; olwpfyg;wdkU\ tpD;tyGm;udk

vdkvm;awmifhwonfhtwdkif; NyD;apEdkifNcif;onf ]umr}bkef;awmf rnf\/
(6)
wpfavmuvHk;
GwfHk;udk;pm;
tm;xm;avmufatmif
vGefpGmud;ukwf
tm;xkwfawmfrlNcif;onf ]y,w}bkef;awmf rnf\/

bkef;awmf
6-yg;wdkUESifh
NynfhpHkawmfrlNcif;aMumifh
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf
b*0g[laom
*kPfawmfMuD;Nzifh ausmfMum;awmfrlygayonf/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wefcdk;Nym#d[monf b*0g*kPfawmf yg0if\/
xdkUaMumifh NrwfpGmbk&m;\ wefcdk;Nym#d[mudk ,HkMunfNcif;onf NrwfpGmbk&m;\ b*0g*kPfawmfudk
Munfdkaom o'gNy"mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwKym'fom Nzpfonf/ tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef r[kwfacs/
743
tpodkU
7/

bk&m;SifrS wpfyg;? tSifplVyEu tSifr[myEu paom om0uwdkU wefcdk;Nym#d[mNyyHk
taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; yd#u txift&Sm;&Sd\/

(ax&*gxm 314? 0dok'r*f? 'k? 16-17/ ESifh oH,kwf-'k-480)
xdk'd0d"tbdnmOf ponfwdkUudk &apEdkifonfh usifhpOfrsm;udkvnf;
]]aom {0H orm[daw pdaw/ y/ aom taeu0d[dwH 'd0d"H ypEkabmwd ('D? 1? 73)}}
NrefrmNyef
odkU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf NzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu;r&Sdvwfaomf
npfl;Ncif;uif;vwfaomf
El;nHhvwfaomf
yNcif;iSm
oifhavsmfvwfaomf
wnfwHhvwfaomf
rwkefvIyfNcif;odkU a&mufvwfaomf &[ef;onf wefcdk;zefqif;Ncif; ]'d0d"Pf} tvdkUiSm pdwfudk

aS;IydkUaqmif\? AS;InGwfap\? xdk&[ef;onf rsm;Nym;aom wefcdk;zefqif;Ncif;udk NyD;ap\/
odkU ponfNzifh xdkxdkygVdawmfwdkU tNynfhtpHk a[mNyawmfrlcJhavonf? xdkusifhpOfrsm;twdkif;
usifhMuHyGm;rsm; tm;xkwfaom olawmfpifwdkUonf 'd0d" paom tbdnmOfwdkUudk {uef &SdEdkifMuavonf?
odkU obm0"rrSefvnf; Sdonf? wefcdk; tbdnmOfudk &aMumif; y#dywfusifhpOfvnf; Sdonf?
uJhodkUaom usifhpOfrSefrsm;udk vufawGUokawoey usifhoHk;olwdkUonf odkU tbdnmOfudk
,HkMunfMuavonf/
xdkUaMumifh
wefcdk;Nym#d[mwdkUudk
,HkMunfNcif;onf
tpGJOyg'gef
r[kwf
o'gNy|mef;aom
r[mukodkvfpdwKyg'fom Nzpfonf/
qdktyfNyD;aom pdppfoHk;oyfcsufrsm;t& wefcdk;Nym#d[mwdkUudk ,HkMunfNcif;onf tpGJtvrf;
Oyg'gef Nzpfonf[laom t,lonf ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUESifh qefUusifaom kyf0g'tNrifom Nzpf
t"rNzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
y&dwfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf Oyg'gefrnf\ [laom pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf

8/
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk ,HkMunfrIonf Oyg'gefavm? odkUr[kwf ukodkvfpdwfavm qdkonfudk
pdppfqifNcifonf&Sdaomf ]Oyg'gef} qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;[k pdppf&ef vdkayonf? Oyg'gef[lonf

avmbapwodufESifh 'd|dapwodufyif Nzpf\? xdkavmbapwoduf 'd|dapwodufwdkUonf pdwf\
npfl;aMumif; Oyudavo w&m;rsm;om Nzpfayonf? y&dwfw&m;awmfudk ,HkMunfrIonfum; xdkodkUaom
Oyudavo w&m;rsdK; r[kwf? Ak'bmom0ifolawmfpifwdkUonf r*Fvokwf arwokwf &weokwf paom
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
y&dwfed'gef;rSm
vmonfhtwdkif;
bk&m;Sif\
tmPmawmfpuftNzpfNzifh
,HkMunfav;NrwfpGm em,lMuukef\? ,if;odkU em,l&m ]]om yaeom orom'evuPm p o'g}}

[laom (t|omvdeD t|uxm-162) ESifhtnD tvGef Munfvifaom o'gw&m;NzpfyGm;ukefMu\/
744
tpodkU
xdko'gw&m;ESifh,SOfaom pdwfonfum; ]]te0Zokc0dygu}} tNypfrSdNcif; aumif;aom tusdK;ay;Ncif;

vuPmSdaom ukodkvfaZm pdwKyg'fom Nzpfacsonf/
zm;ewfom;0wKvm zm;oli,fonf w&m;awmf\ teuft"dym,fudk rodygbJvsuf w&m;oH
Munfdkaom ukodkvfpdwKyg'faMumifh ewfNynfodkU vm;a&muf&avonf? odkU paom om"ursm;udk
axmufygu Ak'bmom0ifwdkU\ y&dwfawmfudk ,HkMunfrIonfvnf; xdkUtwlyif ukodkvfpdwKyg'f
{uefNzpfayonf?
xdkUaMumifh
y&dwfawmfrsm;udk
,HkMunfrIonf
ukodkvfo'gpdwfom
Nzpfonf?
Oyg'gefrNzpf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) (c) trSwfNy apm'emudk oHk;oyfcsuf

9/
(c)
i&Jpcef;ESifh
aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkUudk
wpfcrf;wpfem;
wnfaqmufcJhol
vuform;onfvnf; xdkonfhOyg'gef tpGJNzpfonf [l uREkfyfwdkU odcJh&avNyD/

(vlaovlNzpf pmrsufESm-303)
azmfNyyg
pum;&yfNzifh
]]i&Jpcef;ESifh
aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkU
&Sdonf[k
,HkMunfrIonf
Oyg'geftpGJNzpfonf}} [k qdkvdkonf? ,if;pum;&yfonf trSm;pifppfom Nzpf\? rSm;yHkudk pdppfaomf

i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;odkU trSefwu,f rSdygu rSdonfudk Sd\[k xifrSwfpGJvrf;rIum; tpGJ
Oyg'gef Nzpf&m\? odkUaomf i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;um; trSefSd\? trSefwu,fSdaeonfudk
,HkMunfrIonfum; tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef rNzpfay/
i&Jpcef;ESifh aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkU trSefwu,fSdyHkudk rsm;pGm a[mMum;xm;csuf Sdayonf/
ao,sxmyd bdua0 tyrwH ro ZrK'Day tm&mr&mr aP,suH/y/ aywd0doa,
ypmZm,Ed (tH? 1? 39)}}
NrefrmNyef
&[ef;wdkU
ZrL'dyfarGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom
tm&mrf?
awm?
arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom aNrt&yf? arGUavsmfzG,faumif;aom a&uefonf tenf;i,frQom Sd\?

pifppfaomfum; csdKifh0Srf; Nrifharmufaom aNr? oGm;vmul;cufaom Nrpf? opfikwfql;aNimifh&Sdaom t&yf?
rnDGwfaom awmifwdkUom rsm;ouJhodkU &[ef;wdkU twlyifvQif vlUNynfrS pkaw vlUNynfyif
wpfzefNyefNzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUonf enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUNynfrS pkaw i&JbHk
NzpfMuukefaom /y/ wd&pmefrsdK; NzpfMuukefaom/y/ NydwmbHk NzpfMuukefaom ow0gwdkUom
rsm;ukef\/
745
tpodkU
&[ef;wdkU twlyif vlUNynfrS pkaw ewfNynfwdkU NzpfMuukefaom ow0gwdkUonf

enf;yg;ukef\? pifppfaomfum; vlUNynfrS pkaw i&JbHk NzpfMuukefaom? wd&pmefrsdK; NzpfMuukefaom?
NydwmbHk NzpfMuukefaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;ukef\ (tif Nref? 1? 48) /
enf;twl ewfNynfrS pkaw ewfNynf vlUNynfwdkU Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkU enf;yg; i&J
wd&pmef NydwmbHkwdkU Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? i&JbHkrS pkaw vlUNynf
ewfNynfwdkU Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUenf;yg; i&J wd&pmef NydwmbHkwdkU Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUom
rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? wd&pmefrS pkaw vlUNynf ewfNynfwdkU Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUenf;yg; i&J
wd&pmef NydwmbHk Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUom rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif;? NydwmbHkrS pkaw vlUNynf
ewfNynfwdkU Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkU enf;yg; i&J wd&pmef NydwmbHk Nzpfukefaom ow0gwdkUom
rsm;onfudkvnf;aumif; NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlcJhonf/
10/
xdkrS wpfyg;vnf; um, 'kp&dwH uwGm? 0pD 'kp&dwmed p/

raem 'kp&dwH uwGm? ,OnH a'o oOdwH/
tuwGm ukovH "rH? uwGm} emukovH A[Hk/
um, ab'g 'kyanm? ed&,H aomyyZwd (ck? 1? 212)/
ynmrJholonf
um,'kpdkuf
0pD'kpdkuf
raem'kpdkufwdkUudk
yNcif;aMumif;vnf;aumif;
(&m*paom) tNypfESifh ,SOfaom tNcm;trIudk yaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? ukodkvfuHudk rybJ

tukodkvfuHudkom tMudrfrsm;pGm yNcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; cEmudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg i&JodkU a&muf&\/
um,'kp&dwH [dwGm? 0pD 'kp&dwmed p/
raem 'kp&dwH [dwGm? ,OnH a'go oOdwH/
tuwGm ukovH urH? uwGme ukovH A[Hk/
um, ab'g oyanm? o*H aom OyyZwd (ck? 1? 213) /
ynmSdolonf um,'kpdkuf 0pD'kpdkuf raem'kpdkufwdkUudk y,fpGefUaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;
(&m* paom) tNypfESifh,SOfaom tNcm;trIudk y,fpGefUaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? tukodkvfuHudk rybJ
ukodkvfuHudkom tMudrfrsm;pGm yNcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? cEmudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg ewfNynfodkU
a&muf&\/
ygyaue p oDave? ygydum, p 'd|d,m/
{aw[d 'GD[d "ar[d? a,m orEm*awm ea&m/
um, ab'g 'kyanm? ed&,H aomyyZwd (ck? 1? 213) /
(wd0kwuygVd-yXroDvokwf)
746
tpodkU
tMuifolonf
,kwfnHhaom
tavhESifhvnf;aumif;?
,kwfnHhaom
t,lESifhvnf;aumif;
w&m;ESpfyg;wdkUESifh NynfhpHk\? ynmrJhaom xdkolonf cEmudk,f ysufpD;aomtcg? i&JodkU usa&muf&\/

b'aue p oDave? b'dum, p 'd|d,m/
{aw[d 'GD[w "ar[d? a,m orEm*awm ea&m/
um, ab'g oyanm? o*H aom OyyZwd (ck? 1? 214)
tMuifolonf aumif;Nrwfaom oDvESifhvnf;aumif;? aumif;Nrwfaom t,lESifhvnf;aumif;
w&m;ESpfyg;ESifh NynfhpHk\? ynmSdaom xdkolonf cEmudk,fysufpD;aomtcg ewfNynfodkU a&muf&\/
odkU ponfNzifh i&JESifh ewfNynfwdkUSdonfudk bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrltyfaom
okwfaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdavonf? odkU a'oemawmfrsm; txift&Sm;Sdaeonfudk axmufq i&JESifh
ewfNynfwdkU {uefSdonf[k oHo, uif;uif; Sif;Sif; rSwf,l&m\/
,if;odkU bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrlonfhtwdkif; {uefSdaom i&JESifh ewfNynfwdkUudk {uefSd\[k
,HkMunfNcif;onf tpGJtvrf; Oyg'gef vHk;0 r[kwf? o'gNy|mef;aom r[mukodkvf pdwKyg'fom
Nzpfayonf/
Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwdkU\ i&JESifh ewfNynfudk ,HkMunfcsufonf pk'dwuwdkU pGyfpGJonfhtwdkif;
tuef;,Hk t&rf;,Hk r[kwfacs? r[kwfyHkudk odkU od&m\/
" r[m&mZ wxm*awm avmau OyZwd (y) aom wH "rH okwGm wxm*aw o'H
y#dvbwd ('D? 1? 58) /
NrefrmNyef
rif;Nrwf ylaZmfxl;udk cHawmfrlxdkufaom (tvHk;pHkaom w&m;wdkUudk) udk,fwdkifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom
todPf ]0dZm} tusifh ]p&P} ESifh NynfhpHkawmfrlaom aumif;aom pum;udk qdkawmfrlwwfaom
avmuudk odawmfrlaom qHk;rxdkufoludk qHk;rwwfonfh twkrJhyk*dKvf Nzpfawmfrlaom ewfvlwdkU\
q&mNzpfawmfrlaom
(opmav;yg;w&m;wdkUudk)
odapawmfrlaom
bkef;wefcdk;MuD;awmfrlaom
NrwfpGmbk&m;onf avmu yGifhawmfrlMu\/ xdkNrwfpGmbk&m;onf ewfESifhwuG rm&fewfESifhwuG

NA[mESifhwuGNzpfaom
avmuESifh
orPNA[Prif;rsm;
vlrsm;ESifhwuGaom
ow0gtaygif;udk
udk,fwdkif xl;aomPfNzifhod rsufarSmufyum a[mMum;awmfrl\? xdkNrwfpGmbk&m;onf tp\

aumif;Ncif;? tv,f\ aumif;Ncif;? tqHk;\ aumif;Ncif;Sdaom teufESifh NynfhpHk o'gESifh NynfhpHkaom
w&m;udk a[mawmfrl\? tvHk;pHk xuf0ef;usif NynfhpHkaom xuf0ef;usif pifMu,faom Nrwfaom tusifhudk
Nyawmfrl\/
xdkw&m;awmfudk olMuG,fonfvnf;aumif;? olMuG,fom;onfvnf;aumif; tNcm;Zmwf trsdK;rsdK;
Nzpfaom olonfvnf;aumif; Mum;em&\? xdkolonf xdkw&m;awmfudk Mum;em& NrwfpGmbk&m;
,HkMunfrIudk &\/
747
tpodkU
odkU
paom
t&[wr*fPf
bk&m;Sif
aTEIwfawmfxGuf
oAkwPfawmfMuD;udk
"rpufa'oemawmfESifhtnD
ouf0if,HkMunfaomtm;Nzifh
bk&m;Sif\
xdkPfawmfMuD;Nzifh
rsufarSmufyvsuf a[mMum;tyfaom i&JbHk ewfbHkwdkU Sdonf\ tNzpfudk ,HkMunfNcif; Nzpfayonf/

xdkUaMumifh
]]i&Jpcef;ESifh
aumif;uifbHkeef;wdkUudk
wpfcrf;wpfem;
wnfaqmufcJhol
vuform;onfvnf; xdkonfh Oyg'geftpGJNzpfonf [l uREkfyfwdkU odcJh&avNyD}} [laom OD;Ou|\

a&;om;a[maNymcsufonf NyqdkcJhNyD;aom bk&m;a[m a'oemawmfrsm;udk ,HkrSm; oHo,Nzpfatmif
zsufqD;aom t"r0g'om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;&f"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) (*) trSwf apm'emudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

11/
(*)
tb,fukodkvf'geonf
tb,fbHkb0
tusdK;ay;
rGefNrwfaom
b0odkU
a&mufEdkifonf[laom t,lonf tpGJOyg'gefoGif;aom w&m;rsdK; Nzpf&m\/

(Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m; pmtkyf? pmrsufESm-71)
azmfNyyg
pum;&yfonf
bk&m;a[m
a'oemawmfrsm;ESifh
nDGwfonf
odkUr[kwf
qefusifonfwdkUudk pdppfoHk;oyfMuukeftHh ww uwrH uruwPH? twd 'dEH /y/ orm'd|d? 'H 0kpwd uruwPH/
XaywGm opmEkavmrduH PH oAnydomo0g ukovm ynm uruwPH
(tbd? 2? 341) /
NrefrmNyef
xdkPfwdkUwGif uHomvQif rdrdOpmSdonf\ tNzpfudk odwwfaom ]uruwPf} [lonf
tb,fenf; ]]ay;v&Ncif;\ tusdK;onf Sd\/ ,ZfMuD; (tvMuD;) ylaZmf&Ncif;\ tusdK;onf Sd\?
([Hk;ac:aom) ,Zfi,f (tvi,f) ylaZmf&Ncif;\ tusdK;onf Sd\? aumif;pGm ytyf raumif;oNzifh
ytyfukefaom aumif;rI raumif;rIuHwdkU\ tusdK;zsm; tusdK;quf ]zv} tusdK;&if; ]0dygu} onf Sd\?
(wpfyg;aom avmu wnfolUtwGuf) ypKyefavmuonf Sd\? ( avmu wnfolUtwGuf)
wpfyg;aom (wrvGef) avmuonf Sd\? trd aumif;pGm yNcif;? raumif;oNzifh yNcif;\
tusdK;tNypfonf Sd\? tz\ aumif;pGmyNcif; raumif;oNzifh yNcif;\ tusdK;tNypfonf Sd\? ao
wpfzefNzpfaom ow0gwdkUonf Sdukef\? ypKyefavmuudkvnf;aumif;? wpfyg;aom (wrvGef)
avmuudkvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkifxl;aom PfNzifh od rsufarSmufyum a[mMum;odapEdkifukefaom
&[ef;ykPm;wdkUonf avmu Sdukef\}} [k odkU oabmSdaom tMuif tNym;tm;Nzifh odrI ]ynm} /y/
rSefuefpGm odNrifrI ]orm'd|d} onf Sd\? Pfudk uHomvQif rdrdOpmSdonf\ tNzpfudk odwwfaom
]uruwPf} [l qdktyf\? opmEkavmrdu ]0dyem}Pfudk csefxm; tvHk;pHkaom tmo0\
tmHkNzpfaom ukodkvfynmonf uruwPf rnf\/
748
tpodkU
a'oemawmfNzifh tv\ tusdK;Sdonf ponfNzifh odwwfaom avmuDukodkvfPfonf

uHomvQif
rdrdOpmSdonf\
tNzpfudk
odwwfaom
uruwPf
rnf\[k
bk&m;Sif
odapawmfrlonf/
'geH 'wGm oDvH orm"d,dwGm OaygoxurH uwGm tayuap cwd,r[momvmeH
o[AswH OyyZEd/y/ tayuap y&edrdw0o0wDeH o[AswH OyyZEd (tbd? 2? 437) /
NrefrmNyef
tvudk ay;vNcif;aMumifh oDvudk aqmufwnfNcif;aMumifh Oykof apmifhoHk;rIudk yNcif;aMumifh
tcsdKUolwdkUonf rsm;aom OpmESpfSdaom rif;rsdK;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\? tcsdKU
olwdkUonf rsm;aom OpmESpfSdaom ykPm;rsdK;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\? tcsdKU
olwdkUonf rsm;aom OpmESpfSdaom olMuG,frsdK;wdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\? tcsdKU
olwdkUonf pmwkr[m&mZfewf/ y/ wm0womewf/ y/ ,mrmewf/ y/ wkodwmewf/ y/ edrme&wdewf/
y/ y&edrdw0o0wDewfwdkU\ taygif;tazmftNzpfodkU uyfa&mufukef\/
a'oemawmfNzifh
tvay;vNcif;?
oDvaqmufwnfNcif;?
OykofapmifhoHk;Ncif;wdkUaMumifh
rif;ola|;rsdK; ykPm;ola|;rsdK;? olMuG,f ola|;rsdK;ESifh ewfNynf ewfb0wdkU NzpfMu&onfudk bk&m;Sif

odapawmfrlonf? xdkrSwpfyg; 'ge paom ukodkvfwdkU\ tusdK;rsm;udk bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrltyfaom
okwfaygif;rsm;pGm &Sdayonf/
odkUNzpf
]]tb,fukodkvf'geonf
a&mufEdkifonf[laom
t,lonf
tb,fb0
NyqdktyfcJhNyD;aom
tusdK;ay;
bk&m;a[m
rGefNrwfaom
ygVdawmfrsm;ESifhtnD
b0odkU
uHomvQif
rdrdOpm&Sdonf\ tNzpfudk odaom uruwPf t,laNzmifhrSefaom 'd|dZkurukodkvfom Nzpfonf/

Ak'\ rd*'g0kefw&m;pmtkyf pmrsufESm-17? vmaom tb,fukodkvf 'geonf tb,fbHkb0
tusdK;ay;
rGefNrwfaom
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[laom
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b0odkU
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orkwfNyD; zsufqD;aomaMumifh uH uH\tusdK;udk y,fzsufaom yl&Puypaom wdwdq&mMuD;wdkU\
0g'rsdK;om Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) C+n+!+ trSwfNy ap'emwdkUudk oHk;oyfcsuf

12/(C) raemurf-(0g) [',0wK (odkUr[kwf) OD;aESmufkyfwdkUNzifh yvkyf &aomtrI
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749
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tm;ay;qufoG,faeaomaMumifh reudk aumufNcif; Nzpfonf?
(ocifNrwfqdkif\ Ak'0dyem? yXrwGJ ESm-60)
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[',0wK qdkwJh raemtMunfkyf (tewa&mifNcnf? ESm-103)
()
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(tewa&mifNcnf? ESm-146)
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aumuf,lxm;onfudk
awGU&\?
(re-udk
kyf[kqdkvdk&if; Nzpf\)/
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uwrH wo ora, pdwH a[mwd? ,H wo ora, pdwH raem rmeoH [',H/ y/ 'H
wo ora, pdwH a[mwd (tbd? 1? 18)/
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tmHkodkU Gwf odwwfaom oabm ]re} odNcif;oabm ]rmeo} pdwfESvHk; ][',} /y/ xdktcg
pdwf[lonf oabmNzpf\ [lvnf;aumif; reO y#dp "ar p OyZwd pdwH raem rmeoH [',H/ y/ t,H 0kpwd raem0dnmP"mwk
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qef;Mu,faom oabm ]pdw} tmHkudk EdIif;csifhvsuf odwwfaomoabm ]re} odNcif;oabm ]rmeo}?
twGif; Nzpfaomoabm ][',} onf/ y/ Nzpf\? oabmudk raem0dnmP"mwf[l qdktyf\
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a[mxm;Ncif;aMumifh ][',0wKkyf} [laom teufudkvnf; rodem;rvnfolrsm; ,HkrSm;zG,f Sdae&um;
t|omvdeDt|uxm? pmrsufESm-184? 185 ]][',o'gonf &if[laom teuf pdwf[laom teuf
[',0wKkyf[laom teuf 3-rsdK;udk a[maomfvnf; ]]pdwH raem rmeoH [',H}} [laom t&m
]][',}} o'gonf ]]pdwf}} [laom teufudk a[monf}} [k Sif;Nyawmfrlonf/
750
tpodkU
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rdrdwdkUuJhodkU kyf0g'DwpfOD;Nzpfav[ef a&;om;Ncif; Nzpfonf/
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bk&m;Sifudkyif apmfum;vdkufNcif; Nzpfayonf/
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trSwfpOf (15) (i) trSwfNy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

13/
(i) "rpuy0we-"rqdkonfrSm av;yg;aom r[mbkwfw&m;rsm; Nzpfavonf/
pu-qdkonfrSm NzpfysufESifh aNymif;vJNyD? vnf NzpfaeNcif;udk qdkvdkonf/

y0we-qdkonfrSm rsufpdESifh Nrif&onfudk qdkvdkonf/
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(tw0g'ESifh wm0wom tbd"rm? ESm-102?103)
rSwfcsuf/
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apm'empum;&yfygaom ]]"rpuy0weokw}} [laom yk'f\ teufrSefudk pdppfaomf -
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751
tpodkU
(y0wuH - om&w) y0wdwH a'oemPrd "rpuH emr/ Ob,rd a[wH 'oAv Oa&
y0wPar0 (oH? |? 3? 328)
NrefrmNyef t"dym,f
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a[maMumif;Nzpfaom PfawmfESpfyg;udk ,l&rnf[k qdkvdk\/
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om&w'DyeD#Dum? wwd,tkyf? ESm-181 vnf; t"dym,frsdK;udkyif zGifhNyxm;onf? pum;tqdk
tenf;i,fom uGJvGJonf/
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y0we [laomyk'fonf (y-aS;Sdaom 0wk"mwf+,kypnf;? ,k-udk teNyK NyD;aomyk'f Nzpfonf)
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(0d? |? 1? 15/ 'D? |? 1? 18/ tbd? |? 1? 20) /
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752
tpodkU
(c)

y#da0"Pf
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(*)
y#da0"Pf
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(C)
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(i)
y#da0"Pf
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(p)
y#da0"Pf
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odkU pdppfoHk;oyfNyqdktyfNyD;aom taMumif;aMumifh (i) trSwfNy tw0g'ESifh wm0wom
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14/
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pum;&yf ('d|d+Oyg'gef) [k omrnqdkxm; orm'd|d? rdpm'd|d [k 0daootm;Nzifh
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tw=o'g\ odkUaom teufudk ,lvQif tusdK;Sd rSdudk vnf;aumif;?
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753
tpodkU
(4)
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(5)
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754
tpodkU
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15/
apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u -
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txl;ydkrdkpHkvifpGm zGifhNyxm;Ncif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; b0wPSm\t& umrudk awmifhwNcif; tpGrf;tm;Nzifh
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ESpfoufaom
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b0wPSm=b0\tNzpfudk wG,fwmpGJrufNcif;[laom pk'dwuwdkU zGifhqdkcsufonf rNynfhpHkaom teufom

Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
0db0wPSm\ teufudkNy&m 0daooap'em apm'uq&mawmfrsm; xkwfaqmifudk;um;tyfaom
t|uxm pum;&yfrsm;onf NynfhpHkcdkifcHh om"uaNrmufNyD;Nzpf&um; ]]Oap''d|d (aovQif NyD;a&m
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apm'uq&mawmfrsm; Nyqdktyfaom teufudkyif 0db0wPSm\ teufrSef[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;
vufcHawmfrlMuonf? pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU Nyqdktyfaom 0db0wPSm\ teufonfum; t|uxmESifh
rnDGwfaom rSm;,Gif;aom teufom Nzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) Z-trSwfNy pum;&yfESifh (X) trSwfNy pum;&yfwdkUudk pdppfcsuf

apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu
atmufygpk'dwuwdkU\
a&;om;csufrsm;udk
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odkU
apm'emMu\/
16/
(Z) umrb0[l&m tmHkig;yg;wdkU\ aNEudk rapmifhpnf;rI Nzpfay:vmonfh pGJvrf;rI
wPSmOyg'gef w&m;NzpfNyD;
lyb0qdkonfrSm rdrd\ rsufpd em; ESmacgif; vQm udk,fwdkU Nzpfonf/
tlyb0qdkonfrSm kyfw&m;udk taMumif;cH Nzpfay:vmonfh a0'em onm ocFg&

0dnmPfwnf;[laom emrf\ tNzpfoabmwdkUom Nzpfonf/
(31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH 210)
(X)
umrb0=rsufpd em; ESmacgif; vQm udk,fwdkUu tqif; toH teHU t&om

xdawGUzG,f&mwdkU wdkufqHkaomtcg wyfruf wG,fwmaom vdkcsifrI/
lyb0=rdrd\ cEmudk,f kyfw&m;tay: (0g) cEmig;yg;tay:wGif NrJonf[laom
owfrSwfcsufNzifh rysufcsifaom lyb0/
tlyb0=rtdkcsif raocsif remcsifaom tNzpf? tdkrItwGuf pdk;&drf ylyefNcif; emrItwGuf
pdk;&drfylyefNcif; aorItwGuf pdk;&drfylyefNcif; tNzpf pdwful;rsm;pGmNzifh yputa&;udprS
756
tpodkU

vGefaNrmufaom b0pnf;pdrftrsdK;rsdK;wdkUudk pdwful;ESifh MuHq &Edkif\? a&mufEdkif\?
oHk;oyfNcif;r&SdbJ (tly-b0) pdwful;pGJ tNzpfrsm;/
(Ak'0g' Nyemrsm; pmapmif? pmrsufESm-5-6)
pmydk'fwdkUudk xkwfNy pk'dwuwdkU a&;om;aom t"dym,fonf bk&m;a[m tbd"rmvm

t"dym,f r[kwf? rZdredum,? rlvyPmoygVdawmfESifh t|uxm r[meda'oygVd? t|uxmwdkUudk
udk;um; ]]umrbHk Nzpfapwwfaom uHudkvnf;aumif;? uHaMumifhNzpfaom tusdK;0dyguf emruEm
u#wmkyfudk vnf;aumif;? umr(11)bHkudkvnf;aumif;? xdk tusHK;0ifaom pdwf apwoduf
kyfrsm;udkvnf;aumif; umrb0ac:qdk&ygonf bk&m;? lyb0 tlyb0wdkUudkvnf; xdkenf;yifNzpfyg
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apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU
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(1) urb0
xdkESpfyg;wdkUwGif
yknmbdocFg&[k
ac:qdktyfaom
umrm0p&ukodkvf
apwem
8-yg;
lyg0p&ukodkvf apwem 5-yg; tyknmbdocFg&[k ac:qdktyfaom tukodkvfapwem 12-yg;

tmeOmbdocFg&[k
ac:qdktyfaom
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bHkb0odkU a&mufapwwfonf Nzpf ]]b0*grduH}} [k ac:qdktyfaom apwemESifh ,SOfaom
tbdZmpaom w&m;wdkUonfvnf; urb0 rnf\/
xdkurb0onf umrurb0 lyurb0 tlyurb0 [l 3-yg;tNym;Sd\/ xdk 3yg;wdkUwGif(u)
umrukodkvf apwem 8-yg;? tukodkvf apwem 12-yg;onf umrurb0 rnf\/
(c)
lyukodkvf apwem 5-yg;onf lyurb0 rnf\/
(*)
tlyukodkvf apwem 4-yg;onf tlyurb0 rnf\/
xdkUaMumifh ba0g 'k0ga"e twd urba0g? twd Oyywdba0g/ ww uwarm urba0g?

ynmbdocFga&m tyknmbdocFga&m tmeOmbdocFga&m? t,H 0kpwd urba0g? oArd
*0grdurH urba0g (tbd? 2? 143) /
757
tpodkU
[k 0dbif;ygVdawmf bk&m;&Sifa[mawmfrlonf/
(2) Oyywdb0
uHaMumifhjzpf&aom tusdK;0dygufemruEm urZkyfonf Oyywdb0rnf\/
xdkOyywdb0onf (u) umrb0 (c) lyb0 (*) tlyb0 (C) onmb0 (i) tonmb0
(p) ae0onmemonmb0 (q) {ua0gum&b0 (Z) pwka0gum&b0 (ps) ya0gum&b0 [l 9-yg;
tjym;Sd\/
(u)
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rnf\/
(c)
Cme? Zd0Sm? um,0dnmPf MuOfaom ya0gum& 0dyguf pdwfapwodufESihf Cmeyom'?

Zd0Smyom'? um,yom'? wd bm0kyf ykrm0kyfMuOfaom urZkyf[k qdktyfaom
cEmig;yg;onf lyOyywdb0rnf\/
(*)
tly pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom cEmav;yg;onf tlyOyywdb0rnf\/
(C)
ae0onmeonm,we0dygufpdwf
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urZkyfwnf; [laom cEmig;yg;onf trSwfonmSdaom onmb0 rnf\/

(i)
tonowfbHkjzpfaom
ZD0dwe0uuvmyfkyfwnf;[laom
cEmwpfyg;onf
(trSwfonmr&Sdaom) tonmb0rnf\/
(p)
ae0onmeonm,we0dyguf
pdwf
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cEmav;yg;onf
ae0onmemonmb0 rnf\/ (kefY&if;Murf;wrf;aom trSwfonm rSdjcif;aMumifh

onmSdonf[kvnf; rqdkxdkuf? odrfarGUaom trSwfonmSdjcif;aMumifh onmrSd[kvnf;
rqdkxdkufaomaMumihf ae0onmemonmb0[k qdkonf)/
(q)
tonowfbHk
jzpfaom
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cEmwpfyg;onf
{ua0gum&b0rnf\/
(Z)
tly0dyguf pdwf apwodufwnf;[laom cEmav;yg;onf pwka0gum&b0 rnf\/
(ps)
umr0dyguf? ly0dyguf pdwf apwodufESifh urZkyfwnf;[laom cEmig;yg;onf

ya0gum&b0 rnf\/ (0dok'd -2? 206-207/ tbd?|?2?175) (a0gum&o'gonf
a&mjyGrf;aom
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tonmba0g
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758
tpodkU
[k jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mawmfrlonf/
um; ]]Oyg'ge yp,m ba0g}} [laom a'oemawmfvmaomb0yk'f\ teuft"dyg,f
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xdkUaMumihf r[meda'o ygVdawmf? ,if;\ t|uxmwkdU atmufygtwdkif; zGifhjyawmfrlonf/
b0gba0olwd b0gba0/ y/ umrba0/y/ lyba0/y/ tlyba0
(r[meda'o -36)/
{w p umrba0 lyba0 tlyba0wd Moumob0H oEm, 0kwH
(r[meda'o? |? 137)/
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a[mawmfrltyfjyD/
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(r?|? 1? 223)/
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xdkpum;&yfonf umrurb0ESifh umrOyywdb0ESpfyg;udk wpfaygif;wnf; y jyqdkaom
pum;&yfjzpfjcif;aMumifh o*F[awm ye urb0H Oyywdo0O {uawm uwGm umrkyg'geyp,m o'
taEm*a"[d {aum umrba0g (0dok'dr*f? 2? 207) [laom 0dok'dr*f t|uxmESifh nDGwfESD;aESmrd&um; oifhjrwfvSayonf/
umrbHkjzpfaom pdwf apwoduf kyfrsm;udk umrb0ac:onf[laom apm'u q&mawmfrsm;\
pum;&yfonfvnf; t0wmb0udk &nfG,faom t&mXme jzpfEdkifayonf/
jyqdkcJhjyD;aom
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t|uxmvm
pum;&yfrsm;udk
tcsif;csif;nd
aumufEkwfcsuf
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emruEm urZkyfonfvnf;aumif;? umr 11-bHkonfvnf;aumif; umrb0rnf\/
(c)
lybHk jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf

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759
tpodkU
(*)

tlybHk jzpfapwwfaom uHonfvnf;aumif;? xdkuHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK; 0dyguf
emruEm urZkyfonfvnf;aumif;? tly 4-bHkonfvnf;aumif; tlyb0rnf\
[laom rSefuefaom teuf t"dym,fudk xifSm;pGmod&ayonf/
xkdUaMumifh (Z) trSwfjy ]] 31-bkH0g' Akk' vufrcH}} pmtkyfyg lyb0 tlyb0 zGifhqdkcsuf
pum;&yfonfvnf;aumif;? (X) trSwfjy ]]Ak'0g' jyemrsm;}} pmapmifyg pum;&yfonfvnf;aumif;
okw, okwmEkavmr jzpfaom ygVdawmf t|uxmokdU rouf0if? okw, okwmEkavmrESifh
qefUusifaom
twaemrwdrQomjzpfonf?
kyf0g'tjzpfjzifh
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xkdUaMumifh
t"rpum;omjzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwf(15) #-trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

17/
(#)
ukd,fum,onfyif
yOmHk
umrig;rsdK;wkdUjzpfapaom
oabmvuPmrsm;
SdonfhtwGuf umrbHk? kyfypnf;wkdUtm; olUXmeESifhol tcsdK;tpm;udkufnDatmif zGJUpnf;xm;onfh

ukd,ftwGuf lybHk? toufZD0- [laom xGufouf0ifouf&SdaeonfhtwGuf tlybHk[k t&Sif;qHk;
aumuf,l&ef tvG,fqHk;jzpfayonf/ (Ak'0dyem (1) ESm-61-62)
azmfjyygpum;&yf qkdvdk&if;um; vufSd udk,fum,onfyif umrbHk lybHk tlybHkjzpfonf?
(i&J jydwmESifh ewfjA[mbHkwkdU oD;jcm;rSd) [k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf? xdkpk'dwuwkdU pum;&yf\ trSm;trSefudk
a0zefvdkvQif xdkpum;&yf\ aSUaemufpum;&yfwkdUudkvnf; oHk;oyfqifjcif&ef vdkayonf? xdkpum;&yf\
aemuf (u)
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rSdcsifae? udufovdk ,lEdkif\/
(c)
rodrjrifEkdifaom
t&mawGudk
ajymoHMum;
qkdoHMum;ESifh
vdkufemaeu
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0dk;wdk;0g;wm; jzpfvmu 0dpdudpmyifjzpfEdkifonf/
(*)
ukd,f {uefwu,f rodrjrifEdkifaom udpudk ,HkMunfonf qdkuwnf;u t,lrSef

rjzpfEdkif? 'd|doabmxif&Sm;oufa&mufaeonf/
[laom pum;&yfwkdUudk awGUjrif&avonf/

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(c)(*)trSwfjy
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tjcm;
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760
tpodkU
txuf pk'dwupum;&yf ta&;tMuD;qHk; pum;onfum; ]udk,f{uefwu,f rodrjrifEdkifaom}

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761
tpodkU
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zsufqD;ypf&ef
&nfG,fcsufjzifh a&;om;aom t"r0g'omjzpfonf? Ak'0dyem a&;olonf kyf0g'DjzpfaomaMumifh ol\

kyf0g'udkvnf; ay:vGifap Ak'w&m;awmfrsm;ukdvnf; ysufpD;ap [laom tvdkqdk;jzifh wpfcsufckwf
ESpfcsufjywf
&uf&ufpufpuf
a&;om;
apmfum;csufomjzpf
"rE&m,fpifppfjzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) P - trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

18/
(P) emrfqdkonfrSm kyfukd trnfay;xm;aom oabmomjzpfonf/

(Ak'0g'jyem ESm -35)
azmfjyygpum;&yf\
qdkvdk&if;rSm
emrf[lonfrSm
oD;jcm;r&Sd?
kyf\trnfomjzpfonf[k
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm; qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/ xdkpum;udk pdppfOD;tHhbk&m;&Sifonf "ro*FPDygVdawmf ww uwrH emrH/ a0'emuaEm/y/ tocFawm p "mwk/ 'H0kpwd emrH (tbd?1?256)/
xdkemrfkyfwkdUwGif emrf[lonf tb,fenf;? cHpm;rItpk ]a0'emuEm}? rSwfom;rItpk ]onmuEm}?
yjyifrItpk ]ocFg&uEm}? txl;odrI(pdwf)tpk ]0dnmPuEm} (uH pdwf Owk t[m& [laom
taMumif;wkdUu) ryjyif rpD&iftyfaom edAme"mwfonf&Sd\/ w&m;taygif;udk emrf[l qdktyf\[k
pdwf-89yg;?
apwoduf
52-yg;wnf;[laom
a0'emuEm?
onmuEm?
0dnmPuEmESifh
tocFw"mwfjzpfaom edAmefudk ]emrf} [l a[mawmfrlonf/
762
tpodkU

ww uwrH lyH/ pwma&m p r[mblwm pwkEO r[mblwmeH Oyg'g, lyH/ 'H 0kpwd
lyH (tbd? 1? 256)/

xdkemrfkyfwkdUwGif kyf[lonf tb,fenf;? r[mbkwfav;yg;? r[mbkwfav;yg;udkrSD jzpfaomkyf
w&m;taygif;udk
kyf[k
qkdtyf\[k
r[mbkwf
4-yg;?
Oyg'gkyf
24-yg;wkdUudk
kyf[l
a[mawmfrlonf/
xdkrSwpfyg;vnf;
bk&m;Sifonf
"ro*FPD?
pdwKyg'u@jzifh
emrfudk
us,f0ef;pGm
a0zefjyawmfrlonf? lyu@ujzifh kyfudk us,f0ef;pGm a0zefjyawmfrlonf? okdU bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfwdkif

emrfESifhkyfudk
okyfxkwf
oabmomjzpfonf}
a[mawmfrlcJhygvsuf
[k
]emrfqdkonfrSm
a&;om;a[majymjcif;onf
kyfudk
trnfay;xm;aom
bk&m;Sif\
a'oemawmfESifh
ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifonf/
xkdUjyif apm'uq&mawmfrsm; oufaocHtjzpfwifjytyfaom 31-bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH pmtkyf?
pmrsufESm 110- ]]tm;vHk;udk cHvdkufvQif kyf? a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmOf cEmig;yg;onf
kyfyp,rsm;omjzpfonfudk ydkifykdifMuD; odtyfayonf}} [lvnf;aumif;? Ak'0dyem (1) ESm 67-
]]kyfum; tjcm;r[kwf? ukd,faumifcEmyOu kyftpkta0;yifjzpfonf}} [lvnf;aumif; cEmig;yg;udk
kyf[k qdkxm;onfudk awGU&jyefonf/
,if;pum;&yfrsm;udk
kyfMurf;0g'xlaxmif&ef
ajyma[ma&;om;jcif;onf
MuHzefyvkyf
bk&m;Sif\
a'oemawmfudk
tm;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;?
zsufqD;
xkdUtjyif
bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;tay: oHo,rsm;jzpfay:apjyD; dk;om;aom bmom0ifwkdU todPf IyfaxG;ap&ef

rdrdwdkU\ kkyf0g'udk Ak'0g'xJ oGwfoGif;jcif;om jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif; Ak'0g'udk kyf0g' jzpfav[ef
vDq,fvkyfMuHa&;om;jyD;
Ak'"rudk
apmfum;jcif;jzpfonf[lvnf;aumif;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdUu
pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwf (15) w? x? '? " - trSwfjy pum;&yfwkdUukd pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

19/
(w) pGJvrf;rI Oyg'geftaMumif;aMumifh b0wpfckjzpfvm\/
(ypKyefb0 = ausmif;om;b0rS pma&;b0? pma&;b0rS t&m&Sdb0? tdrfaxmifonfb0 ponfrsm;)

(x)
b0jzpfjcif;aMumifh Zmwd=tvkyfwpfck wm0efwpfcka&mufjcif;/
(')
Z&m = vkyfouf&ifhvmjcif;
(")
r&P = tvkyfrS &yfem;jcif;? tvkkyfxkwfcH&jcif;/ (Ak'0dyem 2? ESm-176)
pum;&yfwkdUudk xkwfjy ,if;pum;&yfrsm;onf ]]Ak'0dyem}} [laom pmtkyftrnfESifhyif

rvdkufavsmatmif
y&rf;ywm
bmoma&;
jyufvHk;rsm;jzpfaeaMumif;jzifh
apm'uq&mawmfwdkUu
apm'emMuonf/
763
tpodkU
xkdpum;&yfrsm;onf y#dporkyg'fa'oemawmfvmaom b0? Zmwd? Z&m? r&Pyk'fwdkUudk

zGifhjyaom pum;&yfrsm; jzpf&um; y#dporkyg'f tzGifh usrf;*ef tqdktrdefUrsm;jzifh pdppfukeftHh --
b0o'g\ teufrSef
]]Oyg'geyp,m ba0g}} [laom ygXf ]]b0}} \ t&udk urb0? Oyywdb0ESpfyg;udk ,l&\?
rSefvS\? Oyg'gef [laomtaMumif;aMumifh urb0? Oyywdb0ESpfyg;wkdU jzpfMu&onf/
Oyg'gefaMumifh urb0? Oyywdb0ESpfyg;wkdU jzpfyHk

avmutcsdKU yk*dKvfonf wpfqifhMum;jzifhjzpfap? jrifzl;onfudk twkvdkufojzifhjzpfap
]]vlUjynf0,f
rif;olaX;rsdK;ponfwkdUvnf;aumif;?
ewfjynfajcmufxyfvnf;aumif;
ig;jzmtmHk
umr*kPfwkdU jynfhpHkMuG,f0\}} [k MuHpnfpOf;pm; xkdumr*kPfwkdUudk &Sd&ef rolawmfwdkU\ w&m;udk

em,lrdjcif; ponfwkdUu vSnfhpm;tyfonf jzpf ]]uHjzifh ig;jzmtmHk umr*kPfwkdU jyD;pD; jynfhpHkvdrfhrnf}}
[k atmufarhrSwfxifum umrkyg'gef [laom taMumif;aMumifh um,'kpdkuf ponfukdaomfvnf;
yvkkyf0Hh\? xdkolonf 'kpdkufjynfh0jcif;aMumifh tyg,fbHk jzpf&avonf/
xkdUjyif
rsufarSmuf
umr*kPfwkdUudk
awmifhwjzpfap?
&jyD;umr*kPfwkdUudk
rysufpD;
rqkwf,kwfatmif apmifha&Smuf&jzpfap umrkyg'gef taMumif;aMumifh um,'kpdkufponfwdkUudk yvkyf\/

xdkolonf 'kpdkufjynfh0jcif;aMumifh tyg,fbHk jzpf&avonf/
xkdtyg,fbkH xkdyk*dKvf\ Oyywdb0jzpfaMumif;uHonf urb0rnf\? uHaMumihfjzpfaom
cEmwkdUonf
Oyywdb0rnfukef\?
um;
umrkyg'gefaMumifh
tukodkvf
urb0ESifh
tyg,fOyywdb0jzpfyHkwnf;/
umrkyg'gefaMumifh umrukodkvf urb0ESifh vlUjynf ewfjynfwkdU Oyywdb0 2-yg;jzpfyHk?
umrkyg'gefaMumifh ly-tly ukodkvfurb0ESifh ly-tly Oyywdb0 2-yg;jzpfyHk? 'd|Kyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gef? oDvAwkyg'gefwkdUaMumifh urb0 Oyywdb0 2-yg;jzpfyHkwkdUudkvnf; enf;twlyif
odMu&m\/ (0dok'dr* t|uxm? 'k? ESm- 208?209/ oarm0daem'eD t|uxm? 176?178)
odkU Oyg'gefaMumifh urb0? Oyywdb0 ESpfyg;jzpfjcif;aMumifh ]]Oyg'geyp,m ba0g}} [laom
ygXf ]]b0}}\ t&udk urb0?Oyywdb0 ESpfrsdK; ,l&onf/
]]b0yp,m Zmwd}}[laomygXf ]]b0}}\ t&udk urb0udkom ,l&onf/ Oyywdb0udk r,l&?
xkdUaMumifh 0dok'dr*t|uxm ba0gwd yaew urba0g0 t"dayawm/ aom [d Zmwd,m ypa,m? e Oyywdba0g?
aom p ye uryp, Oyed, yp,0aoe a'G"m ypa,m a[mwDwd (0dok'dr*f? 2/ 210)/
764
tpodkU

urb0u Zmwdtm; aus;Zl;yyHk
urb0u
jyifytaMumif;rsm;
Zmwdtm;
aus;Zl;yyHkudk
wlnDaeaomfvnf;
b,fyHkb,fenf;
,kwfnHhjcif;
odEdkifoenf;[lrl
rGefjrwfjcif;paom
ow0gwkdUrSm
xl;jcm;uGJvGJcsufudk
awGUjrifae&aomaMumifh odEdkifayonf/ csJUjyygOD;rnf rdbwkdU\
okufaoG;?
tpm
tm[m&paom
jyify
taMumif;rsm;
wlnDaeaomfvnf;
trTmnDaemifESpfOD;wkdUyif tcsif;csif; rwlbJ wpfOD;u ,kwfnHhatmufus tkyfqkd; ynmrJhjzpfum wpfOD;u

txufwef;us
vSywifhw,f
ynmMuG,faejcif;paom
xl;jcm;csufudk
awGUjrifae&onf?
xkdxl;jcm;csufonf taMumif;rJh rjzpfEkdifay? tu,f taMumif;rJh jzpfonfqdkygvQif xdkxljcm;csufonf

tcgcyfodrf; jzpfae&ayrnf? ow0gtm;vHk;rSm jzpfae&ayrnf? pifppfrlum; xkd ,kwfnHhjcif;? rGefjrwfjcif;
paom xl;jcm;csufonftcgcyfodrf; jzpfaeonfr[kwf? ow0gtm;vHk;rSm jzpfaeonf r[kwfcJh? xkdUaMumifh
,kwfnHhjcif; rGefjrwfjcif;paom xl;jcm;csufonf taMumif;rJhjzpfonfr[kwf ({ueftaMumif;&Sd&rnf)?
xkdtaMumif;um; tb,fenf;? urb0[laom taMumif;aMumifhom jzpfonf[k od&m\? rSefvSay\?
uHonf ow0gwkdU t,kwftjrwfponfh xl;jcm;uGJvJG&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;aywnf;? xkdYaMumifh
bk&m;Sifu ]]urH oaw 0dbZwd ,'d'H [DeyPdwwm,}} (r? 3? 244) [k a[mawmfrlcJhayonf/ xkdUaMumifh
urb0onf Zmwd\ taMumif;jzpfonfudk od&ayonf/
vkd&if; tcsKyfrSm ]]Oyg'ge yp,m ba0g}} ]]b0}} t&udk avmuDukodkvf tukodkvf apwem
29-yg;[laom ]]urb0}} ESifh uHaMumifhjzpfaom tusdK;0dygufemruEm urZkyf[laom ]]Oyywdb0}}
ESpfrsdK;ukd ,l&onf/
]]b0yp,m Zmwd}} [l ]]b0}} t&udk avmuDukodkvf tukodkvf apwem 29-yg;[laom
]]urb0}}ukdom ,l&onf[k oHo,uif;pGm rSwf,l&\/
Zmwdo'g\ teufrSef
Zmwdo'gonf ]]b0}} [laom teuf ]]taygif;}} [laom teuf ]]ocFww&m;wkdU\ OD;pGm jzpfrI
trSwftom;}} [laom teuf ]]y#doaEcEm}} [laomteuf ]] arG;zGm;jcif;}} [laom teuf ]]trsdK;Zmwf}}
[laomteuf ]]t&d,oDv}} [laom teufwkdUukd a[m\/
]]b0yp, Zmwd}} [laomygXf ]]Zmwd}} o'gonfum; ]]y#doaEcEm}} [laom teufukd
a[monf?
xkdUaMumifh
wnfaeonfrSp
trd0rf;
trd0rf;rS
udef;atmif;&aom
]]*Aao,su}}
zGm;jrifxGufajrmufonfhwdkifatmif
ow0gwkdU\
twGif;jzpfaom
y#doaE
cEmwkdUonf
vnf;aumif;? tnd(pdkpGwfap;uyf&m) jzpfaom ]]oHao'Z}} ow0gESifh ukd,fxifSm;jzpfaom ]]Oyywd}}

ow0gwkdU\
y#doaEcEmwkdUonfvnf;aumif;
]]Zmwd}}
rnf\?
um;
y&d,m,fenf;jzpfonf
765
tpodkU
rkcstm;jzifh xdkxdk bHkb0 jzpfMuukefaom ow0gwkdU\ xdkxdkcEmwkdU a&S;OD;pGm jzpfay:rIonf ]]Zmwd}}

rnf\/
xdkUaMumifh 0dok'dr*t|uxm ]]oGm,rd" uAao,sumeH y#doEdawm y|m, ,m0 rmwkukpdrSm
edureH? wm0
y0awok caEok/ wa&oH y#doEdcaEaoG0gwd '|aAm/ t,rd p y&d,m,uxm0/

edy&d,m,awm yeww ww edAwrmemeH owmeH a, a, cEm ygwk b0Ed? awoH awoH
yXrygwkbma0g Zmwd emr (0dok'dr*f? 2? 129) [k rdefUqdkawmfrlonf/
oarm[ 0daem'eDt|uxm ESm 89-vnf; tvm;wl t"dym,frsm;udk zGifhjyawmfrl\? pum;tqdk
tenf;i,fomxl;onf/
xkdUjyif 0db*FygVdawmf ]]ww uwrm b0yp,m Zmwd? ,m awoH awoH owmeH}} (tbd? 2? 144)
ponfjzifh a[mawmfrl\/
jrefrmjyef
xkdt0dZmyp,m ocFg&mpaom y#dporkyg'fb0[laom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfaom Zmwd- [lonf
tb,fenf;? xkdxdkow0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owedum, tMuifjzpfjcif;oabm? aumif;pGmjzpfjcif;oabm?
oufa&mufjcif;oabm? xifSm;jzpfay:jcif;oabm? cEmwkdU\ xifSm;jzpfay:jcif;oabm? tm,wewkdUukd
&jcif;oabmonf&Sd\? oabmudk Zmwd[k qdktyf\/
vdk&if;tcsKyfum; *Aao,su ow0gwkdU\ y#doaEwnfaeonfrS p zGm;jrif&mtcgwdkifatmif
twGif;jzpfaomcEmwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? oHao'Z Oyywfow0gwkdU\ y#doaEtcgjzpfaom
cEmwkdUonfvnf;aumif; y&d,m,ftm;jzifh Zmwdrnf\? xkdxdkow0gwkdU\ xkdxdk bHkb0 cEmwdkU\
aS;OD;pGm jzpfay:rIonf rkcstm;jzifh Zmwdrnf\[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/
Z&mo'g\ teufrSef
Z&monf
(1)
ocFw w&m;wkdU\ &ifha&mf tdkrif;jcif; trSwftom;jzpfaomZ&m?
(2)
oGm;usdK;jcif;? qHjzLjcif;ponf orkwftyfaom wpfb0 tusHK;0ifaom cEmwkdU\
a[mif;EGrf;aqG;jrnfhjcif;[laom Z&m tm;jzifh 2-yg; tjym;&Sd\/ xkd 2-yg;wkdUwGif oGm;usdK;jcif;? qHjzLjcif;ponf orkwftyfaom wpfb0
tusHK;0ifaom cEmwkdU\ a[mif;EGrf;aqG;jrnfhjcif;udk t&m Z&m[k tvdk&Sdtyf\/
766
tpodkU
xkdZ&monf cEmwkdU\ &ifhusifjcif; vuPm&Sd\/ aojcif;odkUuyfaqmifjcif; udpSd\/

tG,faumif;jcif;udk zsufqD;wwfaom oabm[k PfxJxifvmwwf\ (0dok'd? 2? 132)/
0dbif;ygVdawmfvnf; ww uwrm Z&m? ,m awoH awoH owmeH wrSd wrSd oweduma, Z&m ZD&Pwm
c@dpH ygvdpH 0vdwpwm tm,kaemoH[med jEd,meH y&dygaum? t,H 0kpwd Z&m
(tbd? 2? 144)/
xkdZ&m? r&P ESpfyg;wkdUwGif Z&m- [laom oabmw&m;onf tb,fenf;? xdkxdkow0gwkdU\
xdkxdk owedum, tMuifavsmhyg;jcif; (tdkrif; ,kwfavsmhjcif;) oabm &ifha&mf aqG;jrnfhaMumif; oabm
oGm;usdK;aMumif; oabm qHyifjzLaMumif;oabm ta&wGefUaMumif;oabmonf Sd\? oabmudk Z&m[k qkdtyf\[k bk&m;Sif udk,fawmfwkdif a[mMum;awmfrlcJhavonf/
xkdZ&monf xifSm;aom ygu#Z&m? zHk;uG,ftyfaom (rxifSm;aom) y#dpEZ&m- [l 2rsdK;jym;\? xkd 2-rsdK;aomZ&mwkdUwGif qHjzLoGm;aMuG ta&wGefUjcif; ponfwkdUudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh
kyfw&m;wkdUjzpfaom Z&monf xifSm;aom ]ygu#}Z&mrnf\? emrfw&m;wkdUjzpfaom Z&monfum;
xkduJhokdUaom azmufjyefrI xl;jcm;aom trlt&mudk rjrifEdkifaomaMumifh zHk;uG,ftyfaom (rxifSm;aom)
y#dpEZ&m rnf\/
oGm;usdK;jcif;?
qHyifjzLjcif;?
ta&wGefUjcif;wkdUonf
(rsufpdjzifh
jrif&aomaMumihf)
tqif;kyfomjzpfonf? Z&mr[kwf? xkdoGm;usdK;jcif; qHjzLjcif;? ta&wGefUjcif;wkdUudk rsufpdjzifh jrifjyD;aemuf

]Z&maMumifh oGm;awG usdK;&onf? Z&maMumifh qHyifawGjzL&onf? Z&maMumifh ta&awG
wGefU&onf} [k raem'Gg&jzifh MuHpnf Z&mudkod&onf? xkdUaMumifh cEmwkdU\ tdkrif;&ifha&mfjcif;onf
Z&mrnf\ [k rSwfod&m\ (oarm|? 93)/
r&Po'g\ teufrSef
r&Ponf (1)
ocFww&m;wdkU\ ysufpD;jcif; trSwftom;jzpfaom r&P
(2)
wpfb0tusHK;0ifaom ZD0dwdajEtpOf\ jywfpJjcif; r&P- [l 2-yg; tjym;&Sd\/

xdk 2-yg;aom r&PwkdUwGif ]r&Prd 'kuH}[laom yk'f ]Zmwdyp,m Z&mr&P} [laomyk'fwkdU
wpfb0tusHK;0ifaom ZD0dwdajEtpOf\ jywfpJjcif;ukdom ]r&P}[k ,l&onf/

xkdr&Ponf jzpfqJb0rS aGUavsmjcif; vuPm&Sd\? auGuGif;&jcif; udp&Sd\/
(0dok'dr* t|uxm? 'k-ESm -133)
767
tpodkU
0dbif;ygVdawmfvnf; ]]ww uwrH r&PH?? ,m awoH awoH owmeH wrSm wrSm owedum,m pkwd
p0ewm aba'g tE&"meH rpK r&PH umvud&d,m cEmeH aba'g uaV0& edauayg
ZD0dwdjEd,yapa'g? 'H 0kpwd r&PH}} (tbd? 2? 144)/
xdkZ&m? r&P ESpfyg;wkdUwGif r&P[lonf tb,fenf;? xdkxdkow0gwkdU\ xdkxdk owedum,rS
aGUavsmjcif;oabm
ac:qkdtyfaom
aGUavsmonf\
aojcif;oabm?
tjzpf
tqHk;udk
yduGJjcif;oabm
yjcif;oabm
aysmufuG,fjcif;oabm
cEmwkdU\
rpK[k
ysufpD;yduGJjcif;oabm
tavmif;aumifudk ypfcsjcif;oabm ZD0dwdajE\ jywfpJjcif;oabmonf&Sd\? oabm tvHk;pHkukd

r&P[k qdktyf\ [k bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfwdkif a[mawmfrlavonf/
xkdaojcif; ]r&P}onf (1) cPdur&P? (2) orKwdr&P? (3) orkap'r&P -[l
oHk;yg;tjym;&Sd\/ xdkoHk;yg;wkdUwGif(1)
y0wdtcg kyfemrfw&m;wkdU\ ysufpD;jcif;onf cPwkdif; cPwdkif; jzpfaom aojcif;

]]cPdur&P}} rnf\/
(2)
wd aojyD? zk aojyD? armifb aojyD? rvS aojyD ponfjzifh ajymqkdtyfaom

aojcif;onf orkwfac:a0:tyfaom aojcif; ]]orKwdr&P}} rnf\/
(3)
&[Emyk*dKvf\ wpfzef y#doaEaejcif;rSdaom aojcif;onf tMuGif;rJh jywfpJaom

aojcif; ]] orkap'r&P}} rnf\/
oHk;rsdK;aom aojcif; ]r&P} wkdUwGif ]r&Prd 'kuH} [laomygXf ]Zmwdyp,m Z&mr&PH}

[laomygXfwkdU ]r&P} \ t& orKwdr&Pudkom ,l&onf/ (oarm[0daem'eD -95)
xkdUaMumifh
yap'r&P}
wpfb0tusHK;0ifaom
ZD0dwdajE
tpOf\jywfpJjcif;
]ZD0dwdjEd
armifbaojyD? rvS aojyD ponfjzifh ajymqkdorkwftyfaom ]orKwdr&P}onf r&P
rnf\ [k od&m\/
okdU jyqkdcJhjyD;onfhtwdkif; b0? Zmwd? Z&m? r&P - [laom yk'fwkdU\ t"dym,ftrSefudk
ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdU bk&m;SifESihf om0uwkdU a[mMum;rdefUqdkxm;ygvsuf Ak'0dyem trnfSd pmtkyf
'kwd,wGJ (w? x? '? ") trSwfjy pum;&yfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyjcif;onf bk&m;Sif a'oemawmfudk
ajymifavSmif jyufacsmf oa&mfouJhokdUjzpf&um; bk&m;Sif\ omoemawmf ysufpD;uG,faysmuf&ef
&nfG,fcsufjzifh a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
768
tpodkU
trSwfpOf (15) e? y? z trSwfjy apm'emcsufyg pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

20/
(e) ykaAed0goPfum; -
ykaA = ajcmufESpfumv cgor,/ ed = xifSm;{uef trSefrSdaom/ 0go = wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\

ESdyfpuf nOf;yef;rIcH&jcif;wkdUudk/ P = trSefxGif;azmuf todPf& a&mufcJhavjyD/
(y)
'dApuKPfum; -
puK = rsufpdESpfuGif;jzifh jrifjcif;[lorQwkdUudk/ 'dA = Sif;Sif;vif;vif; tpGJuif;jyD;/ PH =

trSefxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;okdU &a&mufcJhavjyD/
(z)
tmo0u,Pfum; -
tmo0 = wyfrufpGJvrf;rIjzpfjcif;[lorQudk/ c, = ukefcef;csKyfjidrf;rI trSefodkU&Sdjcif;udk/ PH=

trSefxGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;okdU a&mufcJhavjyD/
(trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif? pmrsufESm -7? tbd"rm q&mpdef)
txufygpum;&yfwkdUudk
oufaocHtjzpf
xkwfjy
OD;Ou|\
aemufvdkufwkdU\
a&;om;csufrsm;onf t"rrsm;om jzpfaMumif; apm'emMu\/

wpfzef yg&mZduu@ t|uxm? a0&Ou@ 0Pemvmaom pum;&yfwkdUudk om"uwif
ykaAed0gomEkwdpaom
yk'fwkdU\teuftrSefukd
apm'uq&mawmfwkdUu
azmfjyjyD;vQif
orm'd|d
okawoe tzJGUcsKyfrS xkwfa0aom trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif pmrsufESm 7-vmaom

tbd"rm q&mpdef qdkol\ ykaAed0go ponf zGifhqdkcsufwkdUrSm trSefw&m;udk aSmifSm; trSm;rsm;udkom
okawoeyxm;aom pum;rsm;omjzpfygonf[k apm'u q&mawmfwkdUu wifjy apm'emMuonf/
,if;apm'emt& ]]ykaAed0gomEkwdP}} paom yk'fwkdU\ teufrSefudk usrf;*efESifh nd
pdppfa0zefMuukeftHh? ,if;okdU a0zef&m y&d,wftajccHr&Sdaom yk*dKvfrsm; vG,fulpGm odEdkifMu&ef om"u
ygXfwkdUudk atmufajc oD;jcm;xkwf t"dym,frQudkom azmfjyvsuf a0zefMuukefthH/
(u) ykaAed0gomEkwdPf
ykaAed0gomEkwdP ( ykaA + ed0go + tEk +owd +P)
ykaA = aS;twdwfb0
ed0go = aetyfcJhzl;aom cEm? aetyfcJhzl;aom w&m;udk
tEk = tpOfavQmuf (0g) pdwfudk Gwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJh
owd = atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh
P = (,SOfaom) Pf/
AS;twdwfb0 aecJhzl;aom cEm? aecJhzl;aom w&m;udk tpOfavQmuf atmufarhEdkifaom
owdESifh ,SOfaom Pfonf (0g) aS;twdwfb0 aecJhzl;aom cEm? aecJhzl;aom w&m;udk (pdwfudk
769
tpodkU
Gwfapjcif;\)

tjcm;rJhomvQif
atmufarhEdkifaom
owdESifh,SOfaom
Pfonf
]]ykaAed0gomEkwdPf}} rnf\[k tusOf;tm;jzifh rSwfom;&m\/

csJUjyOD;thH? ykaAed0gomEkwdP - [laomyk'f ]]ykaA}} [laomyk'f\ t&udk ,ck ypKyefb0
aS;aS;aom &uf? v? ESpf wkdUukd ,l&rnf r[kwf? aS;aS;aom twdwfb0wkdUudk ,l&onf? xkdUaMumifh
t|uxmwkdU ]]ykaA}}udk ]]twDwZmwDok}} [k zGifhjyMuonf? bk&m;Sifonfvnf; ]]ykaAed0go}} t&ukd
]]{urd Zmw a'Gyd Zmwda,m}} (wpfb0 ESpfb0) ponfjzifh a[mjyawmfrlonf/
]]ed0go}} [laomyk'ft& aecJhzl;aom cEmwkdUukd ,l&onf? aecJhzl;aomcEm [lonfum; pGJrSD
aecJhzl;ukefaom= tzefzefjzpfjyD;ukefaom rdrdoPmefjzpf csKyfjyD;ukefaom twdwfb0 cEmrsm;jzpfonf/
ykaA ed0gaomwd ykaA twDwZmwDok ed0kwuEm? ed0kwmwd tZ0kwm tEkblwm
twaem oEmae OyZdwGm edk'g (0dok'd? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/
(ygXftaetxm; tenf;i,frQ xl;jcm;onf)
wpfenf; - ]]ed0go}} [laom yk'ft& aecJhzl;aom w&m;wkdUukd ,l&onf? aecJhzl;aom
w&m;[lonfum; tmHky aezl;aom (awGUuHcJhzl;aom) w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/
ed0kw"rm 0g ed0kwm? a*gp&ed0gaoe ed0kwm twaem 0dnmaPe 0dnmwm y&dpdEm?
y&0dnmP0dnmwmyd 0g qdE0#KrumEk&Pm'Dok (0dok'd? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/
(ygXftaetxm; tenf;i,frQomxl;jcm;onf)
okdUvQif ykaAed0goonf pGJrSD aecJhzl;aom = rdrdoEmefjzpf csKyfjyD;aom cEm
(tZ0kwed0go)? tHkyaecJhzl;aom = awGUuHcJhzl;aomw&m; (a*gp&ed0go)[l 2-rsdK;Sdonf/
xkdtmHkyaecJhzl;aom w&m;[k qdktyfaom a*gp&ed0goonfvnf; rdrd0dnmPfjzifh odcJhzl;aom
w&m;? olwpfyg; 0dnmPfjzifh odcJhzl;aom w&m;[k 2-rsdK;Sd\/
rdrd0dnmPfjzifh odcJhzl;aom w&m;- [lonf aS;twdwfb0wdkU rdrdcEmESifh qufoG,f
rdrd\trnf tEG,f tqif; tpmtm[m& okc? 'kursm; rdrd\ rdbaqGrsdK; taygif;tazmfpaomolwkdUESifh
ae&mXmersm; paom rdrd 0dnmPfjzifh awGUuHcHpm;cJh&aom tmHkrsm;wnf;/
psmeftbdnmOfudk&aom (wdwdac:aom) omoemy &aohrsm;ESifh yapu Ak'gom0uwkdUonf
qdkcJhjyD;aom rdrdukd,fawGU taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom tbdnmOfjzifh odEdkifMuonf/
olwpfyg;wkdU 0dnmPfjzifh odtyfzl;aom w&m;[lonf rdrdukd,fawGUr[kwfbJ olwpfyg;wkdU
awGUuH cHpm;cJh&aom tmHkrsm;jzpfonf? puKygvax&f\ aq;orm;b0wkef;u yvkyfcJhaomtrIonf
bk&m;Sif ukd,fwkdif xkdpOfu rawGUuHcJh&aomfvnf; bk&m;jzpfonfhtcg (puKygv\ 0dnmPfjzifh
awGUuHcJh&aom tmHk taMumif;t&mrsm;udk) tbdnmOfjzifh jyefodjcif;rsdK;wnf;/
oHo&mc&D; jywfjyD;aom bk&m; &[EmwkdUukd atmufarh&m umvponfwdkU xkdbk&m;
&[EmwkdU\
0dnmPfjzifh
odtyfcJhzl;aom
r*f
zkdvf
edAmef
paomw&m;rsm;onf
odcgyw=
770
tpodkU
xdyfwef;tusqHk;
ykaAed0gojzpfonf?
y&dedAmefpHjyD;aom
aS;bk&m;
tqlqludk
taMumif;y
]]xkdbk&m;Sifonf okdUyHk 0dyem Iawmfrl\? okdUyHk r*fukd jzpfapawmfrl\? okdUyHk zkdvf

edAmefudk
rsufarSmufyawmfrl\?
okdUyHk
a0ae,swkdUtm;
w&m;a[mjy
qHk;rawmfrl\}}
[k
bk&m;Sifu tbdnmOfjzifh odawmfrljcif;rsdK;wnf;/ (olwpfyg; 0dnmPfjzifh odtyfzl;aom w&m;udk

jyefodEdkifaom tbdnmOfum; bk&m;SifwkdU\ tbdnmOfomwnf;/)
wdwd,m p ykaAed0goH tEk&rmem twem 'd|uwokwar0 tEk&Ed/ wxm
om0um p yapumAk'g p/ Ak'g ye twem 0g ya&[d 0g 'd|uwokwH oAar0 tEk&Ed
('D? | ? 2 ? 3)/
qufOD;thH? wdwdwdkUonf aS;b0 aetyfzl;aom cEmukd tpOfavQmuf atmufarhukefvwfaomf
udk,fwkdif jriftyf ytyf Mum;tyfzl;aom tmHkudkomvQif tpOfavQmuf atmufarhEdkifukef\? bk&m;Sif\
wynfhwkdUonfvnf;aumif;? yapu Ak'gonfvnf;aumif; xdkUtwl udk,fwkdif jriftyf ytyf Mum;tyfaom
tmHkudkom tpOfavQmuf atmufarhEdkifukef\ [lvdk/
jyqdkcJhjyD;aom enf;-3-enf;wdkUwGif yxrenf; tvdktm;jzifh ]]aS;twdwfb0aecJhzl;aom
(tzefzefjzpfzl;ukef = rdrdoEmef jzpfcsKyfjyD;ukefaom)cEmwkdUonf ykaAed0go rnf\/
'kwd,enf;tvdktm;jzifh
aS;twdwfb0
rdrd0dnmPfjzifh
tmHky
aecJhzl;aom
(rdrdukd,fawGUjzpfaom) rdrdcEm? olwpfyg;cEmESifh jyify A[d' tmHkrsm;onf ykaAed0go rnf\/

wwd,enf; tvkdtm;jzifh rdrd0dnmPfjzifh tmHkyaecJhzl;aom w&m;omru olwpfyg;wkdU
0dnmPfjzifh tmHkyaecJhzl;aom (udk,fawGU r[kwfaom) tmHkrsm;onfvnf; ykaAed0go rnf\ - [k
,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/
]]aS;ajcmufESpfumv
cgor,
xif&Sm;\
trSefrSdaom
wyfrufpGJvrf;jcif;\
ESdyfpuf
nOf;yef;rIcH&jcif;}} [laom tbd"rm q&mpdefqdkoljyefqkdtyfaom teufonfum; rnfonfh usrf;*efrQ

rSdaom o'gteufvdkufzufwGJpyf vHk;0r&aom teufom jzpfonf?
PfawmfMuD;ukd
wpfb0twGif;om
abmifcwfvdk
bk&m;Sif\ ykaAed0go
aS;ajcmufESpf[k
qdkjcif;jzpfonf?
wpfb0twGif;om abmifcwfvdkjcif;onfvnf; kyf0g'ESihf udkufnDatmif ud;pm;jcif;om jzpfayonf/

tEkwd tEko'gonf tpOfavQmuf[laom ]]tEk*w}} teufESifh tjcm;rJh[laom ]]teE&}}
teufwkdUukda[monf/
wpfb0odjyD;vQif aemufb0wkdUudkod? xdkaemufb0udk odjyD;vQif xdkrS aemufjzpfaom b0udkod
ponfjzifh b0tpOfudk avQmuf atmufarhjcif;onf ]]tEk*w}} tpOfavQmuf atmufarhjcif;jzpfonf?
aS;b0wkdU aecJhzl;aom cEmwkdU xifvmatmif tajccH0ifpm;tyfaom yg'upsme0DxdESifh ]]aS;b0
aecJhzl;aom cEmudk odtHh}} [k y&duHyaom 0Dxdrsm;rjzpfbJ pwkwpsmefpdwfudk ykaAed0gookdU
771
tpodkU
Gwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJh atmufarhEdkifjcif;onf ]]teE&}} tjcm;rJh atmufarhjcif;onf xdkowdESifh

,SOfaom Pfonf ykaAed0gomEkwdPf rnf\/
ykaAed0gomEkwdwD ,m, owd,m ykaAed0goH tEk&wd/ om ykaAed0gomEkwd/
PEd wm, owd,m or,kwPH (0dok'd? 2? 40/ 0d? |? 1? 128)/
ykaAed0gomEkwd- [lonfum;? tMuifowdjzifh a&S;twdwfb0 aetyfcJhzl;aom cEmudk? 0g?
aS;twdwfb0
aetyfcJhzl;aom
w&m;udk?
tpOfavQmuf
atmufarhEdkif\?
xdkowdonf
ykaAed0gomEkwdrnf\/ Pf[lonfum; xdkowdESifh ,SOfaom Pfwnf;/

jyqdkcJhjyD;aom pum;&yfwkdUjzifh ]]aS;twdwfb0wkdU aecJhzl;aom cEm? aS;twdwfb0wkdU
rdrd0dnmPf olwpfyg;wkdU 0dnmPfjzifh tmHky aecJhzl;aom (awGUuHcJhzl;aom) tmHk taMumif;t&mwkdUudk
(tpOfavQmufjzpfap? pdwfudk Gwfapjcif;\ tjcm;rJhjzpfap) atmufarhEdkifaom owdESifh ,SOfaom
Pfonf ykaAed0gomEkwdPfrnf\/
xdkPfudkyif ykaAed0goPf[k twdkaumuf ac:Muonf/
Ak'Sifawmfjrwfonf xdk ykaAed0gomEkwd 0dZmPfudk &apEdkif jzpfapEdkifaom tusifh
y#dy'gvrf;pOfudkvnf;aumif;? xkdvrf;pOftwdkif; udk,fawmfwdkif usifhMuHud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkudk
vnf;aumif;? udk,fawmfwdkif xkdPfudk & aS;twdwfb0rsm;pGm aecJhzl;aom (awGUuHcJhzl;aom)
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk udk,fawmfwdkif odawmfrlyHkudk vnf;aumif; atmufygtwdkif; a[mawmfrlcJhavonf/
tm&'H acg ye ar jAm[P 0D&d,H ta[mod/ y/ ykaAed0gomEkwdPm, pdwH
tbdedEm aro/ aom taeu0d[dwH ykaAed0goH tEk&mrd/y/ t,H acg ar jAm[P
yXrmbdedAd'g ta[mod ukuKXpmyua0 t@aumorSm (0d? 1? 4-5)/
jrefrmjyef
ykPm; igonf rwGefUwkdaom vHkUvudk tm;xkwfjyD;jyD? (ightm;) arhavsmh (aysmufysuf)
jcif;r&Sdaom owdonf xifjyD? (ig\) ukd,fonf ylyefjcif; r&Sd jidrf;at;jyD? (ig\) pdwfonf
wpfckwnf;aom tmHkSdonfjzpf aumif;pGm wnfjyD? ykPm; xdkigonf umr*kPfwkdUrS qdwfomvQif
tukodkvfw&m;wdkUrS qdwfomvQif MuHpnfjcif; ]0dwwf}ESifhwuGjzpfaom oHk;oyfqifjcifjcif; ]0dpm&} ESifh
wuGjzpfaom (eD0&P) uif;qdwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfaom ESpfodrfhjcif; ]yDwd} csrf;omjcif; ]okc} Sdaom
yxrpsmefokdU a&muf aecJhjyD/
0dwuf? 0dpm& jidrf;jcif;aMumifh rdrdoEmef pdwfudk Munfvifapwwfaompdwf? wnfMunfrI
orm"dukdyGm;apwwfaom? MuHpnfrI ]0dwuf} rSdaom? oHk;oyfqifjcifrI ]0dpm&} rSdaom? wnfMunfrI
]orm"d} aMumifh jzpfaom? ESpfodrfhjcif; ]]yDwd}}? csrf;omjcif; ]okc} Sdaom 'kwd,psmefokdU a&muf aecJhjyD;
ESpfodrfhrI ]yDwd} udkvnf; rwyfrufjcif;aMumifh atmufarhrI ]owd} qifjcifrI ]orZOf}ESifh jynfhpHkonfjzpf
vspfvsLIvsuf aecJhjyD? csrf;omrI ]okc}udkvnf; udk,fjzifh cHpm;cJhjyD? tMuif wwd,psmefaMumifh
772
tpodkU
xdkoludk ]vspfvsLIol owdSdol csrf;ompGm aeavhSdol} [k t&d,myk*dKvfwkdUonf ajymMum;Muukef\/ xdk

igonf xdk wwd,psmefokdU a&muf aecJhjyD/
csrf;om qif;&Judk y,fjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; aS;OD;uyifvQif 0rf;omjcif; ESvHk;romjcif;wkdU\
csKyfESifhjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif; qif;&J csrf;omr&Sdaom vspfvsLIrI ]Oayum} aMumifhjzpfaom owd\
pifMu,fjcif;&Sdaom pwkwpsmefokdU a&muf aecJhjyD/
okdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu; r&Sdvwfaomf
npfl;jcif;
uif;vwfaomf
rwkefvIyfjcif;okdU
El;nHhvwfaomf
a&mufvwfaomf
xkdigonf
yjcif;iSm
toifh
jzpfvwfaomf
a&S;
jzpfzl;aom
wnfwHhvwfaomf
(aezl;aom)
(b0cEm)
udk
atmufarhodaom ]ykaAed0gomEkwdPf} tvdkUiSm pdwfudk aS;IGwfapcJhjyD/

( pum;awmf tpOfjzifh ykaAed0gomEkwdPf\ tusifh y#dy'g tusOf;csKyfudk jyawmfrlonf? tus,f
0dok'dr*f 'k? ESm - 42)
xdkigonf rsm;jym;aom aS;aecJhzl;aom b0(cEm)udk atmufarhEdkif\? onfwkdUum;
tb,fenf;/
wpfb0udkvnf;aumif;?
b0ESpfq,fwkdUukdvnf;aumif;/y/
ESpfb0wkdUudkvnf;aumif;/
y/
q,fb0wdkUudkvnf;aumif;?
b0ig;q,fwkdUudkvnf;aumif;?
b0wpf&mudkvnf;aumif;?
b0wpfaxmifudkvnf;aumif;? b0 wpfodef;udkvnf;aumif;? rsm;jym;aom ysufuyfwkdUukdvnf;aumif;?

rsm;jym;aom
jzpfuyfwkdUudkvnf;aumif;?
rsm;jym;aom
ysufuyfjzpfuyfwkdUukdvnf;aumif;?
atmufarhEdkifcJhjyD? tb,fyHk atmufarhEdkifcJhoenf;? rnfaom b0 (igonf) okdUaom trnftEG,f

SdcJh\? okdUaomtqif;SdcJh\? okdUaom tpmtm[m& SdcJh\/
okdUcsrf;omqif;&Judk cHpm;cJh\?
okdUaom touftydkif;tjcm; SdcJh\? xdkigonf xdkb0rSpkawcJh b0 jzpfjyef\[k
okdU
tjcif;t&mESifhwuG TefjyzG,f (trnftEG,f)ESifhwuG rsm;jym;aom aS;jzpfcJhzl; (aecJhzl;)aom b0udk

atmufarhEdkifcJhjyD/
ykPm; igonf nOfhOD;,mrf yXrjzpfaom todPf ]0dZm}udk &cJhjyD? rarhravsmh jyif;pGm
tm;xkwfvsuf apvTwftyfaom pdwfSdonfjzpf aeaomoltm; rodrI ]t0dZm} aysmuf todPf ]0dZm}
jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI ]t0dZm} aysmuf todPf ]0dZm} jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmifaysmuf
tvif;a&mif jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; trdkufarSmif aysmuf tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/
ykPm; onfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcJGxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZmOcGHrS) ig\
yXrazmufcGJ xGufay:vmjcif;jzpf\/
um; bk&m;Sif ukd,fawmfjrwf\ ykaAed0gomEkwdPfudk &atmif tm;xkwf usifhMuHcJhyHkESifh
xkdPfjzifh
twdwfb0wdkUudk
jyefajymif;odjrifawmfrlyHkudk
a0&OykPm;MuD;tm;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom aTEIwfawmfxGuf pum;awmfaywnf;/
773
tpodkU
odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ykaAed0goudk aSUajcmufESpfponfjzifh pk'dwuwkdU\ a&;om;csufonf

t"rpum;&yfrsm; jzpfaMumif; xifSm;ayonf/
(c) 'dApuKPf
pk'dwuwkdU\ 'dApuK Pf a&;om;csuf rSm;,Gif;yHkudk pdppfOD;tHh 21/
(u) 'dApuKP ('dA + puK + P) ewfwkdU\yom'puKrsufpd tMunfkyfonf
okpdkufuHaMumifh
raESmuf,SuftyfbJ
jzpfonfhtwGuf
npfl;aMumif;
ao;i,faomlygHkukdaomfvnf;
onf;ajc
ovdyf
tjypfwdkUrS
jrifpGrf;Edkifonf?
aoG;qdk;
paom
uif;vGwfjcif;aMumifh
0D&d,
jy|mef;onfh
taESmuft,SufwkdUu
ta0;wnfaom
lygHk?
bm0emtpGrf;aMumifhjzpfaom
tbdnmOf Pfrsufpdonfvnf; npfl;aMumif; tjypfwkdUrS uif;vGwfjcif;? ta0;wnfaom lygHk?

ao;i,faom lygHkudkaomfvnf; jrifpGrf;Edkifjcif;tm;jzifh ewfrsufpdESifh wlaomaMumif ]]'dA}} rnf\/
(u)
'daAemwdtm'Dok 'dAo'dowm 'dAH/ a'0wmeOd okp&dwur edAwH ydwaorSk[d&m'D[d

tyvdAk'H Oyudavo0drkwwm, 'la&yd tm&rPor#dpeorwH 'dAH yom'puK
a[mwd? 'myd 0D&d,bm0emAvedAwH PpuK wm'doar0gwd 'dA'dowm 'dAH
(0d? |? 1? 132/ 0dok'dr*f? 'k? 53-54)/
(Oyrmonf
Oyar,sjzpfaom
'dApuKPfatmuf
,kwfnHhaom
ewfrsufpdESifh
EIdif;,SOfjyaom [DEkyrm jzpfonf? 'dApuKPfum; ewfrsufpdxuf r,SOfomatmif

omvGefonf/)
(c)
wpfenf;? jA[mhjynf psmefw&m;wkdU tjzpfrsm; xdkpsmefw&m;jzifh aejcif;aMumifh

lyg0p&psmefav;yg;onf 'dA0d[m& rnf\? xdk'dA0d[m& rnfaom psmefav;yg;\
tpGrf;jzifh &tyfaomaMumihf (taMumif;psmeftrnfudk tusdK;Pf rsufpd wifpm;
um&Plypm&tm;jzifh) Pfrsufpdonf 'dA rnf\/
(*)
wpfenf;? t*FgSpfyg;Sdaom pwkwpsmefudk (yg'u) tajccHy'dApuKtbdnmOfjzpf&\?

xkdYaMumifh
'dApuKtbdnmOfonf
'dA0d[m&rnfaom
(yg'u)
pwkwpsmefudk
rSDonf[kqdk&onf? okdU rdrdukd,fwdkif 'dA0d[m& rnfaom (yg'u) tajccHjzpfonfh

pwkwpsmefudkrSDaomaMumifh (taMumif;psmef\ trnfudk tusdK; Pfrsufpd wifpm;
um&Plypm&tm;jzifh) Pfrsufpdonf 'dA rnf\/
'dA0d[m&0aoe y#dv'wm? twem p 'dA0d[m& oEddwwmyd 'dAH
(0d?|?1?132/ 0dok'dr*f?'k? 53-54)/
774
tpodkU
(C)

wpfenf;? 'dApuKtbdnmOfudk jzpfapvdkaom wefckd;Sifonf yifukd,fu ta&mifSdaom
awaZm uodkPf;? Mo'gw uodkPf;? tmavmu uodkPf;[laom uodkPf;oHk;yg;wkdUwGif
wpfyg;yg;udk tmHky pwkwpsmefudk tajccH(yg'u) psmeftjzpfjzifh 0ifpm;&onf? odkU
ta&miftvif;udk odrf;,l&onfhtwGuf MuD;us,faom ta&mifSdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh
'dArnf\/
tmavmuy&d*a[e r[mZkwduwmyd 'dAH/
wda&muk'd*w&ly'aee r[m*wduwmyd 'dAH/
'eawe puK? puKudpu&aPe puKrd0gwdyd puK (0d?|?1?132/ 0dok'dr* 'k? 54)/
(i)
wpfenf;?
eH&Hwpfzufpaom
t&yfjzpfaom
lygHkukd
jrifEdkifonfh
twGuf
thHMozG,faumif;aom jzpfjcif;Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifhvnf; 'dArnf\/

'dApuK[laom yk'f puKonf yuwd rsufpdudk ra[m lygHkudk jrifwwfaomaMumifh puKrnf\/
wpfenf;? rsufpd\ udpudk yjcif;aMumifh yuwd rsufpdESifhwlonhftwGuf puK rnf\/
okdU
qkdcJhjyD;aom
pum;tpOfjzifh
ewfjynfjzpfaom
yom'puKESifhwlaom
(0g)
'dA0d[m&rnfaom psmefav;yg;tpGrf;jzifh &tyfaom (0g) 'dA0d[m& pwkwpsmefudk rSDaom (0g)

xGef;vif;awmufyaom (0g) eH&Hwpfzufpaom t&yfodkU rjidruyf oGm;wwfaom Pfrsufpdonf 'dApuK
rnf\[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf&m\/
'dApuKPfonfyif pkwdy#doaEukd odaMumif;jzpfaomaMumifh ]pkwlyygwPf}vnf; rnf\?
Pfjzifh odjrifyHk taMumif;t&mudk atmufygtwdkif; bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrlcJhonf/
aom{0H orm[daw/y/ tbdedEmaro? aom 'daAe puKem/y/ t,H acg ar jAm[P
'kwd,mbdedAd'g ta[mod ukuK#pmyua0 t@aumorSm (0d?1?5-6)/
jrefrmjyef
okdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaomf jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu; rSdvwfaomf
npfl;aMumif;
uif;vwfaomf
El;nHhvwfaomf
yjcif;iSm
toifhjzpfvwfaomf
wnfwHhvwfaomf
rwkefvIyfjcif;okdU a&mufvwfaomf xdk igonf ow0gwkdU\ pkwdy#doaEukd odaom ]pkwlyygwPf}

tvkdUiSm pdwfudk aS;InGwfapcJhjyD/
pum;awmfjzifh tusifh y#dy'gudk tusOf;jyonf/
xdkigonf
txl;ojzifh
pifMu,faom
vlwkdU\
jrifEdkifavmuf&m
Oypmukd
vGefaom
ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom ]'dApuKPfjzifh pkwdcgeD; ow0g? y#doaEaejyD;p ow0g? ,kwfaom ow0g?

jrwfaom ow0g? tqif;vSaom ow0g? tqif;rvSaom ow0g? aumif;aom vm;&mSdaom ow0g?
raumif;aom vm;&mSdaom ow0gwdkUudk jrif\? uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfaom ow0gwdkUudkod\?
(b,fyHkodoenf;)
tcsif;wkdU
ow0gwkdUonf
ukd,fjzifh
ytyfaom
raumif;aom
775
tpodkU
tusifhum,'kpdkufESifh
jynfhpHkukef\?
EIwfjzifh
ytyfaom
raumif;aom
tusifh
0pD'kpdkufESifh
jynfhpHkukef\? pdwfjzifh ytyfaom raumif;aom tusifh raem'kpdkufESifh jynhfpHkukef\? t&d,mwkdUudk

pGyfpGJukef\?
rSm;aom
t,lSdukef\/
rSm;aom
t,ljzifh
aqmufwnftyfaom
uHSdukef\?
xdkow0gwkdUonf cEmukd,fysufpD; aojyD;onfrS aemuf csrf;omuif;&m raumif;aom vm;&m zdkz&J

usa&muf&m i&JjzpfMuukef\/ tcsif;wkdU ow0gwkdUonfum; udk,fjzifh ytyfaom aumif;aom
tusifh 0pDokpdkufESifh jynfhpHkukef\/ pdwfjzifh ytyfaom aumif;aomtusifh raemokpdkufESifh
jynfhpHkukef\/
t&d,mwkdUudk
aqmufwnftyfaomuHSdukef\/
rpGyfpGJMuukef?
xdkow0gwkdUonf
rSefaomt,lSdukef\/
cEmukd,f
ysufpD;
rSefaom
t,ljzifh
aojyD;onfrS
aemuf
aumif;aomvm;&m vlUjynf ewfjynf ok*wd jzpfMuukef\[k od\/

okdUvQif txl;ojzifh pifMu,faom vlwkdU\ jrifEdkifavmuf&m Oypmukd ausmfvGefaom
ewfrsufpdESifhwlaom 'dApuKPfjzifh pkawcgeD;ow0g y#doaEaejyD;pow0g/y/ uHtm;avsmfpGm
jzpfMu&aom ow0gwkdUudk od\/
ykPm; igonf oef;acgif rZdr,mrf 'kwd, todPf 0dZmudk &cJhjyD? rarhravsmh jyif;pGm
tm;xkwfvsuf apvTwftyfaom pdwfSdonfjzpf aeaomoltm; rodrI t0dZm aysmuf todPf 0dZm
jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI t0dZmaysmuf todPf0dZm jzpfay:cJhjyD? trdkufarSmif aysmuf
tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/
ykPm; onfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcJGxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZmOcGHrS) ig\
'kwd, azmufcGJxGufay:vmjcif; jzpf\/
um; bk&m;Sif\ 'dApuKtbdnmPfudk &atmif usifhMuH ud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh
xkdPfjzifh
odjrifawmfrlyHkwkdUudk
a0&ykPm;MuD;tm;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom
aTEIwfawmfxGuf pum;awmfjrwfaywnf;/
tcsKyfum; 'dApuK-[lonf vlwkdU\ yuwd rHopuK r[kwf? tbdPfydkifSifwkdU\
ewfrsufpduJhokdU us,fus,fjyefUjyefU jrifEdkifaom Pfrsufpdomjzpfavonf/
(*) tmo0u,Pf
22/
tmo0 =tmo0w&m;wkdUudk + c, = ukefcef;apwwfaom +P = todPf/
tb,faMumifh tb,fw&m;wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukefoenf; (u)
tdkif;trmrS pufqkyfzG,fjzpfaom oeH&nf jynfap;wdkU ,dkpD;xGufusouJhokdU puKpaom

ajcmuf'Gg&rS lygHkpaom tmHkajcmufyg;wkdU ,dkpD;xGufuswwf (jzpfwwf) aomaMumifh
avmb? 'd|d? arm[ wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukef\/
776
tpodkU

ww tmo0EDwd tmo0g? puKawmyd/y/ reawmyd oEEd y0wEDwd 0kwH a[mwd
(r?|?1?63/
(c)
wpfenf;?
tbd?|?1?90)/
w&m;oabmtm;jzifh
wnf&mbHktm;jzifh
aomwmywdr*f\
ae0onmemonm,webHk[k
aS;a*gMwbk
qdktyfaom
wdkifatmif?
b0*fwdkifatmif
jzpfwwfaomaMumifh avmb 'd|d arm[wkdUonf tmo0rnfukef\/

"rawm ,m0 a*gMwbHk Moumoawm ,m0 b0*H o0EDwd 0g tm00g? {aw "ar
{w MoumoH taEmu&dwGm y0wEDwd tawm (r?|?1?63/
(*)
wpfenf;?
avmu
pdrf&nft&ufudk
tcdk;jyif;atmif
tmo0-[k
tbd?|?1?90)/
MumjrifhpGm
ac:\?
pdrfxm;tyf
avmb
'd|d
xHkxm;tyfaom
arm[-[laom
w&m;qdk;wkdUonfvnf; tprxif oHo&mwpfcGifrS ,aeUwdkifatmif cEmudk,fwnf;

[laom t&uftkd; MumjrifhpGm xHktyfonfh twGuf pdrf&nfESihfwlaomaMumifh tmo0
rnfukef\/
pd&yg&d0god,a|e r'd&m'a,m tmo0g? tmo0g 0d,m wdyd tmo0g/ avmuodOd
pd&yg&d0godum r'd&m'a,m tmo0gwd 0kpEd (r?|?1?63/
(C)
wpfenf;?
aumufyifonf
'kuwnf;[laom
toD;udk
tbd?|?1?90)/
toD;udk
oD;ouJhokdU
oD;wwf
(jzpfapwwf)
Snfvsm;vSpGmaom
aomaMumifh
oHo&m
avmb
'd|d
arm[wkdUonf tmo0rnfukef\/
tm,wH 0g oHom& 'kuH o0Ed yo0EDwdyd tmo0g (r?|?1?63/
tbd?|?1?90)/
xdkUaMumifh puKpaom ajcmuf'Gg&rS lygHkpaom tmHkajcmufyg;wkdU ,kdpD;xGufuswwfaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;? w&m;tm;jzifh a*gMwbkwkdifatmif wnf&mbHktm;jzifh b0*fwkdifatmif jzpfwwfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;?
MumjrifhpGm
pdrftyf
xHktyfaom
pdrf&nft&ufESifh
wlaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
Snfvsm;vSpGmaom oHo&m'kuwnf;[laom toD;udk oD;wwfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; avmb 'd|d

arm[wkdUonf tmo0 rnfukef\ [k tusOf;csKyfod&m\/
wyfrufpGJvrf;rI jzpfjcif;[lorQ tmo0 - [k qkdaom tbd"rm q&mpdef qdkol\ teufum;
rnfonfh usrf;*efrQ rSaom teufjzpfonf/
c,o'gum; ukefjcif;? ukef&m? ukefaMumif; ? ukefapwwf [laom teufwkdUudk a[m\?
t&m ukefaMumif;jzpfaom (0g) ukefapwwfaom t&[wr*fudk a[m\? t&[wr*f[lonf
orm'd|dpaom r*ifSpfyg;wnf;? Pt&um; xkd t&[wr*f[k qdktyfaom r*ifSpfyg; yg0ifaom
orm'd|d r*if[k qkdtyfaom Pfwnf;/
777
tpodkU
xkdUaMumifh tmo0w&m;wkdU\ ukefaMumif;jzpfaom (0g) tmo0w&m;wkdUudk ukefapwwfaom

t&[wr*fyg0ifaom
orm'd|dr*ifwnf;[laom
Pfonf
tmo0u,Pf
rnf\[k
wdusrSefuefaom teufudk od&m\/

tmo0geH
c,Pm,mwd
t&[wr*Pwm,?
t&[wra*g
[d
tmo0g0demoeawm tmo0geH ca,mwd 0kpwd? wMwapwH PH? wy&d,m yEwmwd

(r? |? 1? 131/ 0d? |? 1? 136)/
xdktmo0u,Pfudk &&ef usifhMuH ud;ukef tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdPfudk &awmfrlyHkudkvnf;
atmufygtwdkif; bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrlcJhayonf/
aom {0H orm[daw pdaw/y/ tmo0geH c,P, pdwH tbdedEmaro/ aom ]]'H
'ku}}Ed ,xmblwH tAnmo/y/ t,H acg ar jA[P wwd,mbdedAd'g ta[mod
ukuK#pmyua0 t@aumorSm (0d? 1? 6)/
jrefrmjyef
okdU wnfMunfaom pdwfonf pifMu,fvwfaom jzLpifvwfaomf npfaMu;rSdvwfaom
npfl;jcif;
uif;vwfaomf
rwkefvIyfjcif;odkY
El;nHhvwfaomf
a&mufvwfaomf
yjcif;iSm
xdkigonf
toifhjzpfvwfaomf
wnfwHhvwfaomf
tmoa0gw&m;wkdUudk
ukefapwwfaom
tmo0u,PftvdkUiSm pdwfudk aS;I nGwfapcJhjyD/

igonf um; qif;&J'ku[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif; odcJhjyD? um; qif;&J jzpfay:jcif;\
taMumif; 'kuork',[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif; odcJhjyD? um; qif;&JcsKyf&m (edAmef) eda&m"[k
[kwfrSefaom
twdkif;
'kueda&m"*grdedy#dy'g-[k
odcJhjyD?
um;
[kwfrSefaom
qif;&JcsKyf&m
twdkif;odcJhjyD?
(edAmef)
okdU
onfum;
a&mufaMumif;
,dkpD;rI
usifhpOf
tmo0wkdU[k
[kwfrSefaomtwdkif; odcJhjyD? onfum; ,dkpD;rItmo0wkdUcsKyf&m (edAmef) tmo0eda&m"- [k

[kwfrSefaomtwdkif;odcJhjyD?
um;
,dkpD;rItmo0wkdUcsKyf&m
(edAmef)
odkUa&mufaMumif;
usifhpOf
tmo0eDa&m"*grdedy#dy'g[k [kwfrSefaom twdkif;odcJhjyD? okdU odjrifaom xdkig (bk&m;)\ pdwfonf

umrmo0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? b0go0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD? t0dZmo0rSvnf; vGwfajrmufcJhjyD?
vGwfajrmufjyD;vwfaomf vGwfajrmufcJhavjyD[k todPfjzpfay:\/ y#doaEaerIukefjyD? jrwfaom
tusifhudk usifhoHk;jyD;jyD? (r*f) udpu
dk yjyD;jyD? r*fudptvdkUiSm wpfyg;aom yzG,f rSdjyD[k odcJhjyD/
ykPm;
igonf rdk;aomuf ypdr,mrf wwd,ajrmufjzpfaom todPf0dZmukd&cJhjyD?
rarhravsmh jyif;pGmtm;xkwfvsuf (edAmefokdU) apvTwftyfaom pdwfSdonfjzpf aeaomoltm; rodrI

t0dZmaysmuf todPf 0dZm jzpfay:ouJhokdU ightm; rodrI t0dZmaysmuf todPf 0dZm jzpfay:cJhjyD?
trdkufarSmifaysmuf tvif;a&mif jzpfay:cJhjyD/
778
tpodkU
ykPm; onfum; Muufi,fonf OcGHwGif;rS azmufcGJxGufay:vmouJhokdU (t0dZmOcGH)rS ig\

wwd,ajrmuf azmufcGJxGufay:vmjcif;jzpf\/
um; bk&m;Sif tmo0u,Pf&&ef usifhMuH ud;ukwf tm;xkwfawmfrlcJhyHkESifh xkdPfudk
&awmfrlcJhyHkukd
a0&ykPm;MuD;tm;
udk,fawmfwdkif
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom
aTEIwfawmfxGuf
pum;awmfaywnf;/
okdUvQif bk&m;Sif\ ykaAed0go? 'dApuK? tmo0u, [laom 0dZmoHk;yg;Pfawmfrsm;\
teuft"dym,frSefudk ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdU usepGm a[mMum;zGifhqdkxm;csufrsm; Sdygvsuf tbd"rm
q&mpdefqdkol\ trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf(1) pmapmif a&;om;csufrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;ESifh rsm;pGm
qefUusifaejcif;aMumifh t"r0g'om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) A - trSwfjy pum;&yfudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

23/
(A) twudvrxmEka,m*- tw [laom yk'f\ okyfum; 0dnmPfpdwfjzpf\?
udvrx\ t"dym,fum; csKyfcs,fxm;jcif;udk qkd\/ tEka,m*yk'f\ oabmoGm;um; bm0emur|mef;

wpfckckudk tpOftm;jzifh tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerIudk qkd\/ (trSefw&m; okawoe trSwf 6)
pum;&yf\ yd@wum; ]]0dPfpdwfudk csKyfcs,f bm0emur|mef;wpfckckudk tpOftm;jzifh
tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerIonf
twudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf}}
[k
qkdvdk&if;jzpfonf?
pum;&yfukd
usrf;*efESifh nDrnD pdppfonfSdaomf twudvrxmEka,m* [laom ygXf two'gonf

(u)
twok'aEmyk&doaZmwD (oH? 1? 171) paom ygXf ]]pdwf}} [laomteuf?
(c)
twmeH 0'dwGm a&m'wd (0d? 2? 364) paom ygXf ]]ukd,f}} [laomteuf?
(*)
tw'Dyg bdua0 0d[&x (oH? 2? 35) paom ygXf ]]avmuDavmukw&m w&m; }}

teuf?
(C)
rpwed,wm "rm (tbd? 1? 3) paomygXf ]]oabm}} [laom teuf?
(i)
twem 0g tweH orEdwAH (0d? 3? 131) paom ygXf ]]rdrd? rdrdukd,f}} [laomteuf?
(p)
twH y[m, tEkyg'd,maem (ck? 1? 404) paom ygXf ]]tw'd|d}} [laom teuf?
(q)
lyH twawm orEkywd (tbd? 2? 389) paom ygXf ]]wdwdwdkUonf MuHqtyfaom

tw}} [laom teufudka[m\/
]]twudvrxmEka,m*}}[laomygXfygaom
[laomteufudka[monf?
trSefw&m;okawoeorm;wkdU
tw-o'gonfum;
jyqkdtyfaom
]]rdrd?
rdrdukd,f}}
0dnmPfpdwf[laom
teufudkra[m? xkdUaMumifh twukd ]]o&D&}} [k t|uxmq&mwkdU zGifhjyawmfrlMuonf/
779
tpodkU
udvrx o'gonf ]]yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;? yifyef;qif;&Japaomtusifh}} [laomteufudka[monf?

tbd"rmq&mpdef jyqdkouJhokdU csKyfcs,fjcif; [laomteufudkra[m? 0dok'dr*f r[m#Dum 'kwd,tkyfteoeauovkem'dwyp&d,m,?
e*oDv
a*goDv
ukuK&oDvm'D[d
twy&dwmyaee armaum a[mwDwd twudvraxm (0dok'D?#D?2?218)[k zGifhjyxm;ayonf/

]]tEka,m*}}
o'gonf
yifyef;qif;&Japwwfaomtusifhudk
odrSwf&m\?
tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;[laom
tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;onf
tbd"rmq&mpdefwkdU
jyqdktyfaom
teufudka[m\/
rdrdukd,fukd
]]twudvrxmEka,m*}}
]]bm0emur|mef;wpfckckudk
rnf\[k
tpOftm;jzifh
tm;xkwfusifhMuHaerI}} [laomteufum; ax&0g' yd#uwfwkdUrygrSdaom teufomjzpf\/

]]twudvrxmEka,m*}} [laom yk'fudk ax&0g'yd#uwfwkdU okdY zGifhqkdxm;onfudk
awGU&Sd&\/
twudvrxmEka,ma*gwd twaem udvrxmEka,ma*g? o&D& 'kuu&PEwd
(oH?|?3?145)/
twudvrxmEka,m*-
[lonf
rdrdukd,fudk
yifyef;qif;&Japwwfaom
tusifhukd
tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;wnf;? ukd,f\qif;&JrIudk yjcif;wnf;/

twudvrxmEka,ma*gwd
twaem
udvrx
u@uao,sm'd
'ku
tEka,ma*g (0drwd?2?90)/
twudvrxmEka,m*- [lonf rdrdukd,f\ qif;&Jjcif;udk ql;ay: tdyfjcif; paom qif;&Judk
tzefzef tm;xkwfjcif;wnf;/
jyqdktyfcJhaom
yd#uwfusrf;*efwkdUudk
axmuf
]]tpmiwfcHjcif;?
qHyifukdEkwfjcif;?
t0wfr0wfjcif;? eGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusifhudk usifhjcif;? ql;ay:tdyfjcif;? aSUaemuf0J,m rD;yHk

rsm;xm; aeylESifh wuG ymwyac: tylig;rsdK;jzifh ukd,fukd nOf;qJjcif;paom cEmukd,fukd
yifyef;qif;&Japwwfaom tusifhudk tzefzeftm;xkwfjcif;onf twudvrxmEka,m*rnf\}} [laom
teufonfom rSefuefaom teufjzpf\/
0dnmPfpdwfudk csKyfcs,fxm; bm0emur|mef; wpfckckudk tpOftm;xkwfusifhMuHaejcif;onf
twudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf[laom trSefw&m; okawoepmapmifvm pum;&yfonfum; rSm;,Gif;aom
pum;&yfomjzpfonf/
pdwfudk apmifhxdef; odrf;qnf; csKyfwnf; bm0emur|mef; ud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mawmfrlaom a'oemawmfwkdU rsm;pGm &Sdayonf? tenf;i,f xkwfjyOD;tHh/
'kEd*[ v[kaem? ,w umredygwdaem?
pdw 'raxm om"k? pdwH 'EH okcg0[H (ck? 1? 18)/
780
tpodkU
ESdrfESif;&ef cJ,Of; vsifjrefaom oabmSdaom tvdkSd&m tmHkusavhSdaom pdwfudk

qHk;rjcif;onf aumif;\? (qHk;rjyD;) ,Ofaus;aom pdwfonf csrf;omukd Gufaqmifwwf\ (ck? jref? 1?
18)/
a'oemawmfjzifh
pdwfdkif;ukd
orx0dyemjzifh
odrf;qnf;qHk;ray;jcif;onf
aumif;aomtusifhjzpfyHk? ,if;odkU qHk;r ,Ofaus;aompdwfonf r*fzkdvfedAmefcsrf;omudk aqmifEdkifyHkudk

odapawmfrlonf/
ok'k'oH okedykPH? ,w umredygwdeH/
pdwH &aux ar"m0D? pdwH *kwH okcg0[H (ck?1?18)/
tvGefUtvGef jrifEdkifcJaom tvGefUtvGef odrfarGUaom tvdkSd&m tmHk usavhSdaom pdwfudk
ynmSdonf apmifhaSmuf&m\? apmifhaSmufxm;tyfaom pdwfonf csrf;omudk Gufaqmifwwf\ (ck? jref?
1? 18)/
a'oemjzifhvnf;
aS;enf;twlyif
odapawmfrlonf?
*gxm
apmifhaSmuf&rnf
qkdonfrSmvnf; orx0dyem bm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh apmifhaSmuf&rnf[k qkdvdkonf/

'l&*FrH {upm&H? to&D&H *k[mo,H/
a, pdwH oH,arEd? armuEd rm&AEem (ck? 1?18)/
ta0;okdUoGm;wwfaom wpfOD;wnf; usufpm;aom ukd,ftaumiftxnfrSdaom ([',0wK)
vdkPf*l
rSDaompdwfukd
tMuifolwkdUonf
apmifhpnf;
(csKyfwnf;)Muukef\/
(xdkolwkdUonf)
rm&ftaESmiftzJGUrS vGwfMuukefvwHh (ck? jref? 1? 18)/

a'oemjzifhvnf;
aS;enf;twl
pdwfudk
apmifhpnf;csKyfwnf;&ef
a[mawmfrlonf?
orx0dyem bm0emur|mef; pD;jzef;rIjzifh tm;xkwf apmifhpnf; csKyfwnf;&rnf[krSwf/ *gxm 'l&*FrH- [lonf = ta0;wnfaom tmHkudk vSrf; tmHkyEdkifonfukd qdkonf/
{upm&H -[lonf = pdwf 2-ck? 3-ck wpfydifeuf rjzpf? wpfckcsKyfjyD;rS wpfckjzpfonfudk qkdonf/
*k[mo,H - [lonf = twaumifuJhokdU tjrJudef;0yfaeonfukd rqkdvdk? [',kyfudkrSD
jzpfonfudk &nfG,fqkdonf/
okdU
bk&m;Sif
tvdkawmfudk
rodygbJ
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifwkdUu
*gxmudk
jA[Pa[mjzpfav[ef vkyfMuHpGyfpGJjcif;onfum; omoemawmfudk zsufqD;vdkaom &nfG,fcsufrSwpfyg;

tjcm; rjzpfEdkif&m[k q&mawmfrsm; ,lqawmfrlMuonf/
xkdrSwpfyg;
pdwmEkyem
r[mowdy|meokwfvnf;
a'oemawmfjzifh
bk&mSifukd,fawmfjrwfonf
pdwfudk
txyfxyf
]]o&m*pdwH
o&m*pdwEd
IrSwf&ef
a[mawmfrlcJhavonf?
tcgcgMuD;rm;aom
yZmemwd}}
r[mukPmawmfjzifh
paom
,if;okdU
pdwfudk
apmifhpnf;csKyfwnf;qHk;raMumif;jzpfaom bm0emur|mef; enf;vrf;aumif; a'oemtusifh y#dy'gudk
781
tpodkU
a[mxm;awmfrlygvsuf
]]0dnmPfpdwfudk
tm;xkwfaejcif;onf
csKyfcs,f
bm0em
ur|mef;wpfckckudk
twudvrxmEka,m*jzpfonf}}
orm'd|dokawoetzGJU0ifrsm;\
0g'onf
[k
jyqdkcJhjyD;aom
tpOftm;jzifh
a&;om;xkwfa0aom
y&d,wd
a'oemawmfrsm;udk
twudvrxmEka,m*vrf;pOf[k pGyfpGJ zsufqD;&ma&mufonf/ bm0emur|mef; ud;yrf;tm;xkwfMuaom

Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifrsm;\ usifhMuHyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrI y#dywfudkvnf; wm;jrpfydwfyif&ma&mufonf
xkdokdU y&d,wf y#dywfwkdUudk zsufqD;ydwfyifjcif;aMumifh &oifh&xkdufaom r*fzkdvfedAmefwnf;[laom
y#da"0
omoemawmfudkvnf;
wm;jrpfzsufqD;&ma&mufonf[k
oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
trSwfpOf (15) b-trSwfjy apm'emcsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

24/
(b) ewf - ewfqdkonfh ygVdpum;rSm jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrf cHpm;jcif;ukdac:onf?
cEmukd,ftwGif;rSmSdaom puK aomw Cme Zd0Sm um, re - 6-ckwkdUjzifh cHpm;rIyjcif;udkyif

pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk[k ac:qkd&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? Ak'a[mygVdrsm;ukd cEmenf;vufawGUenf;wkdUjzifh
aygif;pyfSmazGygu
rdrdwkdUcEmtwGif;&Sd
ajcmufckukdyif
ewfajcmufbHkjzpfaMumif;
xifSm;pGm
awGU&ygonf/ (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ pmrsufESm 21)

pum;&yfudk xkwfjy xkda&;om;csufrSm usrf;*efvmr[kwfyg? ]]emx}}ygVdrS ewf-[laom
jrefrma0g[m&
&onf[k
umr*kPfig;yg;jzifh
a0g[m&aA'ynmSifwkdUu
xGef;yjcif;[k
csrf;ompGmae&onfudk
t"dym,f&Sdygonf/
&nfTef;ygonf[k
qkdygonf/
]]'dA}}
ewfwkdUonf
omrntm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
[laomygVdonf
'geSif
oDvSifjzpf
0daootm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
apm'emwifoGif;Muonf/
,if;pum;&yfrsm; aumufEkwfcsufudk xkwfvdkufaomf pk'dwu\ pum;&yf (1)
ewfqdkonfh pum;onf ygVdpum;jzpfonf/
(2)
jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;udk ac:onf/
(3)
Ak'a[mygVdrsm;udk
cEmenf;
aygif;pyf&SmazGygu
cEmukd,ftwGif;rSm&Sdaom puK? aomw? Cme zd0Sm um, re 6-ckwkdYjzifh cHpm;rIyjcif;udkyif ewf 6bHkjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;pGmawGU&onf[k aumufEkwfcsuf 3-csuf&onf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\ apm'empum;&yf(1)
pk'dwuwkdU a&;om;csufonf usrf;*efvmr[kwf?
(2)
]]emx}}
[laomygVdrS
]]ewf}}
[laom
jrefrma0g[m&
&onf[k
a0g[m&aA'
ynmSifwkdUu qkdMuonf/
(3)
]]'dA}} [laomygVdonf ]]umr*kPfig;yg;wkdUjzifh xGef;yjcif;}} [k t"dym,f&Sdonf/
782
tpodkU
(4)

ewfwdkUonf 'geSif oDvSifrsm;jzpfMu csrf;ompGmaeMu&onfudk &nfTef;onf[k
aumufEkwfcsuf 4-csuf&onf/
pk'dwuwkdU\ pum;&yfrsm; aumufEkwfcsufudk pdppfcsuf

,if;aumufEkwfcsufwkdUwGif ]]ewf}} [laom pum;onf ygVdpum;r[kwf? jrefrmpum;vHk;
oufoufjzpfaMumif; uav;oli,futp tm;vHk;odjyD;jzpfjcif;aMumihf ]]ewfqdkonfh ygVdpum;rSm}} [laom
pk'dwuwkdU\ (1)trSwfjy pum;&yfonf trSm;oufoufomjzpfonf/
25/
]]jrefrmvdk pnf;pdrfcHpm;jcif;udkac:onf}} [laompum;&yfonfum; ]]'dAEd vVEd a'0g}}
umr*kPfponfwkdUjzifh
upm;aysmfjrL;wwfukefaomaMumifh
]]a'0}}
ewfrnfukef\[k
'd0k"mwf\
upm;aysmfjrL;jcif; ]]uDVm}} teufudk &nfG,fqdkjcif;aMumifh (o'w) o'geuftm;jzifhrSefaomfvnf;

,if;pum;&yfonf (4)trSwfjy pum;&yf\ tajccHjzpf (4) trSwfjypum;&yfESifh qufpyfvsuf =
yd@wtaygif;teufudk,l&rnfjzpfjcif;aMumifh yd@w = taygif;teuftm;jzifh rSm;,Gif;aompum;
yifjzpfonf/
cEmukd,ftwGif;rSmSdaom puK aomw Cme Zd0Sm um, re (6)ckwkdYjzifh cHpm;rIyjcif;udk
pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk[k eDww = wdkufdkuf,l&aom teuftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ae,sw=
aqmifod&aom
(0g)
cEmenf;
aygif;pyfSmazG
od&aom
teuftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; a[mazmfTefjyxm;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumvm pum; r&Sdacs/
yd#uusrf;*ef jyqdktyfaom ewf

26/
]]a'0}} ewf[lonf -
(u)
orKwdewf?
(c)
Oyywdewf?
(*)
0dok'dewf - [l 3- yg; tjym;&Sd\/
(u)
xkd 3-yg;wkdUwGif (wdkif;oljynfom;wkdUu rdrdwdkU\ tSifocifrif; polwkdUudk ewf-[l

ac:qdkorkwfxm;jcif;wkdUaMumifh) rif;? rif;om; rif;orD;ESifh rdzk&m;rsm;udk orKwdewf[k
ac:qdkonf/
a'0gwd wa,m a'0g orKwda'0g Oyywda'0g 0dok'da'0g/ uwar orKwda'0g/
orKwda'0g 0kpEdmZmaem p &mZukrm&m p a'0da,m p? ar 0kpEdrKwda'0g (ck?*? 225)/

(c)
pmwkr[m&mZf? wm0wom? ,mrm? wkodwm? edrme&wd? y&edrdw0o0wD [laom

ewfjynfajcmufxyf ESifh jA[yg&doZm paom 20-aom jA[mbHkwdkU jzpfukefaom
783
tpodkU

ewfjA[mwkdUudk (b0a[mif;wpfckrS b0opfwpfckodkU usa&mufvmouJhokdU cEmukd,f
txift&Sm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh) Oyywdewf[k ac:qdkonf/
uwar Oyywda'0g/ Oyywda'0g 0kpEd pmwkr[m&mZdum a'0g/ jA[um,dum a'0g/
a, p a'0g w'kw&d? ar 0kpEd Oyywda'0g (ck?*? 225)/

(*)
bk&m;jrwfpGm
&[EmESifh
yapu
Ak'g
tSifjrwfwkdUudk
(udavomwkdUrS
pifMu,fjcif;aMumifh) 0dok'dewf[k ac:qkdonf/

uwar 0dok'da'0g/ 0dok'da'0g 0kpEd wxm*wm wxm*wom0um t&[aEm
cDPmo0g? a, p yapuAk'g?? ar 0kpEd 0dok'da'0g (plVeda'o? 225)/
okdUusrf;*efwkdU ]]a'0}} [laom ygVda0g[m&\teufjzpfaom ]]ewf}} oHk;rsdK;wkdUudk aocs *e
jyqdkxm;avonf/ ]]cEmukd,ftwGif;rSm Sdaom puK aomw Cme Zd0Sm um, re (6)ckwdkUjzifh
cHpm;rIyjcif;udk pnf;pdrfcHpm;rI ewfajcmufbHk ac:&aMumif;udk a[mMum;zGifhjyjcif; rSdacs/ xkdUaMumifh
pk'dwuwkdU\ (4) trSwfjy aumufEkwfcsufpum;&yfonf trSm;oufoufomjzpfonf/
,if;onf trSm;rsm;udk a&;om; jzefUa0aeMujcif;onf ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfrsm;vmaom
ewfjynf jA[mhjynfwkdUSdonf[laom0g'udk y,fzsufvkdonfh&nfG,fcsufaMumifhom jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm; ,lqawmfrlMuonf/
apm'u yk*dKvfwkdU\ (1) tcsuf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf

pdppfjyqdkcJhjyD;aom taMumif;rsm;aMumifh pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdU\ a&;om;csuf pum;&yfrsm;onf
usrf;*efESifh qefYusifaom pum;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;&um; ]]pk'dwuwkdU\ a&;om;csufrsm;onf
usrf;*efvmr[kwf}}
[laom
apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\
(1)tcsuf
pum;&yfonf
,xmblwusaom
pum;&yfjzpfonf/

]]emx}} [laom ygVdrS ]]ewf}} [laom a0g[m& &onf[k a0g[m& aA'ynmSifwkdUu
qkdMuonf[laom pum;&yfonfum; ]]0wdpmEkykAdumo'y0wd}} (o'gjzpfjcif;onf ajymqdkol\ tvdkvQif
tpOfSd\? ajymqdkol\ tvdktm;avsmfpGmjzpf\) [laom y&dbmomt& oifhavsmfaom AsKywfukd pGJ
aS;ynm&SdwkdU wDxGifoHk;pGJaom a0g[m&jzpf roifh[kqkd&ef rSday? ku|a'0wmukd kuZD0= kuZdk;[lvnf;aumif;? bkr|a'0wmudk bkrZD0 =bkrZdk; [lvnf;aumif; a0g[m&aA'ynmSifwkdU\
0wdpmEkykAdum o'y0wd t& ac:qdkMuouJhokdYyif jzpfayonf/
784
tpodkU

]]'dA}}[laomygVdonf ]]umr*kPfig;yg;jzifhxGef;yjcif;}} [k t"dym,fSdonf[laompum;&yfonf

'd0k"mwf\ Zkwd= xGef;yjcif;teufudk,lqdkjcif;aMumifhrSefuefaom teufyifjzpfonf/
xkdyk'fESifh 'd0k"mwfcsif;wlaom a'0yk'fukd 0dok'dr*fr[m#Dum? y- pmrsufESm 7- ]]'dAEd
yknmwdo,a,m*gEk bbm0ywm, Zkwd,m aZmwEDwd a'0g}} (tMuifow0gwkdUonf vGefuJaom
aumif;rIESihfpyfqdkifaom tmEkabmfokdUa&mufaom ta&mift0gjzifh xGef;vif;awmufyukef\/ xkdUaMumifh
xkdow0gwkdUonf a'0rnfukef\? 0g? ewfrnfukef\) [k 0d*d[fy&ef jyqdkavonf/

]]ewfwdkUonf
[laompum;&yfonf
'geSif
oDvSifrsm;jzpfMu
qdkvwHhaom
csrf;ompGmaeMu&onfudk
a'oemawmfwkdUESifh
&nfTef;ygonf}}
nDGwfjcif;aMumifh
oifhavsmfaom
pum;&yfjzpfonf/
tE 'wGm A[kaem? 'udaP,sok 'udPH/
uawm pwm rEkwm? o*H *pEd 'g,um/
aw p o**wm ww? arm'Ed umrumrdaem/
0dyguH oH0dbmu? tEkabmEd trp&m (ck?1?208)/
vlrsm;pGmtm; xrif;udkvnf;aumif; jrwfaom tvcHyk*dKvfwdkU jrwfaomtvudkvnf;aumif;
ay;vaomaMumifh
tv'g,umwkdUonf
vltjzpfrS
pkawonf&Sdaomf
ewfjynfokdU
vm;a&mufMu&ukef\/
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jynfhpHkukefonfjzpf
0rf;ajrmufMu&ukef\/
0efwkdrIrSdolwkdUonf
cJGjcrf;a0zefjcif;
tusdK;udk
wrvGefb00,f
ewfjynf
cHpm;Mu&ukef\ (ck?jref?1?191)/
oDvH &au,s ar"m0D? yw,maem wa,mokac/
yoHoH 0dwvmbO? yp oa* yarm'eH (ck?1?241)/
csD;rGrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
pnf;pdrfOpm&jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&jcif;udkvnf;aumif; csrf;omoHk;rsdK;wkdUudk awmifhwaomynmSdonf oDvudk

apmifhaSmuf&m\ (ck?jref?1?225)/
odkUpaom
a'oemawmfrsm;
'geSif
oDvSifrsm;\
ewfjynf
csrf;ompnf;pdrfukd
cHpm;aeMu&jcif;ukd jyawmfrlonf? xkdUaMumifh apm'uyk*dKvfwkdUwifoGif;tyfaom apm'em pum;rsm;onf

yd#uusrf;*efwkdUESifh nDGwfpk'dwuwkdU\ pum;&yfrsm;um; yd#uusrf;*efwdkUESifh qefUusifonfudk
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU awGUjrifMu&ayonf/
785
tpodkU
trSwfpOf(15) r-trSwfjyrS p V-trSwfjytxd apm'em&Spfcsufudk pdppfcsuf

27/
(r) odef;ZD0 = ZD0\t"dym,frSm toufudkac:ygonf? odef;\t"dym,frSm aovkeD;yg;[k
ac:ygonf? ESpfckaygif;vdkufvQif (odef;ZD0) toufaovkeD;yg;txd ylavmifuRrf;rIMuD;jzpf&jcif;[k

jyqdkxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
(,)
umvokwf = ud;ESifh wkyfaESmifxm;bdouJhodkU kef;xGufr&ovdk
ylavmifrI'Pfudk
cHae&jcif;/
(&)
oCFmw = oHrD;awmifMuD;\tyl&Sdefjzifh zduyf xm;bdouJhokdU ylavmifcHae&jcif;/
(v)
a&mk0 = toHatmf[pfvsuf rcHr&yfEdkifbJ ylavmifrI 'PfcHae&jcif;/
(0)
r[ma&mk0=
xrEdkif
xdkifr&
b,fvdkae&rSef;rod
jzpf&onftxd
ylyifavmifuRrf;rI'Pfudk cHae&jcif;/
(o)
wmyE = toHrxGufEkdifawmhbJ &ifvHk;aqmifhvsuf ylaqG;avmifuRrf;'Pf cH&jcif;/
([)
r[mwmyE=
tvGefjyif;xefpGmjzifh
toHrxGufEkdifawmhbJ
owdyifr&
arharsmMu&onftxd ylavmifrI'Pfukd cH&jcif;/

(V)
t0Dpd = wpfcsufuav;rQ arhaysmuf r&Edkifavmufatmifyif at;uGufpyfMum; rSdbJ

ylavmifae&jcif;wnf;[laom
ylavmifuRrf;rI trsdK;rsdK; 8-rsdK; 8-xyfwkdU\ ESdyfpufrI'Pfrsm;udk cHae&olwdkUudk i&JMuD; (8)xyfwGif

uscHae&olrsm;[k usrf;*ef jyqdkrIyjcif;jzpfonf/ (ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ 24? 25)
pum;rsm;udk xkwfjy ]],if;pum;&yfrsm;onf omoemawmfukd apmfum;aom bHkSif;wrf;?
bHkurmwdwfacGrsm;udk jzpfay:aponfh tajccHrsdK;aphrsm; jzpfygonf}} [l omrntm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
Zmwut|uxmom"uwkdUjzifh oD0- paomyk'fwkdU\ teufrSefudk azmfjyvsuf 0daootm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u wifjy apm'emMuonf/
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU\ oHk;oyfcsuf
xdki&JSpfxyf
a0g[m&ESifhpyfvsOf;onfh
apm'em
pum;&yfukd
oHk;oyfpdppfaomf
apm'u
q&mawmfrsm; xkwfaqmif ukd;um;aom om"u pum;&yfrsm;onf ax&0g'yd#u t|uxmvmaom

ckdifvHkonfh
pum;&yfrsm;jzpf
om"uajrmufjyD;jzpf&um;
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csrf;omrI wnfMunfrIwdkUudk &\/ xdk&[ef;onf arwmpdwfjzifh t&yfq,frsufESmudk jzefUaeaomf
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tpodkU
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azmfjyxm;onf[laom OD;aTjynfh qkdvdkonfh t"dym,frsKd; xkdokwfwGif ryg r&Sdacs/ xdkokwf ]]twonf
onmSd\/ aoonfrS aemuf jrJ\}} pojzifh tem*wfudk MuHqpGJ,lrI ]]ty&E uydu}} t,l 44 rsKd;wkdUudk
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aemuf usifvnfjcif;udk jiduyfvsuf ajymqkdMuonfh orP jA[PwkdUonf ]]t&yfrS ighrSm
rQavmufaom tjrwfaiG jzpfvdrhfrnf/ ukefjzifh tjrwfaiGudk &vdrhfrnf}} [k MuHpnfpOf;pm;Muonfh
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a&mufapwwfaom tusifhwkdYudkvnf;aumif; trSefSdonfhtwkdif;om a[mjyawmfrlonf/ i&JESifh ajcmuf
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,ckacwfwkdifatmif
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y&dedAmef pH0ifa&;yif jzpfonfudk Ak'bmom0if olawmfpifwkdif; odMuayonf/ bk&m;Sif wynfhom0u
&[ef;awmfrsm;onf ykAEuydu t,lSdMuolrsm; r[kwfMu&um; yOw,okwf a[mawmfrlonfh
ukefonfESifhwlaom orP jA[Prsm; r[kwfMuay/
xkdUaMumifh ewfESifhi&J b,frSmvJ pmwrf;yg pum;&yfrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ rdpm0g'udk jyvdk
vnf;aumif;?
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jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/
39/
xkdpmwrf; pmrsufESm 23 ]]ewfjynf (6) xyfESifh ywfouf Ak'a[maom t"du
tcsufjzpfonfh (oVm,we 0*oH,kwf-cPokwf) pmrsufESm 334 wGif Munfhjyefyguvnf; qz[k

awGUxdcHpm;rI (6) ckudkyif cHpm;rI ewfbHk (6) ck[k jyqkdxm;onfudk awGU&jyefayonf/ puK aomw
Cme Zd0Sm um, re wkdUjzifh tqif; toH teHU t&om tawGU tawG;wdkU jzpfay:awGUxdwkdif;?
cHpm;rI yjcif;udk bHk (6) bHk? b0 (6) b0[k ac:onf[k vnf;aumif;? pmrsufESm 25 ]]Ak'uvnf;
i&JESifh ewfqkdonfrSm rdrdrvdkcsif? rMum;csif? rjrifcsif? rawGUcsifaom tysufrsm;ESifh awGUuH& ylaqG;rI?
ylyefrI jzpf&jcif;rsm;udk i&Jusonf/ rdrdvdkcsifrI? ESpfoufrIrsm;jzifh uHawGU& umr*kPf tmkHrsm;jzifh
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798
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azmfjyaythH/
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oifwkdUonf tusifhjrwfudk usifhjcif;iSm tcGifhudk &tyfukef\/ &[ef;wkdU awGUxdrI\ wnf&m ]]z,we}}
ajcmufrsKd;&Sdaom
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i&JMuD; 31 rsKd;vHk;yif ajcmuf'Gg&jzifh ted|mkHudk cHpm;&jcif;aMumifh qzm,wedu rnfonfcsnf;om
jzpfonf/ i&JMuD; 31 rsKd;qkdonfrSm t0Dpdi&Jonf tAK'? ed&AK'? tAA? t##? t[[? ukrk'? aom*Edu?
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tvwf? tEkHUtm;jzifh oHk;yg;jym;onf tm;avsmfpGm toufwrf; oHk;yg;jym;&um; wpfxyfvQif
oHk;yg;pDjym; 20 jzpf\/ ESpf&yfaygif; 31 rsKd; jzpf\ (oH? #D? 1? 104) /umrm0p&
ewfjynftm;vHk;onfvnf;
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799
tpodkU
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&vmonftcdkuf r*fwnf;[laom tusifhjrwfudk tm;xkwfud;pm; yGm;rsm;Muavm [l jzpfayonf/
(oVm,we 0*oH,kwf t|uxm-44/ ,if;#Dum-314)
jyqkdcJhjyD;aom bk&m;Sif\ tvkdawmfudk rSefuefpGm rodyJ xifrdxif&m ewfjA[mESifh i&Jukd
vlUcEmxJrSmom a[monf[laom t,lonf bk&m;Sif\ tvdkawmfESifh rsm;pGm qefUusifvSayonf/
kyf0g' tjrifom jzpfayonf/
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taMumif;wkdUaMumifh
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aumif;rIyolwkdU cHpm;&m &mxl;XmeE& ponfSdouJhokdU wrvGefvnf; raumif;rIyolwkdU tjypfcH&m
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trSwfpOf (15) t? tm? trSwfjy apm'emudk pdppfcsuf

42/(t) t[dwf = 'Davmb a'go arm[udkrS rvkyf& raeEkdifygbl;qkdwJh trsKd;u t[dwftppfyJ/
(tm) 'Gd[dwf = 'Dw&m; igvkyfae&wm wu,fawmh oHo&m vnfwJh 0#fw&m;awG
igvkyfae&wmyguvm;vkdU ododMuD;eJU rvTJomvdkU vkyfae&&if 'Gd[dwf/
()
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trsm;tzdkUvJ
ighaMumifh
pdwfqif;&J
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800
tpodkU

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pmrsufESm-10)
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a&;om;csuf rSm;,Gif;yHkudk tenf;i,f pdppfjyOD;tHh/
xkdyk'fwkdUwGif (t) t[dwf[laom a0g[m&onf ]ta[wku} [laom ygVdrS qif;oufvmaom
ygVdouf jrefrma0g[m&jzpfonf/ t[dwf[lonf tavmb ta'go tarm[ [dwfrSdaom
Oayumo[*kwf oED&P pdwfESpfckwnf;[laom y#doaEESifh ZD0dwe0u uvmyfkyfwnf;[laom
tonowfkyf y#doaEwdkUudk t[dwfy#doaE ac:onf/ xdk[dwfrSdaom Oayumo[*kwf oED&P
y#doaEpdwfjzifh y#doaEaeaom tyg,fbHkom;ESifh tcsKdUvlewfrsm; tonowf jA[mrsm;udk ]ta[wku}
t[dwfyk*dKvf ac:onf/
(tm) 'Gd[dwf[laom a0g[m&onf ]'Gda[wku} [laom ygVdrS qif;oufvmaom ygVdouf
jrefrma0g[m&jzpfonf/ 'Gd[dwf[lonf tavmb ta'go [dwfESpfyg;Sdaom mP0dy,kwf umrm0p&
0dygufpdwf 4 yg;udk 'Gd[dwf y#doaE ac:onf/ xkd[dwfESpfyg;Sdaom mP0dy,kwf umrm0p&
0dygufpdwfjzifh y#doaEaeaom vlewfwkdUudk ]'Gda[wku} 'Gd[dwfyk*dKvf ac:onf/
() wd[dwf[laom a0g[m&onf ]wda[wku} [laom ygVdrS qif;oufvmaom ygVdouf
jrefrma0g[m&jzpfonf/ wd[dwf[lonf tavmb ta'go tarm[ [dwfoHk;yg;Sdaom mPor,kwf
umrm0p& 0dygufpdwf 4 yg;? lyg0p& 0dygufpdwf 5 yg;? tlyg0p& 0dygufpdwf 4 yg;? 13 yg;aom
y#doaE pdwfrsm;udk wd[dwfy#doaEac:onf/ xdk[dwfoHk;yg;Sdaom y#doaE 13 yg;wkdUwGif wpfyg;yg;jzifh
y#doaE aeaom vl ewf jA[m rsm;udk ]wda[wku} wd[dwfyk*dKvf ac:onf/
onfvQif t[dwf? 'Gd[dwf? wd[dwf [laom a0g[m&wkdU\ t"dym,ftrSefjzpfonf/ t-tm-
trSwfjy opm"r pmapmif azmfjyxm;aom pum;&yfrsm;um; pmayroifzl;olwdkU\ wm0efrJh xif&mjrif&m
a&;om;xm;aom pum;&yfrsm;om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
() oH qkdwm Sdwm? Cm qdkwm zdkr? tJ'DSdwJh zdkrESpfa,mufudk oHCmvdkU ac:wm/ 'gaMumifh
]oHCH o&PH *wfcsmrd} = oH-SdwJh? C-a,mufsm;rdef;r ESpfa,mufonf? o&PH-ajyvnfpGm vufwGJMu?
*wfcsmrd?
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(15-4-76)
aeU
ajrmif;jrw&m;yGJ
OD;0go0
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rsufESm
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0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; txl;pdppfawmf rrlMuukef/
801
tpodkU
trSwfpOf (15) Oyg'ge[laom ygVda0g[m&ESifh pyfvsOf; 0daoo apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfudk

oHk;oyfpdppfcsuf
14/
apm'uyk*dKvfrsm;u rlvyPmo ygVdawmf? orm'd|dokwf? t|omvdeD t|uxm?
0dok'dr*f t|uxm? "ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifh wdyd#u ygVdjrefrm tbd"mefusrf;wkdUudk om"ujy

Oyg'ge[laom
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rsm;pGmudk
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a0g[m&rSefrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfa&;yif jzpfygonf bk&m;}} [k 0daootm;jzifh us,f0ef;pGm apm'emMuonf/
xkd0daoo apm'emcsufrS vkd&if;udk aumufEkwfaomf (1)
Oyg'gef[lonf rpGefUEdkif rvTwfEkdif cdkifcdkifrmrm pGJudkifxm;rI jzpfonf/
(2)
xdkOyg'gefonf
umrkyg'gef?
'd|Kyg'gef?
oDvAwkyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gef
[l
av;rsKd;Sdonf/
(3)
xkdwGif umr*kPf pGJvrf;jcif;onf umrkyg'gef jzpfonf/
(4)
xkdumrkyg'gefonf w&m;ukd,ftm;jzifh tukodkvf avmbrlpdwf Spfck ,SOfaom

]umrpE} ac: ]avmb} apwodufjzpfonf/
(5)
tmkHudk yvkdkHrQ vdkcsifrIonf ]uwKurswm qEapwoduf} om jzpfonf/ (umrkyg'gef

r[kwf)
(6)
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r[kwf)
(7)
pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,lxm;aom t,lrSm; (t,lrSm; pGJvrf;jcif;)? ay;v&jcif;\ tusKd;rSd?

aumif;rIuH raumif;rIuHwkdU\ tusKd;quf tusKd;&if;rSd[k ,ljcif;? wrvGefavmu
rSd[k ,ljcif; (0g) ow0g aojyD;aemuf a&mufrnfh ewfbkH jA[mbHk jydwmbHkwdkUudk
r,HkMunfjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gefjzpfonf/
(8)
t,lrSef jrJjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gef r[kwf/
(9)
ow0g
aojyD;aemuf
a&muf&rnfh
aemufb0
(ewfjA[mESifh
i&Jb0)
wdkUudk
,HkMunfjcif;onf ukodkvfo'gw&m; jzpfonf/ Oyg'gef r[kwf/

(10)
EGm; acG; ponfwdkU\ tavhtusihfudk udavom jidrf;aMumif; tusifhaumif;tjzpf

,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;onf oDvAwkyg'gef jzpfonf/
(11)
'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAwkyg'gef? tw0g'kyg'gef oHk;rsKd;vHk;yif (w&m;udk,ftm;jzihf) tukokdvf

'd|d*wor,kwf pdwf 4 yg;ESifh ,SOfwGJaom 'd|dapwoduf wpfrsKd;wnf; jzpfonf/
802
tpodkU
(12)

bk&m;Sif TefjyqdkqHk;ronfhtwkdif; edAmefa&mufaMumif; yg&rDaumif;udk pkaqmif;jcif;?
'ge oDv bm0emwkdUudk yvkyftm;xkwfjcif;onf ukokdvfyg&rDom jzpfonf/
(13)
vlewfpnf;pdrfudk awmifhw 'geoDv yjcif;ukdyif tukokdvf[k rqkd? 0#eddw

ukokdvf (oHo&m0#fudk rSDaom ukodkvf) [kom qkdonf/
(14)
odkUygvsuf ewfpnf;pdrf ewfb0? jA[mpnf;pdrf jA[mhb0udk rSef;q ukodkvfyjcif;udk

tukodkvfOyg'gef jzpfav[ef a[majyma&;om;jcif;onf Ak'omoemh0efxrf;rsm;tm;
Ak'bmom0ifrsm;u v'gef;ay;urf;rI ponf ryatmif enf;y&d,m,fjzifh wm;qD;jcif;[k
qkdEdkifonf/
(15)
awGUu&m Oyg'gef jzpfaejcif;um tbd"rm tajccHrJhaom vrf;ay:u vlrsm;\ (w&m;ESifh

qefUusifaom) pum;omjzpfonf[k aumufEkwf &onf/
45/
,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwu yk*dKvfwdkYu acsy&m 'DCedum,f r[m0*f? r[med'geokwf
ESm-54 wGif jyqkdxm;aom ]]umr*kPf pGJvrf;jcif; umrkyg'gef? t,l pGJvrf;jcif; 'd|Kyg'gef?

tavhtusifh pGJvrf;jcif; oDvAwkyg'gef? tw[laom 0g' pGJvrf;jcif; tw0g'kyg'gef wkdUaywnf;}}
[laompum;&yfudk
axmufxm;
oDvAwkyg'gefudk
jrefrmjyefqkd&mwGif
tavhtusifhpGJudkom
tavhtusifhpGJudkom qkdvkdaMumif; awGU&jyD; acG; EGm;wkdU\ tusihf[l rawGU&aMumif; acsyMuonf/
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf

,if;acsycsufudk pdppfoHk;oyfaomf(u)
b*0? tcgwpfyg; igonf xlvlZeyk'f Ow&umrnfaom ed*Hk;ae\/ b*0? xdktcg
igonf eHeuftcsdef ouFef;udk jyif0wf oydwfouFef;udk ,lvsuf aemufvdkuf&[ef; vdp0Drif;om;

okeuwfESifh twl Ow&um ed*Hk;okdU qGrf;cH0if\/ xkdtcg t0wfr0wfaom aum&cwd, wuwGef;onf
acG;usifh usifh\/ av;bufaxmufoGm;\/ ajrcsxm;tyfaom tpmudk yg;pyfjzihfom [yf\/
yg;pyfjzifhom pm;\/ b*0? vdp0Drif;om; okeuwfonf acG;usifh usifhvsuf av;bufaxmuf
oGm;aeaom ajrcsxm;tyfaom tpmudk yg;pyfjzihfom [yf yg;pyfjzifhom pm;aeaom t0wfr0wfaom
aum&cwd, wuwGef;udkjrif okdUaom tMuHonf jzpf\/
]]tcsif;wkdU ... av;bufaxmufvsuf oGm;aom ajrcsxm;onfhtpmudk yg;pyfjzifhom [yf
yg;pyfjzifhompm;aom &[ef;tm; csD;rGrf;tHhMozG,f aumif;avpGwum;}} [k tMuHjzpf\/ ('D? jref? 3? 6)
(c)
ykP? igonf oifhtm; ]]ykP roifhavsmfacs/ jyem &SdapOD;avmh/ ighudk jyem
rar;vifh}} [k qkdaomfvnf; r&cJh/ odkUjzpf oifhtm; igajzMum;avmhtHh/ (avmu tcsKdUaomolonf

acG;tusihfacG;tavhtx acG;pdwf acG;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;\/ xkdolonf
acG;tusihf acG;tavhtx acG;pdwf acG;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm; cEmudk,f
803
tpodkU
ysufpD; aojyD;onfrS aemuf acG;wkdU\ taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&muf&av\/ (acG;jzpf\[k

qkdvdkonf) xkdolrSm ]]igonf tavhtx 0wf tusifh jrwfaom tusihfjzifh xifSm;aom
ewfaomfvnf;aumif;? rxifSm;aom ewfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&tHh}} [k tu,f t,lpGJ Sdjim;tHh?
xkdt,lpGJonf rSm;aom t,lpGJ jzpf\/ ykP? rSm;aom t,lpGJ SdoltzkdU i&J okdUr[kwf wd&dpmefrsKd;[laom
vm;&mESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom vm;&mudk igqdk\/ (r? jref? 2? 55? 56? 37)
(*)
aoed,
(avmu)
tcsKdUaomolonf
EGm;tusihf
EGm;tavhtx
EGm;pdwf
EGm;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm;\/ xkdolonf EGm;tusihf EGm;tavhtx EGm;pdwf

EGm;trlt&mwkdUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rjywfrvwf yGm;rsm; cEmudk,f ysufpD; aojyD;onfrS aemuf EGm;wkdU\
taygif;tazmftjzpfodkU a&muf&av\/ (EGm;jzpf\[k qkdvdkonf) xkdolrSm ]]igonf tavhtx 0wf
tusifh
jrwfaom
tusihfjzifh
xifSm;aom
ewfaomfvnf;aumif;?
rxifSm;aom
ewfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpf&tHh}} [k tu,f t,lpGJ Sdjim;tHh? xkdt,lpGJonf rSm;aom t,lpGJ jzpf\/

aoed,? rSm;aom t,lpGJ SdoltzkdY i&J okdUr[kwf wd&dpmefrsKd;[laom vm;&mESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif wpfrsKd;rsKd;aom
vm;&mudk igqdk\/
jyqkdtyfcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmfrsm; acG;wdkU\ tavhtusifh? EGm;wdkU\ tavhtusifhrsm;udk
pGJpGJvrf;vrf; tjrwfwEdk; usifhaeMuaom yk*dKvfrsm;\ taMumif;t&mrsm;udk bk&m;Sif udk,fawmfwkdif
txift&Sm; a[mawmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifh ,if;ygVdawmfrsm;ESifhtnD t|uxm q&mawmfrsm;onfvnf;
]]oDvAwk yg'geH}} [laomyk'fudk zGifh&m t|uxmwdkUwGif]]a*goDv a*g0wm'Ded [d {0H ok'Dwd tbdeda0oawm o,ar0 Oyg'gemed (tbd? |? 2?
172/ 0dok'dr*|? 2? 203/ tbd? |? 1? 415)}}
[l zGifhjyawmfrlcJhMuonf/
jrefrmjyef
rSef\/ EGm;wkdU\ tavh? EGm;wkdU\ tusifh ponfwkdUudk ok'dr*[k rSm;aomtm;jzifh pGJvrf;aom
rdpmt,lwkdUonf odkU EGm;wkdU\ tavh? EGm;wkdU\ tusifh ponfjzifh udavomrS pifMu,f\[k
ESvHk;oGif;jcif;aMumifh pGJvrf;csuf rdpmt,lwkdUonfyifvQif Oyg'gefwkdU rnfukef\/
oDvESifh 0wwkdU\ txl;udk jy&m 0dok'dr*f r[m#Dum
]]twaem 0g *0g'dbm0g"d|meH oDvH? *paEm bauwd wd|aEm rkawwDwd tm'dem
*0g'dud&d,mu&PH 0wH}} (0dok'd? #D? 2? 327)
[k rdefUqkdawmfrl\/
rdrd\ EGm;ponfwkdU\ tjzpfudk aqmufwnfjcif;onf oDvrnf\/ oGm;vsufpm;\/ &yfvsuf
usifi,fpGefU\/ odkU ponfjzifh EGm;ponfwkdU\ trlt&mudk jyjcif;onf 0wrnf\/
804
tpodkU
jyqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVd t|uxm #Dumrsm;udk axmufxm; EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusifhudk

udavom jidrf;aMumif; tusifhaumif;tjzpfjzifh ,HkMunfjcif;rsKd;onf oDvAwkyg'gef jzpfonf[kqkdaom
apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU\ apm'emonf ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUESifh nDGwfaom "rapm'em jzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU oHk;oyfawmf rlMuonf/
t&m pk'dwu yk*dKvfwdkUu aom"em&m0,f acG; EGm;wkdU\ tavhtusifh [lom qkdMu\/
(ponf) [laom pum;vHk;ryg/ apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\ apm'empum;&yfum; (EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\) [k
(ponf)
[laom
pum;vHk;udk
xnfh
oHk;pGJxm;onfudk
owdy&m\/
jycJhaom
t|uxm
oHk;usrf;vHk;vnf; ]]a*goDv a*g0wm'Ded}} [k (tm'd) o'gESifhwuG qkdxm;\/ xdk ]]tm'd}} [laom

ygVdpum;vHk; ]]ponf}} [laom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;jzihf MuGif;usefaom rSm;aom tavhtusifhrsm;udk
,l&m\/ xkdUaMumifh EGm; acG;wkdU\ tavhtusihfudk jzpfap? a&ikyfjcif; rD;vIHjcif; aevSef;jcif; ql;ay:
tdyfjcif; paom tavhtusifhudk jzpfap? tcsKyftm;jzifh rSm;aom tavhtusihf [lorQudk tusifhrSef[k
pGJvrf;aom 'd|dapwoduf 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\[k apm'emvdk&if; jzpfonfudk odMu\/
pk'dwuwkdUu oDvAwkyg'ge oDv+0w+Oyg'ge-[laom yk'f0,f oDv= tavh? 0w=tusifh?
Oyg'ge=tpGJ? oDvAwkyg'ge = tavhtusifh tpGJ[k rQom qkdoifhvsuf (EGm; acG; wkdU\) [laom
0daooe orefyk'f xnfhoGif;jyqkdjcif;udk tydkxnfhoGif;av[ef tjypfwif acsyjcif; jzpfaomfvnf;
jyqkdcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dumusrf;*ef twefwefwkdU tqdktrdefUt& xnfhoGif;jyjcif; jzpf&um;
tjypfra&mufyJ odomxifSm;onfh *kPfajrmufaom pum;om jzpfonf[k 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU
,lqawmf rlMuonf/
46/
wpfzef pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkUu umrkyg'gefwGifvnf; umr*kPf ig;yg;wkdU pGJvrf;jcif;udkom
awGU&aMumif;? Oyg'gefwGif tukodkvf ukodkvf[l rcGJjcm;aMumif;? ukodkvfukd pGJonfjzpfap? tukodkvfudk

pGJonfjzpfap
tpGJrSefvQif
Oyg'gef[lom
jyqkdxm;aMumif;udk
wifjy
apm'emaumufEkwfcsuf
(4?5?6?7?8?9?11?12?13?14) wdkUudk acsyMuonf/ Oy&dyPmo jrefrmjyef tmeOoyg,okwf ESm-55

vmaom ]]yvkyfcJhaom uH[l rSday/ xkduH\ tusKd;jzpfaom cEmyOuudk y,fpGefUaompdwfjzihf
vspfvsLIrI ESpfouf\/ aumif;\[k pGJ\/ xdk0dnmPfonf 0dyemudk rSD\/ odkUaomf pGJvrf;rIyif
rnf\/ tmeEm pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gef rukefaom &[ef;onf y&dedAmef ryEkdif[k a[m\/ 0dyemudk
rSDpGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom ukokdvf0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkUaomf pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[lyif
jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif nDawmf tmeEtm; a[mMum;csufudk awGU&ygonf bk&m;}} [k
om"uESifhwuG aom"emMuonf/
805
tpodkU
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU xkwfjytyfaom azmfjyyg om"u pum;&yfonf rl&if;ygVdawmf jrefrmjyefukd

csKH;jyqkdxm;&m vdk&if;udk cHiHkrdatmif rcsKH;wwfojzifh t"dym,f ysuf,Gif;aeonf/ rl&if;ygVd
jrefrmjyefum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/
]]tmeEm? omoemawmf
&[ef;onf odkUusifh\/ tu,f yvkyfcJhaom uH[l
r&Sdjim;tHh/ ighrSm (tusKd;jzpfaom cEmyOu[l) r&Sd&m/ ,ckb0uH[l r&SdvQif ighrSm (tusKd;jzpfaom

cEmyOu[l) rjzpfvwHh/ xif&Sm;Sdaom jzpfay:aeaom cEmyOuudk y,fpGefUtHh[k vspfvsLIrIudk &\/
xkd&[ef;onf xkdvspfvsLIrIudk ESpfouf\/ aumif;\[l ajymqkd\/ ouf0ifwnf\/ xdkvspfvsLIrIudk
ESpfoufajymqkd ouf0ifwnfaom xkdyk*dKvf\ 0dnmPfonf xkdvspfvsLI (0dyEkayum) udk rSD\/
(xdkvspfvsLIrI 0dyEkayumudk pGJvrf;\/) tmeEm? pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefSdaom &[ef;onf y&dedAmef ryEkdif}}
[k rdefUawmfrl\/
a'oemawmf t"dym,fum; aS;b0u yvkyfcJhaom uH (ur0#f) r&SdvQif ,ckb0 jzpfaom
cEmyOu (0dygu0#f) rSd&m/ ,ckb0 uH (ur0#f) rSdvQif aemiftem*wfb0 tusKd;jzpfaom cEmyOu
(0dygu0#f)
rjzpfvwHh/
,ckb0
xifSm;Sdaeaom
jzpfay:aeonfh
cEmyOuudk
y,fpGefUtHh[k
t&[wzdkvfayguf &nfrSef; 0dyemudk tm;xkwfaom &[ef;onf vspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) udk&\/

xkd&[ef;onf xkdvspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;aevQif xkd&[ef;\ 0dnmPfonf
xdkvspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) udk wPSm'd|dwkdUjzifh rSDwG,fae\/ xkdvspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) udk
pGJvrf;ae\/ ,if;odkU 0dyemudk pGJvrf;rI Oyg'gefSdaom &[ef;onf y&dedAmef ryEkdif[k qkdvdkonf/
a'oemawmf xkd&[ef;&Sdaom vspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) onf ukodkvfjzpfaomfvnf;
xkdvspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) udk ESpfoufpGJvrf;aom 0dnmPfonfum; avmb (wPSm) 'd|dwdkUESifh
,SOfaom tukodkvf avmbrl 0dnmPfjzpfonfukd owdycJhyg/
pk'dwuwkdU acsyaom aom"em pum;&yfukd pdppfoHk;oyfonfSdaomf pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkUonf
pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;ESifh pGJvrf;tyfaom (0g) tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;ESpfrsKd;wkdUudk
uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm rodMuSmonfudk awGU&\/ xkdUaMumifh pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gefw&m;ESifh pGJvrf;tyfaom
(0g) tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk uGJjym;jcm;em;pGm odEkdifMu&ef Sif;vif;jyqkdjyD;rS aom"emudk
pdppfMuukeftHh/
Oyg'gef
47/
bkoH tm'd,EDwd Oyg'gem? 'V*g[H *PSEDwd tawm- [laom t|omvdeD
t|uxmESifh tnD rvTwfEkdifyJ jrJjrHjyif;jypGm ,lwwf pGJvrf;wwfaom oabmw&m;onf Oyg'gef rnf\/
806
tpodkU

Oyg'gefav;yg;
ww uwrH umrkyg'geH/ a,m umarok umrpaEm umr&ma*g umreED umrwPSm
umrodaea[m umry&dVma[m umrrkpm umraZmomeH/ 'H 0kpwd umrkyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241)

"ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD 0wKumr[k ac:qkdtyfaom vkdcsifzG,f tmkHwdkU vdkvm;ESpfouf
wyfrufpGJvrf;aom wPSm (avmbapwoduf) onf umrkyg'gef rnf\/
ww uwrH 'd|Kyg'geH/ ewd 'dEH/ y/ 'H 0kpwd 'd|Kyg'geH XaywGm oDvAwkyg'geO
tw0g'kyg'geO oAmyd rdpm'd|d 'd|Kyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241)
"ro*FPD
ygVdawmfESifhtnD
oDvAwkyg'gefESifh
tw0g'kyg'gef
'd|dESpfrsKd;rS
MuGif;aom
rSm;aomtjrif (rSm;aomt,l) tm;vHk;onf 'd|Kyg'gef rnf\/ bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfjzifhyif t,lrSm;udk

pGJvrf;rIom 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf/ t,lrSefudk pGJjrJouf0if ,HkMunfrIonfum; 'd|Kyg'gefr[kwf/
o'g"darmuom jzpfonf[k odomvSay\/
ww uwrH oDvyAwkyg'geH/ awm A[d'g orP jAm[PmeH oDave ok'd/ y/
0dy&d,m o*ga[m/ 'H 0kpwd oDvyAwkyg'geH/ (tbd?1?241)
"ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD EGm; acG; ponfwkdU\ tavhtusihfudk (0g) tavhtusifhrSm; [lorQudk
udavom
pifMu,faMumif;
tusifhaumif;
tjzpfjzifh
rSm;,Gif;pGm
pGJvrf;wwfaom
tjrifrSm;rI
'd|dapwodufonf oDvyAwkyg'gef rnf\/

ww uwrH tw0gyg'geH/ " tkw0g ykxkZaem/ y/ rdpwH wdwm,weH 0dy&d,m
o*ga[m/ 'H 0kpwd tw0g'kyg'geH/ (tbd? 1? 241)
"ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD cEmig;yg;wGif wpfyg;yg;udk rysufrpD; tjrJwnfaeaom tESpfom&
trmcHoabmw&m; tw[k tjrifrSm;rI 'd|dapwodufonf tw0g'kyg'gefrnf\/
tw0g'kyg'gef (tw'd|d) ESpfq,f jzpfyHk

48/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'oemawmfjzifh tw0g'kyg'gef (0g) tw'd|d 20 jzpfyHkudk
jyawmfrl\/
cEmig;yg;wdkYwGif ]]rD;awmufESifh tvif;a&mifudk twlxifrSwfouJhokdU}} kyfonfyif tw[k kyfESifh
twudk twlxifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;?
emrfcEmav;yg;udk tw[k pGJ,ljyD;vQif ]]opfyift&dyfSdonf [laom pum;uJhokdU twrSm
kyfSdonf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;?
emrfcEmav;yg;udk
tw[k
pGJ,ljyD;vQif
]]yef;yGifh
teHU[laom
pum;uJhodkU}}
tw
kyfwnf&onf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;?
807
tpodkU
emrfcEmav;yg;udk tw[k pGJ,ljyD;vQif ]]aowmxJ ywjrm;wnfonf [laom pum;uJhokdU}} kyf

twu wnfaeonf[k xifrSwfaom 'd|dwpfyg;?
odkU kyfESifh pyfvsOf; tw0g'kyg'gef (tw'd|d) av;yg;jzpfonf/ xdkUtwl a0'em onm
ocFg& 0dnmPf[laom emrfcEm wpfyg;yg;ESifh pyfvsOf;vnf; tw0g'kyg'gef (tw'd|d) av;yg;pD
jzpf&um; cEmig;yg; tw0g'kyg'gef (tw'd|d) ESpfq,fjzpfonf/
'd|Kyg'gef?
oDvyAwkyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gef
oHk;yg;wkdUonf
w&m;ukd,ftm;jzifh
'd|dapwodufcsnf;om jzpfonf/ 'd|dapwoduf wpfyg;wnf;udkyif pGJvrf;yHk tjcif;t&m uGJjym;aomaMumihf

trnfoHk;rsKd;cGJ a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdUaMumifh Oyg'gefonf av;yg;jym;aomfvnf; w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh
avmbapwodufESifh 'd|dapwoduf ESpfyg;om jzpfonf/
umrkyg'geH
t|ok
avmbo[*awok
pdwKyga'ok
OyZwd?
'd|Kyg'geO
oDvyAwkyg'geO tw0g'kyg'geO pwlok 'd|d*wor,kawok pdwKyga'ok OyZEd/

("ro*FPD? 289)
jrefrmjyef
umrkyg'gefonf avmbo[*kwf pdwKyg'f Spfyg;wkdU jzpf\/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAwkyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf 'd|d*wor,kwf pdwKyg'f av;yg;wkdU jzpfukef\/
bk&m;Sif EIwfawmfxGuf a'oemawmft& avmbapwodufonf avmbrlpdwf Spfyg;
jzpfonf/ 'd|dapwodufonf avmbrl 'd|d*w or,kwfpdwf av;yg; jzpfonf[krSwf/
0dok'dr*f 'k-205? oarm[ 0daem'eD t|uxm 173 wkdUvnf;r[m0do,H [d wH t|pdwora,m*g? ty0do,med w&med pwkpdw ora,m*g}} [k
rdefUqdkawmfrlonf/
rSef\/
xdkumrkyg'gefonf
Spfyg;aom
pdwfwkdU
,SOfjcif;aMumifh
us,faomt&mSd\/
umrkyg'gefrS wpfyg;aom 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAwkyg'gef? tw0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf av;yg;ukefaom pdwfwkdU

,SOfjcif;aMumifh usOf;aomt&m Sdukef\/
qdkcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxm tqkdtrdefUudk axmuf Oyg'gef[lonf pifppf tukodkvfom
jzpfonf[k ,HkrSm;rJh rSwf,l&m\/ t"dym,fudk tbd"rmudk avhvmzl;ol omraPi,fuav;rsm;yif
odMuayonf/
yk*dKvftm;jzifh umrkyg'gefonf ykxkZOfav;a,mufESifh aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwkdU
oEmef jzpfonf/ 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvyAwkyg'gef? tw0g'kyg'gef wkdUonf ykxkZOfav;a,mufwkdU oEmef
jzpfonf/
808
tpodkU

Oyg'ged,
49/
Oyg'ged, (Oyg'ge+,) yk'fonf Oyg'geyk'faemuf tpD;tyGm;[dw teuf
,ypnf;owf jyD;aom yk'fjzpfonf/

xkdUaMumifh t|omvdeD t|uxm? ESm-85 tm&rPbm0H Oy*Em Oyg'ge oraEe Oyg'gemeH [dwmwd Oyg'ged,m/
[k rdefUqkdawmfrlonf/ tmkHtjzpfodkU uyfa&muf Oyg'gefwkdUESifh pyfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefwdkU\
tpD;tyGm;wnf;/ xkdUaMumifh Oyg'ged, rnfukef\/
]]tm&rPbm0H Oy*Em = tmkHtjzpfodkU uyfa&muf}} [lonf tmkHycH&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdodkU
tmkHycH&jcif;aMumifh xkdw&m;rsm;onf Oyg'gefwkdUESifh pyfvsOf;aom w&m;rsm; jzpf&onf/ Oyrm-avmu
vlwpfa,muf\ toHk;taqmifonf xdkolESifh pyfaeouJhodkU jzpfonf/
t|uxmt&
tmkHycH&onfjzpf
Oyg'gefwkdUESifh
pyfaeonfhtwGuf
Oyg'gefwkdU\
tpD;tyGm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'ged, rnf\[k rSwf/

(tcsKyfrSm Oyg'gefwkdU\ tmkHycH&aom w&m;rsm; jzpfonf/)
Oyg'ged, rnfaom w&m;rsm;

uwar "rm Oyg'ged,m/ wDok blrDok ukovH tukovH wDok blrDok 0dygaum wDok
blrDok ud&d,mAsmuwH oAO lyH/ ar "rm Oyg'ged,m/ (tbd? 1? 290)
"ro*FPD ygVdawmft& umr ly tly bHkoHk;yg;wkdU jzpfaom avmuD ukodkvf 17? tukodkvf
12? avmuD0dyguf 32? bHkoHk;yg;wkdU jzpfaom yumrQ jzpf ukodkvf tukodkvf tjzpfjzifh ra[mtyfaom
ud&d,mAsmwu 20? xkdUjyif kyfonfSd\/ w&m;wkdUonf avmb 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefwdkU\
tmkHjzpfukefaom Oyg'ged,w&m; jzpfukef\/
um; pGJvrf;wwfaom Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvf oufoufom jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;?
tpGJtvrf;cH&aom
Oyg'ged,
w&m;onfum;
ukodkvf?
tukodkvf?
tAsmuw
oHk;rsKd;
jzpfonfudkvnf;aumif; (tbd"rmudk ravhvmzl;olrsm;) odEkdif&ef Sif;vif;jyqkdjcif; jzpfonf/

50/
,ckapm'em aom"emudk jyefvnfpdppfMuukeftHh/ tcsufudk apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\
qkdvkd&if;rSm (1)
Oyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf/
(2)
yvdkkHrQ vkdcsifkHrQonf uwKurswm qEapwodufom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gef r[kwf)
(3)
edAmefudk vdkcsifrI? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkcsifrIonf ukodkvfqEom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gef

r[kwf) [k qkdvkdonf/
809
tpodkU
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdU\ qkdvkd&if;rSm (1)
Oyg'gefwGif ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k rcGJjcm;aMumif;?
(2)
ukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap? tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap? tpGJrSefvQif Oyg'gef[lom

jyefqkdxm;aMumif;?
(3)
0dyemudk rSD pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom 0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif

pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[lyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif a[mawmfrlaMumif; pum;oHk;&yf
jzpfonf/
,if;pum;oHk;&yfwdkYwGif ]](1) Oyg'gefwGif ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k rcGJjcm;aMumif;}} [laom

pum;&yf ukodkvf? tukodkvf ESpfrsKd;&Sd&mom ukodkvf? tukodkvf cGJjcm;jy&onf/ ukodkvfcsnf;oufouf?
tukodkvfcsnf;oufouf jzpf&mum; xkdodkU cGJjcm;&ef rvdk/ Oyg'gef[lonf wpf&HwpfqpfrQ ukokdvf[l
rSd/ {uef tukodkvfcsnf;om jzpfaomaMumifh ukodkvf? tukodkvf[k cGJjcm;jyqkdjcif; ry[krSwf/
]]ukodkvfudk
pGJonfjzpfap?
tukodkvfudk
pGJonfjzpfap
tpGJrSefvQif
Oyg'gef[lom
jyefqkdxm;aMumif;}} [laom pum;&yf pum;toHk;tEIef;udk Sif;jytHh/ ]]ukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap}} [laom

pum;&yf ]ukodkvfukd} [laom pum;onf tpGJtvrf; cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ xkdw&m;um;
trSefyif ukodkvfjzpfonf/ ]pGJonfjzpfap} [laom pum;&yfum; pGJvrf;wwfaom avmb? 'd|d [laom
Oyg'gefw&m;udk jyonf/ xdkOyg'gefum; {uef tukodkvf jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh pum;&yf
tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;u ukodkvf? pGJvrf;wwfaom w&m;u tukodkvf jzpfonf/
]]tukodkvfudk pGJonfjzpfap}} [laom pum;&yfvnf; ]tukodkvfudk} [laom pum;&yfonf
tpGJtvrf;cH&aom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ ]pGJonfjzpfap} [laom pum;&yfonf pGJvrf;wwfaom
avmb? 'd|d[laom Oyg'ged, w&m;udk jyonf/ xkdUaMumifh pum;&yf tpGJtvrf;cH&aom
w&m;uvnf;
tukodkvf?
pGJvrf;wwfaom
w&m;uvnf;
tukodkvfyif
jzpfonf/
odkU
tpGJtvrf;cH&aom w&m;onf ukodkvfyif jzpfap? tukodkvfyif jzpfap? pGJvrf;wwfaom w&m;um;

tukodkvfom jzpf&um; Oyg'gef[lom jyefqkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ xdkUaMumifh (2) eHygwf aom"em
pum;&yfonf pum;toHk;tEIef;rQom rSefonf/
,if;odkU pum;toHk;tEIef; rSefuefaomfvnf; pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU udk,fwkdifrlum; Sif;jycJhaom
teuft"dym,fudk trSefwu,f rodyJ ]ukodkvf Oyg'gefvnf; Sdonf} [k tvGJtrSm; ESvHk;oGif;
aom"emxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;udk (3) eHygwf pum;&yfjzifh ay:vGifxifSm;pGm odEkdifayonf/ Sif;jyOD;tHh ]]0dyemudk rSD pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom 0dnmPfpdwf jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif
pGJvrf;vQif Oyg'gef[lyif jrwfpGmbk&m; udk,fawmfwkdif a[mawmfrlaMumif;}} [k qkdxm;&m ]]0dyemudk
rSD pGJaom 0dnmPfonf aumif;aom ukodkvf0dnmPfpdwf jzpfonf/ xkdukodkvf0dnmPfpdwfudk
Oyg'gef[ka[monf}} [k pk'dwu yk*dKvfwdkU ,lqaMumif; odomayonf/
810
tpodkU
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU udk;um;onfh tmeOoyg,okwf jyqkdtyfaom 0dnmPfonf pk'dwu

yk*dKvfwdkU ,lqonfh aumif;aom ukodkvf0dnmPfpdwf r[kwf? avmb 'd|d[laom Oyg'gefESifh ,SOfaom
tukodkvfavmbrlpdwf 0dnmPfom jzpfonf/ Sif;jyOD;thH ]]xdkvspfvsLIrIudk ESpfoufajymqkd ouf0ifwnfaom xkdyk*dKvf\ 0dnmPfonf xkdvspfvsLIrI
(0dyEkayum) udk rSD\/ xkdvspfvsLIrI (0dyEkayum) udk pGJvrf;\/
pum;&yf ]0dnmPfonf} [laom pum;&yfukd ]rSD\} ]pGJvrf;\} [laom Mud,mjy pum;&yfwkdU
pyf&rnf/ rSD\? pGJvrf;\ [kqkdvQif wPSm 'd|dwdkUjzifh pGJvrf;\ [laom t"dym,fonf xifSm;jyD; jzpf\/
xdkUaMumifhyif Oy&dyPmo t|uxm xkdwEddwH w'kyg'geH yk'fwkdU\ tajccHjzpfaom aSU0gusSd
]tbdeEwd} paom oHk;yk'fwkdUudk zGifhjy&m0,f ]]aomwH OayuH tbdeEwDwd aom wH 0dyEkayuH wPSm'd|d tbdeEm'D[d tbdeEwd?
aooy''Ga,yd {ao0 ea,m}}
[k zGifhjyawmfrl\/
t"dym,f - aomwH OayuH tbdeEwDwd [lonfum; xdk&[ef;onf xkd 0dyEkayumudk wPSm?
'd|dwnf;[laom ESpfoufjcif;wkdUjzifh ESpfouf\/ MuGif;aom tbd0'wd? taZmom, wd|wd}} [laom
yk'fESpfcktaygif;vnf; enf;wnf;/
pum;&yfwGif ]]0dnmPfonf rSD\/ pGJvrf;\}} [laom pum;&yfjzifh pGJvrf;wwfonfh avmb?
'd|d[laom Oyg'gefwkdUESifh ,SOfaom tukodkvf avmbrlpdwf 0dnmPfudk jyonf/ ]]xkdvspfvsLIrI
0dyEkayumudk}} [laom pum;&yfjzifh Oyg'gef\ tmkHjzpfonfh (tpGJtvrf;cH&onfh) Oyg'ged,jzpfaom
0dyEkayum
ukodkvfudk
jyonf/
vdk&if;tcsKyfrSm
tmkHjzpfonfh
(0g-
tpGJtvrf;cH&onfh)
0dyEkayumonf ukodkvfjzpfonf/ xkdukodkvfjzpfaom 0dyEkayumudk pGJvrf;aom 0dnmPfum;

avmb? 'd|dESifh ,SOfaom avmbrltukodkvf 0dnmPfjzpfonf[k rSwf/ tpGJtvrf;cH&aom tmkHu
ukodkvf jzpfumrQjzifh xkdxkdpGJvrf;aom Oyg'gefonf ukodkvf rjzpfEkdifacs/ xkdUaMumifh 0dyem
pGJvrf;uyfjidrI&Sdaeaom &[ef;aomfrS igbk&m;omoemawmf udavom rjidrf;Edkifao;/ ausmif; y&d0kPf
tvkyftauR; 'g,um ponfwdkU pGJvrf;uyfjidrI Sdaeaom &[ef;onfum; tb,frSm ajymzG,f&m
Sdawmhrnfenf; [laom t"dym,fudk bk&m;Sif jyawmfrlonf/
xdkUaMumifh pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdUonf tmeOoyg,okwfudk om"uy (Oyg'gef[lonf avmb
'd|d wnf;[laom tukodkvfom jzpfonf) [laom apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\ pum;udk acsyMuaomfvnf;
acsy&m
ra&mufonfhtjyif
axmufcH&myif
a&mufacsonf[k
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwkdU
pdppfoHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
811
tpodkU
51/

wpfzef pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]"ro*FPD usrf;t& tukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef?
ukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef r[kwfjzpfaMumif; apm'emq&mawmfrsm;u wifjycsufrSm wynfhawmfawGU&onfh

atmufygokwfwkdUjzihf
uGmjcm;aeygonfbk&m;[k
pum;csDjyD;vQif
t*FkwdK&f?
e0uedygwf?
oOyg'daoookwf? pmrsufESm-185 vmaom pum;&yfudk om"uyvsuf tcsufvnf;

aomwmyefyifvQif
pGJvrf;rIusefaevQif
Oyg'gef[l
oHk;EIef;xm;aMumif;
awGU&ygonf}}
[k
acsyaom"emavonf/
pk'dwuyk*dKvf acsyovdk apm'em pum;&yf (tukodkvfudk pGJvQif Oyg'gef? ukodkvfudk pGJvQif
Oyg'gefr[kwf) [laom pum;&yf yg rygudk aocsmpGm pdppf&m(1)
Oyg'gef[lonf w&m;udk,ftm;jzifh avmbESifh 'd|dom jzpf avmbrlpdwf ,SOfaom

tukodkvfom jzpfonf/
(2)
yvdkkHrQ vdkcsifrIonf uwKurswm qEapwodufom jzpfonf/ (Oyg'gefr[kwf)
(3)
edAmefudk vdkcsifrI? aumif;aomw&m;udk vdkcsifrIonf ukodkvfqEom jzpfonf/

(Oyg'gefr[kwf)
(4)
t,lrSef pGJjrJjcif;onf 'd|Kyg'gefrjzpf? t,lrSm; pGJvrf;jcif;onfom 'd|Kyg'gef

jzpfonf/
rQom awGU&onf/ (tukodkvfudkpGJvQif Oyg'gef? ukodkvfudkpGJvQif Oyg'gefr[kwf) [laom

pum;rsKd;
wkdufdkufvnf;ryg/
xkdt"dym,frsKd;xGufaom
pum;&yfvnf;
rygacs/
(4)
trSwfjy
aumufEkwfcsuf ]]pGJjrJ}} [laom pum;&yfESifh ]]pGJvrf;}} pum;&yfESpfckudk oHk;pGJxm;&m ]]pGJjrJ}} [laom

a0g[m&um; ]]pGJjrJouf0if ,HkMunfrI= o'g"darmu}} jzpf ]]pGJvrf;}} [laom a0g[&mum; ]]pGJvrf;rI
Oyg'gef}} jzpfonfudk cGJjcm; rodjcif;aMumifh acsyaom"emjcif;om jzpf&monf/
oOyg'daoookwfudk
om"uy
]]aomwmyefyifvQif
pGJvrf;rIusefaevQif
Oyg'gef[l
oHk;EIef;xm;ygaMumif; awGU&ygonf}} [laom acsycsufonfvnf; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfodkYrQ

rywfoufacs/
tvHk;pHkaom avmuDw&m;wkdU\ 0wKumr\ tpGrf;jzifh ]]umr}} [lvmjcif;aMumifh ly&m*
tly&m*onfvnf; umrkyg'gef usa&muf(yg0if)&um; Oyg'gefav;yg;wkdUwGif xkdumrkyg'gefudk pwkw
t&[wr*fmPfu y,fowftyf\}} [laom 0dok'dr*f 'kwd, ESm-326- rdefUqkdtyfaom pum;ESifhtnD
aomwmyef oEmef 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAwkyg'gef? tw0g'kyg'gef oHk;yg;wkdUudkom y,f&ao; umrkyg'gef
tukodkvf MuGif;usefao;onfudk oOyg'daoookwf a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfayonf/
okwfyg pum;&yfonfvnf; apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\ apm'epum;&yfESifh rnfodkYrQ uGJjym;jcif;
r&Sdacs/
812
tpodkU
aemufwpfzef ]]tem*grfqdkufaom olawmfaumif;onfyifvQif Oyg'gef rukefaMumif; atmufyg

taxmuftxm;t& awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k pum;csDjyD;vQif rZdryPmo uD#m*D&dokwf ESm-156
vmaom pum;&yfudk om"uyvsuf tcsufonfvnf; ukodkvfw&m; SdaeolyifvQif Oyg'gef
usefEkdifonfudk awGU&ygonfbk&m; [k acsyjyefavonf/
,if;acsycsuf\
qkdvdk&if;um;
]]ukodkvfw&m;Sdaeol
tem*grfolawmfaumif;
oEmefyif
Oyg'gefusefonf[k a[mawmfrlonfudk awGU&jcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [laom

apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ apm'empum; roihf}} [k acsyvdk&if; jzpfonf/
acsycsuf
aom"emjzifhyif
pk'dwuyk*dKvf
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
tbd"rmobm0udk
vHk;0r&dyfpm;rdaMumif; xifSm;aeayonf/ rSefvS\/ ]]tem*grf oEmef tjrJyif ukodkvfw&m;

&Sdaeayonf/ tem*grf oEmef jzpfaom Oyg'gefonf ukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [k pk'dwuyk*dKvf
qkdvdkonf/ tcsufjzifhyif tbd"rmoabmudk vHk;0rodyg[k 0efcH&m a&mufacsonf/
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf ]]ykxkZOfoEmefjzpfap aomwmyef ou'g*grf tem*rfwkdY
oEmefjzpfap a,medaom reodum& taMumif;SdvQif ukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm; ta,medaom reodum&
taMumif;SdvQif tukodkvfw&m; jzpfyGm;aeonf}} [laom obm0udkvnf;rod? jycJhjyD;aom 0dok'dr*f? 'k?
326 vm pum;ESifhtnD ]]tem*grf oEmef umr&m*ukdom y,f&ao; ly&m*? tly&m*wnf;[laom
umrkyg'gef usefao;onf/ ,if;umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvfom jzpfonf}} [laom obm0udk
vHk;0rodSmjcif;aMumifhom odkUacsyrdjcif; jzpfayonf/
xkdUaMumihf pk'dwu\ acsycsufonf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;\/ apm'empum;udk rnfodkUrQ
rvIyf&Sm;apEkdif[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU pdppfa0zefawmf rlMuonf/
wpfzefpk'dwu
tukodkvf
yk*dKvfwdkUu
avmbrlpdwfESifh
]]apm'uq&mawmfrsm;
wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh
wifjycsufjzpfaom
avmbapwoduf[l
umrkyg'gefonf
awGU&ygonfbk&m;}}
[k
wifjyMujyefonf/
psmefwkdUtm; ]]igonf jidrfoufvS\? at;jidrf;vS\? pGJvrf;rIuif;\}} [l xifrSwfaom
odkUIaomf Oyg'gefyif rnf\}} [laom Oy&dyPmo jrefrmjyef yOw,okwf 20 vm pum;&yfudkvnf;
om"utjzpf wifjyMuonf/ pk'dwuwkdU\ upm;&yf tb,fudk Sif;vif;acsyonf[laom tcsuf
rygSdacs/ ]]umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfh avmbapwoduf[l
awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k awGU&aMumif;om jyqdk ]]umrkyg'gefonf avmbapwoduf r[kwfyg}} [kvnf;
jiif;qkdcsuf ryg/ ]]tukodkvf avmbrlpdwfESifh wGJ,SOfjzpfay:onfr[kwf}} [kvnf; jiif;qkdcsuf rygacs/
tu,f jiif;qkdapOD;awmh/ Sif;vif; jyqdkcJhjyD;aom Oyg'ge a*gpuvm bk&m;a[m a'oemjzifhyif
umrkyg'gefonf tukodkvf avmbrlpdwf ,SOfaom avmbapwoduf jzpfonfrSm xifSm;jyD;jzpf
xkdjiif;qdkcsufonf tusKd;r&Sd ed&wumom jzpf&m\/
813
tpodkU
pk'dwuwkdU
xkwfaqmifwifjytyfaom
om"u
pum;&yfygaom
Oyg'gefonfvnf;
umrkyg'gefr[kwf? 'd|Kyg'gefom jzpfjcif;aMumifh om"u rajrmufacs/ rSef\/ pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdU

xkwfaqmifwifjytyfaom pum;&yfonf ,O acg t,rm,om ]]oaEm[rod edAKawm[rod tEkyg'g aem[rod}} wd
orEkywd/ w'yd r abmawm orP jA[P Oyg'gerum,wd (r? 3? 26)/
[laom Oy&dyPmo ygVd yOw,okwfvmaom ygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyefjzpfonf/ xkdygVdawmf\ jrefrmjyef
tjynfhtpHkrSm tSifonf ]]igonf jidrfoufol jzpf\/ igonf jidrf;at;ol jzpf\/ igonf rpGJvrf;ol
jzpf\/}} [l tMuifIjrif\/ tSif omrP jA[P\ xdkIjrifjcif;udkvnf; Oyg'gef[l qkdtyf\[k
jzpfonf/
ygVdawmf ]]Oyg'gerum,wd}} ]]Oyg'gef[l qkdtyf\}} [lonfrSm ]]t[rod}} ]]igjzpf}} [k
,ljcif;onf oum,'d|d tusHK;0ifaeonf/ xkdUaMumifh ]]'d|Kyg'gef}} [k bk&m;Sif a[mawmfrlvdk&if;
jzpfonf/ xkdUaMumifh Oy&dyPmo t|uxm? pmrsufESm 17- ]]Oyg'gerum,wDwd t[roDwd *[P oum,'d|d y&d,myEwm 'd|Kyg'geH tum,wd}} [k
zGifhjyawmfrlonf/
jrefrmjyef
Oyg'gef[k qkdtyf\ [lonfum; igjzpf\[k ,ljcif;\ ou,'d|d tusKH;0ifonf\
tjzpfaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef[l qkdtyf\/
wpfzef
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdUu
]]Oyg'gef
tpGJtvrf;
SdkHrQESifh
tyg,frusEkdif[k
a[mawmfrlygonfbk&m;}} [k wifjyMujyefonf/
t*FkwdK&f?
oOyg'daookwfvmaom
pGJvrf;rI
tMuGif;tusef
Sdygvsuf
tyg,fav;yg;
rvm;Ekdifaom yk*dKvf 9-rsKd;udk a[mjyaom a'oemawmfudk om"utjzpf xkwfaqmifvsuf ]]txJ

aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf ponfwkdU yg0ifaeonfudk awGU&ygonfbk&m;}} [k wifjyMuavonf/
Oyg'geftpGJtvrf; SdkHrQjzifh tyg,frusEkdif[k a[mfawmfrljcif;onf vnf;aumif;? pGJvrf;rI
tMuGif;tusef Sdygvsuf tyg,frusEdkifaom yk*dKvf 9-rsKd;wkdUwGif aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grfwkdU
yg0ifaejcif;onf vnf;aumif; apm'empum;&yfESifh rnfokdUrQ rywfoufjcif;aMumifh ,if;aom"em
pum;&yfudkvnf; pdppfoHk;oyf&ef rvdk[k 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qEnDrQawmf rlMuonf/
53/
aom"emed*Hk; tjzpfjzifhvnf; ]]okdUjzpf&m tcef; (15) apm'emq&mawmfrsm;\
ed*Hk;wGif Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvfjzpf avmbESifh 'd|dw&m;om jzpfonf/ tukodkvfom jzpfonf/

tjrifrSm;rI Oyg'gefom jzpfonf/ ukodkvfvdkcsifrIrSm Oyg'gefr[kwf? &SifOu|wdkUonf yd#uwfawmf\
814
tpodkU
teufukdrQ rSefuefpGm rod/ vrf;ay:u vlrsm;\ w&m;[kqdkaom tcsufudk ,ckwdusaom q|rl

yd#uwfawmfrS aumufEkwfSif;vif;tyfygonfbk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;Muavonf/
aom"emed*Hk; pum;&yfvnf; ]]Oyg'gef[lonf tukodkvfjzpf avmbESifh 'd|dw&m;om
jzpfonf/ tukodkvfom jzpfonf/ ukodkvfvdkcsifrIonf Oyg'gefr[kwf}} [laom apm'uyk*dKvfwdkY\
pum;&yfonf jyqdkcJhjyD;aom ygVdawmf t|uxmwkdUESifh nDGwf rSefuefaom pum;om jzpfonf/
(apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU\ pum;wGif tjrifrSm;rI Oyg'gefjzpfonf[k ryg r&Sd) pGJpGJvrf;vrf; ,lxm;aom
t,lrSm;onf 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf[k vnf;aumif;? t,lrSm;udk pGJvrf;jcif;om 'd|Kyg'gef jzpfonf[k
vnf;aumif; ygSdonf/ xkdpum;onfvnf; ygVdawmf t|uxmwdkUESifh nDGwf rSefuefaom pum;om
jzpfonf/
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkUu wdusaom q|rlyd#uwfawmfrS aumufEkwfSif;vif;ygonf qkdaomfvnf;
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU aumufEkwfjytyfaom yd#uwfawmf om"ursm;onf pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU qkdvkdaom
]]Oyg'gefonf
tukodkvfom
rjyEkdifaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;?
r[kwf?
ukodkvfvnf;
acsyoifhonfukd
racsyyJ
jzpfonf}}
[laom
racsyoifhonfukd
teufudk
vHk;0
acsyxm;aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;? tcsKdUom"uwkdUonf apm'emcsufESifh vHk;0rywfoufaomaMumihf vnf;aumif; om"u

rajrmufacs/
rQSnfvsm;aom pum;tpOfjzifh vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh ol\ aemufvdkuf orm'd|d okawoe
0g'D paom olwdkU\ bk&m;a[m ygVda0g[m&rsm;\ teuft"dyg,ftrSefudk ypfy,fxm; rSm;,Gif;aom
teuft"dym,frsm;udkom azmfjyaeMuyHk tjcif;t&m odomxifSm;ap&ef apm'uq&mawmfrsm; oufaocH
xkwfjytyfaom (u) trSwfjy yk'frSp () tu&mtrSwfjy yk'fwkdifatmifaom (36) yk'fwkdYudk toD;oD;
ygVdawmf t|uxm #DumwkdUESifh ndEIdif; pdppfjyqkdcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
54/
okdU pdppfjyqkdtyfjyD;aom taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGmudk aocsmaphik
MunfhIqifjcifaom OD;Ou|ESifh ol\ aemufvkduf orm'd|d okawoe0g'D paom olwdkU\ kyf0g'

tjrifjzihf a&;om;a[majymcsufrsm;onf bk&m;Sif\ tvkdawmfESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaomaMumifh
t"r0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? xkdt"r0g'udk a&;om;a[majymaeMuaom OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwkdUonf
t"r0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif; EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tnDtGwf qHk;jzwfawmf
rlMuonf/
815
tpodkU

EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2)
apm'em trSwf-16
t&d,mESifh edAmefudk jyifqifa&;om;jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedp,
t&d,mtaMumif; apm'em tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf
1/(u) orm'd|d okawoe tzGJUrS w&m;r0if xkwfa0aom twGJ (4) trSwf (8) opm"rpmapmif
pmrsufESm-9- {0H yH bdua0 okw0g t&d,om0aum [laom tewvuPokwf a'oemawmfESifh tnD
rsufpdESifh em;Sd jrifwwfMum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m[k ac:onf/ t&d,mESifh vlrSm twlwlyif
jzpfonf/ rsufpd? em;Sdygvsuf rjrifwwf? rMum;wwfojzifh vlr[kwfoludk te&d, ac:onf[k
a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(c)
rdef;rESifh a,mufsm; vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk t&d,mac:onf[k OD;0go0u a[majymjcif;/
(*)
OD;Ou| a&;om;xm;aom Ak'tbd"rm pmrsufESm 251 vnf; 0domcg ausmif;trMuD;

temxydPf
olaX;MuD;wkdUonf
cifyGef;onf
ZeD;r,m;wkdUESifh
twlwuG
aexdkifMuaomfvnf; wPSmOyg'gefrSdyJ vifhusifh0wf? r,m;usifh0wf ig;yg;ykHrSwyg;

tEkyg'gefw&m;ESifh
aexkdifojzifh
aomwmyefjzpf
okcw&m;
&aeMu\[k
a&;om;xm;jcif;/
(C)
twGJ (1) trSwf (7)? arSmifckdxkwfaom opm"rpmapmif pmrsufESm-9-vnf;

PfSdolrsm;tzdkU oufomovdkae usifhygvQif wpfvESpfvtwGif; taMumufESifh
tarQmfuif;
aomwmywdr*f&onf/
qufvufusifhvQif
pdk;&drfrIESifh
wkefvIyfrI
aysmufuif; ou'g*grdr*f &onf/ xkdUaemuf cspfjcif;ESifh rkef;jcif; aysmufuif;

tem*grdr*f&onf/ twkdif; qufvuf yGm;rsm;ygu wPSmOyg'geftm;vHk;jidrf;
t&[wr*f &onf/ qufvufyGm;rsm;aomtcg todrme (igwnf;[laom) trSwfonm
aiGUaiGUusefSdaerI aysmufuif;vQif t&[wzkdvf qdkufa&mufygjyD[k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
(i)
bmompD;yGm;a&;eJU vlrIpD;yGm;a&; trnfSd pmapmif pmrsufESm 20-vlrd vlzu arG;wJhom;udk t&d,m[k ac:onf/ t&d,mudk yk'fcGJaomtcg t&+,+tm
[kcGJt& u = vltar
, u = vltaz
tm u = vkyfwm
vltar? vltazawG vkyfvdkU jzpfwmvkdU qkdvdkw,f[k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
816
tpodkU
apm'uyk*dKvfwdkUonf opm"r pmapmif ponfwkdUrS txufyg a&;om;ajymqkdcsufwkdUudk

oufaotjzpf
xkwfjyjyD;vQif
,if;odkU
a&;om;ajymqkdjcif;jzifh
Ak'omoemawmf
tvGeftav;*kyxdkufaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdUudk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmif zsufqD;aeMuaMumif;/

udavomeH tm&uwm t&da,m ponfjzifh rdefUqkdxm;tyfaom ax&0g'yd#uwf usrf;*efrsm;ESifh
tnD
udavom
tnpftaMu;
uif;a0;
jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom
wefzkd;xm;xdkufonfh
olawmfaumif;rsm;udkom t&d,m[k ac:qkdxm;onf jzpfygvsuf xkdt&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdUukd

,kwfnHhao;odrfatmif w&m;vGefapmfum; a&;om;xm;aMumif;jzifh pGJcsufwifjy apm'emMuonf/
pk'dwuwkdU\ aom"em tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf

2/
txufazmfjyyg apm'emtusOf; aumufEkwfcsuf (5) csufwkdUwGif pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkUonf
trSwf (8) tcsufrSwpfyg; useftcsuf (4) csufwkdUudk jyefvnfacsy aom"emrI ryMu/ trSwf (8)
tcsufudk jyefvnf acsy&m Ak'tbd"rm pmrsufESm 251 ]]wPSmESifh Oyg'gef rygMuawmhbJ}} [k twdtvif; ygSdaeygvsuf
apm'u&[ef;wkdUu
]]wPSmESifh
Oyg'gef
rSdMuawmhbJ}}
[k
trSm;oGif;jyD;
pGyfpGJxm;MuonfrSm
apwemqkd;ESifh azmfjy&m a&mufaeygaMumif;? ]ryg} [laom pum;ESifh ]rSd} [laom pum;rSm tvGeft"dym,f
jcm;em;vSygaMumif;jzifh jyefvnfacsy aom"em yMuonf/
0denf;"dk&fyk*dKvfwdkU\ pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf
3/
pk'dwu yk*dKvfwdkUonf trSwf (u) (c) (C) (i) tcsufwdkUudk jyefvnfacsyrI
ryMuaomaMumifh olwkdY\ trSm;udk 0efcHjyD; jzpfonf/ trSwf (8) tcsufudk jyefvnfacsy&m ]ryg}
[laom pum;ESifh ]rSd} [laom pum;rSm t"dym,f tvGefjcm;em;onf[k qkdMuonf/ odkUaomf 0domcgESifh
temxydPfwkdUonf xkdtcsdefu aomwmyefrQom jzpfMuao;aomaMumifh 'd|Kyg'gef? oDvAwkyg'gef?
tw0g'kyg'gefwkdUudkom y,fMu&ao; wPSm (avmb) [laom umrkyg'gefudkum; ry,fMu&ao;acs/
xkdUaMumifhyif 0domcgonf ol\ ajr;uav;wpfa,muf aoqHk; tokbtjyefwGif ylaqG;0rf;enf;rI
ajyaysmufapvdkonfhtwGuf
w&m;em,l&ef
jrwfpGmbk&m;
txHawmfokdU
a&mufvmcJhojzifh
aomuajyjidrf;aMumif; w&m;udk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrl&ao;\/

(O'gef;ygVdawmf? 0domcgokwf? 190)
odkUjzpf&um;
aomwmyef
yk*dKvfwdkUonf
&Hzef&Hcg
wPSmOyg'gef
jzpfvmEdkifao;&um;
Ak'tbd"rm ]wPSmOyg'gef rygMuawmhyJ} [k a&;xm;onfjzpfap? ]wPSmOyg'gef rSdMuawmhyJ} [k

a&;xm;onfjzpfap? tw,kwd rSdonfom jzpfayonf/ Sif;vif;OD;tHh-
817
tpodkU
]ygonf}

[laom
jrefrmrI
pum;vHk;onf
tbd"rmenf;t&
or,kw
o[Zmw
(wGJ,SOfjzpfonf? wuG jzpfonf) [laom teufxGufonf/ ]Sdonf} [laom pum;vHk;um; (wGJ,SOf

rjzpfapum? twlwuG rjzpfapum) r*fjzifh ry,f&ao;onfjzpf tEko, udavom taetm;jzifh
Sdao;onf[laom teufxGufonf/
0domcg? temxydPfuJhodkUaom aomwmyef t&d,mrsm; 'd|Kyg'gef vHk;0rSdonfum; rSef\/
avmb[laom umrkyg'gefum; aomwmywdr*fjzifh ry,f&ao;aomaMumifh y&d,k|me udavom taejzifh
Oyg'fqJ jzpfqJ cP ygaernfom jzpfonf/ tEko, udavom taejzifhvnf; Sdaernfom
jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh ]]wPSmOyg'gef rygyJ vifhusifh0wf r,m;usifh0wf ykHrS wyg; tEkyg'gef w&m;ESifh
aexkdifMuojzifh}} [laom OD;Ou|\ pum;onf tbd"rm w&m;awmfESifh qefUusifojzifh tw,kwd
uif;rJhonf[k oHk;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
(u) t&d,m trSm;

4/
(u) aumufEkwfcsuf ]]{0H yH bdua0 okw0g t&d,om0aum}} [laom
tewvuPokwfudk om"u yjyD;vQif ]]rsufpd em; Sd jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m

ac:onf/ t&d,mESifh vlrSm twlwlyif jzpfonf[k opm"rpmapmif omrn vljydef;tawG;jzihf
awG;awmMuHq
a&;om;xm;jcif;om
jzpf\/
xkdtewvuPokwf
ygVdawmf\
qkdvdk&if;
t"dym,ftrSefudk &Sif;vif;jy&vQif u/
{0H yH t&d,om0aum = odkU yHk Iaom odjrifaom t&d,mwynfh
c/
okw0g t&d, om0aum = okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh
[l pum;ESpf&yf cGJxm;&rnf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfwGif ]]{0H yH = odkU yHk Ionf? odjrifonf}} [k

qdk&m tb,fodkU tb,fyHk I&? odjrif&rnf qdkonfh (IMunfhodjrifyHk) enf;pepfudk ]],HudOd lyH}}
tp&Sdonfjzifh a[mawmfrlcJhjyD; jzpf\/ ,if;odkU a[mawmfrlcJhonfhtwkdif; twdwf tem*wf ypKyef tZw A[d' ponfjzpfaom kyf a0'em onm ocFg&
0dnmPfwnf;[laom cEmig;yg;wkdUonf igh[m ighOpm [k wPSmjzifh cifrifwG,fwmzG,f&m r[kwf/ ig
ig[k rmejzifh xifrSwfzG,f? txifMuD;zG,fvnf; r[kwf/ ig\ ckdifrmaom tESpfom&jzpfonf/ ig\
toufaumif? twaumif? 0dnmPfaumif jzpfonf[k 'd|djzifh ,lrSm;zG,fvnf; r[kwf [l
0dyemmPfr*fjzifh I&? odjrif&\/ xkduJhokdU Iaom odjrifaom t&d,m wynfhudk ]]{0H yH
t&d,om0aum = odkU yHk Iaom odjrifaom t&d,mwynfh}} [k a[mawmfrl\/
818
tpodkU
c/

]]okw0g t&d, om0aum = okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh}} [laom pum;
okwonf-
[l
(1)
tm*rokw = tMum;okw
(2)
t"durokw = tjrifokw
ESpfrsKd;Sd\/
xkdESpfrsKd;wdkUwGif
cEm?
tm,we?
"mwfESifh
ywfouf
em,lrSwfom;
Mum;emxm;tyfaom oHk;jzmyd#uwf y&d,wfusrf;*efudk ]]tm*rokw = tMum;okw}} [kac:\/ 0dyem

ur|mef;
pD;jzef;tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh
udk,fwkdifqkdufa&muf
rsufarSmufy
odjrifxm;tyfaom
r*fzdkvfedAmefudk ]]t"d*rokw = tjrifokw}} [kac:\/

xkdUaMumifh cEm tm,weqkdif&m y&d,wf w&m;awmfudk oif,lrSwfom;jyD; r*fzkdvfedAmefudk
xdk;xGif;odjrifjyD; jzpfojzifh tm*rokw-t"d*rokwwnf;[laom okwESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,m
wynfhudk ]]okw0g t&d, om0aum}} okwESifh jynfhpHkaom t&d,mwynfh[k qdkvdk\/
okw0gwd tm*rm"d*r ocFgawe Am[kape orEm*wwm okw0g/
(om&w#Dum-w-189)
twkdif;omvQif ]]{0H yH}} tp&Sdaom ygVdawmf\ qkdvdk&if; t"dym,f tppftrSef
jzpfaomaMumifh ]]rsufpd em;Sd jrifwwf Mum;wwfaom vludk t&d,m ac:onf[k t&d,mESifhvl
twlwljzpfonf ponfjzifh orm'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm &,fp&m pum;rQom
jzpf trSm;oufoufom jzpfonf/
(c) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf vifESifhr,m; t&d,m

5/
xkdUjyif
]]udavomeH
tm&uwm
t&da,m}}
ponfjzifh
apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU
xkwfjyxm;tyfaom yd#uusrf;*efrsm;ESifhtnD azmfjycJhaom tMum;tjrif okwESpfrsKd;ESifh jynfhpHk

udavom tnpftaMu; uif;a0;Munfvif jzLpifjrifhjrwfonfh aomwmyef ou'g*grf tem*grf
&[Emrsm; jzpfawmfrlMuaom tvGeftav;*kyxdkufonfh olawmfpif olawmfaumif; yk*dKvfxl;
yk*dKvfjrwfrsm;om t&d,myk*dKvftppf jzpfMuaomaMumifh orm'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU\ rdef;ra,mufsm;
vifr,m;ESpfa,mufudk t&d,m ac:onf[k ajymqdkxm;aom (2) tcsufpum;onfvnf;aumif;?
vlrdvlzu arG;aom vlom;udk t&d,mac:onf[k a&;om;xm;aom (5) tcsufpum;onf vnf;aumif;
xif&mjrif&m y&rf;ywm ajymqkda&;om;xm;aom tvGef,kwfnHhonfh pum;odrf pum;zsif; tremy
oryvmy pum;rsm;om jzpf t"r0g' jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; qHk;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
819
tpodkU

(C) taMumuftarQmfrSm;? aomwmyeftrSm;
6/
taMumufESifh
tarQmf
uif;jcif;udk
aomwmywdr*f[k
rSwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;
a&;om;xm;aom pk'dwu orm'd|d okawoeorm;wkdU\ pum;rSm ax&0g'yd#u usrf;*efrsm;ESifh

tvGefqefUusifjyD; rdk;om;vGef;aom &nfG,fcsufrsm;jzifh olwkdUvkd&mqGJ MuHpnfpOf;pm; a&;om;xm;aom
xGifvHk; qifvHk;rsm;om jzpf\/ kyf0g' aomwmyef xlaxmifjcif;om jzpfonf/
taMumuftarQmf uif;onf[k qkdaomfvnf; aomwmywdr*fzdkvf&aom yk*dKvfonf t&d,m
olawmfaumif;yDyD tukodkvf 'kpdkufudk aMumufonfom jzpfaomaMumifh taMumufruif;[kvnf;
qkdEkdif\/ t0dedygw "arm ed,awm oarm"dy&m,aPm [laom oDvuef ygVdawmf (148)
ponfESifhtnD
aomwmyefyk*dKvfonf
tyg,fav;yg;wkdU
vm;a&mufawmhrnf
txufr*f
txufzdkvf&&ef
r[kwfaomaMumifh
aocsmaeonf
tyg,f'k*wdab;udk
jzpf&um;
awG;raMumuf?
taMumufuif;onf[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/
]]tmom p ye ar oEd|wd ou'g*grdwm, ('D? 2? 167)}} [laom okwfr[m0g
Ze0obokwfESifh ]]ed&maom tmoHaom 0d*wmaom (tH? 1? 106)}} paom t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmf
tmoHookwfwkdUESifhtnD
aomwmywdr*f
zdkvf&jyD;aomyk*dKvfonf
txufr*fzdkvf&&ef
arQmfvifhaeonfomru umr*kPf wyfrufrI umr&m* tjyD;tjywf uif;Sif;jyD; r[kwfaomaMumifh

ok*wdb0ESifh vlewfcsrf;omudk arQmfrSef;awmifhwjcif; uif;jyD[kvnf; rqdkEkdifacs/
7/
xkdUjyif jycJhaom oDvuef ygVdawmfESifh wdu pwku t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmf (233? 401)
yk*vynwf ygVdawmf (120? 121) wdkU aomwmyef yk*dKvfonf - oum,'d|d 0dpdudpm oDvAwy&mrmo [laom oHa,mZOf oHk;rsKd;
vHk;0uif;Sif;atmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/
ou'g*grf yk*dKvfonf - umr&m*ESifh a'goAsmyg' tukodkvfwkdUudk avsmhenf;oGm;atmif y,fowf\/
tem*grf yk*dKvfonf - umr&m* y#dC oDvAwy&mrmo 'd|d 0dpdudpm [laom atmufumrbHkodkU
a&mufapwwfaom oHa,mZOfig;rsKd;udk vHk;0uif;Sif;atmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/
&[Em yk*dKvfonf - ly&m* tly&m* rme O'p t0dZm [laom txufjA[mbHkodkU
a&mufapwwfaom oHa,mZOf ig;rsKd;wkdUudk tMuGif;tusef rSdatmif y,fowfjyD; jzpf\/
8/
odkU jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom a'oemawmfSdjyD; jzpfaomaMumifh orm'd|d
okawoetzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom opm"rpmapmif taMumuftarQmf uif;jcif;udk aomwmywdr*f

[kvnf;aumif;?
pdk;&drfrI
wkefvIyfrI
uif;jcif;udk
ou'g*grdr*f
[kvnf;aumif;?
ponfjzifh
a&;om;xm;aom pmrsm;rSm olwkdUpdwful;? olwkdUxGifvHk; oufoufrQom jzpfaomaMumifh tav;*ky

rSwfom;xkdufaom pum;r[kwf? pGefUy,f&rnfh t"r0g' pum;rsKd;om jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;
820
tpodkU

edAmefESifh pyfonfh apm'em tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf
9/
orm'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom Ak'0g' tajccHoifwef; oifwef; trSwfpOf
(1) oifwef;rSwfpk pmtkyf pmrsufESm (41) (u)
0ge = taMumuf? tvdk

ed = rSdjcif;? uif;jcif;
ed0ge = edAme? edAmef [l zGifhqkda&;om;xm;jcif;?
(c)
31 bHk0g' Ak'vufrcH pmtkyf pmrsufESm 114
cEmudk,fwnf;[laom
0dnmP[laom
kyfw&m;?
tlyuEm*kPfESifh
lyuEmwGif
a0'em?
edAmef*kPf[laom
onm?
ESpfrsKd;Sdavonf}}
ocFg&?
[k
a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(*)
ocifjrwfqkdif\ Ak'0dyempmtkyf? yxrwGJ pmrsufESm 45 wGif ]]edAmefcsrf;omudk

wrifawmifhw cHpm;vdk tm;xkwfygu edAmeftvdkonf umrESifh ,SOfaom tvkdom
jzpf&ayrnf}} [k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
(C)
OD;Ou|\ Ak'"rpMumpmtkyf pmrsufESm 52? 53 - ]]edAmefESifh cEmig;yg;[m

wpfjcm;pDr[kwf?
yl;wGJvsufSdaMumif;?
cEmig;yg;[m
edAmef
jzpfEdkifaMumif;}}
a&;om;xm;jcif;?
(i)
OD;Ou|\ tdka,m*D oif b,fqDoGm;rvJ[laom pmtkyf pmrsufESm 86 ]]pdwf?

apwoduf? kyf? edAmefonf emrf xnfhxm;aomaMumifh emrfonf kyfw&m;wkdU\
*kPfjzpfcJhygrl edAmefonfvnf; kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPfjzpf&rnf}} [k a&;om;xm;jcif;/
10/
txufyg ta&;tom;rsm;jzifh pk'dwu orm'd|d okawoeorm;wkdUonf edAmef [laom
trnfemr a0g[m& pum;vHk;udk r[kwfrrSef a0zef zsufqD;xm;jcif;? edAmefudk kyf\*kPf[kqkdum

kyf0g'orm;wdkU\ oabmw&m; xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? tEkyg'dP tEkyg'ged,m"rm[laom "ro*FPD
ygVdawmfESifhtnD
edAmefonf
umrwPSmjzifh
tmkHyawmifhwtyfaom
w&m;r[kwfygyJvsuf
]]edAmeftvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpf&rnf}} [k ]]om}} [laom {uefpum;vHk;jzifh

a&;om;um umrwPSm\ tmkHe,fy,f xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? A[d'gArm[laom "ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifh
tnD edAmefonf twGif;cEmig;yg; tZww&m; ryg0ifaom tjyifty A[d'w&m; jzpfygvsuf
tZwcEmig;yg; xnfhoGif;xm;jcif;? enf;yHktm;jzifh orm'd|d okawoetzGJUonf edAmef\
oabmw&m;udk
r[kwfrrSef
vkyfMuHzsufqD;xm;aMumif;jzifh
apm'uyk*dKvfwkdUu
pGJcsufwifjy
821
apm'emMuonf/
tpodkU

pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkU\ aom"em tusOf;aumufEkwfcsuf
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifonf okwedygwf jrefrmjyef rm*@d,okwf pmrsufESm 386-rS ]]tZw

jzpfaom udavomwkdU jidrf;&m edAmefudk jrifjyD}} [laom rm*@d,okwfvm pum;ukd udk;um;jyD;vQif
edAmefonf A[d'w&m;r[kwf? tZww&m;om jzpfygaMumif; jyefvnfacsyrI aom"em yoGm;onf/
0denf;"dk&fyk*dKvfwdkU\ a0zefpdppfcsuf
12/
(u) aumufEkwfcsuf (edAmef)
edAme
(ed+0g)
[laom
pum;\
teuft"dym,f
trSefudkjy&aomf
twdwfb0[laom
kyfemrfcEmESifh ypKyefb0[laom kyfemrfcEmudkvnf;aumif;? ypKyefb0 kyfemrfcEmESifh tem*wfb0

kyfemrfcEmudk vnf;aumif;? tusKd;kyfemrfw&m;ESifh taMumif;ukodkvf tukodkvfuHudk vnf;aumif;?
tqufrjywfatmif zGJUpyfwwfaom wPSmudk 0ge[k ac:\/
xdk0ge[k
ac:tyfaom
wPSm\
awmifhw&m
tmkHe,fedrdwfESifh
vHk;0
rqufrpyf
tvGwfowfowfjzpfaom y&rwfw&m;udk ed0ge = edAme = edAmef [kac:onf/

0ge = wPSmrS
ed = xGufcGmaom w&m;? uif;Sif;aom w&m;
edAme = wPSmESifh rqufrpyf tvGwfoufouf jzpfaom w&m;/
(yg&mZduPf t|uxm? 'k? 184/ okwfr[m0g t|uxm? 56)
twkdif;om t"dym,ftrSefjzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh orm'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu xkwfa0aom
edAmef zGifhqkda&;om;csufrsm;rSm xifrdxif&m vGJrSm;pGm a&;om;xm;aom pum;rsm;om jzpfonf[k
a0zefawmfrlMuonf/
(c) (*) aumufEkwfcsuf (emrfESifh edAmef)

13/
edAmefudk kyfw&m;wkdU\ *kPf[k a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm Ak'omoemawmf\ jyifbuf
rdpm0g'DwkdU\ pum;om jzpf\/ a0'em? onm? ocFg&? 0dnmPf[laom emrfw&m;rsm;onf kyfw&m;\

*kPfr[kwfouJhodkU edAmefonfvnf; kyfw&m;\ *kPfr[kwf? tvGefacsmnufaom opfom;ysOfjym;rS
xGufvmaom ta&mifonf xkdopfom;\ ta&mifjzpfaomfvnf; xkda0'em ponfwkdUESifh edAmefonfum;
kyfw&m;rS
xGufay:vmaom
y&rwfw&m;rQomwnf;/
ta&miftSdeft0g
pum;t&
pk'dwu
r[kwfyJ
OD;Ou|
kyfw&m;rS
0g'DwkdUonf
oD;jcm;jzpfaom
kyf0g'orm;jzpfaMumif;
twyfodEkdifMuayonf/
emrfw&m;udk
kyf\*kPf[k
qkdMuojzifh
avmu
kyfonfom
tajccHtrSefw&m;[k
qdk&ma&mufonf/ xdkUxuf qkd;0g;onfrSm edAmefudkyif kyf\*kPf[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ odkUqkdjcif;jzifh
822
tpodkU
Ak'omoemawmf
Sdaom
emrfw&m;?
edAmefw&m;wkdUudk
kyf0g'xJodkU
twif;qGJoGif;MuaMumif;
v,fjyifqifoGm;ouJhodkU xifSm;vSayonf/
(*) aumufEkwfcsuf (edAmefvdkcsifrI)

14/
Ak'0dyem (1) ESm 45- vmaom pum;&yf tjynfhtpHkrSm]]edAmefcsrf;omudk
wrifawmifhw
cHpm;vdk
tm;xkwfygu
edAmeftvdkonf
umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpfayrnf/ umrygvmvQif wPSmjzpfae xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifhom

vkyfygu rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Edkifay}} [k jzpfonf/
odkUa&;om;xm;jcif;jzifh
]]edAmefcsrf;omudk
wrifawmifhw
cHpm;vdk
tm;xkwfvQif
umrwPSmjzpfonf/ xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;jzifh tm;xkwfvQif r*fzdkvfr&Ekdif? xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;jzifh tm;rxkwf&}}

[k qkdvdk\/
apm'u q&mawmfwkdUurlxdkukodkvfqEjzifh edAmefudk tmkHy awmifhw&rnfom jzpfonf[k qkdvdkonf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfudk
oHk;oyfpdppfonfSdaomf apm'uyk*dKvfwdkU xkwfjytyfaom "ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAmefonf
(wPSm'd|dwkdU\ tmkHjzpfaom avmuDuH\ tusKd;vnf;r[kwf? wPSm'd|dwnf;[laom Oyg'gef
tmkHvnf; r[kwfaom) tEkyg'dP tEkyg'ged, w&m;jzpfaomaMumifh y&rwfjzpfaom edAmeftppfudk
wPSmavmbjzifh tmkHyum awmifhw rjzpfEdkif? oHrD;cJ&J&JMuD;ay: ,ifaumif ruyfEkdif? rpm;Ekdif
ouJhodkU
xkdUtwl
avmuDtmkH
umr*kPf
arGUavsmfaysmfyg;
usufpm;avh&Sdaom
wPSmonf
umr*kPfcsrf;om tenf;i,frQ rygaom edAmefcsrf;omtppfukd b,ftcgrQ tmkHryEkdif? rawmifhwEdkif?

wPSmavmb omru aomwmywd r*0Dxd0,f aomwmywdr*f\aSU a*gMwblpdwfrSvGJ ykxkZOfwkdU\
rnfonfhpdwfurQ edAmeftppfudk tmkHryEkdif? xkdUaMumifh ]]edAmefcsrf;omudk wrifawmifhw cHpm;vdk
tm;xkwfygu edAmeftvdkonf umrESifh,SOfaom tvdkom jzpfayrnf}} [laom pum;&yfonf
tvGJtrSm; oufoufom jzpfayrnf/
]]umrygvmvQif
wPSmjzpfae
xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifh
vkyfygu
rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Ekdifay}} [laom pk'dwu pum;&yfudk aphpyfaocsmpGm pdppfygrl (uxH ye

avmukw&"ar tm&A tmom OyZwDwd e acg yaewH {0H '|AH/ e tm&rPu&P0aoe ww yd[m
y0wwd? t0do,wm yk*v p te"d*wbm0awm/ tEk0lyva' ye tEkw&0darmau O'd yd[H
Oyga'aEm ww yd[H Oyga'wd emr/ (pwkuedygwf t*Fkw&#Dum 338))ykxkZOfwkdU edAmefudk rSef;q
vdkcsifawmifhwonfhtcg odrfarGUonfh yd[mac:aom wPSmjzpfEkdif\/ xkdodrfarGUaom wPSmonfum;
y&rwjzpfaom edAmeftppfudk tmkHyonfr[kwfyJ wpfqifhMum;jzifh a&mf&rf;rSef;q edAmef\ jidrf;at;yHk
tjcif;t&m tmum&ynwf (edAmeftwk) udkom tmkHy awmifhwaejcif; jzpfonf/ xkdodrfarGUaom
823
tpodkU
yd[mac:aom wPSmjzifh 0#fjrpfjzpfaom ]]0#rlvdum}} wPSmudk y,f&rnf[k a[mawmfrlaom

a'oemawmfudk (t*FkwdK&f pwku? 462? 463) rS xkwfEkwf tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkayonf/
tcgwpfyg;
&[ef;rwpfa,mufonf
tSiftmeEm
tay:
pGJrufaom
pdwfjzpfum
a,mufsm;wpfa,mufudk tSiftmeEm yifhay;&ef apcdkif;vkduf&m tSiftmeEmvnf; MuGvmawmfrlonf/

xkd&[ef;ronf tSiftmeEmudk jrifvQif acgif;jrD;cH tdyfaeonf/ tSiftmeEmu &dyfpm;rd ]]ESr
udk,fonf tm[m&aMumifh jzpf\/ tm[m&udk rSD tm[m&udk y,f&rnf/ wPSmudkrSD wPSmudk
y,f&rnf/ rmeudkrSD rmeudk y,f&rnf/ arxkefrlum; taMumif;udk owf&rnf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mawmfrl\}} [k pum;cif; tus,fa[mawmfrl\/
wPSmudkrSD wPSmudk y,f&rnf [laom pum;\ tus,ft"dyg,frSm &[ef;wpfyg;onf
tjcm;&[ef;wpfyg;\ t&[wzdkvf &oGm;aMumif; owif;pum;udk Mum;& tb,ftcg igonfvnf;
t&[wzdkvf &ygrnfenf;[k tMuHjzpf\/ xkd&[ef;onf t&[wzdkvfudk awmifhwonfh wPSmudkrSD
0#fjrpfjzpfaom ]]0#rlvdum}} wPSmudk y,favonf ponfjzifh a[mjyonfhtcg tSiftmeEm tay:
pGJvrf;onfh qE&m*uif; tSiftmeEmudk uefawmh0efcsavonf/
xdkt&[wzdkvfudk awmifhwonfh wPSmonf rSD0Jxkduf? vufcHxkdufaom ]]ao0dwA}} wPSmjzpf
y#doaE tusKd;udk ray;Ekdif? xkdao0dwA wPSmjzifh eduEd wPSmudk y,f&rnf[k ,if;t|uxm ESm-340
jyqkdavonf/
wPSmudkrSD r*fzdkvfw&m; jzpfEkdifyHkudk y|mef;ygVdawmf-y-ESm 149? 150 ]]&m*H Oyed,/y/ r*H Oyma'wd/y/ ormyw Oyma'wd &ma*g/y/ zvormywd,m
Oyed, ypa,e ypa,m}}
[k
a[mawmfrlonf/
t"dym,fum;
]]&m*udkrSD
'geudk
ay;v\/
oDvudkaqmufwnf\/
OykofapmihfoHk;rIudk y\/ psmef? 0dyem? r*f? tbdnmOf? ormywfudk jzpfap\/ &m*onf

zvormywftm; Oyed, ypnf;jzifh aus;Zl;y\[k qkdvdkonf/ OD;Ou|wkdUonf odkUaom
y|mef;qufudk em;rvnf qkdrSm;rd&SmMu\/
azmfjyyg
usrf;*efrsm;ESifhtnD
edAmefudkawmifhw
ukodkvfw&m;wkdUudk
yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfoifhonfom jzpfayonf/
xkdUaMumifh
]]umrygvmvQif
wPSmjzpfae
xkdawmifhwrIrsKd;ESifhom
vkyfygu
rnfrQtm;xkwftm;xkwf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ r*fzdkvfESifh reD;Ekdifay}} [laom t,lonf azmfjycJhjyD;aom

t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmf? y|mef;ygVdawmfwkdUESifh ajzmifhajzmifhqefUusifaomaMumifh t"r0g'om jzpfonf[k
0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU qHk;jzwfawmf rlMuonf/
824
tpodkU

(C) (i) aumufEkwfcsuf (A[d'edAmef)
15/
A[d'g"rm [laom "ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAmefonf cEmig;yg;rS tjyifty
A[d'w&m;jzpfaMumif; apm'uyk*dKvfwdkUu wifjyxm;ayonf/ ,if;wkdU wifjyxm;jcif;onf]]"rm,weH tocFwH cEawm XaywGm pwl[d caE[d/y/ o*F[dwH/ pwm&d opmed
tocFwH cEawm XaywGm/y/ o*F[dwmed}}
[l toacFwedAmefonf cEmig;yg; r0ifyJ cEmig;yg;rS tvGwfoD;oefU y&rwfw&m;jzpfaMumif;
a[mawmfrlxm;aom "mwkuxm ygVdawmf (6?10) ESifh nDGwf\/ ty&d,myEm "rm? tocFwm "rm?
[laom "ro*FPD ygVdawmfESifhtnD edAmefonf ocFwe,fy,f ryg0ifyjyifzefwD; r&aom w&m;jzpf
A[d'pifppf jzpfayonf/
odkUygvsuf
pk'dwu
ocifjrwfqkdifonf
okwedygwf?
rm*@d,okwfudk
om"utjzpf
xkwfjyjyD;vQif xkdom"uudk vGJrSm;pGm t"dym,fqufpyf aumuf,lum ]]edAmefonf A[d'w&m;r[kwf?

tZww&m;om jzpfygonf}} [k jyefvnfacsyoGm;\/ xdkrm*@d,okwf]]tZw oE ypdeH t'H - tZwoEmef jzpfaom udavomudk jidrf;&medAmefudk jrifjyD}}
[laom pum;onf ocifjrwfqdkif\ ta&;ygqHk;aom om"u jzpf\/ xkdpum; ocifjrwfqdkifonf
]tZwoEmef jzpfaom udavom} [l pum;rqufpyfyJ ]tZwoEmef jzpfaomedAmef} [k ckefausmf
pum;qufpyf t"dym,f ,lrdonfhtwGuf edAmefudk tZww&m;[k t,ltq vGJrSm;oGm;jcif; jzpf\/
]tZwoEmef jzpfaom} [laom emr0daooe pum;&yfonf ]udavom} [laom aemufyk'fukdom
txl;y qufpyfonf/ ]udavomwkdU\ jidrf;&m} [laom pum;onfom ]edAmef} [laom pum;ESifh
qufpyf\/ ]tZwoEmefjzpfaom} [laom pum;rygyJ udavomwkdU\ jidrf;&medAmef[k qkdvQifvnf;
jyD;jynfhpHkonf/ odkUaomf udavom[lonf wpfjcm;udavomr[kwf ]tZw jzpfaom udavom} [k
odomap&efom xnfhjcif; jzpf\/
ocifjrwfqdkifESifhwuG
orm'd|d
okawoeorm;wkdUonf
(if;wkdU
0efcHazmfjycsuftwkdif;)
yxrMuD;? yxrausmf? "rmp&d,wdkU oif,l&onfh "mwfenf;? t"dym,faumufenf;? ygVdo'genf;wkdUudk

roifzl;MuSmojzifh ,ckvdk t"dym,frSefatmif raumufwwf r,lwwfyJ csmvnfvnfaeMujcif; jzpf\/
yd#uwf
pmayonfum;
o'g
tbd"rm
tajccHrSdbJ
0wKzwfovdkzwfjyD;
xajymaeMuorQ
rnfonfhtcgrQ trSef&rnf r[kwfacs/ owdyMu&ef tcsufaywnf;/ xdkrm*@d,okwf pum;0gus\

tao;pdwf qkdvdk&if; t"dym,frSm udavomwkdUonf ow0gwdkU\ cEmtpOfrS tjyifty A[d'w&m;r[kwf? ow0gwkdU\
cEmtpOf yg0ifvsuf jzpfay:aeonfh twGif;cH tZww&m;jzpf\/ edAmefum; xkdtwGif;cH tZw
udavomwkdU\ csKyfjidrf;uif;a0;aMumif;jzpfaom A[d'w&m;jzpf\/ xdkA[d'jzpfaom edAmefw&m;udk
igjrifawmfrljyD[k qkdvdkonf/
825
tpodkU
odkUvQif edAmefonf A[d'pifppf jzpfayonf/ edAmefESifhpyf pk'dwuwkdU ,lqa&;om;xm;aom

tcsuftvufrsm;onf ,ckjycJhjyD; pdppfcsuft& yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh rnDrGwf rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfaom
awG;awmMuHpnfcsufrsm;om jzpf t"r0g'jzpfaMumif; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tnDtGwf qHk;jzwfawmf
rlMuonf/
826
tpodkU

EkdifiHawmf oD;jcm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2)
apm'em trSwf-17
"rpMum vufopfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh 0dedp,
orm'd|d okawoe tzGJU0ifwkdU\ Mo0g'ay; q&mMuD; vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\ "rpMum vufopfESifh

pyfvsOf; apm'em aom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfwkdU\ a0zefoHk;oyfcsuf/
1/
vlaovljzpf
trSwf (17) apm'em apm'u q&mawmfrsm;u awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ou| a&;om;aom

pmtkyfrS
xkwfEkwf
]]'d|"arm}}
paom
yk'fwkdUudk
OD;Ou|u
vGJrSm;pGm
teufjyefqkdxm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? xdk ]]'d|"arm}} paom yk'frsm;rSm "rpMum ponfwkdUygaom

bk&m;a[mygVdawmf tppftrSef jzpfygvsuf OD;Ou|\ teufjyefqkdyHkrSm vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif
r[kwfrw&m; jyefqdkxm;yHkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]tw0g'ESifh wm0wom tbd"rm}} pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwf
]]Zmwdyd 'kaum}} paom yk'fwkdUudk tbd"rm q&mpdef qkdolu vGJrSm;pGm jyefqdkxm;yHkudk vnf;aumif;
wifjyavQmufxm;Muonf/
2/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u 0daooapm'emudk wifoGif;&m ]]'d|"arm}} paom yk'frsm;udk
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m; tvkdawmfus jyefqkdxm;yHk q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufrSefudk vnf;aumif;? rZdredum,f?

Oy&dyPmo t|uxm ESm 66 ESifhtnD OD;Ak"f jyefqdkxm;yHkudk vnf;aumif;? q&mawmf OD;Ak"f
jyefqdkcsufonf 0de,yd#u om&w'DyeD#Dum r[mcEu yO0*d,uxm "rpuy0weokwf\ tzGifhESifh
udkufnDyHkudkvnf;aumif; wdwdusus avQmufxm;Muonf/
odkUjzpf
OD;Ou|ESifh
tbd"rm
q&mpdefwkdU\
"rpMumvufopfonf
]]ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfrsm;ESifhtnD q&mpOfquf teufjrefrm jyefqkdxm;Muaom "rpMuma'oemawmfrsm;ESifh

vHk;0qefUusifaeaomaMumifh t"r0g'rsm;om jzpfaMumif;? t"r0g'rsm;udk vdkufemaeMu olwkdUonfvnf;
t"r0g'Drsm;om jzpfaMumif;}} apm'emvTm wifoGif;Muavonf/
3/
,if;apm'emcsufudk pk'dwujzpfaom orm'd|d okawoe tzGJUcsKyfu acsy&m apm'u
q&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Sif;vif;acsyjcif;ryyJ OD;Ou|taejzihf "rpMumudk

av;pm;aMumif;rQudkom azmfjy Ak'tbd"rm pmtkyfudk avhvm&efom TefjyMuavonf/ xdkacsycsufum;
apm'emcsufESifh rqdkifojzifh 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u vspfvsLIawmfrlMuonf/
4/
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu acsy&m
(u)
'd|"arm = jriftyfjyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonfjzpf [laom q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\

jyefqkdcsufudk [kwf r[kwf racsyvdkaMumif;/
827
tpodkU
(c)

SifOu|u
'd|"arm
qkdaom
pum;\
yifudk,ft"dym,frSm
rsufjrifoabm
jzpfavawmh\ [k qkdaMumif;/
(*)
v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;\ y&rw'DyeD tzGifhrSm ]]jriftyfaom opmw&m;}} [k

awGU&ygonf/ ]jyD;} [laom twdwfumvoabm ryg/
(C)
xkdtcsdefu tSifaum@nonf aomwmyefom jzpf ]jrifjyD;} [k rqkdxkdufao;?

t&[wzdkvf qkdufa&mufrSom ]jrifjyD;} [k qdkxkdufaMumif;/
(i)
xkdUaMumifh
'd|"armpaom
yk'fwkdU
(jyD;aom)
[laom
twdwfpum;vHk;udk
oufoufudkom
apwemtavsmuf
vufrcHEdkifaMumif;/
(p)
"rpMumudk
jyefqkdMu&m
udk,fhbmompum;udk
rlvygVd
udk,fuRrf;usiforQjzifh
jyefqkdMujcif;omjzpf
toHk;uGJjym;
aeMuapumrl rl&if;t"dym,f uGmjcm;csuf rSdaMumif;/

(q)
SifOu| jyefqkdcsufonf rlv"rpMumyg teuft"dym,fudk ajymif;vJaponf[l

rawGU&aMumif;? Ak'\ a[mcsufESifh qefUusifonf[k rawGU&aMumif;-
acsyavQmufxm;avonf/
5/
,if;
apm'em
aom"em
ESpf&yfudk
aphpyfaocsmpGm
avhvmoHk;oyfonfSdaomf
ocifjrwfqkdifonf ]]q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ jyefqkdcsufudk [kwfr[kwf racsyvdkyg}} [k qkdaomfvnf; (C) (i)

aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfwkdUjzifh acsyy,fSm;jyD; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/
'd|"arm ponf &Sif;vif;csuf

6/
]]'d|}} paom yk'fwkdU w-ypnf;onf twdwfudkvnf; a[mEkdif\/ umvoHk;yg;udkvnf;
a[mEdkif\/ tSifaum@nonf aomwmywdr*f tckduf opmav;yg;udk jrifqJjzpf aomwmywdr*f\

tjcm;rJhzdkvfrSp opmav;yg;udk jrifjyD;[k qkdEkdif&efum; ]]jriftyfjyD;aom opmw&m;Sdonf}} [laom
q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ jyefqdkcsufonf tvGefoifhjrwfvSayonf/
7/
SifOu|u 'd|"arm = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\ [k qdkxm;&m ('d|udk rsufjrif+
"rudk oabm) [k qkdvdk\/ ]]'d|"arm}} ]]'d|}} o'gonf rsufjrif? Pfjrif ESpfrsKd;udk a[mEkdifaomfvnf;
t&m yw = a&muftyf? 0d'dw = odtyf[laom aemufyk'frsm;udk axmuf rsufjrifudk ra[m?
Pfjrifudkom a[monf/ xkdUaMumifh om&w'DyeD#Dum? "rpuy0weokwf tzGifhpmrsufESm 182 {w 8 'eH emr P'eawm tnrd?
twDwd wH ed0wewH yw"arm wd0kwH [k zGifhjyawmfrl\/
828
tpodkU
t"dym,fum; -]] 'd|"arm [laom yk'f jrifjcif;rnfonf Pfjrifjzpf&um; PfjrifrSwyg;

tjcm;jrifjcif;udk epfapjcif;tusKd;iSm ]]yw"arm}} [k a[mawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
8/
"ro'gonfvnf; (1) oabm? (2) y&d,wf? (3) ynm? (4) toifh,kwd? (5) opm? (6)
yuwd? (7) aumif;rI? (8) a ,sw&m; ig;yg;? (9) aus;Zl;? (10) tusifh? (11) orm"d? (12) owZD0rS
uif;qdwfonf\ tjzpf? (13) tmywf? (14) taMumif; paom teufwkdUukd a[mEkdif\/ 'd|"arm
paom yk'frsm; ygaom "ro'gonf opm[laom teufudkom a[monf/ oabmpaom teufwkdUudk
ra[m? xkdUaMumifh t*Fkw&edum,f? t|uedygwf? t|uxm ESm 215 'da|m t&d,op"arm {awemwd
'd|"arm [l zGifhjyawmfrlonf/ t"dym,fum; ]]jriftyfjyD;aom t&d,opmw&m; SdaomaMumifh 'd|"r
rnf\}} [k qkdvdkonf/ xkdUaMumifh ('d|"arm = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\) [laom vlaovljzpf
OD;Ou|\
teufonf
rlvygVdawmfESifh
vnf;aumif;?
t|uxm?
#DumwkdUESifh
vnf;aumif;
tvGefqefUusifonfhtjyif rSm;,Gif;aom teufom jzpfonf/

9/
{o ea,m aooya'okyd = MuGif;aom yk'fwkdUvnf; enf;wlyifwnf;[k zGifhjyaom
t|uxmESifh tnDyw"arm = a&muftyfjyD;aom opmw&m;Sdonf jzpf

0d'dw"arm = odtyfjyD;aom w&m;Sdonfjzpf?
y&da,m*gV"arm = mPfjzihf ouf0iftyfjyD;aom opmw&m;Sdonfjzpf[laom q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufay;enf;onfomvQif yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh nDGwfaom teufrSefrsm;
jzpfayonf/ vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|\
yw"arm = em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/
0d'dw"arm = ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/
y&da,m*gV"arm = udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHU (0g) pdrfhxHk tusKd;&aom re? awGU
(0g) [',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\[laom teufum; ynmSdwdkU\ em; Mum;yif ravsmfaom teufrsm; jzpfayonf/ yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh
ESD;aESmwkdufqkdifrIryyJ rdrdxifovdk jyefqkdxm;aomaMumifh tvGefkyfysufqif;ysuf EkdifvSaom teufrsm;
jzpfayonf/ odkU jzpfygvsuf ]]rlvygVdoufoufudkom apwemtavsmuf udk,fhbmompum;ukd
udk,fuRrf;usiforQjzifh
uGmjcm;csuf
rSdyg}}
jyefqkdMujcif;omjzpf
[laom
toHk;tEIef;
ocifjrwfqkdif\
uGJjym;aeMuapumrl
acsycsufonf
rl&if;t"dym,fESifh
rdrdq&m
SifOu|bufrS
umuG,fzmax;kHrQomjzpf tvQif;,kwd uif;rJhjyD; usrf;*efrS aoGzDaom pum;jzpfacsonf/

10/
apwemtavsmuf[laom ocifjrwfqdkif\ pum;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oihfayonf/
apwemqkdwdkif; aumif;onfr[kwf? y&rwoabmt& apwemonf aumif;aom ukodkvfapwem?

raumif;aom tukodkvfapwem[l ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;&Sd&m ocifjrwfqdkif\ q&mjzpfol OD;Ou|onf 'd|"arm
829
tpodkU
paom
"rpMumygVdudk
teufjyefqkd&m
vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
udkufnDatmif
raumif;aom
tukodkvfapwemqkd;jzifh teufjyefqkdxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k qdk&zG,f Sdaeonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ou|\

vlaovljzpf0g' azmfjyxm;aom pmykd'frsm;um; yk'fteuf rSm;,Gif;kHrQomru jrwfAk'a'oemawmfudk
usL;ausmfapmfum; zsufqD;xm;aom pmydk'frsm;om jzpfayonf/ rSef\/ vlaovljzpf pmtkyf ESm 4? 5 ]]vlom;onf vlaovQif vlomjzpf\ [laom obm0rSefudk oabmaygufwmESifh
wpfydifeuf 'd|"r = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/ y/ ty&ypa,m = i&JSpfxyfESifh
xufewfjA[m
qkdtyfwJh
wpfyg;aom
bHkawG
b0awGudk
oGm;zdkUa&mufzkdU
taMumif;
rjzpfawmhonfudk wduspGm odjrifjcif;odkU a&mufayvdrhfrnf/}}

[k jyqkdxm;\/ xdkpmydk'fjzifhyif vlaovQif vljzpf\ [laom obm0udk oabmaygufvQif 'd|"r paom
*kPfwkdUESifh jynhfpHkonfh aomwmyefjzpfonf[k OD;Ou|u qkdxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ trSefrSm vlaovQif
vlomjzpf\[k oabmaygufaeolonf aomwmyef rjzpfkHrQru rdpm'd|dppfppfom jzpfonfudk pGJqkdcsuf
trSwf (2) apm'em pdppfxm;jyD; jzpfonf/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsyvTmudk pdppfoHk;oyfjcif;

11/
trSwf (1) apm'em OD;Ou|\ "rpMum vufopftay: pGJqkdcsufESifh ywfouf
pk'dwu ocifjrwfqkdifu]]v,fwDq&mawmf\ y&rw 'DyeD tzGifhrSm jriftyfaom opmw&m;[k awGU&ygonf/ (jyD;aom)

qkdaom twdwfumv oabm rygyg bk&m;? (jyD;aom) twdwfpum;vHk;udk vufrcHEdkifaMumif;
avQmufxm;tyfygonf bk&m;[l v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\ y&rw'DyeDudk udk;um; acsyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ocifjrwfqkdif\
acsycsufudk pdppf&mwGif usrf;trnfup rSm;,Gif;aeonfudk awGU&onf/ v,fwDq&mawmfMuD;\
y&rw'DyeDqkdonfrSm ocifjrwfqkdif xifaeouJhokdU "rpMumokwf\ tzGifhusrf; r[kwf? tbd"rwo*F[
ac: o*[fusrf;\ tzGifh#Dumusrf;omjzpfonf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;vnf;r[kwf?
ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom usrf;jzpfonf/ uJhokdU usrf;*ef\ oabmobm0udk rodem;rvnfyJ
y&rw'DyeDwGif
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;
a&;om;xm;av[ef
acsyjcif;onf
ocifjrwfqkdif\
yxrtrSm;usL;vGefjcif;om jzpfonf/
12/
'kwd,trSm;udk usL;vGefonfrSm ]]y&rw'DyeD tzGifhrSm jriftyfaom opmw&m;[k
awGU&ygonf/ (jyD;aom) qkdaom twdwfumvoabm rygyg bk&m}} [laom acsycsufyif jzpfonf/

acsycsufonf q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ teufudk v,fwDq&mawmf\ teufjzifh acsy&ef ud;pm;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ ocifjrwfqkdifonf ,if;odkUacsyaomfvnf; v,fwDq&mawmf\ "rpMumed,udk awGUzl;[ef
rwlacs/ q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ rlESifh v,fwDq&mawmf\ rlrsm;udk yl;wGJ (1955 ck? 1956 ck? 1958 ck?
830
tpodkU
1961 ck? 1962 ck? 1965 ck) q|rtMudrftjzpf [Hom0wD yHkESdyfwkdufrS xkwfa0aom v,fwDrl "rpMum
ed, ]'d|"arm} paom ygVdrsm;udk q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\ ed,enf;wl (jriftyfjyD;) (a&muftyfjyD;)
(odtyfjyD;) [l twdwfpum;vHk;jzifh wdwdusus aoaocsmcsm teufjyefqdkxm;ayonf/ ocifjrwfqkdif
acsyouJhokdU jriftyfaom opmw&m;[k v,fwDq&mawmfu teufjyefqdkjcif; tvQif;rycJh/ xkdUaMumifh
jriftyfaomopmw&m;[k
awGU&ygonfqkdaom
ocifjrwfqkdif\
acsycsufonf
'kwd,trSm;udk
usL;vGefjcif;om jzpfayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh v,fwDq&mawmf\ mPfynm MuD;rm;rIudk tvGJoHk;pm;

yusifh&mvnf; a&mufayonf/
13/
aomwmyefjzpfvQif opmav;yg; w&m;udk jrifjyD;[k rkcs{uef qkd&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh
]]xdktcsdefu tSifaum@nonf aomwmyefom jzpf ]]jrifjyD;}} [k rqdkxkdufao;? t&[wzdkvf

qkdufa&mufrSom ]]jrifjyD;}} [k qkdxkdufaMumif;}} acsyaom ocifjrwfqkdif\ pum;onf wwd,trSm;ukd
usL;vGef&m a&mufayonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ocifjrwfqkdifonf tbd"rm (y&rw) oabmESifh
yd#uwfusrf;*efwkdU\ tqkdtrdefUudk oabmraygufaMumif;rSm xifSm;vSayonf/
"rpMum rloHk;rsKd;udk rSm;rSef,SOfjyjcif;

14/
'd|"arm paom "rpMumygVdawmfrsm;udk teufjrefrm jyefqkd&m Ak'0g'D okawoDwdkUtzdkU
trSm;trSef 0d0g' uGJjym;Muap&ef q&mawmfOD;Ak"f\rl? v,fwDq&mawmf rlwkdUESifh OD;Ou|\ rlwkdUudk

atmufygtwdkif; yl;wGJ EIdif;,SOfazmfjy vdkufayonf/
tx acg? xkdaomwmyef jzpfjyD;aom tcg/ tm,om tnmod aum@anm? tSif
tnmodaum@nonf(1)
'd|"arm = jriftyfjyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonfjzpf (OD;Ak"f "rpMum? teufrSef)

'd|"arm = udk,fwdkifjriftyfjyD;aom w&m;Sdonf jzpf (v,fwD "rpMum? teufrSef)
'd|"arm = rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "rpMum? teufrSm;)
(2)
yw"arm = a&muftyfjyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonfjzpf? (OD;Ak"f "rpMum? teufrSef)

yw"arm = udk,fwkdifqkdufa&muf tyfjyD;aom w&m;donfjzpf? (v,fwD "rpMum?
teufrSef)
yw"arm = em;Mum;oabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "rpMum? teufrSm;)
(3)
0d'dw"arm = odtyfjyD;aom opmw&m;Sdonfjzpf? (OD;Ak"f "rpMum? teufrSef)

0d'dw"arm = ukd,fwkdifodtyfjyD;aom w&m;Sdonfjzpf? (v,fwD "rpMum? teufrSef)
0d'dw"arm = ESmacgif;ESifh vQmawGU oabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "rpMum?
teufrSm;)
831
tpodkU
(4)

y&da,m*gV"arm = mPfjzifh ouf0iftyfjyD;aom opmw&m; Sdonfjzpf (OD;Ak"f
"rpMum? teufrSef)
y&da,m*gV"arm = udk,fydkifmPfjzifh ouf0iftyfjyD;aom w&m;Sdonfjzpf (v,fwD
"rpMum? teufrSef)
y&da,m*gV"arm = udk,fum,wpfckvHk; ysHUESHU? (0g) pdrfhxHk tusKd;&aom reawGU (0g)
[',awGUoabm jzpfavawmh\/ (vlaovljzpf "rpMum? teufrSm;)
15/
odkU ponfjzifh "rpMumrl oHk;rsKd;wdkU\ teufjyefqkdyHkudk EIdif;,SOfMunfhIygvQif
q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufESifh v,fwDq&mawmfwdkU\ teufrSm yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh nDGwf

rl&if;t"dym,f wlonfukd awGU&onf/ tSifaum@nonf r*fmPfjzifh opmw&m;udk jrifonf[laom
t"dym,frSef xGuf&Sdayonf/ OD;Ou|\ teufrlum; rsufjrifoabm jzpfavawmh\[k qdkojzifh
mPfjzifhjrifjcif; r[kwf? dk;dk;vlrsm;uJhokdU yuwdrsufvHk;jzifh jrifonf[laom t"dym,fxGufSdonf/
(u)
q&mawmf OD;Ak"fESifh v,fwDq&mawmfwkdU\ "rpMumu opmav;yg;udk r*fmPfjzifh

jrifjcif; t"dym,fukd jyqkdonf/
(c)
OD;Ou|\ "rpMumu vlaovljzpfudk rsufpdjzihf jrifjcif;t"dym,fukd jyqkdonf/
pdeftppfESifh csufausmufuJhodkU tESpfom& vGefpGm jcm;em;Muayonf/ trSefpifppf OD;Ou|onf

(p-o-C-Z-u) [laom rsufjrif? em;Mum;? ESmacgif;awGU? vQmawGU? udk,fawGU[laom yom'kyf-5yg;udkom vufcHvdkonfh kyf0g'DwpfOD; jzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;a[m "rpMumukd vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh
udkufnDatmif rdrdvdk&modkU qGJ rSm;,Gif;pGm teufay;xm;aMumif; ay:vGifaeayonf/
tbd"rmq&mpdef\ "rpMumteufudk pdppfjcif;

16/
bk&m;a[m "rpMum ygVdawmfrsm;udk OD;Ou|u vlaovljzpf0g'ESifh udkufnDatmif
teufjyefqdkxm;&m rSm;,Gif;yHk taMumif;udk pdppfoHk;oyfjyD;aemuf ,ckwpfzef tbd"rm q&mpdefqdkol\

rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
xifovdk
teufjyefqkdxm;yHk
taMumif;udkvnf;
pdppfoHk;oyf&ayOD;rnf/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u oufaocHtjzpf wifjyxm;aom tbd"rmq&mpdef\ "rpMumteufudk pdppfjcif;

]]tw0g'ESifh
wm0womtbd"rm}}
pmtkyfudk
aocsmpGm
zwfI
okH;oyfMunfh&mwGif yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh qefUusifpGm a&;om;xm;aom tbd"rmq&mpdef\ a&;om;csuf

trSm;rsm;udk ajrmufjrm;pGm awGU&ayonf/
17/
xdkUaMumifh Ak'pmayudk dk;dk;om;om; avhvmvkdufpm;Muaom Ak'0g'DokawoDwkdUtzdkU
(trSm; ESifhtrSef) (twkESifhtppf) uGJuGJjym;jym;cGJjcm; odEkdifap&ef usrf;*efESifhtnD a&;om;xm;aom

q&mawmf OD;Ak"f\ teufESifh usrf;*efrS aoGzDpGm a&;om;xm;aom tbd"rmq&mpdef\ teufwdkUudk vnf;
atmufygtwkdif; EIdif;,SOf jyvdkufayonf/
832
tpodkU
(u)

Zmwdyd = y#doaEae&jcif;onfvnf; (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)
Zmwdyd = ief;ief;wuf pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfvmjcif;aMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)
(c)
Z&myd = qdk;Gm;a[mif;jrif; tdkrif;&ifha&mf&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)

Z&myd = qHjzLoGm;a<u tom;a&,dk,Gif; tkdrif;&ifha&mfjcif;wdkUudk pdk;&drfruif; jzpf
vmaom tpGJOyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)
(*)
Asm"dyd = zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)

Asm"dyd = tema&m*g usifemudkufcJ Elem0JwkdUjzpfvmonfwkdUudk ylaqG;aMumifhMujcif;
jzpfvmaom tpGJOyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)
(C)
r&Prd = ao&jcif;onfvnf;? (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)

r&Prd = trdtz r,m; om;orD; ypnf;Opm &wem aTpifponfwdkUESifhwuGaom
aqGnmtaygif;wdkUtm;
y,fcGmpGefUxm;cJh
ao&rnfhab;udk
pdk;&drfruif;
pGJvrf;jcif; Oyg'gefaMumifh (q&mpdefteufrSm;)

(i)
tyda,[d
= rcspfrESpfvdktyfaom ow0gocFg&wdkUESifh twlwuG?
ora,ma*g
= aygif;,SOf&jcif;onfvnf; (OD;Ak"fteufrSef)
tyda,[d
= rESpfouf rvdkvm;tyfukefaom Zm&mAsm"dr&P ponf

OkHab;taygif;wdkU ESifh ab;taygif;pkHwkdUESifh? ora,ma*g =
vufiif;'d| ,ckyufyif;rSm awGUuH cHpm;ae&avjcif;[k
pGJvrf;jcif;jzpfaeaom Oyg'gefaMumifh? (q&mpdef\ teufrSm;)
18/
odkU ponfjzifh EIdif;,SOfMunfhIa0zefokH;oyfaomtcg yd#uwfESifhrnD usrf;*efrS
aoGzDpGm a&;om;xm;aom q&mpdef\ teufwdkUonf o'gpnf;urf;vnf;rus t"dym,wvnf;

rrSefonfudk pdwfysufzG,f&m awGUjrifMu&avonf/
19/
Zmwd, Z&m, Asm"d, r&PH, ora,ma*gyk'frsm;udk o'gpnf;urf;t& (onf) [l
uwm; teuf jyefqdkjcif;rybJ (aMumifh) [l [dwfteuf jyefqdkxm;jcif;rSmvnf; tajccHpmay

roifzl;aMumif; xifSm; aeayonf? wzef xdkZmwd Z&m Asm"d r&P [laom yk'fwdkU\ teufrsm;udk
jyefdk; jyefpOf y#dkoaEaejcif; tdkjcif; emjcif; aojcif; [l rjyefqdkbJ tm;vkH;Oyg'gefwHqdyfcyf jyefqdk
xm;aomaMumifh
tbd"rmq&mpdeftaejzifh
tpGJOyg'gefjyif;xefaMumif;rSm
odomvGef;ayonf?
wenf;tm;jzifh Ak'"rpMumudk Oyg'gef"rpMumjzpfatmif q&mpdefu ud;pm;xm;[ef wlayonf/

20/
Zmwd Z&m r&P [laom yk'fwdkU\ teufrSefudk pGJcsuf (15) wGif tus,fw0ifh
pdppfokH;oyf NyD;jzpf u@ rokH;oyfawmhNyD? xdkpGJcsuftrSwf (15) wGif ]]"rpuy0we}} [laom

ygVdudk
tbd"rmq&mpdefqdkolu
vGJvGJrSm;rSm;
&rf;&rf;um;um;
jyefqdkxm;ykHtaMumif;udkvnf;
833
tpodkU
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;u tus,fw0ifh pdppfokH;oyfjycJhNyD; ,ckwzef trSm;wckNyD;wck usL;vGefxm;aom

q&mpdef\ trSm;rsm;udkyif quf pdppfjy&ayOD;rnf/
21/
q&mpdefu ]]oHcdawe yKyg'geuEmyd 'kum}} [lkaom ygVdudk oHcdawe
= twdktusOf;vkd&if;udk cHajym&ygrl?
= rsufpd em; ESm vQm ukd,fwnf;[laom ig;ckwkdUwGif
Oyg'geuEmyd = pGJvrf;jcif;Oyg'gefESifhwuG jzpf&Sdaeaom udk,fum,wdkUonfvnf;?

'kum
= qif;&Jjcif;tusdK;jzpf aeavawmh\ -
[l xifovdk teufjyefxm;aomaMumifh tvGefpdwfysufzG,f&maumif;vSayonf/

yt& Oyg'gef\ tmkHjzpfaom avmuDcEmig;yg;udk t&aumuf&rnfhtpm; rsufpd em; ESm
vQm udk,f[laom yom'kyfig;yg;udk aumuf,lxm;aomaMumifh q&mpdef\ t,ltqonf trSm;ay:
trSm;qihfxm;aom
t,ltqrSm;om
jzpfaeawmhonf/
wenf;tm;jzifh
Ak'\
"rpMumudk
kyf0g'rSwfwkdiftjzpf tokH;csxm;jcif;yifjzpfayonf/
22/
tbd"rmq&mpdef\ trSm;onf rQESifhyif r&yfao;? r*opmwGif vmSdaom ]]t,ar0
t&da,m t|*aum ra*g}} [laom bk&m;a[mygVdudkyif t,ar0 aom t&da,m t|*aum ra*g [k
tw0g'xnhf jyxm;vkdufao;onf? ygVdom rSm;onfr[kwf? teufjyefqkdykHuvnf; vGJcsifwkdif;
vGJrSm;csifwkdif; rSm;aeayonf? q&mpdef rSm;jyxm;ykHum; odkUjzpfonf/
aom
= xdkuJhodkU BuHp&m pnfp&m ylp&m yifp&m aqG;p&m at;p&m csKyfNidrf;p&m

tjzmjzmwkdUonf?
t,ar0
= ,ckypu vufiif;'d| uHawGUae&onfhtcdkufwGif?
t&da,m
= tpGJOyg'gef acs;anmfwdkU\ oefSif;jcif;udk tvdkSdMuukefaom vlom;

taygif;wdkUonf?
t|*aum
= t*Fg&Spfyg;Sdaom?
ra*g
= usifhtyfaom w&m;aywnf;/
(tw0g'ESifh wm0wom tbd"rm ESm? 104)
txufyg q&mpdef\vuf&mudk MunfhvkdufygvQif 0kpftvGJvGJ yk'ftvGJvGJ teuft"dym,f tvGJvGJ

jzpfaeonfudk awGU&ayonf/
23/
q&mpdef\ txufyg olUvuf&mudk ppfwrf;xkwfMunfhaomtcg o',kwd, tw,kwd
ESpfrsdK;vkH; uif;rJhvsufSdonfudk awGU&onf? Sif;OD;tHh/

(u)
aom - [laom yk'fudk {u0kpfeufray;bJ A[k0kpfteufay;xm;jcif;?
(c)
t,ar0 - [laom yk'fudk uwm;teuf ay;&rnfhtpm; ed'g&P teufay;xm;jcif;?
(*)
t&da,m - [laom yk'fudk vlom;taygif;[k bmomjyefxm;jcif;?
834
tpodkU
(C)
[laom

xdkt&da,m - [laom yk'fudk {u0kpfteufray;bJ A[k0kpfteufay;xm;jcif;-
trSm;av;&yfudk
awGUSdayonf?
uJhodkU
o'gpnf;urf;rSm;
o',kwduif;rJhkHrQru
t"dym,fvGJrSm;jcif;[laom tw,kwdvnf; uif;rJh aejyefonf? q&mpdefjyqdkaom ]]t,ar0 aom

t&da,m t|*aum ra*g}} [laom ygVdudk csef ol\teufudk zwfMunfhvkdufygvQif (u)
BuHp&mpDp&monf - vlom;wkdU usifhtyfaomw&m;?
(c)
ylp&m yifp&monf - vlom;wkdU usifhtyfaomw&m;?
(*)
aqG;p&m at;p&monf - vlom;wkdY usifhtyfaomw&m;?
(C)
csKyfNidrf;p&mwdkYonf - vlom;wdkU usifhtyfaomw&m; -
[k t"dyg,fxGufSdaeaomaMumifh obm0,kwd tvGefuif;rJh aeayonf? t&da,mqdkaom yk'fukd

vlom;[k jyefqdkjcif;rSmvnf; "r*kPfudk tvGJokH;pm;yaMumif; xifSm;vSayonf? q&mpdefjyefqdkcsufonf
r*opmudk jyqkdcsufESifh ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefUusif aeayonf/
OD;Ou|ESifh
*dkPfom;wkdUonf
Ak'bmomwdkUESifh
eD;pyfvSaom
"rpMumw&m;awmftay:odkU
pOfuavmuf opmazmuf arSmufarSmuf rSm;rSm;yvkyfMujcif;udk axmufIjcif;tm;jzifh Ak'bmom 'g,um

'g,dumrrsm;ESifh tvSrf;uGmaom ygVdt|uxmrsm;udkrl tb,frQavmuf uarmufur vkyfMurnfudk
csifhcsdefEkdifMuayNyD/
24/
ajyvnfatmif
trSwf (17) apm'emudk cHikH okH;oyfMunhfaomtcg apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\ pGJcsufudk

rajzSif;Ekdifaom
tbd"rmq&mpdefwdkU\
ocifjrwfqkdif\
acsycsufonfvnf;aumif;
teufjyefqkdcsufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;
OD;Ou|ESifh
ax&0g'yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;ESifh
qefUusifaomaMumifh "rpMumtay: xm;Sdaom if;wkdU\ t,ltqrsm;onf t"r0g'pifppfomjzpf

aMumif;? 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm; wnDwGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfawmfrlMuonf/
835
tpodkU

EdkifiHawmfoD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2)
apm'emtrSwf (18)
twaemrwdjzifh vdrfnma&;om;jcif;ESifhpyfaom 0dedp,
twaemrwd rdrdxif&m ajymqdkonfh vufjzpfpum;rsm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef

vdrfnma&;om; ajyma[mrIESifh pyfvsOf; apwem aom"em ESpf&yfudk 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;\
a0zefokH;oyfcsuf/
1/
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u vlaovljzpf OD;Ou|ESifh orm'd|d - okawoe0g'D*dkPf;om;
wkdUonf twaemrwd rdrdwkdUxif&m jrif&m ajymqdkaom vufjzpfpum; ygVdtrSm;jzifh bk&m;ra[monfudk

bk&m;a[mjzpfav[ef
vdrfnma&;om;
wifoGif;Muavonf?
bk&m;a[m
vkyfygVdtrSm;rsm;udkvnf;
ajyma[maeMuojzifh
yd#uwfpmaywGif
if;wkdUudk,fwkdifa&;om;ajyma[m
tqkH;tjzwfay;yg&ef
apm'emvTm
trSefwu,frSdaom
pk'dwuwdkU\
xkwfa0jzefUcsDxm;aom
pmtkyfpmwrf;
wdwfacGwkdUrS aumufEkwf oufaocHtjzpf (u) rS (#) txd wifjyxm;Muonf? if;wkdU\ ygVdtwk

rsm;ESifh teufudkvnf; yl;wGJwifjyMuonf/
2/
wifoGif;&mwGif
apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u
rlvapm'em\
bk&m;a[mygVdawmfrsm;onf
tp
Sif;vif;csuftaejzifh
tv,f
tqkH;
0daooapm'emudk
aumif;jcif;ESifh
jynfhpkHaom
uvsmP*kPf, o'gteufESifh jynfhpkHaom owoAse*kPf, obm0tm;jzifh av;eufaom "r*rD&

paom *kPfwkdUESifh jynfhpkHaomaMumifh wpkHw&mjznfhpGufzG,f y,fEkwfzG,f rSdaMumif;? pk'dwursm;uJhokdY
omoemorkdif;wGif bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfcJhonfh om"ursm; Sdzl;aMumif;? t&d|&[ef;qdk;ESifh
u@uomraPwdkUonf
ESifxkwfcHcJh&Mu&aMumif;?
rvkyfxkdufaom
xkduJhokdU
odkUjzpf
bk&m;a[m
bk&m;a[m
jypfrIusL;vGefrIwpfckjzpfaMumif;udk
twkvkyfcJhMuaomaMumifh
twkyvkyfjcif;rSm
ygVdt|uxm
omoemawmfrS
tvGef0efav;onfh
om"ursm;pGmjzifh
rvkyfoifh
us,f0ef;pGm
avQmufxm;apm'emcJhMuavonf/
3/
apm'emESifh ywfouf ocifjrwfqdkifwpfOD;uomvQif jyefvnfacsyNyD; orm'd|d
okawoetzGJUurl vkH;0acsySif;vif;jcif;ryay? Nidrf cH,lcJhMuonf/
(u)
4/
trSwfjyapm'emudk pdppfcsuf
apm'uq&mrsm;u pk'dwuwdkU\ trSm;rsm;pGmteuf tudufwlaom vufvkyfygVd
trSm;wpfckudk (u) trSwfjytaejzifh pGJqdkwifjyxm;Muonf? ,if;wkdYrSm avmuork', twd?

avmueda&m" ewd -
836
tpodkU
[laom vkyfygVdjzpfayonf? 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm; wifjyxm;aom pGJqdk

csufrsm;ESifh
kH;awmfodkU
oufaocHtjzpf
wifjyxm;aom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk
taotcsm
wkdufqkdifMunfhI&mwGif ,if;yg|dukd (u)
OD;udkudkav;u (Ak'a*gwr) a[mxm;onf[lvnf;aumif;?
(c)
vlaovljzpfjyemq&mu (oa'u&w) okwf a[mcJhonf[lvnf;aumif;?
(*)
&ckdifOD;aTjynfhu (oDvuefygVdawmf) ygSdonf[lvnf;aumif;?
(C)
tbd"rmq&mpdefu (ed0ge0*oH,kwf) ygVdawmf a[mxm;onf[lvnf;aumif; -
toD;oD;a&;om;xm;csufrsm;udk twdtvif; awGUSdMu&onf/

5/
0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;onf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;wkdU axmufjycsuft& pk'dwuwdkU
a&;om;xm;aom ,if; (avmuork'otwd? avmueda&m" ewd) [laom ygVdukd yd#uwfokH;ykH

edum,fig;&yfwGif vkdufvHSmazGaomtcg b,frSmrS rawGU&ay? xkdUaMumifh ]]ygVdonf oa'u&w
okwf rSd? vkyfygVdom jzpfonf}} [laom apm'u q&mawmfwdkU\ axmufjycsufrSm rSefuef
OD;udkudkav;ESifh vlaovljzpf jyemq&mwdkU\ a&;om;csufrSm;aMumif;udk twnfyonf? xdkenf;twl
t"dym,fonf oDvuefygVdawmfryg? vdrfxm;aom pum;jzpfonf}} [laom apm'uq&mawmfwkdU\
axmufjycsufrSmvnf;
rSefuefae
a&;om;csufudkvnf;
rSm;,Gif;aMumif;
upmea*gwrax&fudk
a[mxm;aomw&m;
pum;udkaxmufjyaom
vdrfjcif;jzpfonf}}
ewfESifh
i&Jb,frSmvJ
twnfyawmfrlMuonf?
tvm;wlyif
twdtvif;qkdxm;csuft&
]]a[mxm;csufvnf;ryg
[laom
pmtkyfwGifygaom
apm'uq&mawmfwdkU\
(twdtvif;)
[k
wifjycsufrSmvnf;
OD;aTjynfh\
oH,kwfygVdawmf
[laom
ocifjrwfwdkU\
a&;jcif;onf
txl;yif
&J&JBuD;
rSefuefae
ocifjrwfqdkif\ a&;om;csufvkH;0rSm;aMumif; twnfyawmfrlMuonf? tbd"rmq&mpdef\ a&;om;

csufudkvnf; rSm;,Gif;aMumif; twnfyawmfrlMuonf/
wa,mufwrsdK; teufjyefxm;jcif;
6/
pk'dwuwdkU tudufcsif;wl ae&mtESHU udk;um;a[majymavhSdaom tqkdyg (avmu
ork', twd? avmueda&m" ewd) [laom vufjzpfygVdudk jrefrmjyefqkd&mvnf; wOD;ESifhwOD;

rwlMu? trsdK;rsdK;uGJvGJaeaMumif; awGU&onf? vlaovljzpf jyempmtkyf ESm 17-wGif ,if;ygVdudk
ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]avmuonf Sdonf[k pGJ,luSd\/ rSd[k jywfuvnf;rSd}} [k bmomjyefqdkxm;
onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;jyefqdkcsufonf ygVdwjcm;teufwrsdK;jzpf rSm;,Gif;aeayonf/
7/
,if;ygVdukdyif ewfESifh i&J b,frSmvJ pmtkyf ESm 22 - wGif &cdkifOD;aTjynfhu atmufyg
twkdif; t"dym,fazmfxm;jyefayonf/ ]]aemufwzef jzpfao;onf[k pGJae,if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfaeonf?
837
tpodkU
rpGJ,if oifhpdwfrSm jzpfrae}} OD;aTjynfh\ txufyg jyefqdkcsufonfvnf; oDvuef ygVdawmfvmaom

t"dym,fr[kwfaMumif; rSm;,Gif;aMumif;rSm xifSm;ayonf/
8/
,if;ygVdukdyif Ak'0dyempmtkyf yxrwGJ? ESm 146 ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]avmuudk
Sdonf[k pGJ,lvQif Sdonf? r&Sd[k jywfvQifvnf; rSd}} [k bmomjyefqkdxm;ayonf? ocifjrwfqkdif\

,if;bmomjyefqdkcsufonfvnf; ygVd\ qdkvdkcsufESifh rudkuf? rdrdvkd&m jyefqdkxm;jcif;om jzpfae
ayonf/
9/
,if;ygVdukdyif ]]orm 'd|dokawoeESifh a&eHacsmif; ta&;awmfykH}} trnfSd pmtkyf
pmrsufESm 62 wGif tbd"rm q&mpdefqkdolu atmufygtwkdif; teufjyefqkdxm;ayonf/

]]tkd upmem avmu tpGJOyg'gefSdaomolonf wrvGefavmuSdonfudk t,lSd\/
avmu tpGJOyg'gef csKyfNidrf;aomolonf wyg;aom avmurSd[l t,lSd\}}
tbd"rmq&mpdef\ teufjyefqdkcsufonfvnf; rl&if;ed'ge0*oH,kwf a'oemESifh wjcm;pD jzpf
ygVdvnf;rrSef? teufvnf; cRwfvGJaMumif; twnfyawmfrlMuonf/
ocifjrwfqkdif\ acsyvTmudk pdppfjcif;

10/
trSwf (18) apm'emwGifyg0ifaom (u) trSwfy (avmuork', twd? avmu
eda&m" ewd) [laom ygVdESifh pyfvsOf; pk'dwuwOD;jzpfol ocifjrwfqkdifu acsyonfrSm ]]bk&m;wynfhawmfa&;cJhaom Ak'0dyem (1) wGif bk&m;wynfhawmfu avmuork', twd?
avmueda&m"
ewd
[laom
yk'fudk
a&;cJhonfrSm
rSefygonf/
,if;ygVdudk
ed'ge0*oH,kwf
upmea*gwokwf 242 - rS wkdufdkuful;,lcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;okwfwGif wynhfawmf a&;cJhaom

twkdif; {uefygaeaom pum;twkdif; xkdygVdawmfwGif SmazGMunfhyg&ef wkdufwGef;tyfygonf bk&m;/ pm\
t"dym,ftqdkrSm ]]jywfvQifr&Sd rjywfvQif Sd\}} [laom t,ludk wifjycJhjcif;om jzpfyg onf/ ,ck
apm'ubufrS q&mawmfrsm;u ,ifygVdawmfonf rnfonfhygVdawmfwGifrS SmazG rawGU&ojzifh
twdtvif; &J&JBuD; vdrfnmjcif;jzpfonfudk pGyfpGJxm;ygonfbk&m; ,ck rlvygaom yd#uwfawmfudk
aocsmpGm axmufjyvdkufygonf}} [k acsyvTm wifoGif;avonf/
11/
uJhodkU w&m;cGifaSUarSmuf apm'uESifh pk'dwuwdkU tqdkyg (avmuork', twd?
avmu eda&m" ewd) [laom ygVdudk bk&m;a[m yd#uwfwGif rSdaMumif;&SdaMumif; tjiif;yGm;csufudk

vufawGUajzSif;ay;vdkojzifh
pk'dwuocifjrwfqdkif
Tefjyaom
ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmfpmtkyfudk
ocifjrwfqkdiftm;ay;NyD; upmea*gwokwfwGif ygonfqdkaomygVdudk vufawGUSmazGwifjyapcJhonf/

12/
pk'dwuocifjrwfqkdifonf
if;tm;
ulnDolrsm;ESifhtwl
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;\
aSUarSmuf xdkygVdudk SmazGcJhonf/ ,if;odkU SmazGaomfvnf; rawGUbJ jzpfae 0denf;"kd&fq&mawmfrsm;u

]]'umBuD;acsyTefjyonfhtwkdif; ed'ge0*oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif tqkdyg (avmuork', twd? avmu
838
tpodkU
eda&m" ewd) [laom ygVdukd awGUrawGU? ygryg vufawGUar;jref;&m ocifjrwfqkdifu rawGUaMumif;

rygaMumif;
wynfhawmfrSm;,Gif;ygaMumif;
toHzrf;vnf;aumif;
0efcHavQmufxm;wifjyonfudk
vufESdyfpufdkufvnf;aumif;
rSwfwrf;wifcJhayonf?
kH;awmfu
uJhodkU
acsyrI
rSm;,Gif;ae apm'emtrSwf (18) udk acsycGifhryapawmhbJ wm;jrpfvkdufMuonf/
ygVdrSm;\teufudk pdppfjcif;
13/
pk'dwuwkdU udk;um;wifjyaom ygVd\ t"dym,fudk twdtus trSeftuef jrefrmjyef
Munfhaomtcg omoemawmfESifh qefUusifaom t"dym,fom xGufaeaMumif; awGU&onf/ xkd

((avmuork', twd? avmu eda&m" ewd) [laom ygVd\ wkdufdkuft"dym,frSm ]]avmu\jzpfaMumif; wPSmonfvnf;Sd\/
avmu\ csKyf&medAmefum; rSd}} [l jzpfayonf? t"dym,fonf bk&m;omoemESifh qefUusifaom t"dym,fjzpfaMumif; xifSm;ay
onf/ uJhokdU ygVdSdwkdif; teufudkrazmfjybJ ocifjrwfqkdifu ]]pm\ t"dym,ftqkdrSm jywfvQif rSd?
rjywfvQif Sd\ [laom t,ludk wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf}} [k xnfhoGif;avQmufxm;avonf/ odkU&mwGif
(avmuork', twd? avmu eda&m" ewd) [laom ygVdESifh jywfvQifrSd? rjywfvQif Sd\ [laom
teuft"dym,frSm
wjcm;pD
jzpfaeaomaMumifh
yd@ygwHudk
aorsdK;csnf;[k
bmomjyefaom
vlysufvlacsmfwkdU\ pum;uJhodkU jzpfaeayawmhonf/

14/
wGif aumufcsufcsonfSdaom ygVduvnf; vufjzpfygVdjzpfjcif;? teufuvnf; ygVd
ESifh rqDavsmfaom teufjzpfjcif;? bk&m;ra[monfudk bk&m;a[mvkyfum tBuD;tus,f vSnfhpm;

xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
xdkUaMumifh uJhodkU ygVdwk teufrSm;jzifh vSnhfpm;cHMu&&Smoltaygif; rnfrnfrQ Sdae
rnfenf;[k awG;awmrd 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm;taejzifh pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfMu&ayonf/ tem*wf
omoemawmftwGuf &ifav;zG,fBuD;aywum;/
upmea*gwokwf\ t"dym,frSefudk azmfjyjcif;

15/
pk'dwuwkdU\ taejzifh upmea*gwokwfudk tudufnD tudk;rsm;aMumifh azmfjycJhayNyD/
xdkpk'dwuwdkU\ qdkvdkcsufESifh rl&if;upmea*gwokwf\ bk&m;a[mxm;ykH tmabmfwkdU rnfodkU rnfykH

uGJvGJtHacsmfaeaMumif;udk Ak'0g'DwkdU oHo,uif; Pftjrif&Sif;ap&ef azmfjyvdkufayonf? orm'd|d
(tjrifrSef)ESifh ywfouf upmea*gwrax&fu ]]jrwfpGmbk&m; orm'd|d orm'd|d [l qdktyf\?
tb,frQjzifh orm'd|d (aumif;aom tjrif) jzpfygoenf;}} odkU ar;avQmufaomaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u
odkU rdefUMum;awmfrl\/
839
tpodkU

]]'Gu eddawm 'Gg,H upme avmaum (y) {wm0wm acg upme orm'd|d
a[mwd}} (oH? 1? 257)
jrefrmjyef
]]upme - ow0gtaygif;wkdUonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh Sdonf\tjzpf (ow'd|d) udk
vnf;aumif;? RSdonf\tjzpf (Oap''d|d)udkvnf;aumif; Sd\/
upme - ocFg&avmu\ jzpfjcif;udk rSefuefaom 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwkdif; rSefpGm
jrifaomol\ oEmef ocFg&avmu rSdonf\tjzpfwnf;[laom Oap''d|d rjzpf/
upme - ocFg&avmu\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk rSefuefaom 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifh [kwfwdkif;
rSefpGm jrifaomol\ oEmef ocFg&avmu Sdonf\tjzpfwnf;[laom ow'd|d rjzpf/
upme - uyfa&mufrI (Oy,) jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) epfryfpl;0ifrI (tbdeda0o) wkdUonf
ow0gtaygif;udk
rsm;aomtm;jzifh
aESmifzGJUukef\/
t&d,mwynfhonfum;
pdwf\wnf&m
epfryfpl;0if&m udef;atmif;&mjzpfaom xdkuyfa&mufrI (Oy,) jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI (Oyg'gef) udk ig\

twwnf;[k ruyfa&muf? rpGJvrf;? pGJrwnfjzpfcJhaomf (Oyg'geuEm) 'kuom csKyf\/ csKyfcJhaomf
(Oyg'geuEmwnf;[laom) 'kuom csKyf\/ 'kurSwyg; ow0grnfonf rSd[k ,kHrSm;rIrSd? t&m
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rSefaomtm;jzifh orm'd|djzpf\/
16/
(upmea*gwokwf t|uxmESifhtnD jrefrmjyefqdkonf)
upmea*gwokwf\ qdkvdk&if; t"dym,fudk trsm;em;vnfap&ef azmfjy&aomf -
ow0gwkdUonf ow'd|d? Oap''d|d 2 yg;udkrSD\/ ocFg&avmu\jzpfjcif;udk 0dyemynm

r*fynmjzifh jrifvQif Oap''d|drjzpf? ocFg&avmu\ csKyfNidrf;jcif;udk 0dyemynm r*fynmjzifhjrifvQif
ow'd|drjzpf?
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rsm;aomtm;jzifh
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\[k ,kHrSm;jcif;rSd? udk,fwkdifod\? upme - rQjzifhom orm'd|d (tjrifrSef) jzpf\/
17/
upmeokwf\ rl&if; bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfESifh jrefrmjyeft"dym,fwdkUudk tppftrSef
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aemufaemifwGif uJhodkU ygVdtwk teufrSm;rsm;jzifh ruHudufMu&atmif 0DrHo 0dp&PPfynmjzifh
tppftrSefudk avhvmtm;xkwfoifhMuayonf/
840
tpodkU

(c)trSwfjy apm'emudk pdppfcsuf
18/
(c) trSwfjy apm'emcsuf Ak'0g'jyemrsm; pmtkyf ESm 27 wGif azmfjyxm;aom
]]Oyg'geuEmyd 'ku? tEkyg'geuEmyd eda&m"}} [laom ygVdudk 0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfrsm; pdppfMunfhI &mwGif

bk&m;a[mygVdr[kwfaMumif; awGUMu&jyefonf? ]]yKyg'geuEmyd 'kum}} [laom bk&m;a[m ygVdawmfudk
qifwl,dk;rSm;vkyfxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ (Oyg'geuEmyd 'ku? tEkyg'geuEmyd eda&m") [l
a&;om;xm;jcif;onf o'grrSef? vdif0kpfrrSef ygVd[efyifray:ay/ trSefpifppf Oyg'geuEm ......
tEkyg'geuEm[laom
aSUyk'frsm;ESifh
bk&m;a[mr[kwfaomfvnf;
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pum;&yfjzpf&monf?
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(*) (C) (i) trSwfjy apm'emrsm;pdppfcsuf

19/
trSwfjyapm'em
aTtbd"rm&cdkifjynfwdwfacG
bD-bufrsufESm
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pum;&yfrsm; ygSdonfudk awGU&onf/

(*)
ed&,H bdua0 a'aomrd? wH okPmx bdua0 ed&,H?

obma0 Oyga'g ed&a,m?
bdua0? oHo&mab;vmrnfha&;udk arQmfawG;axmufI tdkbduKwdkU/ ed&,H? i&Judk/ a'aomrd?

a[maytHh/ wkarS? oifwdkUonf/ okPmx? em;axmifMuukefavmh/ obma0? obm0 av;yg;/ Oyga'g?
tvGeftvdk wPSmw&m; pGJvrf;jcif;onf/ ed&a,m? ed&, rnf\/
(C)
tyg,H bdua0 a'aomrd? wH okPmxd bdua0

tyg,H obma0 Oyga'g tyga,m?
(i)
t0Dp bdua0 a'aomrd? wH okPmx bdua0

t0Dp? obma0 Oyga'g t0Dpd?
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6 wef
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ykHrSm;dkufxm;aom ygVdtwkrsm;yif jzpfaMumif; awGU&ayonf/
21/
,if;ygVdtwkrsm;\
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pufpuf twkta,mify zsufqD;&J zsufqD;0Hhonfudk oHa0*BuD;pGm ,lrdMuayonf/
(p) (q) (Z) trSwfjy apm'emrsm;pdppfcsuf

22/
xdk&cdkifaTtbd"rmwdwfacGrSyif xkwfEkwf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u wifjyxm;aom (p)
(q) (Z) trSwfjy ygVdteufrsm;onfvnf; o',kwd tw,kwd vGefpGm uif;rJhvsufSdaMumif; awGU&onf/

(p)
e awe aom bduK? ,m0wm bdua0 ya&?

0doH"rH orm'g,? bduK a[mwd e wm0wm?
[laom *gxmum; yxryg' cRwf,Gif;vGJrSm;vsufSdonf? pifppfSd&rnfrSm "ry'ygVdawmf? ESm - 51 wGif

vmSdonfh rlva'oemt& (e awe bduK aom a[mwd) om jzpf&ayrnf/
(q)
, ewd *[dwH t,H oawm (bk&m;Sif a[mw,f) ,? tMuifyk*dKvf
tm;/ ewd? yifudk,fu rSdwJh w&m;awGudk/ *[dwH? cEmudk,frSm tSdxifNyD; pGJvrf;jcif;onf/ oawm?
owrnfay\/
[laom
a[majymcsufonfvnf;
yd#uwfusrf;*efESifh
qefUusifaom
ygVdteuf
qefUusifaom
t,ltqom jzpfacsonf/
23/
xdkrSwzef (Z) trSwfjytjzpf apm'uq&mawmfrsm;u axmufjyxm;aom pk'dwuwkdU\

(Z)
, ewd rkdwAH t,H Oapa'g?

, yk*v? tMuifyk*dKvftm;/
ewd? r&SdwJhoabmw&m;udk/
rkdwAH? ukefatmifvkyfaew,f? xrif;tiwfcHaew,f? tanmif;cHaew,f? tw
udvrxmEka,m* Oapmvrf;pOfyJ/
[laom a[majymcsufonfvnf; trSm;pifppfom jzpfaeayonf/ ygVdtoHay;NyD; udk,fxif&mudk
ajymxm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;a[m ygVdudk av;pm;MunfdkMuaom kd;om;onfh
Ak'bmom0ifvlxktm; ygVdtwkESifh ajcmuf pnf;kH;jcif;om jzpfonf/ xdkygVdtwkteuf trSm;rsm;jzifh
842
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a[mMum;jcif;onf bk&m;Sif\ tqkH;trawmftrSefrsm;udk vkdufem OykofapmihfokH;rI? yxr 0dyem

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(ps) (n) trSwfjy apm'emudkpdppfjcif;

24/(ps) ewd udavao y[memwd?
ewd udavao? yifudk,furSdwJh udavomawGudk/ y[memwd? y,fMuukefavm/
[laom (ps) trSwfjy pum;&yfvnf; ygVdrrSef teufrrSef awGU&jyefonf? yifukd,fu rSdwJh udavom
[laom pum;&yfonf tEko,,rkdufESifh qefUusifaom ausmufoabFmwkdU\ t"r0g'rsdK;jzpfaMumif;
awGU&onf? y[memwd = y,fMuukefavmh [laom pum;&yfonfvnf; ygVdBud,m tokH;r[kwfacs?
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tZmwma,0 e Zm,Ed?
tZmwma,0 = yifudk,furSdwJh udavomawGudk/ e Zm,Ed = rjzpfatmif vkyfMu/
(yifudk,fu rSdwJhudavomawGudk rjzpfatmif aejcif;[m eda&m")
pum;&yfonf rdrd xif&m jrif&m twaemrwdjzifh qdkxm;csufrQom jzpfonf? ygVd\ qdkvdk&if;

r[kwfay? y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf (aw tZmwm a,0 e Zm,Ed) [laom ygVdSd&m xdkygVdawmf\
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25/(#) ted,smeduH oryvmayg?
ted,smeduH = oHo&mrS xGufajrmufaMumif; r[kwfwJh Zmwft|uxm? Ak'0if a0E&m
ponfudk a[majymjcif;onf/ oryvmayg = oryvmy rnf\/
[laom pk'dwuwdkU\ txufygpum;&yfonf Ak'omoemawmfudk apmfum;vkdpdwfjzifh ygVdukd vkyfBuH
teufudk zefwD;NyD; ajyma[ma&;om;csufom jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Ak'0if ponfudk
a[majymjcif;udk oryvmy [k pGyfpGJjcif;jzpfonf? Zmwft|uxm Ak'0if a0E&m ponfudk
ajyma[mjcif;onf pk'dwuwkdU pGyfpGJouJhodkU oryvmyabm vkH;0 r[kwfacs? "ra'oem ukodkvfom
jzpfonf/
843
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awmfrlonf/
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okH;oyfawmfrlMuonf/
26/
trSwf (18) apm'emudk cHikH okH;oyf&aomf pk'dwuwkdUonf bk&m;ra[monfudk
bk&m;a[m yvkyfa&;om;jcif; a[majymjzefUa0jcif;rsm; yvkyfMu ]]tbmodwH tvydwH wxm* awe

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844
tpodkU

EdkifiHawmf oD;jcm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf (2)
apm'emtrSwf (19)
Ak'\ jzpfawmfpOf Ak'0ifrsm;udk rxDrJhjrifyjcif;ESifh pyfaom 0dedp,
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;\ av;toacFsESifh urmwpfodef; jznfhusifhcJhzl;aom yg&rDawmfrsm;udk vufrcHjcif;?

Ak'0ifrsm;udk ajymifavSmifysufacsmfoa&mfjcif;wdkUESifh ywfouf apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU\ apm'emtusOf;
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taMumif; ewf jA[mwdkUu 0kdif;0ef;awmif;yefMuonf[k qdk&m bk&m;tavmif;
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(p)
wm0womewfjynf w0gwGif;vkH; tbd"rmw&m; a[mawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;udk

r,fawmfjzpfcJhzl;aom oEKdwewfom;u wBudrfrQ qGrf;auR;onfudk rawGU&aMumif;
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(Z)
ig;&mYig;q,fZmwfawmfrsm; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ BuD;us,faom tHhMozG,frsm; ygSdaeygvsuf

usefao;onfqdkaom
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845
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(ps)
anmifwyifrSm
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od'woaE&cJhonf[k Ak'0ifusrf;pm ygSdonfrSm vGefvGef;onfqdkjcif;?

(n)
Ak'0iftqdkt& ewfjA[mwdkUu awmif;yef r,fawmfrm,m0rf;wkduf bk&m;avmif;

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tpodkU
tSdeft[kefaMumifh tqifhtjrifhqkH; a0onmemonm,we jA[mbkH jzpfMu&aomaMumifh xkdbkHom;

jA[mwkdUrSm
r[muyf
(urm)aygif;
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toufSnfMu
if;wdkUxuf
toufSnfaom ow0grSdawmhay/
av;toacFsESifh urmwpfodef; a&wGufykH

19/
azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; tvGefMumjrifhvSpGmaom wpfurm[kac:aom tcsdefukefvGefoGm;
wkdif; vlwkdUaexkdif&m pMum0Vm avmu"mwf [kac:aom MoumoavmuBuD;wpfckwpfck ysufpD;oGm;

av&m ,if;odkU ysufpD; ukefqkH;oGm;aom urmavmutaygif;udk ck q,f &m *Pef;cs aGUrQ [k
rowfrSwfEkdif?
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Snfvsm;aom
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urmtoacFs
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umvjzifh wkdif;wmowfrSwf&\? owfrSwfykHrSm (u)
igwdkU a*gwrbk&m;tavmif; okar"m&aohudk {uefbk&m;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k Asm'dwfay;awmf

rlcJhaom
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y&dedAmef
pHvGefawmfrlNyD;onfhaemuf
urmtoacFs
ukefvGefaomtcg om&rnfaom wpfckaomurm aum@nrnfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;

yGifhxGef;awmfrlvm\? 'DyuF&m jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\tMum;umvudk urmtoacFswpfck[k
owfrSwf&\/
(c)
xdkaum@njrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf urmtoacFs ukefvGefoGm;

aomtcg
om&r@rnfaom
urm
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(*)
xkd om&r@urmrS aemufqkH; aombdwbk&m;Sif y&dedAmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf

0&rnfaom urm taem'rDbk&m; y'krbk&m; em&'bk&m; [l bk&m;okH;ql
yGifhawmfrl\? ,cif aombdwbk&m;SifESifh taem'rDbk&m;SifwdkU\ tMum;umvudk
wwd, urmtoacFs[k owfrSwf&\/
(C)
em&'jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmef pHvGefawmfrlNyD;aemuf urmtoacFs ukefvGefoGm;aomtcg

y'krkw&jrwfpGmbk&m;
jrwfpGmbk&m;wkdU\
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tMum;
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xkd
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urmtoacFs[k
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enf;tm;jzifh urmtoacFsav;ck (av;toacFs) jzpf\/

(i)
xkdy'krkw&jrwfpGmbk&m;Sif y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD;aemuf urmwpfodef; ukefvGefaomtcg

,ck igwkdU\ b'rnfaom urm uukoE jrwfpGmbk&m; aumPm*re jrwfpGmbk&m;
uy jrwfpGmbk&m; a*gwr jrwfpGmbk&m; [l bk&m;av;ql yGifhNyD;avNyD? y'krkw&
852
tpodkU

jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmef pHvGefNyD;aemuf b'urm uukoef jrwfpGmbk&m;txd
xdkukefvGefoGm;aom urmwpfodef;udk xyfxnfhvQif a*gwrbk&m; yg&rDjznfh&aom
av;toacFsESifh urmwpfodef; jzpfayawmhonf/
(Ak'0HoygVd 382ESifh p&d,myd#u tXuxm ESm - 15 wGif Munfhyg/)
rm yd#uor'gaee *PSdw\ qdkvdk&if;

20/
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwdkYonf ]]rm yd#uor'gaee *PSdw}} [laom auorkwdokwf ygVd0gus
udk vufokH;yNyD;vQif ]]Ak'0ifusrf;rsm;wGif Ak'*kPfawmfudk xdcdkufaom taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym; yg0ifaeonfudk

jiif;qdkEkdifvQif
jiif;qkdyg}}
Ak'0ifa'oemawmfudk
[k
wifjyajymqdkum
xkwfy,fvkdMu\?
olwdkU\
kyf0g'tjrifjzifh
trSefwu,ftm;jzifhum;
rudkufnDaom
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ygVd0gus\
qdkvdk&if;rSm rmyd#uor'gaee *PSdw = igonf pmayusrf;*efwwfajrmufNyD;ol jzpfonf[l rdrd\

usrf;*efwwfajrmufrIudk
tm;udk;tm;xm;yNyD;vQif
pum;
t,l0g'onf
igoif,lxm;aom
usrf;*efESifh udkufnDonf[l twnftNrJ pGJrSwfrxm;Muukefvifh? odkUqkd\/

Ak'0ifa'oem paom w&m;awmfrsm;onf igwkdU oif,lzwfIxm;aom pmtkyf pmtkyf
rsm;ESifh udkufnDonf[k twnftNrJ pGJrSwfrxm;Muvifh[k qdkvdkonfr[kwf? igbk&m;\ pum;ukdvnf;
,kHoifhrS,kHMu xkwfy,foifhu xkwfy,fMu[lvnf; qdkvdkonfr[kwf/
21/
trsdK;rsdK;
trSefpifppf xdkacwf xdktcgu auorkwrnfaom ed*kH;GmBuD;okdU bmoma&; *kdPf;q&m

yk*dKvftrsdK;rsdK;
a&mufvmwwfMu\?
xdkyk*dKvfrsm;teuf
usrf;*efESHUpyfwwfajrmufol
q&mwql[k txifBuD;cHae&aom yk*dKvfwcsdKUonf olwyg; txifao;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh rodvQif

rodaMumif;
Sif;Sif;bGif;bGif;
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pdppf&rnf? vufcHoifhrS vufcH&rnf/
22/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf umvmrtrsdK;om;wkdUtm; aS;OD;pGm uJhokdU trSm;trSefukd a0zefap
vkdaomaMumifh ]]ax wkarS umvmrm rm tEka0e rm y&r&m, rm yd#uor'gaee}} [laom

pum;rsm;jzifh tpcsDNyD;vQif raumif;usdK;ay;aom tukodkvfESifh aumif;usdK;ay;aom ukodkvfwkdUudk rdrdwkdU
udk,fwkdifodatmif ud;pm;tm;xkwf&efESifh xdkodkUodaomtcg tukodkvfudk y,fpGefU ukodkvfw&m;udk
ud;pm;tm;xkwfyvkyf&ef
tus,fw0ifh
tqkH;tr
Mo0g'ay;aomtm;jzifh
auorkwdokwfudk
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonf/
853
tpodkU
23/

,if;odkUaom tpDtpOfjzifh a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom auorkwdokwfrS ]]rm yd#uor'g
aee *PSdw}} [laom pum;0gusudk vGJrSm;pGm t"dym,faumuf,ltokH;yum (0g) vufeuftjzpf

tokH;csum rdrdwdkU qkyfudkifxm;aom kyf0g'tjrifjzifh rudkufnDwkdif; rdrdwdkU PfrrDwkdif; oHo,0ifwkdif;
b,fokwf
b,fygVd
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bk&m;a[m
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toif;tyif;zGJUNyD; ud;pm;aeMujcif;onf rvkyfoifh rvkyfxkdufaom omoemzsufonfh vkyf&yfom

jzpfayonf/
xdkUjyif Ak'ygVdawmf Ak'*kPfawmfudk xdcdkufapaom taMumif;t&m trsm;tjym; yg0ifonf[k
a&;om;ajymqdkaeMuaomfvnf;
rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;onf
Ak'*kPfawmfudk
xdcdkufaponf[k
twdtus racsqdkMu? trSefwu,ftm;jzifh Ak'0ifygVdawmf (u)
aS;bk&m;SifwdkU txHawmf a*gwrbk&m;tavmif;awmf Asm'dwfcH,lawmfrlykH?
(c)
bk&m;tavmif;awmfonf 'ge oDv tpSdaom yg&rDq,fyg; olawmfaumif;w&m;wkdU

udk bk&m;jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;tjzpfjzifh pl;prf;qifjcif okH;oyfawmfrlykH?
(*)
aS;aS;bk&m;SifwdkUonf
ow0gwdkU\tusdK;udk
aqmifGufawmfrlykH
ow0gwdkUudk
oHo&m0#f'kurS u,fwifawmfrlykH odkU tp&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a[mMum;xm;ayonf? xkdAk'0ifygVdawmf b,ftcsufrQ

Ak'*kPfawmfudk xdckdufapjcif;rSd? dk;om;jzLpifaom apwemo'gw&m;SdSdjzifh zwfIMum;em olrsm;twGuf
tvGefMunfdkzG,f pdwfESvkH;csrf;ajrhzG,f ygVdawmfBuD;om jzpfonf/
pk'dwuyk*dKvfwkdU\ pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS (u) (c) paom

aumufEkwfcsuf pum;&yfrsm;udk pdppfokH;oyfcsuf
24/
(u)
(c)
paom
Ak'0ifudk
ykwfcwfonfhpum;&yfrsm;onf
rdrdwkdUr,kHMunfvQif
r,kHMunfovdk at;at; aq;aq;raeMubJ ,kHMunfolwdkUtm; apmfum;vsuf dkaoav;pm;jcif;

uif;rJhpGmjzifh ajymifavSmif jyufacsmf oa&mufapmfum; a&;om;xm;onfjzpf&um; apm'uyk*dKvfwkdU
apm'emonfhtwkdif;yif omoemawmf ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; ajymqkdaom pum;rsm; trSefjzpfayonf/
xkdpum;&yfrsm;wGif (u)
]]bk&m;tavmif;awmfewfom;
bk&m;jzpfrnfhol[k
udk,fwkdifrodaomudpudk
odxm;ESifhovdkvdk
ewfjA[mwdkUu
wifpD;xm;vkdufMuonf}}
[laom
udwifNyD;
pum;udk
pdppfokH;oyf&aomfbk&m;ryGifhxGef;rD ESpfaygif;wpfaxmiftcsdefuyif ok'hg0gojA[mwkdUonf ]]tcsif;wkdY tESpf

wpfaxmifausmfvGefvQif oAkwbk&m; yGihfxGef;ay:vmvdrfhrnf? oAkwbk&m; yGifhxGef;ay:vm vdrfhrnf}}
[k vSnfhvnf a<u;aMumfaeMujcif;aMumifh Ak'aumvm[vpum;onf ewfjA[mwdkU tcsif;csif;awGUqkHrdu
854
tpodkU
ajymqdkaeus pum;jzpf\? xdkUaMumifh bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;onf vmrnfh

'kwd,b0 rdrdudk,fukd bk&m;jzpfrnfh yk*dKvf[k rodEkdifp&m taMumif;rSday/
25/
xdkUjyif oufwrf;&Snfaomewfjynf jzpfMuaom yg&rDrjynfhonfh bk&m;tavmif;
ewfom;wdkUonf ewfjynf yg&rDjznfh&ef cJ,Of;vSaomaMumifh ewfoufwrf; ukefqkH;onfhtxd ewfjynf

raeMuawmhbJ ewfoufudkacRum vlUjynf y#doaEaeMu\? bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk
ewfom;onfum; vmrnfh'kwd,b0 {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpf&ef yg&rDawmfrsm; jynfhpkHNyD; jzpf&um;
ewfoufwrf;ukefonftxd wkwdomewfjynf ae\? xkdUaMumifh ]]'ged teEa& tw bma0 Aka'g
b0dmrd}} [laom okwfr[m0gtXuwm 21-ESifhtnD bk&m;tvmif; aowauwkewfom;rSm ]]igonf
vmrnfh 'kwd,b0 {uefrkcs bk&m;jzpfrnf}} [k odonfomjzpfonf/ (ZmwftXuxm y - 57?
Ak'0HotXuxm? 317/ 'DCedum,f r[m0*tXuxm 20/)
(c) owfaocdkif;onf[laom pum;&yfrsm; pdppfcsuf

26/
(c)
pum;
pMum0Vmwaomif;rS
ewfjA[m
taygif;wdkUu
bk&m;tavmif;
ewfom;tm; udk,fhudk,fudk owfaocdkif;onf[k orm'd|dokawoe tzGJUom;wkdU\ a&;om;csufudk

txl;pdppfp&m rvdk? ,kwfrmvSaom apwemqdk;jzifh rMum;aumif;remom a&;om;xm;onf[kom
qdk&awmhrnf? aowauwk ewfom;crsmrSm ewfpnf;pdrfyif cHpm;cGifhr&awmhbJ vufuwD;Mum;rS
acR;,dkpD;um rdIifawGvsuf pkawcJh&onf[k a&;om;xm;onfrSmvnf; wd0kwfygVdawmf 247 ESifh
,if;t|uxm 249-wdkU\ tqdktrdefUudk wpfqifhpum; wpfqifhem;jzifh rjynfhrpHkMum;zl;xm;onfudk
twnfyum ysufacsmfacsmf a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpf\? tjynfhtpHkum; odkU jzpf\/
ewfwdkU pkawcgeD; a&SUajy;edrdwfig;rsdK;

27/
ewfwdkU pkawaovGefjcif; ryrD vlwdkU\ta&twGufjzifh ckepf&ufavmufu udwif
aoawmhrnfh txdrf;trSwf aSUajy;edrdwfig;yg; txiftSm; jyvmukef\/

(u)
ewfjzpfptcsdefu (y#doaEaepOfu) yefqifvmcJhaom yef;rsm;dk;EGrf;ukef\/
(c)
0wfqifxm;aom ewf0wfwefqmrsm; npfEGrf;ukef\/
(*)
vufuwD;Mum;rS acR;aygufrsm; ,kdpD;vmukef\/
(C)
aS;uuJhodkU
udk,fa&mifudk,f0g
wvufvuf
rxGufEdkifawmhbJ
kyfysufqif;ysuf
jzpfvmum udk,fcEm yifyef;dk;EGrf; vm\/

(i)
xdkewfonf aS;uuJhodkU ol\bHkAdrmef ewforD;rsm;ESifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg; raeEdkifawmhbJ

pdwfom,m csrf;ajrhrIuif; ysif;&dNiD;aiGUvm\/
855
tpodkU
aSUajy;edrdwfig;rsdK;onf ewfwdkif;rSm xifay:vmonf r[kwf? vlUjynf ajrivsif wkefvIyfjcif;

tp&Sdaom
edrdwfwdkUonf
bkef;wefcdk;BuD;aom
bk&ifrsm;twGufom
xifay:vmukefouJhodkU
wefcdk;BuD;aomewfrsm;rSmom xdkaSUajy;edrdwfrsm; xifSm;vmukef\? ,if;odkU xifay:vmaomtcgvnf;

ightwGuf pkawaovGefzdkUaSUajy;edrdwfawG xifay:vmjyD? rMumrD igaoawmhrnf[l aozdkUaSUajy;edrdwf
jzpfaMumif;ukd ewfwdkif; odonfr[kwf? vlUjynf edrdwfzwfwwfaomol euwfem;vnfol ynmSifrsm;om
aSUajy;edrdwfudk odEdkifouJhodkU ynmSdaom ewfrsm;om odEdkifukef\/
28/
aS;aS;wkef;u ycJhaom ukodkvfaumif;rIenf;yg;aom ewfrsm;onf xdkedrdwfrsm;ukd
jrif&aomtcg aMumufGHUxdwfvefUMuukef\? ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;pGm ycJh qnf;yl;cJhaom ewfrsm;rSmum;

]]igwdkUrSm 'ge oDv bm0emawG tqifoifh&SdjyD; jzpf txufewfjynfrSm jzpf&awmhrnf}}[k aocsmpGm
odojzifh aMumufGHU xdwfvefUjcif; rSdukef? bk&m;tavmif;awmf aowauwk ewfom;rSmvnf; 'ge oDv
paom yg&rDawmfrsm;tjynfhtpHk jznfhusifhjyD;jzpf&um; ewfb0u pkawjyD;aemuf vlUjynfa&mufvQif
{uefrkcs bk&m;jzpfawmhrnf[k taotcsm odjyD;jzpfaomaMumifhaMumufGHUxdwfvefUjcif; tvQif;r&SdbJ
pkawcgeD;tcsdef pdwf"mwfMunfom vGefpGm csrf;ajrh aysmfarGUawmfrl\/
vlUjynf y#doaEae&ef ewfjA[mwdkU awmif;yefjcif;

29/
wpfaomif;aom pMum0VmrS
ewfjA[mwdkUonf bk&m;tavmif;awmf ewfom;tm;
xdkaSUajy;edrdwfrsm; ray:xifrD (tcsdefrusrD)u udwif awmif;yefMuonf r[kwfukef? aSUajy;erdwfrsm;

xifay:jyorSomvQif wnDwGwfwnf; a&mufvmMujyD;vQif tavmif;awmf ewfom;tm; bk&m;jzpf&ef
vlUjynfodkUqif;
r,fawmf0rf;wdkuf
y#doaEaeawmfrlygrnfhtaMumif;
atmufygtwdkif;
awmif;yefMuukef\/
umavm acg aw r[m0D&? OyZ rmwkukpd,H/
oa'0uH wm&,aEm? AkZk trwH y'H (ck? 4? 305) /
jrefrmjyef
vHkUv0D&d, jyif;jyBuD;rm;awmfrlaom tdk tavmif;awmfewfom; bk&m;jzpf&m umvtcsdef
usa&mufygjyD? r,fawmf 0rf;wdkuf pGJydkufoaEwnfaeawmfrlyg? ewfESifhwuGaom ow0gtaygif;udk
u,fwifawmfrlum aojcif;uif;&m trdufedAmefudk PfrsufpdwGif; Sif;vif;ay:xifodjrifawmfrlyg/
xdktcg bk&m;tavmif;awmfewfom;onf bk&m;jzpfxdkufaom tcsdef bk&m;jzpf&m uRef;
bk&m;jzpf&m
a'o
bk&m;jzpf&m
trsdK;
r,fawmf\
touf
tydkif;tjcm;
ig;rsdK;wdkUudk
MunfhawmfrljyD;vQif awmif;yefvmMuaom ewfjA[mwdkUtm; 0efcHcsufy#dnmOfay;um ewfjynfrS pkaw

r,fawmfrm,ma'0D\ 0rf;wdkuf y#doaEaeawmfrlayonf/
(okwf r[m0g r[my'geokwf t|uwm 20? 21? 22/)
856
tpodkU

(*) qifjzLawmftdyfruf pum;&yfudk pdppfcsuf
30/
r,fawmf
tdyfrufay;&aumif;vm;?
r[mrm,ma'0D
tdyfrufay;cef;zGifhqdk&m
ewfom;acsmacsmvSvSav;
t[dwfwd&pmefBuD;
tdyfrufray;&aumif;vm;[k
opm"rpmapmif
tusdK;udk vdkvm;ovdka&;om;xm;\? tu,f ewfom;vSvSav; tdyfrufay;onf qdkygvQifvnf;

OD;Ou|\wynfh
r,fawmfrm,mudk
ewfom;ESifh
azmufjyefonf[k
pGyfpGJMurnfom jzpfonf? trSefpifppf t,medaom reodum& tukodkvfpdwfxm;jzifh rav;rpm;

Iwfcsa&;om;aeMujcif;om jzpf\? t[dwf wd&pmefqifBuD;[k pk'dwuwdkUu Iwfcsxm;aomfvnf;
dk;dk;qif r[kwfbJ qifjzLawmf&wemBuD;tjzpf tdyfrufjrifrufjcif; jzpfayonf/
31/
bk&m;tavmif;\ r,fawmf r[mrm,ma'0Donf bk&m;tavmif;awmf y#doaEaernfh
0gqdkvjynfhaeUwGif eHeufapmapm tdyf&mrSx eHUomjzifh a&csdK;jyD;um av;odef;ukeftvBuD; ay;v\?

xdkUaemuft0wfwefqmrsm; 0wfqifjyD; aumif;jrwfaom abmZOfudk pm;aomuf Spfyg;oDvudk
aqmufwnfvsuf usufoa&aqmifwkdufcef;odkU 0ifjyD; tdyf&may: avsmif;puftdyfaysmfaepOftcsdefwGif
ewfrif;BuD;
av;a,mufwdkUonf
r[mrm,ma'0Dudk
tdyf&mckwifESifhwuG
csDr
[dr0EmodkU
o,faqmifoGm;jyD;vQif ,lZem 60-&Sdaom aq;'ef; jrif;oDvm ausmufjzmay:0,f ckESpf,lZemSdaom

tifMuif;yifBuD; wpfyif\ atmuf csxm;jyD;aemuf rdrdwdkUurl oifhavsmfonfh ae&m &yfaeMuukef\?
xdktcg xkdewfrif;BuD;wdkU\ewforD;wdkUonf r[mrm,ma'0Dudk taemwwtdkifodkU o,faqmifoGm;jyD;vQif
vlUtnpftaMu; oefUpifzdkUtwGuf a&csdK;apjyD;um ewf0wfwefqmudk 0wfqifvsuf ewfwdkU\ eHUomjzifh
vdrf;usH
ewfyef;udkvnf;
yefqifapjyD;
xdktaemwwtdkifteD;Sd
aiGawmiftwGif;rS
aTAdrmef
taSUodkUOD;acgif;yum ewftdyf&mudk cif;ay;jyD;tdyfapMuukef\/

32/
xdktcg teD;tem;&Sd aTawmifrS qifjzLawmfBuD;wpfpD; qif;vmjyD;vQif aiGawmifay:odkU
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35/
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rdefUMum;awmfrlayonf/
(ps) (n) (#) anmifyifoaE paom pum;&yfudk pDppfcsuf

45/(ps) ]]anmifwpfyifrSm trnfrodolwpfOD;u ay;vkduf bk&m;tavmif; r,fawmfrSm od'w
oaE&onf}} [l a&;om;xm;aom aTtbd"rm aMunmcsufrSm Ak'0ifusrf;rsm;
vHk;0rygbJvsuf pnf;rapmifhbJ apmfapmfum;um; a&;csif&m a&;xm;aom tremy
pum;omjzpfonf/
(n)
aMunmcsufrSmvnf;
(ps)uJhodkUyif
Ak'0ifudk
tremy
a&;om;jcif;jzifh
bk&m;tavmif;awmfESifh r,fawmf crnf;awmfrsm;\ *kPfodumudkao;odrf arS;rdefap&ef

tm;xkwfcsuf jzpfaomaMumifh ynmSdolawmfaumif;wdkU pufqkyfp&m em;rcsrf;omp&m
qJa&;wdkif;xGmjcif;rsm;omwnf;? xdkUaMumifh (ps) (n) tydk'fwdkUudktus,fw0ifh pdppfzdkU
rvdkawmhay/
46/
]](#) bk&m;tavmif;awmf zGm;jrifaomaeU e*dku rsufpdrjrifaomolrsm; jrifMuonf?
em;rMum;olrsm;vnf; Mum;Muonf? roGm;EdkifrvmEdkif qGHUaeol roefpGrf;olrsm;vnf; oefoefpGrf;pGrf;

oGm;Edkif
vmEdkifMuonf}}[k
okwfr[m0g
r[my'geokwf
t|uxm
32-azmfjyxm;\/
xdktaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm aTtbdd"rm aMunmcsuf a&;xm;\/

47/
,if;odkUaom tjzpfqef;wdkUudk urmordkif;wdkU ryg r,HkEdkif[kqdkjcif;rSm pum;uyfudk;
oabmwpfrsdK;jzifh qdkjcif;om jzpfonf? tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf urmordkif;[lonfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;
863
tpodkU
vufxufawmftxd
aS;usaejyDjzpfaom
vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifhig;&mausmfudk
rqdkxm;bd
Ak'jrwfpGmaemuf ESpf 200-ausmfcefU aemufusonfh taomuacwf\ tjzpfoepf txl;tqef;wdkUudkyif

rSwfwrf;rwifEdkifMuao;ay? trSeftm;jzifh c&pfESpf(at'D) tpyjyD;aemufydkif;rSom ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;
toifhtwifh
jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
SdvmcJhjcif;
jzpfojzifh
ordkif;rSwfwrf;wdkUwGifryg
r,Hk[kqdk&vQif
rnfonfhbmom0g'udkrQ vufcHp&mr&Sdawmhay? xdkUaMumifh Ak'bmom0if[k qdkygvsuf bk&m;a[mxuf

urmordkif;q&mwdkU\ rSwfwrf;udkom wpfzufowf ,HkMunftm;xm;aeMuaom rsufpdwpfzufjrif
yk*dKvfrsm;onf
aemifoHo&ma&;twGuf
tvGefoem;p&maumif;aom
yk*dKvfrsm;jzpfonf[k
a0zefawmfrlMuonf/
odyHynmjzifh vdkuf rrDEdkifaom Ak'a'oemawmf

48/
jrwfpGmbk&m;w&m;awmfESifh odyHynmwdkU\ OD;wnfcsufrSm jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;jzpf
tvGefyifuGmjcm;vS\?
odyHynmonf
kyf0wKj'Afqdkif&m
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;ESifh
zsufqD;a&;odkU
OD;wnfae\? topftqef;jzpfaom avmuDtmkH umr*kPf toHk;taqmifwdkUudk qef;onfxuf

qef;Mu,fatmif wDxGifaejcif;tm;jzifh avmbpaom udavompdwf"mwfwdk;yGm;a&; oHo&m0#f'ku
us,fjyefUa&;odkUOD;wnfae\? jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfonfum; xdkumr*kPftmHkwdkUudk taMumif;y
xdkavmb ponfrjzpfatmif csKyfwnf;a&;ESifh avmbponf ukefcef; 0#f'kurSvGwfajrmufa&;
twGufom OD;wnfvsufSdayonf/
49/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ,if;odkU OD;wnfvsufyif -
(u)
twdwf?
ypKyef?
tem*wfumvwdkU
jzpfjyD;?
jzpfqJ?
jzpfvwHaom
oHo&m0#f'ku[kac:aom vlUb0? ewfjA[mb0? wd&pmefb0? jydwmb0wdkUudkvnf;

okcr[kwf 'kutrSef ('kuopm) [l a[mawmfrl\/
(c)
xdkoHo&m0#f'kutrsdK;rsdK;udk
okcxifumcifrifwG,fwmaeaom
wPSmavmbudk
'kujzpfaMumif;trSef (ork',opm) [lvnf; a[mMum;awmfrl\?

(*)
xdk'ku\csKyfjidrf;&m
tjidrf;"mwfedAmefonf
{uefSd\[kodjrifawmfrlonfhtwdkif;
tjidrf;"mwfedAmef (eda&m"opm) udkvnf;a[mMum;awmfrl\/

(C)
xdkedAmefodkU
a&mufaMumif;
tusifhaumif;tusifhrSef
0dyemw&m;
r*ifw&m;wnf;[laom r*opmudkvnf; a[mMum;awmfrl\/

,if;odkU a[mMum;awmfrltyfaom opmav;yg;w&m;udkum; tb,fodyHynmrQ vdkufrrDEdkif?
tb,fodyHynmESifhrQ
prf;oyfodyHrjzpfEdkif?
xdkopmav;yg;udk
odjrifaom
oEd|du?
tumvdu[kac:aom todPfynmjzifhom prf;oyfEdkif\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif odjrif 'ku

opmpm&if; xnfhoGif;a[mMum;tyfaom ewfb0 jA[mb0? jydwmb0 aojyD;aemuf jzpf&rnfh
864
tpodkU
wrvGefb0 trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; dk;dk;rsufpdjzifhomru euwfMunfhrSefajymif;jzifhvnf; MunfhrjrifEdkif?

odyHynmjzifhvnf;
prf;oyf
xdkuJhodkUdk;dk;rsufpdjzifhvnf;
r&Edkif?
rjrifEdkif?
'dApuKtbdnmOfjzifhom
odyHynmjzifhvnf;prf;oyf
jrifEdkif?
prf;oyfEdkifayonf?
r&EdkifaomAk'a'oemawmfvm
taMumif;t&mrsm;u rdrdwdkUPfrrDwdkif; ,kwdr&Sd[l vnf;aumif; aemufrS xnfhaom ygVd[l

vnf;aumif; xkwfy,f&ef ud;pm;jcif;onf rw&m;rIudk usK;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf/
EdkifiHjcm; bmomjcm;wdkU\ vufcsuf

50/
Ak'0ifudk Ak'Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwdkif ra[m[k qdkum Ak'aMumif;&m twKywfwdkUudk
trsdK;rsdK; ysuf&,fyMuaom orm'd|dtzGJU0ifwdkU\ ta&;tom; tajymtqdkrsm;rSm Ak'0g'D r[kwfaom

taemufEdkifiH ordkif; okawoDwdkU\ t,ltq ta&;tom;rsm;rS jrpfzsm;cHonfudk awGU&onf? pifppf
orm'd|dokawoe toif;0ifwdkUonf rdrdwdkUPfjzifh ajymwwfajymMujcif; r[kwfay? oD;jcm;
0denf;"dk&fq&mawmfwdkU\ &yfwnfcsuft& ax&0g' yd#uygVdt|uxm abmifr0ifaom tcsufwdkUudk
ajzSif;qHk;jzwf&ef
wm0efrSdaomfvnf;
txifvGJrSm;Edkifonfh
tcsufrsm;udk
tcsdKUaom
Ak'bmom0if
&[ef;Sifvlrsm;oHo,0ifum
pk'dwuyk*dKvfrsm;uwifjyvmojzifh
EdkifiHjcm;
pmayrsm;rS
xkwfEkwfoHk;oyf jyOD;tHh/
51/
Ak'onf
q&mwpfqlom
tcsdKUaomokwfwdkU
jzpfaMumif;udkjyqdk
olonforPwpfOD;omjzpfaMumif;
aS;b0
wpfenf;tm;jzifh
taMumif;t&mrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
aS;bk&m;rsm;
taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; razmfjycJhay? xdkUaMumifh Ak'0g' tOD;tpydkif; bk&m;tqlql[laom oDtdk&D

(tawG;t,l) rSdaMumif;? aemufrS Ak'(7)ql [laom 0g'ay:vmaMumif; ,if; Ak' 6-ql? 7-ql [laom
0g'onfyif tvGef aS;usvSonf r[kwfaMumif;? [de,me r[m,e Ak'0g'D*dkPf;aygif;pHk trnfemrcsif;
wlaomfvnf; tjcm;t&mESifh twKywd rwlnDaMumif;? Ak'0ifygVdawmf t|uxmum; Ak' 27-ql
jzpfvmaMumif;? wGif tjcm;*dkPf;rsm;u 'Dy*F& bk&m;wpfqlwGifom tqdkwl tjcm; bk&m;rsm;wGif
ta&twGufESifh trnfemr uGJjym;pGm Sdonf[k tD;a*saomrwf qdkolu ol\ ]]Ak'0g' tawG;tac:
ordkif;}} ESm 147-wGif qdkonf/
52/
tvm;wlyif 'DCedum,f? r[m0* r[mt'geokwfudk t*Fvdyfbmomjyefqdkaom
pDattufdkufpfa';Apf qkdolu ,if;okwf\ed'gef;wGif odkU qdk\ ]]Ak'onf
tjcm;&[Em
om0uwdkUxuf
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
BuddhaDoctrine
wpfydifeuf
ty,fcH&avawmhonf?
bk&m;tqlql[laom
0g'0ifvm&m
r*opm
]]udk,fh[mudk,ftm;xkwf?
txl;xl;aom
bk&m; tjrwfqHk;0g' ay:vmonfESifh
wefcdk;jym#d[mwdkUESifh jynfhpHkoljzpfonf}} [laom

t&d,r*if[laom
oAkwPf
Ak'udk
trTef;wifvGef;&mrS
udk,fh[mudk,fcsKyfwnf;}}
[laom
aS;tpOftvmudk arhaysmufypfvdkufMuawmh\? trSefopmxuf bk&m;tjrwfqHk;0g' wnf;[laom
865
tpodkU
aygif;jrufuxlvmawmhonf? bmom0g'topfxlaxmifzdkU wlnDaom tajccHtcsufrsm;t& (aAm"dow)

tavmif;vsmrsm;onf ESpfumv urmjcm;jyD;rS ay:vmMuonf[k tdEd,om;rsm; cH,lxm;Mu\?
cH,lcsufwGifvnf; Ak'0g'u aSUwef;rS ajy;aeonf/
53/
aS;a[mif; Ak'pmayrsm;wGif Ak'0g'ESifh Ak'tqlql0g' a&maESmzufpyfum yg0ifvm\/
(u)
okwedygwf yAZokwfbk&m;rjzpfrD tavmif;awmfb0 Sdao;aom a*gwrudk ]]t*rm
Oyrm&mZ0wH Aka'grm*"eH *d&dAZH}} Ak'onf r*"wdkif;om;wdkU\ EGm;jcHyrm awmif 5

vHk;um&Hxm;aom &mZ*d[fodkU qGrf;cHBuGvmonf[k Ak'[laom pum;vHk;udk oHk;um
qdkxm;onf/
(c)
]]Ak'H a0&w,mwDwH r,H ykpmr a*gwrH}} avmb a'go ponf ab;&efudk vGefjyD;aom
a*gwrEG,fzGm; Ak'udkjyem ar;avQmuftHh [l okwedygwf awr0wokwf Ak'udk
&nfTef;aom pum;vHk;udk wd0kwf yxr&m*okwf ]]Ca0&b,mwDwH tm[k
oAy[m,DeH}} avmb a'go ab;&efwdkUudk vGefjyD;aom? tvHk;pHkaom tukodkvfudk
y,fjyD;aom &[ef;udk ]Ak'}[k qdkMuonf[k omref &[Emrsm;twGuf oHk;EIef;xm;onfudk
awGU&onf?
xdkUaMumifh
Ak'ESifh
om0u&[Em
rsm;pGmruGmjcm;vS
aAm"dowudk
vnf;aumif;? omref&[Emudkvnf;aumif;? a*gwrudk vnf;aumif; Ak'o'ga[monf[k

qdkvdkonff/
(*)
aAm"dyif teD;w0dkufwGif aepOfESifh "rpMum a[mawmfrlpOf Ak'udk&nfTef; ormorK'[laom pum;vHk; oHk;onfudk awGU&jyD;? ,if;ESifhwGJzufaom t&[Em-[laom yk'frSm
tjcm; wynfh&[Emrsm;ESifh qufqHvsufSdonfudk jrif&aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
(C)
rZdredum,f
Oy&dyPmo
aw0dZ0pa*gwokwf
ighudk]]aw0dZ}}
[kqdkvQif
trSefqdk&ma&mufaMumif;? Ak'udk,fawmfwdkif rdefUqdkaom pum;t& aw0dZ (0dZm 3yg;&ol)
tjzpfjzifh
tjcm;
om0u&[EmwdkUESifh
Ak'rsm;pGm
awGUjrif&aomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;?
Ak'udk
obm0xufydkvGefaom
*kPfyk'fwdkUjzifh
tvGeftuRHqdkum
ruGm;jcm;vSonfudk
vlom;r[kwfaom
Ak'0g'udk
vlom;wdkU\
aESmif;vlwdkU
xGifvmMuonf/
54/
,if;odkU xGifvmcJhaom Ak'*kPfyk'frsm;udk av;eufap&ef Ak'jzpfaMumif; yg&rDwdkUudk
zefwD;Mujyefum Ak'tpOftvmudkjy&ef bk&m; 6-ql 0g'udkwDxGifjyefum r[my'geokwfudk a&;pD

yd#uxJ xnfhoGif;Muonf[k qdkavonf/ um; dkufpfa';Apf\ tqdkwnf;/
866
tpodkU
rQru tD;a*saomrwfpf\ "rordkif; ESm-133- odkUqdkxm;ao;\/

Here everything that we learn in the scriptures about his personal history is coloured by
dogmatic views comcerning the nature & destiny of a Buddha and of those acts which were essential
steps in his career.
jrefrmjyef
ol\ udk,fa&;&mZ0ifESifh pyf yd#upmayrsm; uREkfyfwdkUawGU&aom tcsuftvufwdkif;onf
Ak'ESifh Ak'\bk&m;tjzpfa&mufatmif tm;xkwf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom (ajcvSrf;rsm;)[k qdktyfaom
tytrlrsm;\obm0ESifh yef;wdkifudk taMumif;y "rpGJtaejzifh cs,frIef;xm;tyfaomtcsufrsm;om
jzpfonf/
55/
wpfzef csm;vfpf tDvDa,mhqdkolu ol\ ][dEL0g'ESifh Ak'0g'} [laompmtkyf twGJ-1?
ESm-342- "r\ tqufrjywf wnf&SdaeyHkESifh ,if;"rudk a[majymqHk;ryHkrsm; acwftrsdK;rsdK; wlnDyHkudk

tav;teufyap&ef r[my'geokwfjzifh bk&m; 7-qltaMumif;udk azmfxkwfMuonf [lvnf;aumif;?
wzef ESm-343 ]]bk&m; 7-qltjyif tjcm;Ak'rsm;SdaMumif; okwef ygwefVdawmfrsm; azmfjyjcif;
rSdaMumif;?
Ak'0Hoac:
aemufa&;usrf;um;
bk&m;25-ql
azmfxkwfMujyefaMumif;?
*sdef;(wdwuF&)bk&m;rsm; 24-ql&Sdjcif; AdoQEk\ t0wm& 0ifpm;bk&m;rsm;vnf; tcsdKUtrSwftom;t&

24-yg;yifSdjcif;wdkUonf wpfurmESifh wpfurm SdEdkifaom olawmfjrwfwdkUudk cefUrSef;wGufcsufjcif;tay:
wnfaom
ta&twGufrsm;
jzpfzG,fSdaMumif;
25-qlaom
Ak'0ifwdkU\
t&yftjrifhESifhyGifh&mESpf
tydkif;tjcm;rsm;onf ydkvGefaom yrmPrsm; jzpfaMumif; qdkxm;avonf/

56/
,if;pmtkyf ESm-343 onfrQru qdkxm;yHku -
The biographies of these Buddhas are bridf and monotonous. They also record how each met
gotama in one of his previous births and prophasied his future glory. The object of these biographies
is less to give imformation about previous Buddhas than to trace the career of gotama as a
Bodhisattra.
]]bk&m;SifwdkU\ twKywdrsm;onf wdkusOf; wyHkpHwnf;&SdMuonf? toD;oD;aom bk&m;SifwdkU

a*gwrESifh awGUqHk aemif Ak'jzpfrnfhtaMumif; Asm'dwfpum; rdefUMum;awmfrlyHkudk ,if;twKywdrsm;u
rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf? ,if;odkU Ak'jzpfawmfrlpOfrsm;udk xkwfazmf&jcif;\ &nfG,fcsufrSm aS;bk&m;SifwdkU
taMumif;udk ajymvdkonfxuf a*gwrbk&m;avmif;b0yg&rDjznfhyHkudk jyvdkjcif;u ydkavonf}}.....[l
jzpfonf/
867
tpodkU
57/

tD;a*saomrwfpf\
"rordkif;pmrsufESm
279-
ajrmufydkif;
ty'gef
usrf;pm
wpfapmifjzpfaom 'dAsm0'geusrf;wGif twKywdSif 38-yg; (35-r[kwf)SdaMumif;tqdkukdawGUMujyefonf/

txufygEkdifiHjcm; bmomtjcm;vlrsdK;wdkU\ a&;om;csuf rl&if;wdkUudk orm'd|dokawoeorm;wdkU\
Ak'bmompGyfpGJykwfcwfcsufrsm;ESifh
EIdif;,SOfMunfhonfSdaomf
rdrdwdkUmPfpGrf; mPfpr&SdbJ EdkifiHjcm;u Ak'bmom ysufpD;a&; a0zefcsufwdkUudk EdkUoufcHpdkUxm;aMumif;

awGU&ayvdrfhrnf?
Ak'bmomudk
wdkufcdkuf&mwGif
bmomjcm;wdkUESifh
kyf0g'DwdkUvufwGJrdaom
tcsufoufaoaywnf;/
EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkU\ a&;om;csufudk &Sif;vif;csuf

58/
EdkifiHjcm;om;
tcgtm;avsmfpGm
bmomjcm;wdkU\txufygtcsufrsm;udk
udk,fawmfjrwf
udk,fwdkifu
rdrdudk,fudk
wpfckpD&Sif;jyygtHh?
owm(q&m)[l
Ak'onf
vnf;aumif;?
ormorK'(trSef udk,fwdkifodol)[lvnf;aumif;? t&[E(vlewfjA[mtm;vHk;wdkU\ ylaZmftxl;udk

cHxdkufol)[l vnf;aumif; ac:a0:ouJhodkU Ak'[lvnf; ac:a0:aMumif; rdefUawmfrlcJhonf/ (0d? 3? 12)
,if;udkvnf; rZdryPmo? Aovokwf NA[m,kokwf atmufyg *gxmrsm;t&od&onf? dkpfa';Apf
a&;ouJhodkU Ak'onf olUudk,fudk Ak'ac:aMumif; rajymcJhonfrSm r[kwfrSefay/
tbdan,sH tbdnmwH? bma0wA bm0dwH/
y[mwAH y[DeH ar? wom Aka'godjAm[P (ck? 1? 368/ r? 2? 344-352/) /
jrefrmjyef
ykPm;? igonf txl;od&rnfhw&m;udk odawmfrljyD/ yGm;ap&rnfh w&m;udkvnf; yGm;rsm;apcJhjyD/
y,f&rnfh w&m;udkvnf; y,fpGefUcJhjyD? (po'gt&-edAmefudkvnf; rsufarSmuf yawmfrlcJhjyD) xdkUaMumifh
igonf Ak'jzpfcJhavjyD/
jA[m,k ykPm;BuD;u]]Aka'g udEd00kpwd}}(tb,fodkU? tb,faMumifh Ak'[k ac:qdk&ygovJ)[k
ar;avQmuf Ak'u atmufygtwdkif; ajzqdkawmf rlavonfpdwH 0dok'H Zmemwd? rkwH &ma*[d oAaom/
y[De Zmwdr&aPm? jA[p&d, au0vD/
yg&*l oA"rmeH? Aka'g wm'D y0kpwd (r? 2? 345) /
jrefrmjyef
tvHk;pHkaom
y#doaEaejcif;
&m*(udavom)wdkUrS
aojcif;udk
y,fjyD;
vGwfonfjzpf
tvHk;pHkaom
txl;pifMu,faompdwfudk
jrwfaomtusifhudk
usifhjyD;ol?
odol?
tvHk;pHkaom
ocFwtocFww&m;wdkU\ tqHk;odkU mPfjzifh a&mufjyD;oludk Ak'[l ac:qdk&avonf/
868
tpodkU
Ak'o'gonf odp&mudk odjyD;ol? Edk;Mum;jyD;ol [laom teufudka[monf? rMumrwif

odawmhrnfhol? Edk;Mum;awmhrnfholudkvnf; a[monf/ xdkUaMumifh yAZokwf ]]t*rm &mZ*wH Aka'g}}[k
Ak'jzpfrnfhqJqJ tavmif;awmfudk Ak'[k oHk;EIef;onfrSm oifhjrwfvSayonf/
wpfzef Ak'o'gonf a*gwrAk'udk &nfTef;aomtcg
tjcm; &[Emrsm;udk &nfTef;aomtcg
Adjective
Proper Name
({u0d"erf) jzpfaomfvnf;
(emr0daooe)jzpfonf? odkjzpf ]Ak'Ha0&b,mwDwH}
[laom okwedygwf a[r0wokwf? wd0kwfyxr&m*okwf 2-okwfvmaom Ak'o'gonf

Accordance with syntacic meaning)
(in
pmtaetxm;? 0gustaetxm;tvdkuf t"dym,f aumuf,l&rnfh
pum;vHk;rsdK; jzpfayonf/
tjcm; rnfonfh yk*dKvfrsdK;udk Ak'[l ac:a0:oHk;pGJao; oenf;[kpdppfaomf tcgwyg;
tSifom&dykw&m? tSifarm*vmef? tSifupnf;? tSifaum|du? tSifuyde? tSifpkE? tSiftEkk'g?
tSifa&0w? tSifeE (&[ef;BuD; 9-yg;? {w'*fbGJUxl; *kPfxl; toD;oD;SdMuaom) wynfhBuD;rsm;
bk;&m;SifxHawmf aSUI<uvmMuonfudk jrifawmfrlaomtcg ]]{aw acg bdua0 tm*pEd {aw acg
bdua0 tm*pEd}} (&[ef;wdkUolwdkUvmaeMuonf? olwdkUvmaeMuonf)[krdefUawmfrlumAk'jrwfpGmonf
atmufyg*gxgudk O'gef;ygAk'Vdawmf a[mawmfrlonf/
Am[dwGm ygyau "ar? ao p&Ed o'g owm/
cDPoHa,mZem Ak'g? aw a0 avmuod jAm[Pm (ck? 1? 81) /
[k
O'gef;usK;awmfrlonf/
avmu
tukodkvfw&m;wdkUudk
y,fcGm
tjrJowdSdum
vSnfhvnfusufpm;Muaom oHa,mZOfukefEdk;Mum;jyD;aomolwdkUonf jAm[P ppfppf rnfukef\/

59/
Ak'[laom
pum;vHk;ESifh
pyf
tXuxmq&mrsm;onf
Ak'av;rsdK;SdaMumif;
xkwfjyMuonf/ (1) oAkwAk' (2)yapuAk' (3) pwkopAk' (4) okwAk'-[l jzpfonf/ xdkwGif
(1)
oAkwAk'um;
ormorK'-[laom
oD;oefUbGJUxl;jzifhxif&Sm;aom
oAkw
Pfawmf&Sif Ak'aywnf;/
(2)
yapuAk'um; o,rL orKa'g-[laom 0daooe*kPf ykPfwdkUjzifh ty'gefygVdawmf

vmaom oD;jcm;bk&m;i,fwnf;/
(3)
pwkopAk'um;
txufO'gef;ygVdawmf
vmaom
Ak'udk,fawmfwdkif
csD;ajrmuf
ac:a0:tyfaom &[Emyk*dKvfrsm; jzpfonf/

(4)
okwAk' [lonfum; omoemawmfudk wifhw,fapol[k Ak'udk,fawmfwdkif 'D,edum,f?

ygom'duokwf csD;usK;ajrmufpm; a[mawmfrlcJhaom A[kokw ( pmayyd#u
wwfuRrf;aom ) ykxkZPOf &[ef;rsdK; jzpfonf/
pum;pOft& dkufa';Apftvdktm;jzifh Ak'[laom pum;vHk;rSm Ak'SifawmfjrwfESifhomru omref

&[ef;rsm;ESifhyg oufqdkifaeaompum;vHk;jzpf Ak'onf tvGefxl;jcm;aom yk*dKvfjrwfBuD;r[kwfEdkif?
869
tpodkU
vrf;jyaSUaqmifq&mBuD;wpfql tjzpfonfom ordkif;0if trSefw&m;
(Historical Fact)
jzpfonf[k
qdkvdk[ef wl\/
60/
trSefpifppfrSmum; wxm*wZmwdc,E'D paomAk'jrwfpGmudk qdkvdk&mwGif; oHk;aeus
pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh Ak'onf wynfhom0uwdkUtm; csD;yifh qdkawmfrlonfudk tcgrsm;pGm awGU&ayonf/

Oyrm (u)
, &ma*g p a'gaom p ? t0dZmp 0d&mZdw/

wH bm0dwwnw&H? jA[blwH wxm*wH/
Ak'H a0&b,mwDwH? tm[k oAy[m,deH (ck? 1? 234) /
jrefrm
&m* a'go t0ddZmudk uif;apwwfol? yGm;aptyfjyD;aom pdwfESvHk;Sdaom &[EmwdkUwGif
wpfyg;t0ifjzpfol?
jrwfaom
t&[wzdkvfodkUa&mufjyD;ol
(wxm*wH)
aS;&[Emrsm;enf;wl
rZdry#dy'gjzihf edAmefodkUa&mufjyD;oludk &efab;vGefajrmuf? udavom tvHk;pHkudk y,fazsmufjyD;aom

Edk;Mum;ol[l qdkMuukef\/ &[Em dk;dk;udk wxm*w [k oHk;EIef;xm;onf/
wzef (c)
wom o'g psme&wm orm[dw?

tmwmydaem Zmwdc,E'daem/
rm&H oaoeH tbdbk,s bdua0g?
b0x Zmwdr&P yg&*g (ck? 1? 222) /
jrefrm
&[ef;wdkU
xdkUaMumifh
psmef
arGUavsmf
orm"dxm;
vHkUvrsm;Muonfjzpf
(Zmwdc,E'D)y#doaEaejcif;\ukef&mtqHk;udk jrifMuukefvsuf ppfwyfESifh wuGaom rm&fewfudk

vTrf;rdk; Zmwdr&P\ urf;wpfzufodkU ul;ajrmufukefavm/
{um,eH Zmwdc,E'D ponfjzifh(r[m0*oH,kwf? owdyXmeokwf-162) Ak'jrwfpGmudk
&nfTef;aeus
pum;vHk;jzifh
&[ef;rsm;udk
csD;yifh
a[mxm;onfudk
awGU&ayrnf?
odkUaomf
Ak'*kPfyk'frsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh Ak'udkom qdkvkdaMumif;udk yd#uwf wwfuRrf;olrsm; em;vnfayonf/

[dkae&m 'Dae&m txl;&nfG,fcsufjzifh Sm;Sm;yg;yg; csD;yifh a[mawmfrlcJhaom pum;vHk;rsm;udk
&SmMuHxkwfazmfum jyem rzefwD;oifhay/
61/
trSeftm;jzifhum; Ak'jrwfpGmudk
ormorK'
yapuAk'udk
orK' 0g- yapuAk'
dk;dk;&[Emudk
Ak'-[l ac:a0:oHk;EIH;yHk
870
tpodkU
(Scriptural Usage)
ygVdy#utoHk;udkaumufcsufcs O'gef;t|uxm jAm[Pokwf ESm-53 Ak'wd
pwkopoarma"e Ak'/ aw p ye om0uAk'gyapuAk'g ormorK'gwd wd0d"m - [k zGifhqdkxm;onfudk

owdyoifhayonf/
62/
ormorK'*kPfawmfonf tNcm;rnfolESifhrQ qufqHaom*kPfr[kwf? Ak'wpfOD;wnf;\
*kPfawmfom Nzpfonf/ opm4yg;udk wpfyg;ol tultnDr&bJ (ten aea,sm) apmif;z,fwdrf;,drf;Ncif;

rSdbJ (t0dy&dwH) tNyefoHk;vD (wdy&d0#H) NyifnD 12-oG,f ('Gg'omum&H) tus,fNzwfydkif; trSeftwdkif;
odawmfrlonf\
tNcm;rJh?
ypa0uPmmPfawmfrSp
oAkwmPfawmfudk
&Sdol
ormorK'NzpfwmfrlaMumif; Ak' udk,fawmfwdkif r[m0* opoH,kwf "rpuy0weokwf ESm-370

aMuNimawmfrlcJhayonf/ opm 4-yg;udk odwwfaom t&[wr*fmPfudk taMumif;y t&[wr*fmPff
ay:aygufvm&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifh t|omvdeD rlv#Dum ESm-4 oAkwm, [d y'|meblwH r*mPH r*mPy'|meO oAkwmPH r[maAm"Dwd
0kpwd/
oAkwmPf\eD;pGmaom
taMumif;Nzpfaom
t&[wr*fmPffudk
vnf;aumif;?
t&[wr*fmPffudk wnf;[laom taMumif;Sdaom oAkwmPfudkvnf;aumif; r[maAm"d (0g-
ormoarm"d) [lac:qdk &ayonf/

63/
xdkrS wpfyg; cE0*oH,kwf ormorK'okwf ESm-54 -
]]&[ef;wdkU udavomwdkUrS uif;a0;awmfrlNyD;aom w&m;tvHk;pHkudk udk,fwdkif trSeftwdkif;odNyD;ol

igbk&m;udk kyf a0'em onm ocFg& 0dnmPwdkUESifh pyf NiD;aiGUNcif; (edAd'g)wyfNcif;uif;rI
(0d&m*)csKyfaysmufapNcif;
(eda&m")aMumifh
pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm?
udavomwdkUrS
vGwfaNrmufawmfrl
ormorK'bGJUrnfNzifh ac:a0:tyfayonf? (ig\ TefNyoGefoifcsufaMumifh) &[ef; 1-yg;udk kyf a0'em

onm ocFg& 0dnmPESifh pyf NiD;aiGUNcif;? wyfpGJrIuif;Ncif;? csKyfapNcif;aMumifh pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm
udavomwdkUrS vGwfaNrmufvsuf ynm0drkwd (ynmNzifh vGwfaNrmufol)[k ac:qdkedkifayonf/
pGJvrf;rIuif;uGm
b,ft&mwGif
udavomwdkUrS
Ak'uomvGef
vGwfaNrmufolcsif;wlvQif
xl;ygoenf;[kar;vQif
om0uwdkUxuf
Ak'NrwfpGmudk,fwdkifyif
b,ftcsuf
atmufygtwdkif;
taNzay;awmfrlcJhonf/
]]wxm*awm bdua0 t&[H ormorKa'g tEkyE r* Oyga'wm toOmw
r* oOaewm teumw r* tumwm? r*l r*0d'l r*aum0da'g ? r*gEk*g p
bdua0 {w&[d om0um 0d[&Ed ypmorE*wm/ (cE0* oH,kwf ormorK'okwf -54)
NrefrmNyeftusOf;
&[ef;wdkU igbk&m;onf udavomwdkUrS a0;uGm udk,fwdkifom trSefodawmfrlNyD;onf Nzpf
r&Sdao;aom vrf;udk xkwfazmfol? rNzpfao;aomvrf;udk Nzpfapol? olwumraNymao;aom vrf;udk
871
tpodkU
aNymNyol? vrf;uRrf;usifol Nzpfawmfrl\/ ,cktcg wynfh&[ef;wdkUum; igTefaom vrf;udk vdkufMu

aemufrS NynfhpHkol (aemufrSvrf;rSefa&mufol)rsm; Nzpf aeMuavonf/
64/
taemufwdkif; ordkif;okawoDwdkUonf Ak'0g'Drsm;r[kwfMu? xm0& bk&m;\ zefqif;rIudk
,HkMunfaom twdwfb0 tem*wfb0 rSdaom zefqif;Sif\ avmif;&dyf MuD;Nyif;vmolrsm;NzpfMu

oAkwmPfawmf\
tpGrf;tm;udk
oabmraygufedkif?
vufrcHEdkifMu?
vrf;udkTefNyEdkifzdkU
tb,frQavmuf ud;pm;&onfudk em;rvnfedkifMuacs/ twdwfb0ydkif;udk vufrcHEdkifaomaMumifh twdwf

umvwdkU oAkwmPfawmf&aMumif;Nzpfaom yg&rDwdkUudk Nznfhusifhqnf;yl;awmfrlcJh&Ncif;udk olwdkUmPf
rrDMuay/ xdkUaMumifh uHudk y,fMuonf? oAkwmPfudk y,fMuonf? yg&rDudk y,fMuonf? twdwf
b0udk y,fMuonf/
ae&m
BUDDHIST THOUGHT IN INDIA
tdEd,NynfSd Ak'tawG;tac: pmtkyfa&;ol
tuf'GwfuGefaZ qdkol\ rSwfcsufuav;udk xkwfNyoifhonf/

Mrs. Rhys Davids purges Buddhism of the Doctrine of Not-sous and of monesticism and H.J
Jenings, in cold blood, removes all references to reincarntion from the scriptures and claims thereby to
have restored their original meaning. Dr.P. Dahlke ignores all the magic and mythology with which
traditional buddhism is replete and reduces the doctorine of the Buddha to quite reasonable agnostic
theory.
Nrefrm
]]rpfdkufpfa';Apfonf Ak'0g'xJrS tewoabmw&m;ESifh &[ef;usifhpOfudk xkwfy,fypf tdwfa*s-*sif;eif;um; Ak'pmayawGxJrS wrvGef0g'ESifh pyforQudk pdwfSnfSnfESifh Ekwfy,fypfum (t<uif;rQudk)
rlvusrf;&if;t"dym,f[k qdkonf/ a'gufwm yD'gvaurlum; tpOftvmAk'0g'xJwGif NynfhESufaeaom
wefcdk;Ny#d[meSifh Zmwfedygwfrsm;udk vspfvsLIum Ak'0g'udk 31-bHk vufrcH0g'}} tNzpf,lqonf/
odkU qdkNyD; qufvuf
Theirs is not the Buddhism of the Buddhists.
olwdkU\
t,ltqrsm;um; Ak'0g'DwdkU vufcHxm;Muaom Ak'0g'r[kwfacs/ Ak'0g'[k olwdkUbmomwHqdyfwyfum

a&;om;a[maNymonfh olwdkUtqdk oufoufomNzpfaMumif;[k tuf'GyfuGefaZ u rSwfcsufcsxm;avonf/
65/
qdkoifhvSaypG/ txufqdkcJhNyD; ormorK'okwfudk tay:,HrQ t"dym,faumuf,l Ak'ESifh
tNcm;&[Emrsm; tvGefMuD; ruGmvS? Ak'uvrf;Ny tNcm;om0ursm;u aemufvdkufrQom xl;Ncm;onf[k

omrefacgif;aqmifMuD;wpfa,muf taeNzifhom ordkif;okawoDwdkU NrifMua&;MuNcif; Nzpfonf? trSefum;
omrefacgif;aqmifrQr[kwf? ewfvlwdkUudk acgif;aqmifEdkif&ef olrwlatmifqnf;yl; tm;xkwfawmf rlcJhaom
q&mNrwfMuD;Nzpfawmfrlygayonf/
872
tpodkU
r[m0* oH,kwf? 'kwd, ol&d,okwf ESm-187 ]]&[ef;wdkU ......avmu v? aewdkU rNzpfay:ao;orQ MuD;pGmaom ta&miftvif;[l rSdao;?
wpfcJeuf ydwfydwfom;arSmifaom tarSmifxkomSd\/ aeU n v Owk ESpf tydkif;tNcm;[l rSd?
enf;twdkif; Ak'NrwfpGm ay:aygufrvmao;orQ MuD;pGmaommPf ta&miftvif; rNzpfedkif? (t0dZm)
tarSmifxkom
usdwfcJodyfoJ
ae\?
opmav;yg;udk
a[maNymNyoNcif;?
xifpGmNyNcif;?
Sif;vif;xkwfazmfNcif; rSdEdkif? ormorK' trnf&aom oAkwmPfSif bk&m;ocif ay:xGef;vmaom

tcgMuD;pGmaom mPftvif;ta&mif ay:vmonf/ t0dZmtarSmifxk rSdawmhacs? opm 4-yg;udk
a[maNymNcif; xifpGmNyNcif; Sif;vif;xkwfazmfNcif; SdEdkifavonf/
okwfawmft& aS;u rxkwfaqmif rNy&ao;aom vrf;udk xkwfaqmif&mwGif urmOD;u ae?
vwdkUyrm rnfrQcJ,Of;aMumif; odomvSayawmhonf/
66/
,cktcg bk&m; &-qlESifh bk&m; 25-ql rwlxl;Ncm; uGJNym;pGm a[mawmfrlNcif;
taMumif;udk Sif;NyaytHh r[my'geokwf udk,fawmfNrwfESifhwuG Ak' 7-qlrQudk a[mawmfrl\? tb,faMumifh 7-qlrQom

a[mawmfrloenf;?
Ak'0HoygVdawmfuJhodkU
tb,faMumifh
25-ql
a[mawmfrrloenf;?
taNzum;Sif;vSayonf? igwdkU bk&m;Sif ed,wAsm'dwfcH,lcJh&m Ak'wdkUudkNyzdkU&ef Ak'0HoygVdawmf 25-ql

a[mawmfrlayonf? r[mygeokwfum; NA[mhNynfodkU a&mufSdaeMuaom vlUNynfNzpfaepOf wpfcsdefu
xdkbk&m;SifwdkU\ xHawmfrsm; w&m;usifhcJhMuaomNA[mmwdkUudk csD;aNrSmufawmfrl&ef xdk 7-qlrQaom
Ak'wdkUudk a[mawmfrlayonf? tcsKyfrSm w&m;emow0gwdkU\ tvdkodkUvkduf a0ae,sZsmo,tm;Nzifh
a[mawmfrlNcif;Nzpf bk&m; 25-qlvHk; rvdkbJ 7-ql rQ okwf a[mawmfrlaMumif; okwfr[m0g#Dum
eSm-14 #Dum q&m Sif;Nyxm;ayonf/
67/
wpfzef ty'gefygVdawmf tb,faMumifh 35-ql odkUr[kwf 38-ql Nzpfvm&oenf;
ar;Nim;tHh? trSefrSm 35-ql vnf; r[kwf? 38-qlvnf; r[kwfay? igwdkU bk&m;Sif Asm'dwfawmfcH,l&m
24-qlESifh tapmqHk; qkyefqif&m 'DyuF&mbk&m;yGifhawmfrlaom urm tNcm; wPSuF& ar"uF&
o&PuF& bk&m;3-qlvnf; yGifhawmfrloGm;MuNyD;Nzpf ,if;bk&m;oHk;qludkyg xnfhoGif; 27-qlrQ
a[mawmfrlNcif; Nzpfonf/ <uif;aom tZKe taemr paom trnfemrrsm;ESifh vmaom orK' 19-ql
wdkUum; Ak'rsm; r[kwfbJ yapuAk'grsm; NzpfMuavonf/ rQtxd EdkifiHNcm; pma&;q&mwdkU rodMuacs/
873
tpodkU
,if; yapuAk'gwdkUudk pm&if;cs aumuf,lvdkufaomf atmufygtwdkif; Nzpf\/

ta&twGuf bGJUtrnfawmf
yGifh&m urmESifh
ygVdawmf pmrsufeSm
tZKe
31-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-345
taemr
31-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-332
ok'e
31-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-321
or0? uuk"
31-urmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-100?94
okre
31-urmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-53
uuk"
32-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-254
8-9
or0? tmeE
91-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-322 ?256
10
ow&HoD
92-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-341
Oywd? a&mro
94-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-322?268
okr*Fv
94-urmxuf
yxrtkyf ESm-224
4-5
11-12
13
14-15
ow&HoD? a&modw 94-urmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-41?48
16-17
okpdEdw? tZKe
94-urmxuf
'kwd,tkyf ESm-77?90
18
okre
urm wpfodef;
yxrtkyf ESm-377
19
tEkk'
urmta&twGufrqdk yxrtkyf ESm-410
68/
r[m,meusrf; pm'dAsm0'gevmaom 38-ql [lonfum; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef
rvdkay/ orm'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf rdrdwdkU ax&0g'usrf;pmrsm;udk ESHUpyfpGmravhvm roHk;oyfMubJ

tpOftvmtm;Nzifh rSwfom;vmaom
Buddhist- Tradition
[k ac:onfh t|uxm #Dumrsm;\ tqdktrdefU
trSwftom;rsm;udkvnf; tav;y&rSef; rodMubJ Ak'bmomr[kwfaom taemufwdkif;okawoDwdkU\

Hypothesis
ac:onfh acw,m,DrQ rSwfwrf;wifxm;csufrsm;udk tcdkiftrm,lqMuNyD; yd#uwfudk
aNcuefolrsm; NzpfMu t"r0g'Drsm;[k qdk&efrS wpfyg; tNcm;qdk&ef r&Sdawmh/

69/
,cktcg Ak'udk yk*dKvfpGJMunfdkrINzifh bk&m;tNrwfqHk;0g'udk Ak'0g'DwdkU wDxGifMuonf
[laom Ak'bmomr[kwfonfh
ynmSdwdkU tqdkudk pOf;pm;OD;tHh? Ak'NrwfpGmonf ow0gtpm;pm;udk
emem"mwk0ded aAm*mPfawmf NEd,ya&my&d,wdmPfawmfwdkUNzifh Nrifawmfrl odawmfrlonf? tcsdKUrSm

o'g owd paom aNEEk tcsdKUrSmum; &ifhusufMuonf? tcsKdUrSm rEkr&ifh oifhwifhHkrQSdonf?
oufSdvlow0grsm;om r[kwf? oufrJht&m0wKwdkif;vnf; tEkt&ifh toifhtwifh[l 3-rsdK;Sd&m
Ak'NrwfpGmonf
,if;wdkUudkvnf;
taeu"mwk
0dedaAm*mPf?
emem"mwkk0dedaAm*mPf?
874
tpodkU
NEd,ya&my&d,wd
mPfawmfwdkUNzifh
t<uif;rJhodawmfrlonf?
odwdkif;raNyma[maomfvnf;
aNyma[mwdkif; rSefonfcsnf;om Nzpfonf/

70/
wpfenf;
,if;odkU vlESifhwuG ow0gtm;vHk;wGif tEkqHk; trsdK;tpm;udk olESifhwefHk tEkqHk;?

tnHhqHk;Nzpfaom
tqifhrQ
NyTefoGefoifawmfrlonf?
tv,ftvwform;rsm;tm;
redrfhvGef;rNrifhvGef;aom a'oemudk a[mNyawmfrlonf/ tNrifhqHk; yk*dKvfow0gonf tqifhedrfhudkom

cH,lusifhoHk;aeygu
TefNyavhSdMuaom
Ncdrf;aNcmufaigufief;yif
0uvdonf
Nrifhwifay;oGm;awmfrlayonf?
,ckb0wGif
xdyfqHk;tqifhNrifhrm;aom
ordkif;q&mwdkU
t&[wzdkvfmPfudk
&rnfholNzpfonf? bmr[kwfonfh lyyrmP (kyfyHkawmfudk MunfdkrI)Nzifh aexdkifoGm;vQif edAmefESifha0;

ewfNynfavmufrQ aomifwifaeayvdrfhOD;rnf? xdkUaMumifh ]]0uvd ighudk,fawmfMuD;udk MunfhIaeHkNzifh
b,ftusdK;&Sdrnfenf;? ightem;rS a&Smifz,f xGufcGmoGm;avmh}} [k armif;rJawmfrlonf/
71/
rSefvS\/ EkvGef;aomyk*dKvfrsm;tm; cufcJaom tusifh? Nrifhaom w&m;rsm;udk Ny rNzpf?
atmufxpfqHk; umrm0p&ukodkvfrQ Nzpfygap [laom oabmNzifh Ak'g&rP ukodkvf? Ak'gEkwd

tp&Sdaom
ur|mef;udk
ay;awmfrlvdkufaomf
,ckb0vnf;
pdwfcsrf;om
a&m*guif;aysmuf
MuD;yGm;Ncif;odkU a&mufrnf? ewfNynfok*wdodkUvnf; a&mufrnf {uef Nzpfonf/

72/
xdkUaMumifh wd0kwf? wdu? t*yom'okwf ESm-254
]]&[ef;wdkU taNcrSdaom ow0g taNc 2-acsmif;
taNc 4-acsmif;Sdaom ow0g?
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876
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15/
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886
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(q)

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0d0ga'g
A[kZem[dwm,
A[kZemokcg, A[kaem Ze tewm, t[dwm, 'kum, a'0rekmeH} [laom t*FkwdK&f ygVdawmf

quedygwf 294-
a[mMum;awmf rlonfESifhtnD
&[ef;SifvlNynfoltrsm;\ tusdK;pD;yGm;rJhrI?
qif;&J'kua&mufrIwdkUudkom NzpfapEdkifaMumif;ay:vGif xifSm;avonf/

6/
odkUomoemawmfxJ0ifNyD;
omoemhta&cHum
bk&m;a[mw&m;awmf
"rudk
bk&m;a[mr[kwf t"r [k vnf;aumif;? bk&m; ra[maom ygVdteuftwkrsm;udk bk&m;a[maom "r

[l vnf;aumif; Niif;ckefaNymqdkMuaom yk*dKvfwdkUonf 0de,ypwdu = 0denf; omoemawmfNrwf\
qefUusifbuf &efolrsm;omNzpfMuonf? okwE ypwdu = okwef omoemawmfNrwf\ qefUusifbuf
&efolrsm;om
NzpfMuonf?
tbd"rm
ypwdu
tbd"rmomoemawmfNrwf\
qefUusifbuf
bk&m;a[mr[kwf[l
qefUusifbuf
&efolrsm;omNzpfMuonf/
7/
tbd"rm
a'oemawmfNrwfudk
pGyfpGJaNymqdkMuolwdkUonf ]tbd"rH y#dAma[aEm ro Zde pau y[m&H a'wd} [k t|uxmvDed

t|uxm
ESm-30
rdefUrSmawmfrlonfESifhtnD bk&m;Sif\
omoemawmfNrwfudk
xdyg;ykwfcwf
apmfum;olrsm;yif NzpfMuonf? xdkrQru ]oAkwmPH y#dAm[wd} [lonfESifhtnD NrwfpGmbk&m;\

oAkwaTmPfawmfudkyif wm;Nrpfydwfyifolrsm; NzpfMuonf? xdkrQru ]aomwkumrH y&doH 0doH0g
a'wd} [lonfESifhtnD oHo&mrS xGufaNrmuf&ef taMumif;Nzpfaom ed,smedu bk&m;omoemawmftrSefudk
avhvmoif,lusifhMuHolwdkUtm;
avhvmoif,l
usifhMuHvdkpdwf
rSdatmif
zefwD;Muaom
omoemzsufyk*dKvfrsm;yif NzpfMuonf/
8/
xdkuJhodkU
Ak'0g'rS
aoGznfaom
rdrdwdkU0g'
vufudkifwpfckckNzifh
Ak'omoemudk
0ifa&mufzsufqD;olrsm;onf ]'ky#dyaEm [d omoeH bdEaEm owK "ro&Da& y[m&H a'wd} [k

O'gef;t|uxm?
ESm-87
rdefUqdkonfhtwdkif;
Ak'NrwfpGmbk&m;Sif\
udk,fum,awmfudkyif
dkufESufykwfcwfxdk;ckwfolrsm; Nzpfayonf/
9/
t"r?
t"r
odkU omoemh ta&cHum omoemawmftwGif;0if taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;Nyum "rudk

udk
"r? bk&m;ra[monfudk
ta[m?
bk&m;a[monfudk
ra[m
ponfNzifh
892
tpodkU
0ifa&mufyl;owfNyD; 0d0g'gt"d ukPf;rsm;Nzpfatmif zefwD;rIonf wdkwdkESifh rNidrf;at;ygvQif aeNrifhav

tl;&ifhav
qkdbdouJhodkU
Ak'omoemtwGif;0,f
&[ef;Sifvlrsm;xJ
omoe"rtay:
txifrSm;tNrifrSm;rIrsm; NzpfvmNyD; omoemawmfESifh ywfowf tNiif;yGm;rIrsm; y#dyu NzpfrIrsm; ydk

MuD;xGm;vmedkifyHkudk 0drwd0daem'eD #Dumq&mu udwif owday;xm;cJhavonf/
10/
NrefrmEdkifiHawmf omoem
tHhzG,fo&J
tm*HkaqmifEdkifaom
ausmfMum;avmufatmif
2500-acwfwGif q|oH*g,emwifNcif;?
omoemhtmZmenfrsm;
tusifhodumaumif;vSaom
ay:xGef;Ncif;?
&[ef;aumif;rsm;
yd#uoHk;yHkudk
t&d,m&[Em[k
ay:xGef;Ncif;wdkUaMumifh
Ak'omoemawmf\ taNconf wdk;wufvmonf[k wpfzufwGif qdk&efSdonf/

11/
odkU&mwGif tumif;SdvQif tqdk;Sdaom avmu"rwmtwdkif; tNcm;wpfzufwGifvnf;
Ak'omoemawmftrSefudk zsufvdkzsufqD;yvkyfMuaom tE&m,fqdk;onfvnf; ,ckomoemESpf 2500acwfwGif
ododomom
ay:aygufcJhavonf?
odkU
ay:aygufvmaom
"rE&m,frsm;teuf
awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ou| acgif;aqmifaom omoemhta&cH kyf0g'*dkPf;\ xdk;ESufcsufrSm omoemawmftm;

rsm;pGmyif
txdemapcJhonf?
awmifwGif;MuD;OD;Ou|onf
i,fpOfu
Sif&[ef;NzpfcJhaomfvnf;
yifudk,fpdkuftm;Nzifh omoemawmftay: o'gw&m; tvGefenf;NyD; t,lonf; acgif;rmolNzpfonfh

tm;avsmfpGm ygVd
t|uxm #Dum yd#uwf usrf;*efrsm;udkvnf; ,xmblwusatmif rwwfrod
rusifhrMuH tvGefnHhaom udk,fcHNzifh udkvdkeDe,fcsJUorm;wdkU\ ppfaMumif;wpf&yfNzpfaom omoemzsuf

pmayppfaMumif;ESifh tawGUwGif vHk;0usqHk;oGm;NyD; urmtESHU tSdeft[kefNyif;pGm xdk;ESufvmaom kyf0g'\
vTrf;rdk;rIudk vHk;0cHoGm;&Smol Nzpfonf? odkUNzpf q&mpOfquf usifhoHk;cJhaom Ak'omoemh0g'trSefudk
awmfvSefNyD; kyf0g'odkU ul;aNymif;um omoemhtwGif;&efol NzpfvmcJhayonf/
12/
odkU omoemhta&cH ouFef;0wf OD;Ou|onf kyf0g'tNrifNzifh edum,fig;&yf
yd#uoHk;yHkrsm;udk &p&mr&Sdatmif a0zefykwfcwfvmNcif;? Ak'0g'ESifhvHk;0 qefUusifaom vlaovlNzpf0g'udk

a&;om;vmNcif;? Ak' "r Ak' ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk a0zefykwfcwfvmNcif;? omoemapmifh r[max&frsm;
ausmufxD;wEK
tav;ytyfaom
oHCmawmftm;vHk;udk
odrf;usKH;ykwfcwfvmNcif;
ponfwdkUudk
ol\pl;Saom uavmifoGm; aumufuspfpOf;vJaom 0uFEmPfwdkUNzifh tqufrNywfyvkyfcJhayonf/

xdkuJhodkU OD;Ou| w&m;vGefvmaomtcg "r0g'DoHCmawmfrsm;u yumoeD,uHyvnf;aumif;?
Ak'omoem0if 'g,umrsm;u tyom'ya0'eD,uHyvnf;aumif; wm;NrpfcJhMuao;onf? odkU&mwGif
aumif;pGm t&mra&mufcJhay/
13/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
NrefrmNynfwGif;odkU
xGif;azmuf0ifa&mufvmaom
acwfopfkyf0g'udk vufcH,HkMunfMuonfh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf OD;Ou|aemufodkU aumufaumufyg

vdkufcJhMuaomaMumifh Nzpfayonf?
omoemawmfodkU
csOf;uyfum
xdk OD;Ou|\ aemufvdkuf kyf0g'DwdkUonfvnf; OD;Ou|enf;wl

rdrdwdkUomvQif
Ak'bmom
ppfrSefolrsm;tNzpf
aMuG;aMumfMuvsuf
893
tpodkU
Ak'omoemawmfudk twGif;u0if wufwufMuGMuG zsufqD;Muavawmhonf? xdkolwdkUum; tNcm;r[kwf?

,ck
Hk;awmfodkU
a&mufaeMuaom
OD;cif[ef
paomyk*dKvfwdkU Nzpfayonf/
14/
txufwGif azmfNycJhonfhtwdkif; Ak'omoemawmfrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom kyf0g'
t,lSdMuaom olwdkUtm; "rpuf tmPmpufwdkUNzifh

Ak'omoemawmf
omru
wdwdusus ta&;,laqmifGufNcif; ryygu
omoemawmfudk
Nidrf;csrf;pGm
vdkufemusifhoHk;aeMuaom
&[ef;SifvlNynfolwdkU\ twGif; pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&; ysufNym;um ab;'kutE&m,f trsdK;rsdK;usa&muf

vmvdrfhrnf Nzpfayonf? odkUNzpfaomaMumifh awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ou| pchJaom kyf0g'udk taNccHonfh
vlaovlNzpf0g'? xdkvlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh wpfEG,fiif wpfpifyg qufpyfvsufSdaom tEk0g'rsm;udk
t"dukPf; Nidrf;at;ap&ef &[ef;? Sifvl Nynfoltrsm; csrf;omap&ef EdkifiHawmf\ pnf;vHk;nDGwfa&;
cdkifNrJwdk;wufap&ef
omoemawmf
oefUSif;
wnfwHh
NyefUyGm;ap&ef
&nfoefawmfrlMuvsuf
ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum cdkifcefUaom bk&m;Oya'awmfMuD;ESifhtnD 0dedp, csrSwf MuayukeftHh/
894
tpodkU
tydkif;(6)
6-1/ vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp, csrSwfcsuf
6-2/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;aom Mo0g'uxm
6-3/ TefMum;a&;r;csKyf\ Sif;vif;aNymMum;csuf

6-4/ t"r0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ tcrf;tem; tpDtpOfrsm;
9-5/ obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Sif;vif;avQmufxm;vTm
6-6/ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tvSnfhus Ou|q&mawmf\ Mo0g'uxm
6-7/ q&mawmfOD;crmok"\ 0dedp,tusOf;csKyf oHk;oyfcsufESifh ESvHk;oGif;zG,f Mo0g'
6-8/ tusdK;aqmif q&mawmf\ Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf
6-9/ t"r0g' pGefUvTwfaMumif; y#dnmOfy vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ncif;
6-10/ NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efBuD;Xme\ trdefUaMumfNimpm
6-11/ usrf;pmtkyf "r'getvSif
bk&m;Sifawmf? yGifhxGef;ay:
a[mazmfTefNy? Nrwf"raMumifh
um;ukodkvf? tukodkvfESifh
xdkxdkbHkb0? odMu&? rsm;vSaus;Zl;ay
aus;Zl;awmfSif? bk&m;Sifudk
aeUpOfrNywf? aus;Zl;qyfzdkU
tNrwf&wem? omoemudk
ESpfNzm0efxrf;? vGefud;yrf;
vlpGrf;NyMuav/
(r[m*EmkH q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;)
tpodkU

Nynfaxmifpk qdkS,fvpforw NrefrmedkifiHawmf?
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu 0denf;"ruH t"dukPf; rIcif;rsm;
aNzSif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m Oya'? ,if;Oya'\ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;eSifh tnD
zGJUpnf;tyfaom EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfrsm;om
yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)\
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp, rSwfcsuf

(vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; tydk'f 42)
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2)

1343-ck? "r t"r rIcif; trSwf-1
apm'u yk*dKvfrsm;
1/ OD;pEdrm? rdwdvmrdU? "rmp&d, ausmif;wdkuf?
2/ OD;ynmoD[? arrdU? &wemrm&fatmif ausmif;wdkuf?
3/ OD;0dok' ? rEav;rdU? avmurSefuif; ausmif;wdkuf?
4/ OD;ynmomrd? ompnfrdU? a&vnf ausmif;wdkuf?
pk'dwu yk*dKvfrsm;
1/ OD;OaZmwdu? a';'&JrdU?
2/ OD;Z0e (ae&Sife,f) awmifwGif;MuD;rdU?
3/ OD;Z0e (ig;qifh) awmifwGif;MuD;rdU?
4/ OD;qEm"du (ewfrSD) awmifwGif;MuD;rdU?
5/ ocifNrwfqdkif? &efukefrdU?
6/ OD;cif[ef (orm'd|dokawoetzGJUcsKyf) &efukefrdU?
7/ OD;aTNynfh? awmifukwfrdU?
awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ou| pwifcJhaom vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh wEG,fiifwpifyg orm'd|dokawoe
paom qefUusifbuf0g'wdkU a&mufSd&m rdUe,f^&yfuGufâus;GmwdkU Nzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom "r t"r
tNiif;yGm;rI?
0de, t0de, tNiif;yGm;rI
NynfolUvTwfawmfu
aNzSif;qHk;Nzwfa&;qdkif&m
wnDwGwfwnf;
Oya'?
paom
0d0g'g"dukPf;rIudk
Ny|mef;ay;xm;aom
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;ESifhtnD
aNyNidrf;ap&ef
tvdkUiSm
0denf;"ruH t"dukPf;rIcif;rsm;
EdkifiHawmf oHCmr[mem,utzGJUu
895
tpodkU
aG;cs,fzGJUpnf;ay;xm;onfh EdkifiHawmf A[dkoHCmh0efaqmif q&mawmfMuD;rsm;om yg0ifaom EdkifiHawmf

oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; udk,fwdkif vufrSwfa&;xdk; "r0de,ESifh tnD
vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp,udk csrSwfay;awmfrlvdkufonf/
0dedp,csrSwfcsuf
1/
OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwdkUonf bmomrJhkyf0g'Drsm;NzpfaMumif; apm'emcsufESifh ywfowf
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf pdwf apwoduf kyf edAmef y&rww&m; av;yg;udk taNccH 0wkyfaNcmufyg;
tmHkaNcmufyg; 0dnmPf 6-yg;wdkUudk 24-ypnf; oGif; Sif;vif;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh if;\
aemufvdkuf orm'd|dokawoD qdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf yom'kyfig;yg;? kyftmHkig;yg;udkom uGuf,lNyD;
,if;kyfudk tSdw&m; edpw&m;tNzpf rlaoudkifNyD; emrfw&m;udkrl tNzpfw&m; vufatmufcHw&m;tNzpf
xm;Sdaom
{upow kyf0g'rsdK; NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? if;wdkUonf xdkkyf0g'tNrifNzifhom
t&m&mudk oHk;oyfINrifNyD;
Ak'
"r
oHCm tNrwfqHk; &wemwdkUudk ykwfcwfy,fzsufNcif;tm;Nzifh
o&P*HkrSdaom bmom omoemrJh tNzpfwGifom SdaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

2/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf vlaoaomtcg a'0*wd? rEk*wd? wd&pme*wd? ayw*wd?
ed&,*wd(ewf? vl? wd&pmef? Nydwm? i&J) [laom *wdig;yg;udk rdrdwdkU yvkyfaom ukodkvf tukodkvf
uHtm;avsmfpGm vm;a&muf&aom 0g' NzpfNyD; awmifwGif;MuD; OD;Ou|\ 0g'onf kyf0g' tNrif twdkif;
vlaovQif aemufxyfNzpf&efrvdk tu,f NzpfOD;rnfqdkvQif vlrS wpfyg; tNcm;aom vm;zG,f*wd rSd?
vlomvQif Nzpf&rnf [k Oap''d|d? ow 'd|dudk ,laomtm;Nzifh Ak'0g'udk qefUusifaom0g'
NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
3/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\0g'onf
MoumoavmuNzpfaom
31-bHk\
yifudk,ftm;Nzifh
wnf&Sdaeonfudk vufcHNyD; xdk 31-bHk Nzpf&ef taMumif;w&m;rsm; xdk31-bHkrS xGufaNrmuf&ef

enf;vrf;rsm;udk TefNyaom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifhwuG wynfhaemufvdkufwdkUonf if;wdkU\ rsufpdNzifh
Nrif&aom vlUbHkESifh wd&pmefbHkudkom vufcH 31-bHkudk vufrcHaom0g' Sdolrsm; NzpfonfhtNyif
NrwfpGmbk&m;udkyif 31-bHk0g' vufrcHav[ef pGyfpGJxm;aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
4/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
uruworm'd|d?
psmeorm'd|d?
0dyemorm'd|d?
r*orm'd|d? zvorm'd|d? ypa0uPmorm'd|dtm;Nzifh ppfrSefaom orm'd|d (6)rsdK;udk taNccHonfh twdkif;

uH uH\ tusdK;w&m;udk ouf0if,HkMunfrI? uruw orm'd|dudk taNccHup vufcHaom0g'NzpfNyD;
OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ aemufvdkufwynfhrsm;\ 0g'onf tvay;Ncif;? OykofapmifhNcif;? bm0emtm;xkwfNcif;
ponfNzifh uH uH\ tusdK;w&m;qdkif&m udprsm;udk tZdwauourv wdwdwuwGef; uJhodkU y,faom0g'
896
tpodkU
5/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
NrwfpGmbk&m;
&Sdawmfrlaom
0dZmoHk;yg;
0dZmSpfyg;
mPfawmfq,fyg;wdkUt& aS;tNzpfudk Nrifaom ykaAed0goekwdmPf? aemifvmrnfh tem*wftNzpfudk

Nrifaom tem*wHomPf? ypKyefI&ef Nzpfaom 0dyemmPf ponfwdkUNzifh twdwf tem*wf ypKyef
OD;Ou|ESifh ocifNrwfqdkif
umvoHk;yg;udk olUae&mESifhol us,fus,fNyefUNyefU vufcHaom0g'NzpfNyD;
orm'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkU\ 0g'onf kyf0g'tNrifNzifh ykcufESifhacgif;Mum; [laom ypKyefudkom ,lonfh

tvGefusOf;aNrmif;aom 0g'NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
6/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif
0g'onf
tvGefav;eufus,fNyefUvSaom
pwifa[mMum;NyD;
ynm{w'*f&
vusfm&H
tbd"rma'oemawmfudk
Sifom&dykw&mrSwpfqifh
vlUavmu NzefUa0cJhaom a'oemNzpfonfhtNyif NrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif 0denf;ynwfcsufrsm;

vnf;aumif;? oH,kwf ygVdawmf paom okwfw&m;awmfrsm; vnf;aumif; tbd"rmw&m;oabmrsm;udk
trsm;tNym; xnfhoGif; a[mMum;xm;onfNzpf
NzpfaMumif; rSefuefpGm
tbd"rmw&m;awmf
tbd"rmonf taNccHtm;Nzifh
vufcHusifhoHk;&aom0g'NzpfNyD;
OD;Ou|ESifh
bk&m;a[mppfppf
aemufvdkufwdkY\
0g'onf
us,fNyefUav;eufaom w&m;"rydkif;udk roHk;oyfrINrifEdkifMubJ bmomNcm;
vlrsdK;Ncm;wdkU\ pmayppfaMumif;rS ay:aygufvmaom tay:&H ty,duNzpfonfh ordkif;aMumif;tNrifNzifh

tbd"rm
bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k
wm0efrJh
a&;om;rIrsm;udk
t[kwfrSwfum
Ak'
tbd"rmudk
bk&m;a[mr[kwf[k trSefw&m;ESifh qefUusifNyD; ,laom0g' NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

7/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf okar"mSif&aohb0rS p ]oAkwH ygykPdwGm oEma&H
oa'0uH} oAkw bk&m;Sif tNzpfodkU a&mufaomtcg vl ewf NA[m ow0gwdkUudk u,fwiftHh

[laom &nfG,farQmfrSef;csufMuD;onf r[mou&mZf (103) ckESpf? uqkefvNynfhaeU r[maAm"dyif&if;
NynfhaNrmufawmfrlNyD; twkrSdaom bk&m;SifNzpfum oAkwmPfudk trSefpifppf &awmfrlNcif;? ,aeU
vufSd
oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif edum,f ig;&yf
yd#uwf oHk;yHk
ygVdawmftkyfa& (40)cefUudk
a[mEdkifonfh yk*dKvfrsdK;onf tvHk;pHkaom mPftNrifSdonfh oAkwmPftSifomvQif Nzpf&rnf [laom

taxmuftxm;t& Ak'NrwfpGmbk&m;onf trSefpifppf oAkwmPfawmfudk &SdolNzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh
aemufvdkufwdkUonf xdkuJhodkUaom oufaotaxmuftxm;wdkUudk rsufuG,fyvsuf kyf0g'tNrifNzifh
qefUusifa&;twGuf oAkwmPfawmfudk xdyg;ykwfcwf apmfum;MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
8/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf 0dyem\ taNccHNzpfaom orxvrf;pOfESifh avmukw&m\
taNcNzpfaom 0dyemvrf;pOfwdkUudk tcdkiftrm wnfaqmuf a0ae,s ow0gwdkUtm; b0oHo&mrS

xGufaNrmufa&;twGuf pDpOfTefMum;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh pk'dwu ocifNrwfqdkif orm'd|dokawoe
tzGJUrS vlrsm;onf kyf0g' tNrift& oHo&mESifh oHo&mrS vGwfaNrmufrIudk vufoifhrcHolrsm;yDyD
b0oHo&m xGufaNrmufaMumif;Nzpfaom orx? 0dyemvrf;pOfwdkUudk zsufqD;aom0g' SdMuaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/
897
tpodkU
9/

NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf 0denf;usifh0wf odumyk'fawmfrsm;udk &[ef;wdkU\ touf?
omoemawmf\
touftNzpf
tav;teufxm;um
ck'gekck' tao;tzGJ
odumyk'fygrusef
tav;*ky usifhoHk;vdkufemonfh0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwdkU\ 0g'onf 0denf;usifh0wfrsm;udk

Oyg'geftpGJtvrf;rsm;[k orkwfum
0denf;usifh0wfudk
rsufuG,fyaom t0de,0g'NzpfaomaMumifh
vnf;aumif;/
10/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf NrwfpGmbk&m; ynwfawmfrlaom 0denf;usifh0wfodumyk'frsm;udk
udk,f0,fqifNref; vdkufemusifhoHk;aom &[ef;aumif; Sifaumif; oHCmawmfaumif;wdkUudk csD;rGrf;axmrem

Mobmyaom0g'NzpfNyD;
vlaovlNzpfOD;Ou|ESifh
wynfhMuD;
ocifNrwfqdkif orm'd|dokawoetzGJUrS
vlwdkUonf 0denf;awmfESifhtnD usifhMuHaexdkifMuaom tbd"Zr[m&|*kk? t*r[my@dw? wdyd#u"&

"rb@m*g&du tpSdaom ausmufxD;wEK tav;ytyfaom olawmfaumif; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk
tacsmiform;awG ponfNzifh yufyufpufpuf qJa&;ykwfcwfaom rkom0g'? ydokP0g'? zko0gpm?
oryvmy - [laom 0pD'kpdkufav;yg; taNccHNyD; oHCmtm; qJa&;aom oHCtaumo0g'Sdolrsm;
11/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf arwm opmESifh udk,fusifhw&m;udk taNccHaom &weokwf?
arwmokwf paom okwfw&m;rsdK;udk tzefzefGwfzwfo&Zs,fNcif;tm;Nzifh ukodkvfw&m;wdk;yGm;apNyD;

ab;tE&m,fwdkUudk
wm;qD;umuG,fonfh
y&dwfa'oemawmfrsm;tNzpf
cGifhyaom
(0g)
y&dwfGwfaumif;aom0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf NA[PwdkU\ rEefGwfyHk? r[m,ewdkU\

y&dwfGwfyHk? 0dZm"dk&fwdkU *gxmpkwfyHk? vufSd Ak'bmomwdkU y&dwfGwfyHkwdkU\ t*FgvuPmrsm;
rwluGJNym;Ncm;em;rIudk
vHk;0em;rvnfMubJ
toHwlumrQNzifh
oabmwlrSwf
Ak'bmomwdkU\
tpOftvmaumif;rsm;udk zsufqD;aom0g'Sdolrsm; NzpfMuavaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

12/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm; apwDawmf
ykxdk;awmfrsm;? qif;wkawmfrsm;? qHawmf "mwfawmfrsm; ponfwdkUudk NrwfpGmbk&m;\ aus;Zl;awmf

*kPfawmfwdkUudk
tmHky
aemufvdkufwdkUonf xdkuJhodkYaom
Sdcdk;ylaZmfudk;uG,forIy&ef
"mwfawmfarGawmf
cGifhyaom0g'NzpfNyD;?
apwDawmf
udk;uG,fylaZmfNcif;udk qefUusifaom0g'NzpfHkrQru OD;Ou|onf
qif;wkawmf
OD;Ou|ESifh
ponfwdkUudk
rdrdkyf0g'DwpfOD;NzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
tcdkiftrmNyo&ma&mufaponfh kyf0g' tNrifNzifh t&[w"ZouFef;awmfudk rdef;rxrDESifh vnf;aumif;?

oHk;avmuxG#fxm; oAkNrwfpGmbk&m;\ qHawmf "mwfNrwfudk Nrif;NrD;ESifh vnf;aumif; ,kwf,kwfrmrm
cdkif;EIdif;NyD; ouFef;ESifh qHawmfudk xrDESifh Nrif;NrD;avmufrQ toHk;rusonfh b0odkU a&mufatmif
S,fzG,fvdvd a&;om;xkwfa0aom tSufrJhtvZD0g'Sdol NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
13/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf uH? uH\ tusdK;udk taNccHonfh tm;avsmfpGm bk&m; w&m;
oHCm q&m rdb wdkUtm; Sdcdk;ylaZmfNcif; *kPfawmfyGm;rsm;Ncif;paom trIwdkUudk ukodkvf&aom
898
tpodkU
tvkyfrsm;tNzpf owfrSwf tm;ay;aom 0g' NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkYonf kyf0g'Drsm;yDyD

kyfrsufvHk;Nzifh
ukodkvf&onfqdkonfudk
rNrif&aomaMumifh
vufrcHbJ
Ak'bmomwdkU\
"avhaumif;Nzpfaom bk&m;Sdcdk;Ncif;? qDrD;ylaZmfNcif;? qGrf;awmfuyfNcif; paom bmom omoema&;

vkyfief;wdkUudk zsufqD;aom 0g'Sdolrsm; NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
14/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf
uH? uH\ tusdK;udk vnf;aumif;? b0 oHo&mrS
xGufaNrmufrIudk vnf;aumif; us,fus,fNyefUNyefU vufcHaom0g' Nzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm aumif;aomzuf

oDvcH,lNcif; yvkyfonfh ukodkvftusdK;aMumifh &SdEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;udk
TefNyaNymMum;Ncif;[k
qdktyfaom qkay;Ncif;? ukodkvfSif\ qENyif;NyrIudk NrGufqdkaom qkawmif;Ncif;? vlaoaomtcg

aoolSifol ESpfOD;vHk;twGuf tusdK;SdEdkifaom oydwfoGwfNcif; paom trIwdkUudk ukodkvfaumif;rItNzpf
owfrSwf tm;ay;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh orm'd|dokawoDqdkolwdkUonf xdktrIudpwdkUudk kyf0g'
tNrifNzifh
oHk;oyf
ukodkvfaumif;rIqdkif&m
omoemrI"avhaumif;wdkUudk
y,faom0g'Sdolrsm;
15/
twdkif;
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf t*FkwdK&fygVdawmf? o'roarmookwf a[mMum;xm;onfh
olawmfaumif;
w&m;awmf
rawGa0ap&ef
olawmfaumif;w&m;awmf
ruG,fyap&ef
tu&myk'fAsnf;wdkUudk aumif;pGmxm;&rnf teufudkvnf; aumif;pGmaqmif&rnf[k ]tu&m wpfvHk;

bk&m;wpfql} uJhodkU wefzdk;xm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ aemufvdkufkyf0g'Drsm;\ 0g'onf
ygVdudk
tbd"mefwGif
azmfNyaom&if;Nrpf
teufavmufudkyif
kyf0g'taNccHtNrifESifh
udkufnDatmif
ygVdpum;vHk;rsm;udk xifovdk
trSefw&m;[lorQudk
Oyg'gefyk'fr-wyfum zsufqD;ypf&ef
rSefrSefr,lbJ
if;wdkU\
teufay;MuNyD;
omoe"r
ud;pm;aom
omoeypwdu0g'
NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
16/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf vlwdkUSdaom
udavom(10)yg;wdkUudk
tqifhvdkuf
tqifhvdkuf trSefwu,f tNyD;tNywf y,fowfEdkifolrsdK;udkom t&d,m[k owfrSwfNyD; xdkodkU udavom

y,fowf&m
tqifhvdkuf
Nzpfay:aom
edAKw"mwfudkvnf;aumif;?
aemufqHk;wGif
taMumif;wPSmcsKyfNidrf;? tusdK;kyfemrf tm;vHk;csKyfNidrf;onfh oEdokc trw"mwfudk vnf;aumif;

tppftrSef edAmeftNzpf owfrSwfaom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh taygif;ygwdkU\0g'onf t&d,mESifh
edAmefudk txufyg bk&m;a[m t"dym,frsm;ESifh qefUusifvsuf azmfNyxm;MuoNzifh
ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfESifh rudkufnD rESD;aESmrdaom 0g'NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/

17/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
oH*g,em
aNcmufwefwif
yd#uwfoHk;yHk
ygSdaom
"rpuy0weokwftwdkif; opmav;yg;? tNyefoHk;yg;? Ncif;&m q,fhESpfyg;Sdaom opmvrf;aMumif;udk

azmfNyonfh0g'Nzpf OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkufwdkUonf uJhodkU av;eufonfh "rpMumw&m;awmfMuD;udk
899
tpodkU
yifvQif tSufrJh zsufqD;um vlaovlNzpf "rpMumtNzpf
azmfNy0Hhaom omoem aoGznfa&;0g'
Sdolrsm;NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/
18/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\
0g'onf
vdrfvnfNcif;?
vSnfhywfNcif;?
aumufuspfNcif;wdkUudk
tvGefpyfqkyfonfh tm;avsmfpGm pum;rSef w&m;rSef udkom a[mMum;aNymqdkaom opm0g'NzpfNyD;

OD;Ou|ESifh wuG OD;udkudkav;? ocifNrwfqdkif? tbd"rm q&mpdef? orm'd|dokawoD paom olwdkUonf
if;wdkU\ oEmef wnfudef;aeaom kyf0g' tNrifNzifh qdkcJhonfh vdrfvnfNcif;? vSnfhNzm;Ncif;?
aumufuspfNcif;wdkUudk tNypf[l rNrifbJ bk&m;ra[maom ]avmuork',O twd? avmueda&m"O ewd}
[laom vufNzpf ygVdtwkrsdK;udk Ak'bk&m;a[mygVdtNzpf aNymifaNymifwif;wif; vdrfvnfvSnfhNzm;
azmfNyNcif;tm;Nzifh
bk&m;ra[monfudk
ta[mvkyfum omoemawmf
t"dukPf;rsm;Nzpfatmif
zefwD;aom tzsuform;rsm;om NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

19/
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ 0g'onf bk&m;qkudk awmif;onfrSp yg&rD q,fyg; tNym;oHk;q,f
pGefYNcif;MuD;ig;yg; p&d,oHk;yg;wdkUudk av;oacFsESifh urmwpfodef; umvywfvHk; Nznfhqnf;awmfrlcJhNyD;

aemufqHk;bk&m;Nzpfrnfhb0 r,fawmf0rf; oaE,lNcif;? zGm;NrifawmfrlNcif;? awmxGufawmfrlNcif;?
'ku&p&d,usifhawmfrlNcif;? aAm"dyvif bk&m;NzpfawmfrlNcif;wdkUudk twk,lzG,f tm;uszG,fNzpfatmif
us,fus,fNyefUNyefU Ak'0ifudk azmfNyxm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh aemufvdkuf kyf0g'orm;wdkU\
0g'onf Ak'0ifudk kyftNrifESihf ,SOfMunfhNyD; rwefr&m rxDav;pm; apmfum;aom
,kwfnHhonfh
0g'&Sdolrsm;om NzpfaomaMumifh vnf;aumif;/

20/
NrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhwuG wynfhom;oHCmwdkU\ 0g'onf bk&m;Sifudk,fawmfwdkifa[mcJhaom
ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? wynfhom;wdkU a[maomfvnf;
NrwfpGmbk&m;\ twnfycsuf&SdcJhaom
ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? NrwfpGmbk&m; tusOf;csKyfa[mcJhaom rmwdumudk tus,fcsJUxm;onfh

ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? Ak'0g'ESifh tnD aqG;aEG; a[maNymxm;aom ygVdawmfwdkUudkvnf;aumif;?
omoemYtE&m,f toG,foG,frS umuG,f&ef tvdkUiSm acwftvdkuf oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif
oefUpifcJhNcif;trIonf tvGefcdkifrmaom omoemhrSwfwdkifMuD;rsm;tNzpf cHxm;aom 0g'NzpfNyD; OD;Ou|ESifh
aemufvdkufwdkU\ 0g'onf vlrsdK;Ncm; bmomNcm;wdkU\ pmaypnf;Hk;rIaemufodkU vdkufygum oH*g,em
aNcmufwef\ cdkifrmrIudk ayghysufao;odrfatmif vkyfaomomoemzsuf0g' NzpfaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;/
21/
NrwfpGmbk&m;ESifhwuG wynfhom; oHCmwdkU\ 0g'onf oH*g,em aNcmufwefwif
ygVdawmfrsm;rSm tESpfom&tm;Nzifh rnfonfhbmom t,l0g'ESifhrQ a&m,SufNcif;rSd? Ak'0g'ppfppfudkom

azmfNyaom
ygVdawmfrsm;tNzpf
oiftHavhusuf
pdppfoHk;oyf
usifhMuHcsufrsm;Nzifh
twnfyNyD;
vufcHxm;aom 0g'Nzpf OD;Ou|ESifh if;\ aemufvdkufwdkU\ 0g'onf rdrdwdkU\ kyf0g'tNrifESifh

rudkufnDaom ygVdawmfrsm;udk bk&m;a[mr[kwf [lvnf;aumif;? [dELNA[P0g'awG [l vnf;aumif;
orkwfNyD; bmom omoemudk dk;om;pGm usifhMuHtm;xkwfvsufSdaom yk*dKvfrsm;tm; tNrifrSm;
900
tpodkU
txifrSm;Nzpfatmif
vSnfhNzm;vdrfvnfNyD;
zwfxkwfowfaom0g'
,if; vlaovlNzpf0g'gEk0g' (vlaovlNzpf OD;Ou|0g'? if;\ aemufvdkufNzpfaom ocifNrwfqdkif?
orm'd|dokawoD
vnf;aumif;?
polwdkU\
0g')onf
av;eufus,fNyefUaom
ax&0g'
yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"r tm*r,kwdrsm;ESifh
obm0,kwdrsm;ESifh
vnf;aumif;
ravsmfuefatmif
azmufNyef,Gif;uGuf qefUusifbufNzpfaom t"r0g'omNzpfonf[k EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU

trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) Hk;awmfodkU oufaocH wifNyaom vlaovlNzpf
0g'gEk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;
pmapmif wdwfacGrsmESSifh wuG Hk;awmfodkU oufaocHypnf;tNzpf
a&mufrvmaom xdk0g'qdkif&m pmtkyf pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacGESifh ausmufpm ponf ygSdaom

a&;om;csufrsm;onfvnf; ax&0g' yd#uwfawmfvm omoe"rESifhqefUusifbufrsm;Nzpf xdkpmtkyf
pmwrf; pmapmif wdwfacG ausmufpm
ponfwdkUonf t"r0g'udk azmfNy&m NzpfaomaMumifh
t"rypnf;rsm;NzpfaMumif; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;tm;vHk;u

wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
xdkvlaovlNzpf
0g'gEk0g'
(vlaovlNzpf0g'?
orm'd|dokawoDwdkU\
0g'ponf)udk
a&;om;a[maNym NzefUa0Muaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf

0g'gEk0g'udk vdkufem yvkyfMuaom ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonf vnf;aumif;? xdkvlaovlNzpf
0g'gEk0g'udk vdkvm;ESpfoufpGm axmufcHtm;ay;Muol ouFef;0wfESifh vl0wfaMumifwdkUonfvnf;aumif;
t"r0g'DwdkUom NzpfMuukef\ [l EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;
tm;vHk;u wnDwGwfwnf; qHk;NzwfawmfrlMuonf/
901
tpodkU

EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfMuD;rsm;
pOf
1/
bGJUawmfESifh ausmif;wdkuf
vufrSwf
b'EaCmodwmbd0Ho
(obmywd)
aCmodwm&mrausmif;wdkuf?
xm;0,frdU/
2/
b'E Z0embd0Ho(tzGJU0if)
Z0embd0HomHkausmif;wdkuf
udUyifaumufrdU/
3/
b'E"rmbd0& (tzGJU0if)
uHwGif;qkawmif;Nynfhausmif;?
NynfrdU/
4/
b'E ukrm& (tzGJU0if)

5/
b'E medu (tzGJU0if)

yaZmwmHkausmif;wdkuf?
aNrmif;NrrdU
aeUpGJ?
1341-ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef; vqef; (2) &uf/

1981-ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv (29)&uf/
Mumoyaw;aeU/
902
tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp, csrSwfNyD;aemuf
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf (2)
obmywd q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;u
pk'dwuwdkUtm; rdefUMum;awmfrlaom Mo0g'uxm
awmifwGif;MuD;rdU?
ewfrSDawm&
OD;Ou|\
vlaovlNzpf0g'ESifh
xdk0g'rS
qufEG,fay:aygufvmonfh (twkvdkuf) tEk0g'rsm;\ "r t"r tNzpfudk pdppfqHk;Nzwf&ef EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,utzGJU\ wm0efay;csuft&
EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) 0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;u wdrf;apmif;rSm;,Gif;Ncif; rSd&atmif av;vcefUrQ tcsdef,lNyD; apm'em aom"em 2-&yfESifh

yd#uwfoHk;oG,f edum,fig;Nzm ygVdawmf t|uxm #Dum*EE& t00wdkUudk useaphpyf oHk;oyfa0zefum
ukPmw&m; aSUxm;vsuf t*wdav;yg; rvdkufpm;bJ
ynmwdkUNzifh
tzefzef
EIdif;csdefNyD;rS
Ak'omoemEG,f0if
cdkifNrJxufoefonfh 0D&d, owd orm"d

ynmSiftrsm;
vufcHEdkifavmufonfh
y&dok' y&dykP 0dedp,udk csrSwfawmfrlcJhMuygw,f/

0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm;u rnfrQyif ,xm"r w&m;vrf;rSefatmif qHk;NzwfcsufcsMuygaomfvJ
ykxkZOfrsm; NzpfMuonfhtavsmuf pdwfxm;Ekol tcsdKU tcsdKU yk*dKvfrsm;u rdrdwdkU NzpfapcsifwJhtwdkif;
rNzpfvmwJhtcg rausreyfNzpfwwfMuygw,f? tJ'Dvdk NzpfNcif;[mvJ ykxkZOfwdkU&JU oabmxHwGm
"rwmygyJ/
ykxkZOfrsm; vdkufemyusifh&ef cJ,Of;wJh cJMuD; 5-&yf Sdygw,f? tJ'D cJMuD; 5-&yf u
bmawGvJqdkawmh (1) um; trSm; um; trSefvdkU a0zefpdppf&ef cJ,Of;w,f? a0zefpdppfrI rybJ trSwfwrJhyJ
aewwfMuw,f/
(2) trSm; trSefudk a0zefpdppfNyefawmhvJ um; trSm; um; trSefvdkU rdrdmPfNzifh odEdkif&ef
cJ,Of;w,f/
(3) trSm; trSefudk odNyefawmhvJ trSm;udk trSm;vdkU xkwfazmfaNymqdk&ef cJ,Of;w,f? rkef;rSm
aMumufvdkU EIwfydwfa&iHkvkyfaewwfw,f/
(4) rdrd t,lrSm;aevQifvJ udk,fhtrSm;udk ukd,f0efcH&ef cJ,Of;w,f? rSm;ygw,fvdkU 0efcH&rSmudk
SufaMumufaewwfw,f/
(5) udk,fhtrSm;udk rSm;ygw,fvdkU 0efcHapumrl trSm;udk y,fvSefNyD; trSefudk usifhMuHvdkufemzdkU
cJ,Of;w,f? vlMum;aumif;Hkavmuf 0efcHNyD; trSm;udk ry,fvSef trSefudk rvdkufembJ
aewwfMuw,f/
903
tpodkU
'gaMumifh
NrwfpGmbk&m;u
ykxkZOfawG[m
azmufNyefrSm;,Gif;pGm oHk;oyfwwfMuw,f?
]oEd|dy&mrmoD}
]tm"me*g[D}
rdrd
t,lom
NrJNrHpGm,lavh&SdMuw,f?
trSef[k
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tqHk;trawmfudk vdkufemMuvQifa, p um[Ed Mo0g'H? e&m Aka'e a'odwH/
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905
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0efMuD;|meu vdktyfovdk qufvuf ta&;,l aqmifGuf&rnf qdkaom Oya'yk'fr t& wynfhawmf
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csrSwfwJh Oya'ESifhtnD wynfhawmfwdkU NynfxJa&;ESifh omoema&;0efMuD;|me taeNzifh aqmifGufrJh
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avQmufxm;ygr,f? &[ef;awmfrsm; odwJhtwdkif;yJ
EdkifiHawmfrSm *dkPf;aygif;pHk oHCr[mem,u
tzGJUMuD;u twnfyNy|mef;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmf oHCmh tzGJUtpnf; taNccHpnf;rsnf;qkdwm Sdygw,f? tJ'D

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906
tpodkU
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qufvufNyD;awmh yg0ifEdkifcGifhudk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJUu
oem;oufnmpGm pOf;pm;rnf
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oabmvJ Nzpfygw,f? Oya't& zGJUpnf;xm;wJh EdkifiHawmf 0denf;"dk&f tzGJUu csrSwfxm;wJh 0dedp,udk
rvdkufemNcif;onfvnf; oHCmwpfodef;ausmfwdkUudk qefUusif&mvJ a&mufygw,f/
907
tpodkU
0denf; "ruH t"dukPf; rIcif;rsm; aNz&Sif;a&;qdkif&m 0dedp, Oya'u NypfrIqdkif&m Oya'ESifh

rwlygbl;? 0denf; "ruH udponf NrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh qufpyfwJh udp NzpfwJhtwGuf at;csrf;wJh
oabmSdygw,f? Nzpfay:vmwJh t"dukPf;udk aNyNidrf;atmif enf;vrf;SmNyD; trSefw&m;udk SmazGwJh
udpNzpfygw,f?
NypfrIqdkif&m
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txdkuftavsmuf tNypfcH&rJh oabmSdygw,f? 'DrSmawmh NrwfpGmbk&m; w&m;awmfESifh ywfowfNyD; rdrd

trSm;udk rSm;aMumif; 0efcs awmif;yefvdkUSdvQif 'DtrSm;u aNyaysmufNyD;awmh aemiftusdK;twGufvJ
ukodkvfw&m;yGm;&myGm;aMumif; Nzpfw,fvdkU obmywdq&mawmfu rdefUMum;NyD;Nzpfygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh pk'dwu vlyk*dKvfrsm;twGufvJ EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU aSUarSmufrSm
Mo0g'udk cH,lNyD;awmh NzpfyGm;cJhwJh udpeJU ywfowfNyD; 'DtrSm;udk 0efcHNyD;awmh aSUudk NrwfpGmbk&m;
omoempuf&dyfatmufrSm tusdK;SdSdaeEdkifatmif uGsefawmfwdkU pDpOfxm;ygw,f? tJ'D tpDtpOftwdkif;
ZrK'Dyausmif;aqmifrSmoGm;NyD; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2) q&mawmfMuD;rsm;uvJ 0dedp,
pmrludk ay;tyfygr,f? usefwJh apm'u yk*dKvfawGa&m pk'dwu yk*dKvfawGa&m EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u
q&mawmfMuD;rsm;\ Mo0g'udk cH,lNyD;awmh at;at;csrf;csrf;eJU NrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmftwdkif;
uGsefawmfwdkU tm;vHk; ukodkvfw&m;udk SmMuHEdkifatmif tpDtpOfvkyfxm;aMumif; aNymMum;tyfygw,f/
908
tpodkU

1343- ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 2-&uf
1981-ck? atmufwdkbmv 29-&ufaeUwGif &efukefrdU?
urmat;ukef;aNr? ZrK'Dy ausmif;aqmif usif;yyvkyftyfaom
t"r0g'pGefUvTwfyGJ
tcrf;tem;tpDtpOfrsm;
1/
vlaovlNzpf0g'? orm'd|dokawoe? aTtbd"rm0g'wdkUESifh pyfvsOf; EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm;

0denf;"dk&f tzGJU trSwf(2) obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u oHCr[mem,u q&mawmfrsm;udk
Sif;vif;avQmufxm;&ef?
2/
obmywdq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u
vlaovlNzpf
0dedp,
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pmrludk
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,u tzGJU tvSnfhus Ou| Am&mPoDq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;xH tyfESH&ef?

3/
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,utzGJU
tvSnfhus
Ou|
q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;u
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4/
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf OD;crm0k" u 0dedp, tusOf;csKyf

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5/
0denf;"dk&f
q&mawmfrsm;\
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6/
tusKd;awmfaqmifq&mawmfu t"r0g'udk
oHCmhtzGJYtpnf;wGif
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7/
oufqdkif&m
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avmuaMumif;t&
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tNypfSdolrsm;taeESifh
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TefMum;rnfhtaMumif; tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmfu rdefUMum;&ef/
tcrf;tem;r;tNzpf TefMum;a&;r;csKyf OD;MunfGefY aqmifGufonf/
909
tpodkU

0dedp,pmrludk EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,u\ vufodkU tyfeSH&m
oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)
obmywd q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\ Sif;vif; avQmufxm;vTm

&ufpGJ/ 1343-ck? wefaqmifrkef; vqef; 2- &uf/
1981-ck? atmufwdkbmv 29-&uf(Mumoyaw;aeU)
odkU/
EdkifiHawmf oHCr[mem,utzGJU?
ZrK'Dyausmif;aqmif?
urmat;ukef;aNr? &efukefrdU/
taMumif;t&m/
/EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJUtrSwf(2)\ "r t"r
rIcif; trSwf(2)
qHk;Nzwfcsufudk qufuyfNcif; udpyg bk&m; &nfTef;csuf/
/1343-ck? e,kefvqkwf 9-&uf ? 1981-ck? ZGefv 26-&uf aeUpGJyg EdkifiHawmf

oHCr[mem,utzGJUrS
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q&mawmfrsm;om yg0ifaom
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aG;cs,fNyD;vQif yHkpH 5-Nzifh apm'u pk'dwu q&mawmfrsm;ESifh pk'dwu vlyk*dKvfrsm;udk qifhac: 1343ck? e,kef vqkwf 13-&uf ? 1981-ck ? ZGefv(30) &ufaeU? eHeuf 8-em&D tcsdefrS p &efukefrdU?
urmat;ukef;aNr?
ty&a*g,me
ausmif;aqmif txufxyf
oD;Ncm;
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0gqdkvqef;(3)&uf? 1981-ck? Zlvdkifv
4-&ufaeU
eHeuf 8-em&D tcsdefrSp apm'emq&mawmfrsm;
aemufqHk;wifoGif;aom 0daoo apm'emudk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;/

1343-ck 0gqdkvqef;(7)&uf (8)&uf? 1981-ckESpf? Zlvdkifv(8)&uf (9)&ufaeUrsm;wGif eHeuf (8)
em&DrS p pk'dwu yk*dKvfwdkU wifoGif;aom aom"emacsyvTmrsm;udk Mum;emcJhMuygonf bk&m;? apm'u
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pmtkyf pmwrf; wdwfacG "mwfyHkrsm;udk 1343-ck? 0gqdkvqef; (8)&ufaeUnaerSp aeUpOf aeUwdkif;
910
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0dedp, pmwrf;udk a&;om;cJhMuygonf/
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14-&ufESifh wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 1-&uf? 2-&uf aeUwdkU 0denf;"dk&f q&mawmfrsm; tpHktnD
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EdkifiHawmf oD;Ncm; 0denf;"dk&ftzGJU trSwf(2)\ qHk;Nzwfcsuf 0dedp, pmwrf; pmrludk ,ck pmESifhtwl yl;wGJ
qufuyfygonf bk&m;/
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1/ b'EaCmodwmbd0Ho
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2/b'EZ0embd0Ho
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3/b'E"rmbd0&
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4/b'Eukrm&
5/b'Emedu
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911
tpodkU

vlaovlNzpf 0g'gEk0g' 0dedp, tyfESHyGJ EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,u tvSnfhus tzGJUcGJOu|
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1/
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tvGef omoemyawmfrlonf? ausmif;wdkufMuD;aygif; aNrmufrsm;pGm wnfaqmuf wHqdyfawmf& r&
q&mawmfrsm;tm;
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2/
5000-udpESifh
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owdaNymifaom ol&Jaumif; rNzpfbJ wyifaTxD;rif;vufxufu vufrxdyf tyfdkuf vlaG;yGJwGif
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3/
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4/
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5/
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912
tpodkU
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Ny|mef;ay;cJhonf/
6/
omoemhudp
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7/
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8/
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913
tpodkU
9/

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10/
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11/
EdkifiHawmf
oHCr[mem,uq&mawmfMuD;rsm;ESifh
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12/
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oHCr[mem,utzGJU udk,fpm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/
914
tpodkU
13/

txl;oNzifh EdkifiHawmf ray:aygufcJhzl;ao;aom oHCmhtzGJUtpnf; tqifhqifh
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915
tpodkU

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916
tpodkU
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usifhoHk;vdkU
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917
tpodkU
(u)
Av0oa'g [d rEyanm rk"yoaEm a[mwd? t0wKod H yoD'wd/
(c)
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0d,
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tawudapm a[mwd/
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Munfdkwwf\? xdkyk*dKvfrsKd;udk o'gtm;aumif;NyD; mPfynm todw&m; rygaomaMumifh tcsnf;ESD;
ukd;uG,fol[k ac:qdk&onf/
2/
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918
tpodkU
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ynmr[kwfbl;? todu rdpmod? ormod ESpfrsKd;Sdw,f? odwmawG rSeforQ udk,fu ormodcsnf;
qHk;Nzwfxm;vdkU r&EdkifwJh taMumif;udk rdpmmaPwd {w rdpmmPEd ygyud&d,mok Oyg,pdEm0aoe okuwH urH wd
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rdpmmPfyJ?
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aemufwpfcsufu NrwfpGmbk&m;ocif y&dedAmefpHvGefawmfrlNyD; omoemou&mZf (218)ESpf
aNrmufavmufrSm omoemhta&cHawG omoemxJ0ifNyD; arTaESmufaNcmufNcm;cJhvdkU omoemhta&;tcif;MuD;
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a[maNymavhSdygw,f? olwpfyg;t,l0g'udk ESdrf rdrd t,ltq rSefuefaMumif; oufaoNyzdkU aeUpOf
vSnfhvnfygw,f? ol\ wynfhrsm;udkvnf; ]]olrsm;u 'Dvdkar;&if rif;wdkUu a[m'Dvdk NyefaNzyg? olrsm;u 'Dvdk ,lq&if rif;wdkUu 'Dvdk
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uk@vd,
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uk@vd,
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bk&m;
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uk@vd,
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919
tpodkU
bk&m;
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uk@vd,
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avhvmusifhoHk;
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bk&m;
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bk&m;
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wpfcgwnf;
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om"k? om"k? om"k
920
tpodkU

t"r0g' pGefUvTwfNyD;aom q&mawmfrsm;
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tusKd;awmfaqmif q&mawmf\ Sif;vif;rdefUMum;csuf
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921
tpodkU

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927

Lu They Lu Phyit Winisaya With Security-1

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