7 Unsaturated Soil and Slope Stability Analysis - 2

10/22/2011
1
UNSATURATED SOIL AND
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS
PT. VALE Indonesia Geotechnical Course, Oct
2011
Paulus P. Rahardjo
Rinda Karlinasari
RESIDUAL SOIL :
2
CIPULARANG TOLL ROAD
CIPULARANG TOLL PROJECT
CONSTRUCTION
PLTA BESAI LAMPUNG CIPADA SLOPE
10/22/2011
2
3
?
Outline
1. Soil Formations
2. Phase Relationship
3. Physical Properties
4. Soil Classification
5. Shear Strength
10/22/2011
3
1. SOIL FORMATIONS
PT. INCO Geotechnical Course, April 2008
1.1 Rock Cycles
Soils
(Das, 1998)
The final products
due to weathering are
soils
10/22/2011
4
1.2 Weathering
Physical and chemical changes that occur in
sediments and rocks when they are exposed to
the atmosphere and biosphere
Not the same as erosion
Many factors can affect the weathering process
such as climate, topography, features of parent
rocks, biological reactions, and others.
Climate determines the amount of water and
the temperature.
1.2 Weathering
10/22/2011
5
TROPICAL ZONE
TROPICAL RESIDUAL SOIL :
WEATHERING PROCESS
10
Weathering Process at rocks
Weathering Profile
10/22/2011
6
1.2 Weathering
Mechanical Weathering
Making little pieces out of big ones.
Composition of original rocks does not change.
Result: lithic fragments
Chemical Weathering
Original minerals chemically break down.
Result: formation of new minerals stable at Earth-surface conditions.
The principal agent of chemical weathering is water.
This process occurs because minerals formed deep in Earths interior are not
stable under the conditions on the surface of Earth.
Stability is generally the reverse of Bowens reaction series.
1.2 Weathering
More stable
Higher weathering resistance
(Das, 1998)
Bowens reaction series
10/22/2011
7
1.2.Weathering
Residual soils- to remain at the original place
Transported soils-to be moved and deposited to other places
Residual soils :
In Indonesia area , the top layer of rock is decomposed into residual
soils due to the hot tropic climate and abundant rainfall .
Engineering properties of residual soils are different with those of
transported soils
The knowledge of "classical" geotechnical engineering is mostly based
on behavior of transported soils. The understanding of residual soils is
insufficient in general.
RESIDUAL SOIL
PROFILE :
Typical Residual Soil Profile
(after Little,1969)(Wesley,
1988)
Distinction in residual zone, Blight (Tan, Y.C., dan Chow,
C.M.,2003)
10/22/2011
8
1.3 Residual Soil
Saprolite: rock fabric is retained.
Residual soil: rock fabric is completely
destroyed.
The red or yellow color is due to the
presence of iron oxides.
(Guide, 1988)
V
II
I
III
IV
VI
Residual
soils
Completely
decomposed
Highly
decomposed
Moderately
decomposed
Slightly
decomposed
Fresh
LATERITATION
Solubility versus pH for Common Ions
Acid
Base
10/22/2011
9
LATERITATION
pH=10 Al
2
O
3
Fe(OH)
3
(sesquioxides)
SiO
2
pH=2 Al
2
O
3
CaCo
3
(silica and bases)
ZONE OF
OSCILLATING
WATER LEVELS
HIGH - LOW
GROUND
WATER TABLE
C
PARTLY CONDUCIVE TO
LATERITE FORMATION
B
MOST CONDUCIVE TO
LATERITE FORMATION
A
NOT CONDUCIVE
TO LATERITE
FORMATION
18
0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000
Feldspar: Na0.8Ca0.2Al1.2Si2.8O8
Quartz :SiO2
Chlorite : NaCl
Carbonate : CaCo3
Kaolinite: Al2Si2(OH)4
Halloysite:Al2Si2(OH)4+H2O
Illite: KH3O(AlMgFe)2(SiAl)4O10(OH)2)
Quartz :SiO2
Chlorite : NaCl
Carbonate : CaCo3
Chlorite : NaCl
Chlorite : NaCl
Goethite,Hematite: FeO(OH),Fe2O3
Chlorite : NaCl
8
.
5
-
9
.
0
7
.
0
-
7
.
5
5
.
5
-
6
4
.
0
-
4
.
5
2
.
0
-
2
.
5
0
.
5
-
1
.
0
Peak Intensity (counts)
BH02 Cij
10/22/2011
10
19
BH02 Cij
0.5-1.0 m
BH02 Cij
2.0-2.5 m
BH02 Cij
4.0-4.5 m
20
BH02 Cij
7.0-7.5 m
BH02 Cij
8.5-9.0 m
10/22/2011
11
21
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Quartz :SiO2
Chlorite : NaCl
Carbonate : CaCo3
Quartz :SiO2
Chlorite : NaCl
Carbonate : CaCo3
Chlorite : NaCl
Chlorite : NaCl
Chlorite : NaCl
8
.
5
-
9
.
0
7
.
0
-
7
.
5
5
.
5
-
6
4
.
0
-
4
.
5
2
.
0
-
2
.
5
0
.
5
-
1
.
0
BH02 Cij
Weathering Zone :
ZONE CLASSIFICATION IN UNSATURATED SOIL
PROFILE
DRY SOIL
Discontinue water phase,
Air was filled almost all the soil pore
S 0%
2 PHASE ZONE
Continue water and air phase,
CAPILLARITY ZONE
Water was filled almost all the soil pore,
Discontinue air phase
S 100%
Water table
Water was filled all the soil pores,
Air is dissolve in water
U
N
S
A
T
U
R
A
T
E
D

S
O
I
L

(
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e

p
o
r
e

w
a
t
e
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
)
S
A
T
U
R
A
T
E
D

S
O
I
L

(
p
o
s
i
t
i
f

p
o
r
e

w
a
t
e
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

)
10/22/2011
12
VADOSE ZONE
VADOSE ZONE AND ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCE
Active Zone
ACTIVE ZONE
Active Zone (Nelson and Miller,1991)
10/22/2011
13
What is Negative Water Pressure/Suction ?
Water tends to flow from wet to dry part
of soil.
Dry part of soil have a potential to
attrack water, we called it moisture
tension.
In a vadose zone water flow through
capillary of soil to reach the dry part soil
or the more negatif moisture tension part.
In intent to do so, it have to overcome the
gravity forces.
25
Moisture Potential in a Plant
Transpiration
(Evaporation through
plants) at leaf made
it have the highest
moisture potential
The water moves from
a less negative soil
moisture tension to a
more negative tension
in the atmosphere.
26
10/22/2011
14
Microscophic Looks
Surface tension higher when
only small value of water
attached to a solid
27
Surface Tension
28
10/22/2011
15
MATRIX SUCTION MEASUREMENT
( Likos, dan Ning Lu, 2003)
2. PHASE RELATIONS
10/22/2011
16
2.1 Three Phases in Soils
S : Solid
W: Liquid
A: Air
2.2 Three Volumetric Ratios
(1) Void ratio e (given in decimal, 0.65)
(2) Porosity n (given in percent 100%, 65%)
(3) Degree of Saturation S (given in percent 100%, 65%)
) (
) (
s
v
V solids of Volume
V voids of Volume
e =
) (
) (
t
v
V sample soil of volume Total
V voids of Volume
n =
% 100
) (
) (
=
v
w
V voids of volume Total
V water contains voids of volume Total
S
e 1
e
) e 1 ( V
e V
n
s
s
+
=
+
=
10/22/2011
17
2.2.1 Engineering Applications (e)
Typical values Engineering applications:
Volume change tendency
Strength
(Lambe and Whitman, 1979)
Simple cubic (SC), e = 0.91, Contract
Cubic-tetrahedral (CT), e = 0.65, Dilate
2.2.1 Engineering Implications (e)(Cont.)
Hydraulic conductivity
Which packing (SC or
CT) has higher
hydraulic conductivity?
SC
e = 0.91
CT
e = 0.65
The fluid (water) can flow more easily through the
soil with higher hydraulic conductivity
10/22/2011
18
2.2.1 Engineering Applications (e)(Cont.)
SC
e = 0.91
CT
e = 0.65
The finer particle cannot pass
through the void
Clogging
Filter
2.2.2 Engineering Applications (S)
Completely dry soil S = 0 %
Completely saturated soil S = 100%
Unsaturated soil (partially saturated soil) 0% < S < 100%
% 100
) (
) (
=
v
w
S
Volumetric water content :
% 100
) (
) (
=
t
w
u
Remember :
) (
) (
t
v
V voids of Volume
n =
10/22/2011
19
Residual water content
(u
r
) :
Magnitude of volumetric
water content when
increases in suction no
longer has influence in
degree of saturation
2.2.2 Engineering Applications (S) (cont)
Saturated phase Unsaturated phase
1. Volumetric Water Content
S = degree of saturation
e = void ratio
2. Degree of Saturation, S
n = porosity
e
e S
+
=
1
.
u
n
S
u
=
2.2.2 Engineering Applications (S) (cont)
In saturated soil , S= 100 %, u = n
10/22/2011
20
2.3 Density and Unit Weight
Mass is a measure of a body's
inertia, or its "quantity of
matter". Mass is not changed at
different places.
Weight is force, the force of
gravity acting on a body. The
value is different at various
places (Newton's second law F
= ma) (Giancoli, 1998)
The unit weight is frequently
used than the density is (e.g. in
calculating the overburden
pressure).
w
s
w
s
w
s
s
g
g
G
m
kN
Water
m
g
gravity to due on accelerati g
Volume
g Mass
Volume
Weight
weight Unit
Volume
Mass
Density
= =
=
= =
= =
=
3
2
8 . 9 ,
sec
8 . 9
:
,
,
2.4 Weight Relationships
Density of soil
a. Dry density
b. Total, Wet, or Moist density (0%<S<100%, Unsaturated)
c. Saturated density (S=100%, V
a
=0)
d. Submerged density (Buoyant density)
) (
) (
t
s
d
M solids soil of Mass
=
) (
) (
t
w s
M M sample soil of Mass +
=
) (
) (
t
w s
sat
M M water solids soil of Mass + +
=
w sat
=
'
10/22/2011
21
2.5 Typical Values of Specific Gravity
(Lambe and Whitman, 1979)
(Goodman, 1989)
3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
10/22/2011
22
3.1 Grain Size Distribution
43
Coarse-grained soils:
Gravel Sand
Fine-grained soils:
Silt Clay
0.075 mm (USCS)
0.06 mm (BS)
Experiment
Sieve analysis
Hydrometer analysis
(Head, 1992)
3.1 Grain Size Distribution (Cont.)
44
Log scale
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Effective size D
10
: 0.02 mm
D
30
: D
60
:
10/22/2011
23
3.1 Grain Size Distribution (Cont.)
Describe the shape
Example: well graded
Criteria
2
) 9 )( 02 . 0 (
) 6 . 0 (
) D )( D (
) D (
C
curvature of t Coefficien
450
02 . 0
9
D
D
C
uniformity of t Coefficien
2
60 10
2
30
c
10
60
u
= = =
= = =
mm 9 D
mm 6 . 0 D
) size effective ( mm 02 . 0 D
60
30
10
=
=
=
) sands for (
6 C and 3 C 1
) gravels for (
4 C and 3 C 1
soil graded Well
u c
u c
> < <
> < <

46
The presence of water in fine-grained soils can significantly affect
associated engineering behavior, so we need a reference index to clarify
the effects. (The reason will be discussed later in the topic of clay minerals)
In percentage
3.2. Atteberg Limit
PI
PL w
LI
n

=
10/22/2011
24
3.2 Atterberg Limits (cont.)
47
Liquid Limit, LL
Liquid State
Plastic Limit, PL
Plastic State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Semisolid State
Solid State
Dry Soil
Fluid soil-water
mixture
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

w
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
t
e
n
t
3.2. Casagrande Method (ASTM D4318-95a)
48
N=25 blows
Closing distance =
12.7mm (0.5 in)
Device
The water content, in percentage, required to close a
distance of 0.5 in (12.7mm) along the bottom of the
groove after 25 blows is defined as the liquid limit
10/22/2011
25
3.3 Plastic Limit-PL
49
The plastic limit PL is defined as the water content at which a soil thread with 3.2
mm diameter just crumbles.
ASTM D4318-95a, BS1377: Part 2:1990:5.3
3.4. Atteberg Limit vs Soil State
PI = LL-PL
(Wesley)
10/22/2011
26
3.5 Typical Values of Atterberg Limits
51
(Mitchell, 1993)
Iron Oxidation Zone
52
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Natural Dry 60 deg C oven
dry
100 deg C oven
dry
(FeO + Al
2
O
3
) / SiO
2
BH 02 Cijengkol 0.5-1.0
Condition :
Natural Dry Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
0.742
FeO/SiO
2
0.586
(FeO + Al
2
O
3
) / SiO
2
1.327
FeO/Al
2
O
3
0.796
60
o
C oven dry Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
0.721
FeO/SiO
2
0.209
(FeO + Al
2
O
3
) / SiO
2
1.615
FeO/Al
2
O
3
0.279
100
o
C oven dry Al
2
O
3
/SiO
2
0.769
FeO/SiO
2
0.737
(FeO + Al
2
O
3
) / SiO
2
2.108
FeO/Al
2
O
3
0.880
Quartz, silica and iron oxide mass percentage at 4.0-4.5 m to
0.5-1.0 m at Cijengkol Slope
10/22/2011
27
Flocculasion and Dispersion
53
0.5 1.0 m 4.0 4.5 m 7.0 7.5 m
PORE DIAMETER over DEPTH
54
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
C
u
m
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

D
i
a
m
e
t
e
r

(
m
)
Diameter (m)
Diameter Pori per Kedalaman Lapisan
BH02 Cij 0.5-1.0 BH02 Cij 2.0-2.5 BH02 Cij 4.0-4.5 BH02 Cij 8.5-9.0
Aung et al, 2000
10/22/2011
28
RESEARCH PROGRAM :
Physical Properties
BH 02 Neg Kedalaman
sampel
Ket BH
03
Neg
Kedalaman
sampel
Ket BH04
Neg
Kedalaman
sampel
Ket BH05
Neg
Kedalaman
sampel
Ket
1 0.5-1.0 m SB 1 0.5-1.0 m SB 1 0.0-0.5 m SPT 1 0.5-1.0 m SB
2 1.5-1.95 m SPT 2 1.5-1.95 m SPT 2 0.5-1.0 m SB 2 1.5-1.95 m SPT
3 2.0-3.0 m SB 3 2.0-3.0 m SB 3 1.5-1.95 m SPT 3 2.5-3.0 m SB
4 3.5-3.95m SPT 4 3.5-3.95m SPT 4 2.5-3.0 m SB 4 3.5-3.95 m SPT
5 4.0-5.0 m SB 5 4.0-5.0 m SB 5 3.5-3.95 m SPT 5 4.5-5.5 m SB
6 5.5-5.95 m SPT 6 5.5-5.95 m SPT 6 4.5-5.0 m SB 6 5.5-5.95 m SPT
7 6.5-7.0 m SB 7 7.0-7.5 m SB 7 5.5-5.95 m SPT 7 6.5-7.0 m SB
8 7.5-7.95 m SPT 8 7.5-7.95 m SPT 8 6.5-7.0 m SB 8 8.5-9.0 m SB
9 8.5-9.0 m SB 9 8.5-9.0 m SB 9 7.5-7.95 m SPT 9 9.5-9.95 m SPT
10 9.5-9.95 m SPT 10 9.5-9.95 m SPT 10 8.5-9.0 m SB 10 10.5-11.50 m SB
11 11.5-11.95 m SPT 11 11.5-11.95 m SPT 11 9.5-9.75 m SPT 11 11.5-11.95 m SPT
12 13.0-13.5 m SB 12 13.5-13.95 m SPT 12 11.5-11.95 m SPT 12 13.5-13.95 m SPT
16 19.5-19.95 m SPT 16 25.5-25.95 m SPT 16 25.5-25.95 m SPT
17 21.5-21.95 m SPT 17 27.5-27.95 m SPT 17 27.5-27.95 m SPT
18 23.5-23.95 m SPT 18 29.5-29.95 m SPT 18 29.5-29.95 m SPT
19 25.5-25.95 m SPT
20 27.5-27.95 m SPT
55
Number of sampel
Physical Properties Profile
56
Diagram of tropical residual
soil profile (dari Little,
1969)
Variation in engineering
properties of weathering
Basalt rock to Laterit Soil
(Tuncer and Lohnes, 1977)
10/22/2011
29
Weathering Stage
57
w Vs
Ws
Gs
.
=
w
d
Vs
V
Gs
.
=
w Vs
V
w
Gs
.
1
.
+
=
w Vs
V
w
Gs
.
1
.
+
=
Vs
Vv
e =
w
S e
Gs
.
=
Beginning of Oxidation Zone (Stage 4):
Stage 4, Sesquioxides (Fe
2
O
3
dan Al
2
O
3
) increase, Specific Gravity
increase . Increase on Specific Gravity, increase on density :
Increase on void ratio because increasing specific gravity means
decrease on solid volume (V
s
) :
Weathering Stage
58
End of Oxidation Zone (Stage 5):
At stage 5 there is decrease on Degree of Saturation (S) , soil become
more unsaturated. Unsaturated vol-mass relation apply :
At the last equation above, if density and specific gravity increase,
then decrease on degree of saturation means decrease on void ratio.
10/22/2011
30
Unsaturated Vol-Mass Relationship
Void ratio e
Porosity n
Degree of Saturation S
) (
) (
s
v
V solids of Volume
V voids of Volume
e =
) (
) (
t
v
V voids of Volume
n =
% 100
) (
) (
=
v
w
S
e 1
e
) e 1 ( V
e V
n
s
s
+
=
+
=
59
S : Solid W: Liquid A: Air
Unsaturated Vol-Mass Relationship
60
w
S e
Gs
.
=
10/22/2011
31
61
0 200 400 600 800 100012001400160018002000
Quartz :SiO2
Chlorite : NaCl
Carbonate : CaCo3
Quartz :SiO2
Chlorite : NaCl
Carbonate : CaCo3
Chlorite : NaCl
Chlorite : NaCl
Chlorite : NaCl
8
.
5
-
9
.
0
7
.
0
-
7
.
5
5
.
5
-
6
4
.
0
-
4
.
5
2
.
0
-
2
.
5
0
.
5
-
1
.
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2.4 2.6 2.8
BH02
Cijengkol
Zone 4 - 5
Zone 3
BH02 Cij
PROPERTIES PROFILE
BH02 Cijengkol
62
10/22/2011
32
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Gs)
63
Typical Values of Specific Gravity
(Mitchel 1982)
(Goodman, 1989)
64
Mineral Primer
Orthoclase feldspars 2.5 2.6
Serpentine 2.5 2.8
Quartz 2.65
Plagioclase feldspars 2.61-2.75
Hornblende 2.9 3.3
Augite 3.3 3.6
Mineral Sekunder
Kaolinite 2.2 2.6
Gibbsite 2.4
Goethite 3.3 3.5
Hematite 4.9 5.3
10/22/2011
33
Void Ratio
65
Liquid Limit
66
10/22/2011
34
Typical Values of Atterberg Limits
67
(Mitchell, 1993)
CLAY CONTENT
68
10/22/2011
35
PLASTICITY CHART
69
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
Liquid Limit
80
40
P
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x
A
-lin
e

60
20
100
Weathered sedimentary soils
Red volcanic clays
Volcanic ash (allophane)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
P
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x
Liquid Limit
BH05 Neg
BH04 Neg
BH03 Neg
BH02 Neg
BH01 Cil
BH03 Cij
BH02 Cij
Diagram Cassagrande dan hasil pengujian Wesley untuk tanah-tanah
residual (Wesley, 2004)
Diagram Cassagrande hasil pengujian pada penelitian ini
70
Rao, Sivapullaiah, Padmanabha (1988) memberikan korelasi empiris :
Thomas Paal dan Post (1984) memberikan korelasi empiris :
Nagaraj dan Jayadeva (1984) memberikan korelasi empiris :
This research :
) 75735 . 32 ( 816 . 0 = x IP
10/22/2011
36
71
YUDBHIR DAN SAHU
CLASSIFICATION (1988)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Activity, Ac
BH02 Cij BH03 Cij BH01 Cil BH02 Neg
BH03 Neg BH04 Neg BH05 Neg
P
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
I
n
d
e
x

,

P
I
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
Activity, Ac
Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 3
P
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
I
n
d
e
x

,

P
I
72
Results in activity and plasticity diagram Vargas (1985)
Vargas research results on many types of residual soil and this research
results
10/22/2011
37
ACTIVITY CHART vs ZONE
73
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
% clay (| < 2)
Zone 5 Zone 4 Zone 3
Active
Normal
Inactive
P
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x

%
This research results :
Different zone in the activity diagram
WESLEY CLASSIFICATION (1988)
74
10/22/2011
38
75
This research results and the its distance from A-line
WESLEY CLASSIFICATION (1988)
76
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 0.5-1.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 1.0-1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 2.0-2.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 2.5-3.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 4.0-4.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.01 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 5.0-5.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.01 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 7.0-7.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 8.5-9.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.01 1
%

f
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 Cij 9.5-10.0
10/22/2011
39
GRAIN-SIZE DISTRIBUTION
77
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
%

F
i
n
e
r
Diameter, mm
BH02 0.5-1.0
BH02 1.5-2.0
BH02 2.0-2.5
BH02 2.5-3.0
BH02 4.0-4.5
BH02 5.0-5.5
BH02 7.0-7.5
BH02 8.5-9.0
BH02 9.5-10.0
BH02 14.5-15.0
4. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
10/22/2011
40
79
4.1. Purpose
Classifying soils into groups with similar behavior, in terms of
simple indices, can provide geotechnical engineers a general
guidance about engineering properties of the soils through the
accumulated experience.
Simple indices
Grain SD, LL, PI
Classification system
(Language)
Estimate
engineering
properties
Achieve engineering
purposes
Use the
accumulated
experience
Communicate
between
engineers
80
4.2. Classification Systems
Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).
Residual Soil Classification
10/22/2011
41
4.3. Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS)
81
Origin of USCS:
This system was first developed by Professor A. Casagrande
(1948) for the purpose of airfield construction during World
War II. Afterwards, it was modified by Professor Casagrande,
the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers to enable the system to be applicable to dams,
foundations, and other construction (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981).
Four major divisions:
(1) Coarse-grained
(2) Fine-grained
(3) Organic soils
(4) Peat
82
4.3.1 Definition of Grain Size
Boulders Cobbles
Gravel Sand Silt and
Clay
Coarse Fine Coarse Fine Medium
300 mm 75 mm
19 mm
No.4
4.75 mm
No.10
2.0 mm
No.40
0.425 mm
No.200
0.075
mm
No specific grain
size-use
Atterberg limits
10/22/2011
42
83
4.3.2 Plasticity Chart
LL
PI
H L
The A-line generally
separates the more
claylike materials
from silty materials,
and the organics
from the inorganics.
The U-line indicates
the upper bound for
general soils.
Note: If the measured
limits of soils are on
the left of U-line,
they should be
rechecked.
84
4.3.3 Procedures for Classification
Coarse-grained
material
Grain size
distribution
Fine-grained
material
LL, PI
(Santamarina et al.,
2001)
Highly
10/22/2011
43
4.4. Residual soil : Pedology Classification
FrenchClassification FAO Soil Taxonomy
Juvenile soil on recent alluvium and
colluvium
FLUVISOLS Fluvent
Juvenile soils on recent eolian deposits
and weakly developedsoils
REGOSOLS Psamments
Orthents
Ferralitic soils on loose sandy
sediments
ARENOSOLS Ferralic A Oxic Quatzipsamments
Mineral hydromorphic soils GREYSOLS
Eutric G
Dystric G
Humic G
Tropaquepts
Hydromorphic soils with an
accumulation of iron or a plinthite
horizon
Plintic G Plinthaquepts
Eutropic brown soils of tropical
regions on volcanic ash
ANDOSOLS Andepts
PLANOSOLS
CAMBISOLS
Ferralitic soils, rejuvenited; Dystric C Dystropepts
Ferruginous or ferralitic soils,
rejuvenated;
Eutric C Eutropepts
Ferralitic soils, humic,rejuvenated Humic C Humitropepts
3. Ferruginous tropical soils LUVISOLS Tropudalfs
Paleudalfs
Paleustalfs
Yellowish-brownFerralitic Soils ACRISOLS
Rhodic A. Rhodudults
Rhodustults
Ferralitic soils FERRALSOLS Oxisols
Lithosols andlithic soils LITHOSOLS Lithic subgroups
Ferrisols NITOSOLS
(some cambisols)
Udalfs (?)
Vertisols VERTISOL Vertisols
Modificated by Morin and Todor, 1975 ; Mitchell, 1982
4.4. Residual soil : Composition Classification
MAJOR DIVISION SUB-GROUP EXAMPLES COMMENTS
GROUP A
Soil without a strong
mineralogical
influence
(a) Strong macro-structure
influence
Moderately weathered to highly
weathered soils (from Granite,
sandstone, etc)
Nature of macro-structure needs
definition
- stratification
- fracture, fissures, voids, etc
(b) Strong micro-structure
influence
Completely weathered soils (i.e. true
residual soils from granite, sand
stone, etc
Remoulding likely to strongly
influence behaviour
-sensitivy should be a useful
indicator
(c) Little or no structure influence Probably a rather minor sub-group
GROUPB
Soils strongly
influenced by
normal clay mineral
(a) Smectite (montmorillinite)
group
Black cotton soils (Black clay,
vertisols, tropical black earth,
grumusols)
Problems soils, characterisised by
low strength, high compressibility,
high shrink swell behaviour (similar
characteristics to any montmorillinite
soil)
(b) other minerals ? ??
GROUPC
Soils strongly
influenced by clay
minerals found only
inresidual soils
(a) Allophane Volcanic Ash Soils (andosols,
Andepts)
Low activity soils, with good
engineering properties, characterized
by very high water contents and
large irreversible changes on drying
(b) Halloysite Red clays of volcanic origin (latosols,
oxixols, ferrasols)
Low activity soils, good engineering
properties
(c) Sesquioxide Gibbsite, Geothite Lateritic soils
Laterites
Extremely variable group, ranging
fromsilty clay to gravel
(Wesley)
10/22/2011
44
5. SHEAR STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH
Unsaturated Soil Shear Strength
Saturated Soil Shear Strength
10/22/2011
45
STRESS STATE ON A CUBICLE SOIL
ELEMENT
( )
( )
( )
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
a z yz xz
zy a y xy
zx yx a x
u
u
u
o t t
t o t
t t o
( )
( )
( )
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
w a
w a
w a
u u
u u
u u
0 0
0 0
0 0
Stress State Variable for Unsaturated Soil (Fredlund, D.G., and Vanapalli, S.K. )
Balanced condition on soil
structure :
and air-water inter phase
(contractile skin) :
Suction
Suction is a negative pore water pressure, formulated as :
w a
u u s =
u
a
= pore air pressure
u
w
= pore water pressure
u
a
= 100 kPa
u
w
= 0 kPa
water table
s = 100 kPa
u
a
= u
w
s = 0
10/22/2011
46
FAILURE CRITERION
A consistent relationship exists between the
shear strength on a plane and the effective
normal stress that acts on that plane
S = c + o tan | where
S = shear strength on the plane
o= effective normal stress on the plane
c = effective cohesion
| = effective friction angle
FAILURE ENVELOPE
Mohr-Coulomb failure envelope
10/22/2011
47
FAILURE ENVELOPE of UNSATURATED SOIL
( ) ( )
b
f w a
'
f
a f
'
ff
u u u c | | o t tan tan + + =
(Fredlund & Rahardjo, 1993)
Non-Linear |
b
NON-LINEAR FAILURE ENVELOPE
UNSATURATED SOIL
10/22/2011
48
DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH
FROM TEST RESULTS (DS, TX)
Selection of failure criteria depends on:
1. Testing condition
2. Field condition (Drained vs. Undrained)
DRAINED STRENGTH
Shear strength defined in terms of effective normal
stresses is referred as drained or effective strength
To use drained or effective strength, effective normal
stresses need to be known which, in turn, requires that
pore water pressures are known
Pore pressures may not be simple to determine in the
Field
Typically used in analysis of stability of excavation slopes
and natural slopes.
10/22/2011
49
UNDRAINED STRENGTH
In those cases, such as at end of construction in
fine-grained soils, where determination of pore
pressures are difficult undrained or total
strength is used for convenience
S = c
u
+ o tan |
u
where c
u
= undrained cohesion
and |
u
= undrained friction angle (zero for
saturated soils), and o = total normal stress
Typically used in foundation, retaining wall,
embankment slope design.
98
DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH FROM UNSATURATED
TEST RESULTS (DS, TX UNSAT)
MODIFIED DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS
10/22/2011
50
99
AXIS TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE
100
MODIFIED
DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS
FOR
WATER INFILTRATION
TEST
10/22/2011
51
101
MODIFIED DS APPARATUS
FOR WATER INFILTRATION TEST
102
MODIFIED TRIAXIAL
TESTING APPARATUS
10/22/2011
52
Method 1: Free pressure condition (Fredlund et al., 1978)
c = effective cohesion
(o
f
u
a
)
f
= normal pressure variable at failure plane on failure
(u
a
u
w
)
f
= suction at failure plane on failure
| = internal friction angle, defined the increased in shear strength due to
increased on normal total pressure
|
b
= defined the increased in shear strength due to suction
( ) ( )
b
f w a
'
f
a f
'
ff
UNSATURATED SOIL STRENGTH FAILURE
CRITERION
o (effective pressure)
_ = effective pressure parameter
Method 2: Effective pressure (Bishop, 1959)
( ) ( ) { } ' tan ' | _ o t
w a a n
u u u c + + =
UNSATURATED SOIL STRENGTH
FAILURE CRITERION
10/22/2011
53
(u
a
u
w
)
b
: air entry value (AEV)
_ : a function from soils matric suction
(Khalili & Khabbaz, 1988)
S
r
: Residual degree of saturation
S : Degree of saturation on Critical condition
_ : a function from degree of saturation (S)
(Tohari, 2002)
( )
( )
55 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b w a
w a
u u
u u
_
( )
( )
r
r
S
S S
=
100
_
UNSATURATED SOIL STRENGTH
FAILURE CRITERION
(o
v
u
a
) = vertical total normal pressure
u
a
= pore air pressure
(z) = soil density, function of depth
z
1
= soil surface elevation
z
2
= certain point elevation
g = gravitation acceleration
In geostatic condition (flat surface, no vertical and horizontal shear
pressure) :
( ) ( )
a
z
z
a v
u dz g z u =
}

1
2
o
z
1
z
2
horizontal soil surface
(o
v
u
a
) = g (z
1
-z
2
)
INSITU PROFILE FOR UNSATURATED SOIL
10/22/2011
54
For unsaturated soil :
(o
v
u
a
) = vertical total normal pressure
( )
( )
a v
a h
u
u
K
=
o
o
z
1
z
2
Horizontal soil surface
(o
h
u
a
) = K
0
(o
v
u
a
)
(o
v
u
a
)
(o
h
u
a
)
(o
h
u
a
) = horizontal total normal pressure
LATERAL SOIL PRESSURE COEFFICENT
where,
= Poisson ratio
E = Elastic Modulus due to change on vertical total pressure
(o
v
u
a
)
H = Elastic Modulus due to change on suction
( )
( ) ( )
( )
a v
w a
u
u u
H
m E
K
=
o
1
1
0
Elastic Equilibrium :
UNSATURATED SOIL COEFFICIENT OF
HORIZONTAL PRESSURE AT REST
10/22/2011
55
Matrix Suction Measurement
109
Main part of Jetfill Tensiometer
(Soil Moisture)
110
Rain Session
Monitoring
12/27/05 12:00
12/27/05 13:00
12/27/05 14:00
12/27/05 15:00
12/27/05 16:00
12/27/05 17:00
12/27/05 18:00
12/27/05 19:00
12/27/05 20:00
12/27/05 21:00
12/27/05 22:00
12/27/05 23:00
12/28/05 0:00
12/28/05 1:00
12/28/05 2:00
12/28/05 3:00
12/28/05 4:00
12/28/05 5:00
12/28/05 6:00
12/28/05 7:00
12/28/05 8:00
12/28/05 9:00
12/28/05 10:00
12/28/05 11:00
12/28/05 12:00
12/28/05 13:00
12/28/05 14:00
12/28/05 15:00
12/28/05 16:00
12/28/05 17:00
12/28/05 18:00
12/28/05 19:00
12/28/05 20:00
12/28/05 21:00
12/28/05 22:00
12/28/05 23:00
12/29/05 0:00
12/29/05 1:00
12/29/05 2:00
12/29/05 3:00
12/29/05 4:00
12/29/05 5:00
12/29/05 6:00
12/29/05 7:00
12/29/05 8:00
12/29/05 9:00
12/29/05 10:00
12/29/05 11:00
12/29/05 12:00
12/29/05 13:00
12/29/05 14:00
12/29/05 15:00
12/29/05 16:00
12/29/05 17:00
12/29/05 18:00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425
T
a
n
g
g
a
l

d
a
n

J
a
m

p
e
m
b
a
c
a
a
n

Matriks Suction (kPa)
Siklus Matriks Suction pada
27 to 29 Des 2005
BJF 1 depth 0.6 m BJF 2 depth 1.2 m
BJF 3 depth 2.1 m
10/22/2011
56
111
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
4
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
5
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
6
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
7
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
8
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

1
9
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

2
0
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

2
1
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

2
2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
7
/
0
5

2
3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

0
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

4
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

5
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

6
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

7
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

8
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

9
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
0
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
1
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
4
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
5
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
6
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
7
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
8
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

1
9
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

2
0
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

2
1
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

2
2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
8
/
0
5

2
3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

0
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

4
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

5
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

6
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

7
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

8
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

9
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
0
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
1
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
2
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
3
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
4
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
5
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
6
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
7
:
0
0
1
2
/
2
9
/
0
5

1
8
:
0
0
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
m
m
/
h
r
)
M
a
t
r
i
x

S
u
c
t
i
o
n

(
k
P
a
)

Tanggal dan jam pembacaan
27 to 29 Des 2005
BJF 1 depth 0.6 m BJF 2 depth 1.2 m BJF 3 depth 2.1 m Hujan
112
8/11/06 12:00
8/11/06 13:00
8/11/06 14:00
8/11/06 15:00
8/11/06 16:00
8/11/06 17:00
8/11/06 18:00
8/11/06 19:00
8/11/06 20:00
8/11/06 21:00
8/11/06 22:00
8/11/06 23:00
8/12/06 0:00
8/12/06 1:00
8/12/06 2:00
8/12/06 3:00
8/12/06 4:00
8/12/06 5:00
8/12/06 6:00
8/12/06 7:00
8/12/06 8:00
8/12/06 9:00
8/12/06 10:00
8/12/06 11:00
8/12/06 12:00
8/12/06 13:00
8/12/06 14:00
8/12/06 15:00
8/12/06 16:00
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
T
a
n
g
g
a
l

d
a
n

J
a
m

P
e
m
b
a
c
a
n
11 sampai 12 Agustus 2006
Dry Session
Monitoring
10/22/2011
57
RAINFALL DATA
113
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
4/26/05
0:00
5/26/05
0:00
6/25/05
0:00
7/25/05
0:00
8/24/05
0:00
9/23/05
0:00
10/23/05
0:00
11/22/05
0:00
12/22/05
0:00
1/21/06
0:00
2/20/06
0:00
3/22/06
0:00
4/21/06
0:00
Date
R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
m
m
/
h
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
T
o
t
a
l

R
a
i
n
f
a
l
l

(
m
m
)
I (mm/hr)
Total (mm)
Rainfall Data Lereng Cijengkol
Tahun 2005 - 2006
114
15-December-2005
14-January-2006
13-February-2006
15-March-2006
14-April-2006
14-May-2006
13-June-2006
13-July-2006
12-August-2006
11-September-2006
1011121314151617181920212223242526272829
T
a
n
g
g
a
l

p
e
m
b
a
c
a
a
n

Profil Matriks Suction dari
Desember 2005 - Agustus 2006
15-December-2005
15-January-2006
14-February-2006
17-March-2006
16-April-2006
17-May-2006
16-June-2006
17-July-2006
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
T
a
n
g
g
a
l

P
e
m
b
a
c
a
a
n

Profil Matriks Suction BJF 1 diantara
jam 10.00-15.00 dari
Desember 2005 sampai Juli 2006
BJF 1 depth 0.6 m
10/22/2011
58
115
Volumetric Water Content
Measurement
BSP
Thread
40 mm dia
3 mm dia
rods, 4 off
60 mm
112 mm
36 mm
116
Vol. Water Content
Monitoring Result
15-December-2005
14-January-2006
13-February-2006
15-March-2006
14-April-2006
14-May-2006
13-June-2006
13-July-2006
12-August-2006
40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00
T
a
n
g
g
a
l
P
e
m
b
a
c
a
a
n

Volumetric Water Content (%)
Profil Vol Water Content dari
Desember 2005 - Agustus 2006
THETAPROBE 1 (0.6 m) THETAPROBE 2 (1.2 m)
12/27/05 12:00
12/27/05 14:00
12/27/05 16:00
12/27/05 18:00
12/27/05 20:00
12/27/05 22:00
12/28/05 0:00
12/28/05 2:00
12/28/05 4:00
12/28/05 6:00
12/28/05 8:00
12/28/05 10:00
12/28/05 12:00
12/28/05 14:00
12/28/05 16:00
12/28/05 18:00
12/28/05 20:00
12/28/05 22:00
12/29/05 0:00
12/29/05 2:00
12/29/05 4:00
12/29/05 6:00
12/29/05 8:00
12/29/05 10:00
12/29/05 12:00
12/29/05 14:00
55 55.5 56 56.5 57 57.5 58
T
a
n
g
g
a
l

d
a
n

J
a
m

p
e
m
b
a
c
a
a
n

Vol Water Content (%)
Profil Vol. Water Content pada
27 to 29 Des 2005
8/11/06 12:00
8/11/06 13:00
8/11/06 14:00
8/11/06 15:00
8/11/06 16:00
8/11/06 17:00
8/11/06 18:00
8/11/06 19:00
8/11/06 20:00
8/11/06 21:00
8/11/06 22:00
8/11/06 23:00
8/12/06 0:00
8/12/06 1:00
8/12/06 2:00
8/12/06 3:00
8/12/06 4:00
8/12/06 5:00
8/12/06 6:00
8/12/06 7:00
8/12/06 8:00
8/12/06 9:00
8/12/06 10:00
8/12/06 11:00
8/12/06 12:00
8/12/06 13:00
8/12/06 14:00
8/12/06 15:00
8/12/06 16:00
4040.54141.54242.543
Vol Water Content (%)
Profil Vol. Water Content
11 to 12 Agustus 2006
THETAPROBE 1 (0.6 m)
10/22/2011
59
117
Suction Measurement : Filter Paper Method
118
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1 10 100 1000 10000100000
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

(
%
)
Suction (kPa)
BH02 Neg 0.5-1.0 m
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1 10 100 1000 10000100000
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

(
%
)
Suction (kPa)
BH02 Neg 6.5-7.0 m
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1 10 100 1000 10000100000
W
a
t
e
r

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

(
%
)
Suction (kPa)
BH02 Neg 2.5-3.0 m
Suction Measurement Result :
Filter Paper Method
10/22/2011
60
119
Matrix Suction
Profile
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1 100 10000
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Suction (kPa)
Matriks Suction
& Total Suction BH02 Cij
(w = 40 %)
Zone 5
Zone 4
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1 100 10000
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Suction (kPa)
Matriks Suction
& Total Suction BH02 Neg
(w = 40 %)
Matriks Suction Total Suction
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
1 100 10000
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Suction (kPa)
Matriks Suction
(w = 40 %)
Matriks Suction Total Suction
Zone 3
Zone 4
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
1 100 10000
D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Suction (kPa)
Matriks Suction
(w = 40 %)
Matriks Suction
Colluvial
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
( ) t + =
w a
u u
120
RESEARCH PROGRAM :
Shear Strength Characteristics
10/22/2011
61
121
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Axial Strain (%)
Stress-Strain curve
TX CU
0.2 kg/cm2
0.6 kg/cm2
1.4 kg/cm2
BH02 Cij
2.0-2.5 m
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)

Tegangan Normal (kg/cm
2
)
Mohr Circle
ESP 0.2 kg/cm2
ESP 0.6 kg/cm2
ESP 1.4 kg/cm2
TSP 0.2 kg/cm2
TSP 0.6 kg/cm2
TSP 1.4 kg/cm2
Total
Efektif
BH02 Cij 2.0-2.5 m
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P
o
r
e

W
a
t
e
r

P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Axial Strain (%)
Pore Water
Pressure - Strain
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
q

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
p , p' (kg/cm
2
)
p - q Diagram
TSP 0.2 kg/cm2
ESP 0.2 kg/cm2
TSP 0.6 kg/cm2
ESP 0.6 kg/cm2
TSP 1.4 kg/cm2
ESP 1.4 kg/cm2
total
efektif
TX CU
BH02 Cij
2.0-2.5 m
122
No. Lokasi Sampel c | c' |'
1 TX CU Cijengkol BH02 0.50-1.00 0.21 19.0 0.23 22.0
9 TX CU Cilame BH01 0.50-1.00 0.26 22.5 0.29 25.0
10 TX CU Cilame BH01 2.50-3.00 0.26 18.0 0.18 27.0
11 TX CU Cilame BH01 4.50-5.00 0.37 27.0 0.41 32.0
12 TX CU Neglajaya BH02 0.50-1.00 0.15 20.0 0.19 26.5
10/22/2011
62
123
This Research : c | c' |'
Maximum 0.66 32.50 0.69 37.00
Median 0.26 24.00 0.28 28.00
Minimum 0.06 16.00 0.09 22.00
Average 0.29 23.79 0.31 29.29
Mode 0.26 24.00 0.30 27.00
Standard Deviasi 0.14 4.19 0.15 4.09
SHEAR STRENGTH
Unsaturated Soil Shear Strength
Saturated Soil Shear Strength
124
10/22/2011
63
Unsaturated Triaxial
Consolidated Drained Test
125
TXCD-UNSAT APPARATUS
(NTU- SING)
126
NTU GEO LAB
10/22/2011
64
TXCD-UNSAT Diagram
(NTU-Sing)
127
TXCD-UNSAT Diagram (UNPAR)
128
10/22/2011
65
TRIAXIAL CELL PEDESTAL (TXCD-UNSAT)
129
TEST STAGES
130
STAGE 1 o u
a
u
w
o-u
a
u
a
-u
w
Consolidation 1.8 0.8 1
Matrix suction equalisation 1.8 0.8 0.4 1 0.4
Shearing 1.8 0.8 0.4 1 0.4
STAGE 2
Consolidation 2.6 1.2 1.4
Matrix suction equalisation 2.6 1.2 0.4 1.4 0.8
Shearing 2.6 1.2 0.4 1.4 0.8
STAGE 3
Consolidation 3 1.4 1.6
Matrix suction equalisation 3 1.4 0.4 1.6 1
Shearing 3 1.4 0.4 1.6 1
10/22/2011
66
MATRIX SUCTION EQUALISATION STAGE
(TXCD-UNSAT)
131
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
W
a
t
e
r
v
o
l
u
m
e

c
h
a
n
g
e
,

A
V
w

(
c
m
3
)

Elapsed time, t (hours)
u
a
-u
w
= 0.29 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.68 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.89 kg/cm
2
BH02 Cijengkol 0.5-1.0 m
u
a
-u
w
= 0.29 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.68 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.89 kg/cm
2
-9.0
-8.0
-7.0
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
-3.0
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
T
o
t
a
l

v
o
l
u
m
e

c
h
a
n
g
e
,

A
V
t

(
c
m
3
)

Elapsed time, t (hours)
u
a
-u
w
= 0.29 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.68 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.89 kg/cm
2
132
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Axial Strain (%)
Stress-Strain curve
TXCD Unsat
BH02 Cij 0.5-1.0 m
ua-uw = 0.29 kg/cm2
ua-uw = 0.68 kg/cm2
ua-uw = 0.89 kg/cm2
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Axial Strain (%)
Stress-Strain curve
TXCD-Unsat
BH01 Cil 4.5-5.0 m
ua-uw = 0.4 kg/cm2
ua-uw = 0.8 kg/cm2
ua-uw = 1 kg/cm2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Axial Strain (%)
Stress-Strain curve
TXCD-Unsat
BH03 2.5-3.0 m
ua-uw = 0.07 kg/cm2
ua-uw = 0.26 kg/cm2
ua-uw = 0.35 kg/cm2
10/22/2011
67
TX-CD UNSAT RESULT ANALYSIS
133
(
(
(
a z yz xz
zy a y xy
zx yx a x
u
u
u
o t t
t o t
t t o
Tegangan normal dan geser pada suatu elemen tanah tak jenuh (a) mengikuti pendekatan
independen stress variable (b) mengikuti pendekatan efektif stress
(
(
(
w a
w a
w a
u u 0 0
0 u u 0
0 0 u u
( )
( )
( )(
(
(
w a
w a
w a
u u 0 0
0 u u 0
0 0 u u
_
_
_
FAILURE ENVELOPE of UNSATURATED SOIL
(INDEPENDENT STRESS VARIABLE)
( ) ( )
b
f w a
'
f
a f
'
ff
(Fredlund & Rahardjo, 1993)
134
10/22/2011
68
135
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s
,
t
(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)

Net Normal Stress (o-ua) kg/cm
2
)
u
a
-u
w
= 0.09 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.29 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.69 kg/cm
BH02 Neglajaya 0.5-1.0 m
c'= 0.55 kg/cm
2
c'= 0.48 kg/cm
2
c'= 0.38 kg/cm
2
|'=26.5
o
|'=26.5
o
|'=26.5
o
|
b
BH02 Neg 0.5-1.0 m
136
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

t
(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Matric suction, (u
a
-u
w
) (kg/cm
2
)
|
b
= 9.51
o
|
b
= 26.69
o
|' = 26.5
o
AEV = 0.30 kg/cm
2
AEV
10/22/2011
69
FAILURE ENVELOPE of UNSATURATED
SOIL (EFFECTIVE STRESS VARIABLE)
137
( ) ( )
w a a
u u u + = _ o o
'
(Khalili and Khabbaz,1998)
_ : a function from soils ratio matric suction, related strongly to soil structure
( )
( )
55 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b w a
w a
u u
u u
_
S
r
: Residual degree of saturation
S : Degree of saturation on Critical condition
_ : a function from degree of saturation (S)
(Tohari, 2002)
( )
( )
r
r
S
S S
=
100
_
_ vs Suction Ratio
138
( )M s p a q
net
_ + + =
( ) |
|
'
' '
=
sin 3
cos 6c
a
( ) |
|
'
=
sin 3
' sin 6
M
p
net
adalah tegangan
rata-rata netto.
) (
3 w a a
net
u u u p + = _ o
Predicted Deviatoric Stress :
( )
( )
55 . 0
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b w a
w a
u u
u u
_
10/22/2011
70
139
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
S
h
e
a
r

S
t
r
e
s
s
,
t
(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)

Net Normal Stress (o-ua)+_(ua-uw) kg/cm
2
)
u
a
-u
w
= 0.09 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.29 kg/cm
2
u
a
-u
w
= 0.69 kg/cm
2
c'= 0.56 kg/cm
2
c'= 0.54 kg/cm
2
c'= 0.42 kg/cm
2
|'=26.5
o
|'=26.5
o
|'=26.5
o
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

S
t
r
e
s
s
,

q

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)

Total, Effective Mean Stress, p, p' (kg/cm
2
)
BH01 Cilame 4.5-5.0 m
s =0.0 kg/cm
2
s =0.69 kg/cm
2
s =0.29 kg/cm
2
BH02 Cijengkol 0.5-1.0 m BH02 Neglajaya 13.0-13.5
(u
a
-u
w
) = 0 kg/cm
2
a'= 0.17 kg/cm
2
'=24.5
o
s =0.09 kg/cm
2
M = 1.048
140
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

S
t
r
e
s
s
,
q

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)

Matric Suction (kg/cm
2
)
Measured
Predicted
p
net
: o
3
-u
a
kg/cm
2
s
AEV
=0.30 kg/cm
2
AEV
10/22/2011
71
141
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

S
t
r
e
s
s
.

q

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)

Effective Mean Stress, p' (kg/cm
2
)
BH02 Cij 0.5-1.0 m BH01 Cil 4.5-5.0 m BH02 Neg 0.5-1.0 m
BH02 Neg 13.0-13.5 m BH03 Neg 2.5-3.0 m BH05 Neg 0.5-1.0
CSL BH05 Neg CSL Cij 02 CSL Cil 01
CSL Neg 0.2 0.5-1.0 CSL BH02 Neg 13.0 CSL BH03 Neg
s =0.68
s =0.29
s =0.89
s =0.40
s =0.80
s =0.90
s =0.09
s =0.29
s =0.69
s =0.40
s =0.60
s =0.90
s =0.07
s =0.26
s =0.35
s =0.0
s =0.2
s =0.6
142
The evolution of peak stress over suction in
p-q plane of Sion Silt (Geiser 1999), in
Khalili et all 2004
The evolution of CSL over suction in p-q plane
, kaolin soil (Wheller Sivakumar, 1995) in
Khalili et all, 2004
CSL over suction in p-q plane , Jossigny Silt (Cui
dan Delage, 1996) in Khalili et all, 2004
10/22/2011
72
143
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1
c'
BH02 Cij
unsat test
z 4.5
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1
c'
BH03 Cij
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1
c'
BH01 Cil
unsat test
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1 1.5
c'
BH02 Neg
unsat test
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1
c'
BH03 Neg
unsat test
Zone 2
Zone 3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
c'
BH04
Neg
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
Colluvial
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 0.5 1
c'
BH05 Neg
unsat test
Zone 5
Zone 4
Zone 3
Colluvial
144
Wesley, 1980
RESEARCH PROGRAM :
Compressibility
Kurva e-log (p)
10/22/2011
73
145
Linear Curve e-p
146
Wesley, 1980
10/22/2011
74
147
Consolidation Coefficient c
v
148
10/22/2011
75
149
150
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
c
v90
(cm
2
/det)
BH02
Cijengkol
Zone 5
Zone 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
c
v90
(cm
2
/det)
BH03
Cijengkol
Zone 5
Zone 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
c
v90
(cm
2
/det)
BH01 Cilame
Zone 5
Zone 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
c
v90
(cm
2
/det)
BH04
Neglajaya
Zone 5
Zone 4
Colluvial
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
c
v90
(cm
2
/det)
BH05
Neglajaya
Zone 5
Zone 4
Colluvial
10/22/2011
76
151
1. Profile Characteristic based on Bor Log,
N-SPT test, and CPT Test.
2. Profile Characteristics based on CPT-u
Test.
3. Profile Characteristics based on
Dilatometer Test.
4. Profile Characteristics based on
Pressuremeter Test.
RESEARCH PROGRAM :
In-Situ Stress
SOIL PROFILE BASED ON DILATOMETER TEST
152
10/22/2011
77
DILATOMETER TEST RESULTS:
ZONA 4 PARAMETER
153
154
ZONA 5 PARAMETER
10/22/2011
78
155
ZONA 3 PARAMETER
156
10/22/2011
79
Soil Profile Based on
CPT-u Test (Kalijati ,Sta.109+500, Qos Formation )
157
158
Soil Profile Based on
CPT-u Test (Kalijati ,Sta.113+650, Qos Formation )
10/22/2011
80
159
PRESSUREMETER
TEST PARAMETER
RESULT
160
RESEARCH PROGRAM :
Slope Hidrology
10/22/2011
81
161
162
10/22/2011
82
Modified Cam Clay Model
163
1. Elastic Properties
2. Yield Surface
3. Plastic Potential
4. Hardening Rule
RESEARCH PROGRAM :
Constitutive Model
MCC Simulation
164
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c
S
t
r
e
s
s

q
(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Strain (%)
BH02 4.5-5.0 Neglajaya
Stress-Strain Curve
0.3 kg/cm2
0.7 kg/cm2
1.4 kg/cm2
Model Stage 2
Model Stage 3
Model Stage 1
10/22/2011
83
Structured Modified Cam Clay Model
(Liu &Carter, 2002)
165
166
10/22/2011
84
Unsaturated Two Stress-State
Variable Elasto- Plastic Model
167
BASIC BARCELONA MODEL (BBM),
ALONSO et al 1990
168
1.50
1.70
1.90
2.10
2.30
2.50
2.70
1 10 100 1,000
v
net normal stress p (kPa)
s = 0 kPa
s = 0 kPa
s = 29 kPa
s = 29 kPa
s = 68 kPa
s = 68 kPa
s = 89 kPa
s = 89 kPa
s = 89 kPa
s1 = 29 kPa
s2 = 68 kPa
s3 =89 kPa
r = 0.90
| = 50 MPa
-1
(0) = 0.2
(s1) = 0.191
(s2) = 0.185
(s3) = 0.183
k(0) = k(s) = 0.034
BH 01 Cij 0.5-1.0
BASIC BARCELONA MODEL (BBM)
SIMULATION
10/22/2011
85
169
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r
i
c

s
t
r
e
s
s
q

(
k
P
a
)
Deviatoric Strain c
s
TXCD Unsat BH01 Cij 0.5-1 s= 29 kPa
Model BBM s= 29 kPa
TXCD Unsat BH01 Cij 0.5-1.0 s =68
kPa
Model BBM s=68 kPa
TXCD Unsat BH01 Cij 0.5-1.0 s = 89
kPa
Model BBM s= 89 kPa
s1 = 29 kPa
s2 = 68 kPa
s3 =89 kPa
r = 0.90
| = 50 MPa
-1
(0) = 0.2
(s1) = 0.191
(s2) = 0.185
(s3) = 0.183
M(1) = 0.59
M(2) = 0.59
M(3) = 0.65
k(0) = k(s) = 0.034
BASIC BARCELONA MODEL (BBM)
SIMULATION
Effective Stress Elastic-Plastic Model untuk
Tanah Unsaturated (Loret & Khalili, 2002)
170
10/22/2011
86
171
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
D
e
v
i
a
t
o
r

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
g
/
c
m
2
)
Axial Strain (%)
Stress-Strain curve
ua-uw = 0.29 kg/cm2 ua-uw = 0.68 kg/cm2

7 Unsaturated Soil and Slope Stability Analysis - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

7 Unsaturated Soil and Slope Stability Analysis - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10/22/2011

You might also like