Test one Review Guide

This review study guide is complied utilizing labs from Laboratory Exercises in Biology 2nd ed. Eds. Keith, O. E, Messing, G. C., & Schmitt, E. Translator Alexis, K. for Prof. Sushma BIO 1500 Lab/Lecture Scientific Method Lab 3 Instruments/materials Digital Timer 1. Identify problem and question are the first steps in the scientific method. 2. Once information has been gathered then based on the information collected a scientist will form a hypothesis as a possible explanation. 3. Experiments test the hypothesis 4. After many experiments and observations scientists will reach a conclusion to support or change their hypothesis 5. A hypothesis is an educated guess. 6. The scientific method is a problem solving process 7. The results of the scientific method should be based on data 8. There is not just one way to use the scientific method. It can be altered or adjusted. 9. The conclusion should communicate the results of their experiments in order to summarize the important parts of their experiment and to share that they have learned. Based on these ideas: Parsimony: simple explanation for how things work Similarity of causation: two experiments done the same way will yield the same result Repeatable Uniformity: what causes the results of an experiment today, will cause the same result if one repeats the experiment tomorrow Objectivity: avoid letting prior knowledge, prejudice, and bias influence the ways in which we collect and analyze data. Flexibility: have to be able to change our minds about long held and/or supported ideas and theories once new data becomes available that challenges or falsify what we think or know about how things work in the universe.

A five step process 1. Make observation and ask questions

Reading about the interest in scientific literature

2. Formulate a hypothesis or possible answers to your question in pairs null and alternative Null hypothesis (H0): What are you trying to disprove? It must be a negative statement. Alternative hypothesis (Ha): What are you trying to demonstrate? Its a positive statement. Regards the cause and effect Outcome should be unknown Must be testable and falsifiable 3. Experimental design or design an experiment to test your hypothesis Begin by identifying influential variables; such as dependent variable and independent variable Independent variables usually plotted on the x-axis can be manipulated to test the hypothesis thereby having an effect on the hypothesis Dependent variables usually plotted on the y-axis and are determined by the independent variable; use to measure the outcome of the hypothesis 4. Analyze the results of the experiment or the test for validity of the hypothesis; determine if the result of the experiment support or falsify the null hypothesis The purpose of the experimental result is to enable scientist to reject the null hypothesis or accepts the alternate hypothesis Falsifying or rejection of null hypothesis allows scientist to accept ANY alternate hypothesis Present analysis/result on: o Graphs o Tables Use statistics for reinforcement and significance 5. Final step is to do it all again. Why? b/c the results of a well designed experiment is to reject the null hypothesis, thus before accepting the alternate hypothesis another experiment must be conducted formulating the alternate hypothesis as the null hypothesis to see if the result rejects or accepts that alternate hypothesis that has became the null hypothesis.

Scientific method experiment procedure Examine factors that affect the heart rate

What determines how fast the heart beats; this includes: o Gender, if one exercise or not, if one inhale or exhale before exercising Test determinations focusing on the methodology of the scientific method Use electronic digital time to record heart beats in 15 sec Multiple no. by 4 to get heart rate in beats/min Monitor pulse rate using radial or carotid artery

Analytical Techniques Lab 4 Instruments/Material Spectrophotometer Glucose

Tubes Chromogen

Beaker Weight boat

Gram scale Beads

Spectrophotometer measures depth, intensity, or light absorbance (percent transmittance how much light got in) by allowing wavelengths of light to pass through a sample Wavelength of light gives us accurate and precise results o White light wavelength purple 400nm o White light wavelength red 700nm Blue solution absorbs light w/wavelengths at the red end (~700nm) Red solution absorbs light w/wavelengths at the blue end (~400nm) Chromogen is a color producing chemical added to clear dissolved molecules of solution such as glucose The linear relationship between the concentration and the intensity of the color produced by the chemical reaction is called a standard curve, usually used to determine the concentration of glucose in a pt sample Concentration is the independent variable (x-axis) Absorbance of color solution is the dependent variable (y-axis) The linear relationship between a concentration of a colored solution and its light absorbed called The Beer Lambert Law To mathematically determine the unknown or concentration of the pt sample from its absorbance Concentration is the independent variable (y-axis) Absorbance of color solution is the dependent variable (x-axis) & find equation of the tread line

Take measurements from accessible samples or subsets; Why? b/c its difficult to measure every component or individual in a population Averages and standard deviations describes a sample Averages and standard deviations infer or estimate the characteristics of a population Part one: Estimating the no. of beads in large container by weighting them demonstrates the effect of sample size on the estimate of certain parameters of a population o Estimates derived from sample is called the sample variables o Number or value of beads in beaker is called population parameter o How close your estimates (sample variables) are to the true or real value of the population parameter is called accuracy How close your estimates are to each other is called precision

Microscopy Lab 5 Galileo Galilei coined the term microscope Focal plane of the LM influence ones ability to visualize objects Light microscope (LM) uses visible light two properties: Magnification ratio of image size seen in the microscope to its actual size Resolution the ability to resolve or separate two points where each can be distinguish as two separate points High power microscope allow magnification of 1000X Dissecting microscope allows magnification of 100x Electron microscopes use beams to visualize small structures of cells b/c wavelength of light is much shorter than LM; there are two types Transmission electron microscope (TEM) o Beams pass through specimen Scanning electron microscope (SEM) o Produces 3-D image of specimen surface Allows magnification of 1,000,000x Specimens are coated with heavy ions, metals, and/or salt prior to visualization; this process kills the specimen

Properties of Enzyme Lab 6 Enzymes Pepsin Pancreatic protease Enzyme Have optimal pH and Temperature May be exceptions for enzyme pH depending on its location in the body Catalytic proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur Aid in the digestion of food Use to diagnose diseases Different from inorganic catalyst b/c their activity is affected by various factors such as: Temperature pH (potential of Hydrogen) Inhibitors For graphing purposes rate versus pH produces a bell-shape curve Variables in the procedure pH the dependent variable Temperature the Independent variable Pepsin is found in the stomach, it hydrolyze proteins into smaller peptides Peptides are then hydrolyze into smaller amino acids by protease in the small intestines Pancreatin has a mix of small digestive enzymes made in the pancreas that is released in the small intestines Marker enzymes are specific for a given disease and are used to diagnose a condition Enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) can be used to diagnose bone cancer, jaundice, and cirrhosis of the liver ALP hydrolyze phosphate group adhering to proteins and lipids in vivo Para nitrophenol-phosphate (pNPP) is a colorless an in vitro substrate that is yellow when phosphate is hydrolyzed; this appearance is to be monitored and used as an index of rate reaction

To determine the effect enzyme concentration on catalytic Rate and to estimate their optimum pHs manipulate the temperature then determine the absorbance using a spectrophotometer at 405nm Diffusion and Osmosis Lab 7 Diffusion of water is the net movement from high to low down the concentration gradient Diffusion of solutes is the net movement from low to high down the concentration gradient is called osmosis No energy is needed Concentration gradient represents potential energy; when molecules move they release kinetic energy Non-diffusible solutes (large molecules) Starch Proteins Charged molecules Ions Seawater is concentrated more than a RBC, thus this will cause the RBC to shrivel, shrink or crenate b/c the seawater is a hypertonic environment; plant cells thrive in this environment thereby remaining turgid Hypertonic is thus more concentrate than the inside of a cell o Osmosis moves water outside the cell Distilled water is less concentrated than RBC, thus this will cause the RBC to swell, bust or lyse b/c the distilled water is a hypotonic environment; plant cells plasmolyze under this condition Hypotonic is thus less concentrated than inside the cell o Osmosis moves water inside the cell RBC in an environment where concentration is constant is said to be isotonic, no net movement across the RBC membrane; plant cells becomes flaccid in this environment and eventually wilt and dies Factors that determines the speed of fluid across a membrane is the difference in solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure (created as fluids move in and out) The greater the difference the steeper the concentration equals the more fluid will cross so the faster it will move

Dialysis tubing Artificial plastic membranes with small passive pores that mimics the plasma membrane of animals Allows both osmosis and diffusion of solutes Its variation from real cell membrane is that the real cell membrane is more selective

In the experiment Starch and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) goes in the bag Albumin and glucose are in the beaker Presence of glucose and proteins is detected with a dip and Read strip Presence of sodium sulfate is detected by the addition of 2% barium chloride (BaCl2) Precipitation forming white particles is positive for Na2SO4 o Presence of starch is detected by addition of IKI solution (iodine) o Blue-black discoloration is positive for starch

Percentage change of potato diffusion: Percent change = Ending mass Starting mass x 100% Starting mass

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