AIM

HE ORKS
Concepts and Protocols
Second Edition
SUMIT KASERA
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T ATA McGRAW_HILL PRQFESSIQNAL_ N<>twor/cing
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ATM
NETWORKS
Concepts and Protocols
SecondEdition
SumitKuera
Senior "l"ecllrM:al ~ .
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Tat. McGraw-Hili Publishing Company Limited
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Contents
-
Adnoo.>/td.f"""l"
1\Ilto. ...,,,,,
PART1
clllrIIII.llllllllrtllllcll
Cum. 1
Driv.." of the Communication World
U Introduction 5
1.2 TechnoIogk.1Driv.", 5
1.3 MarblDrivers II
~ 1 6
&<WQunticm 17
furllon R-'ing 17
CMVlII 2
Transfer Modu
2.1 Introd_ 18
2.2 Qrcui, Sw;ldting 19
2-3 Routing 2Q
2A Virtual Clrcui ' Swil<:hing 22
2.5 Compuison oITranster Mod... 2 ~
Cmtd...", 16
RmtwQ>a>tio", 2.
f lffllotr J!.eI>di"8 Z7
uii
.iii
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CIIIIDI 3
Overview of AIM
] 1 W!r....lI>ctjoo 18
32 MnlJyotitXJ latA]),( 'R
33 M nitjpnolAJM 1I
3f C......... glA]),( 11
3.$ J5
3,6 Basic Principlrs ol ATM 4(J
37 AD.! Pnxn! Refenonno Mr..... 47
3.8 CoreAspect!olATM 5)
19 AIM Netwgd; ArdJi..... ,fP ,od In'erleo
3,10 tn"""'orlingwithATM 56
3,11 AppOCaliomolATMNetworb 57
1 12 B-lSDN and AIM 'ill
"1 11 AIM Stand''''i"tjpn A'
314 ATMMorletSn>dy 63
CmcIv:s... fi4
RmnoQur>ho.. 65
l!tIIdio
s
65
UI '"IUI' 1.1.,u 1.11.. II
Cun!1 4
ATM Physical Layer 69
4 I IrurodllCljm 69
U Tr.......u..ionConverg.....,(fC)5uI>-Jar!r 69
4-3 pt,yoial Modium Oopendent (PMD)SUb-h ye< 74
u I'hysi<:o! loY!! S!anduds fer ATM 74
4.5 OSl ATMPhyslc.l loY!' lntertioce 7.
U DS3ATMI'hy!lcaI Loyerlnle<f""" 77
U E1ATMPhyoi<al LoY!'lnte<face so
U 81
4.9 fnoctj"..,.,] n /El ATM l'hyoi<oI Loy...- lnterf.... 82
4.10 SONFI'/SDH-N-l An.! I'hyoicol loY"" tnt<rf""" 82
4.11 UI\i _ T"'" and 0pentI00v PH'( lnlerfaoe for AThI (L!!OPtA! 88
CmrlRs;", 90

_,og 91
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'unu 5
ATMLayn
5.1 t2
52 ATMColl..-Sbu<tun' _UN1 91
5.3 "
U AN!..oyo'r "'-"-
Cz ' 100
_a-n- 100
f_.-.., 101
"""" .
Ant Adaptation Lorn
6.1 bob t , lGI'
6.2 'd ,,,,_.Loyoo 1C12
U ANM , ,u,.I (AALl1 lOS
U ATW ad , u,- 2lAAU1 m
, .$ ATMM , : Loyoo J/ t lMU/t ) I II
U ATM &r! , L0y00 5lN\Ul I V
G ' US
_0-- 116
f-a-, IN
PUT 3
e.r. Cnl.1 Ir.
"""" J
Ant Tnffic and Senior r..-nu....
7.1 .=' _. OJ
7.l ANTr.,fid'.. es In
7.3 11S
7. h<-. Af6oo:-.,;QrJ6,.. "' .
7..5 iF" ' l'
7J> 0<6.... 0050- I U
C ' f U
_ Q ,_ 142
f _r-.., '0
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...... .
ATMT...

U ATWT_e-..:o-.... 14S
U 151 , _
1.4 AN Jad'fic,.".... lJootot"*' . . ... e-d. l52
I.!I ATMl'riuritye-ul 1S1
U ...1MFlowCGl'lUd 151
1.1 ATWCoo.....",e-ot 161
U D, . _ofTO'TrdfkO"" INATM Nt'.. "'b ''''
e-:J 161
161
FMrlItn Il.>Mmg
...
CUmi 9
ATM Switching
9.1 lnlr<>dU<tion Illl
9-1 c..,,,,,,, ...'I>""aT'ypicalSwttm 112
9.3 _-"'inSwi1d\ Oftlsn 17J
U SwitdUn& ......74

, _ SNood ,,,. "" __ .14
9.1
__ In
'-' 500.........""" In
'.10 1.
'-11 A1Me-ulnon. F_,,_. I,.
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9.14"-_ If'
'.15 ....-..., "u..... ...8J.....
s,-m(P.uJ5l_ 1t7I
9.16 J.ood<aul _ 1O2
9.17 StarIioo 5wiIdt. 1111

e.-I_ 210
_o-n- 111
f.rlItn _ 8 I II
".
Cuml 111
ATM Addrusing
10.1 1ntrod_ 211
10,2 212
10.3 A'lMGroupAddr"Os 214
1M Acquiri:tsA'IMAddreo> 216
10,5 A'IMNomeSysbom(ANS) 216
CcrId,..,.", 217
R<tWQueoI_ 217
Rtooh"8 217
CMnII 11
ATM Signalling
11.1 Introduction 218
In A'IMSlgnallingProlorol.Slad 220
11.3 Sif;rWling A'IMAdop..tionLayorlSAAL) 220
I U UNISignoIling 223
u.s A'IM t'oi:oH<>-""""1 Signalling US
11.6 241
Concl....", 247

&tt4mg 248
Cunlll 12
ATM Routi ng
12.1 In_ U<ti<ol
12.2 1n ProloroI.(llSP} :ill
12.3 PNNI ProloroI. 253
12.4 253
12.5 PNNI Topology In./onnatl<>n
12.6 In./onnabonFlcwo ond Routo: Compu..bon 262
12.7 PNNI Stoto: Machines 26<1
12.8 $umm.oriution ond Agsn,:otioo
Path Selection and Conn"!icn Adm;os;on Control 273
12.10 PNNl Signolling Prot<>co1
e-I_ 279
279
fwrth<r &.adi"8 2l'1
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13
AAU Signaillng
13.1 lntrodlJctim 2/ItJ
13.2 IleIotlon t>etw..., A1M Signalling and
AALl Signalling 281
13-'1 AALl Signalling 282
IH AALl Signalling 2B3
13.5 AALl SignalM5 Fur>:ti<>n> 285
116 AALl Signallin,g u-g.. 285
13.7 ATM Signa1Iin& 2M>
13.8 _ and 0..1 In AALl Signa llitl5 190
Cond""'" 190
_ a--m
291
C_ 14
ATM N_ork Manag. m.nl
loll IntrodlJctim m
IU Standardiutionol ATM Network Management

la.3 ATMNetw<dM..... 295
l U Op<ntiorlo and (OAM) f'roc<d""", 2%
1U l
lU AToMMJB 310
Cond....", JII
_ Qumitms 31 1
f outJotor ll<a<Ii"B J IZ
CllAml 1:1
ATM SKurily
15.1 Intn>dIJctim 313
15.2 SocuriIyct>j<ctiY<'llfoTATM Netv<orb JlJ
15.3 316
15.a ATM5e<wiIyModtol JI6
15.5 U... I'\,u,. Soomly JIB
15 6 Controll'\,u,.SocuriIy 319
'-"'- m
_ Qt<t>,,,,,,, 320
kIldi"B J20
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Copyrighted matenal
PART 4
C' lI'T'l 16
ATM Inl.,rfacH and
16.1 Inlrodocbon ill
16,2 ATMinlef--N...lwoodntmoc<(AINI) 325
16,3 8-1$DN In.....carrierlntm..,. (8-[Q) 115
16,4 0..10 Inlftfacr (OX!) 319
16.5 ""''''''-UNl(FUN1) 3J4
16-6 m......-ATM<W<"I"SONET/SOH Tnoro>p<><t(FAST) 3J7
16.1 339
Coood.,,,,,,
_a-'iom .u3
fYrlJotr Rt>od'"g 344
CUi'll. n
ATM In LAN
17.1 Inlrodueti.on J(5
17.2 TJIlditional LANTod>s>oJosieo .u5
17.3 ATMinLAN
17.4 LANEmulati<m(lANE) 348
17.5 """"" and ll"lulTefllentdor LAN Emulotlo<l M9
17-6 LANE Compononts ill
17.7 lANEConnectiorI> 359
17-8 lANEOpero_ 361
Cmd_ 3b4
RtWw Q>r<>!w... J64
f""htt RtIIdi"g l65
ellAl'Tl. 18
(pOV.... ATM
18.\ Introduction Joi6
18 2 n . ..;,,1 IP mr.. AIM ',;,
18.3 3U
18 . ...dd ..... JteoO'"tjon in n . ..;ca ) rp Env ironment 168
18.5 Multi" '.,,! ol Eooo..,.., latlon <Wt'f AAU 370
\8-6 MaximumTransmission Uni' (MTIJI Size 373
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11l.7 NO>;! Hop lleooIut;m Pr<>t<w:<>l (NHRP) l7J
18,8 Multi-Protorol o..". AtM (MPOA) l 78
l l1.9 MPOACo<nponents m
18.10 MPOAConnections J8()
18.11 Shomul CoMectIon II>d Forooor<llng
0.11 Poddo 382
e-l....". 383
ItvwQNt>h<>rl< J83
FIIJ'ther -iloS 383
PART 5
I lleill 'ITI III.IU:
Cum. 19
ATId and MPLS Nriwod,..
IU lnlrodl>Clion J89
J89
W.3 ATMond MPLS ,193
19.4 MPlSfu< lP o..".AtM J9J
395
CondIISiotI .l99
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F""'.... _;"8 (l
Cum. 20
a...,r ATM
20.1 Inll'Odl>Ctim 401
ll.l-l Te<hnl<.oJ ChoIleng<o ea
2lJ.3 CuryinsV""",.-. ATM 4I)J
VI'OAS/AndMdo 404
20.5 Ciro.IiI Emulot;m S<rvi<:e{CES) 405
2lJ.6 Dynamic B.tndwidth CircWtEmuJalion (DBCES) 40Ii
20.7 408
20.8
CooocI_ 411

F.".... _;"8 411
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ATM .nd DSL NlOtworb
21.1 IntrodL><li<ln 412
21.2 OwrrirwolDipto1Sd ibE. Lino (DSLI 412
21.3 AlM_DSL 0 5
21.4 V'-_ DSL(VoOSW 41'
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s.rond GmoT. lim
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Third G<n..,."" P,,""""lIip /'roj<'d
AThi Mop".""Loy..-
A1M Adapt>_ Loy I
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Background and
Inlroducllon

ICl&'Ill 1
Drivers of the Communication World
C ~ " 2 J
Transfer Modes
ICurJ._ 3
Overview of ATM
PABT1]
Copyrighted maklnal
..tTMNrtw<w'" "",,<pI> "nd _
Ne<worlwlg ""JUin"m"""are primarily classified imo lWobroad calegoMes, viz, one for voiC<'
rornmunicaUon and the other for da.. rornmunic.tion. Voice oornmunicalion ""Iu_ fi,e<!
I>.ondwidth ond k>w deLay."d .. !Oler.n\ ' 0 <><casional Wormabon I"",. On Ike other hand,
dota. "","",un;c.lion is bUr>'Y in ...lU.... Fu<thet. lhough. d. .. i' to.....n' to higher "......i'
d eLoys, II is to information !<>os- Conoeq.-dy. p<ior to !he depkJyme<>' of ATM,
the toeIw<>rI<ing tt...,."ity w.odivlded inlOlWo "ltt,"'""."kd'"''' _ Id ond !he
ilo'""",,",.nkRtion ..."jd. The tele<.'Offimun;calion world woo backed by !he mlemoli"""l
, t. ndard, bod l.. lih the InlemolioNl Telecom",,,,,lcation> Union'Telecomrnuni<olion
(rJU.n and catered 10 S<'IViceo ""Iurred for ron""""lion, 'The oecvi<.'eo included ba>i<
telephony and f"""unile (lax), The dala<nmmunic.lion world wa. bocked by bodi.. lih the
In,,,,,,",, Tas k fur<:r (lETF), the lnshl"'" 01 EIectncoI and EI<rtroni<
flEEEl, and 1n........1ioonoI Sl.......rds Orgoniubon (1S01, and ",, 'ered 10 ""[Wred lor
da.. 1I"0CISfn. The IIt<Vkeo included da.. transfer irI lAN and WAN""vi"""""""
However, durin;; the la" de<ade or so. the di,tinction bw.... 0 tele<omrnunicoUon
n<twork and da""""""'uni calion toeIw<>rI< .... be<nme very ,,".y, Two d o..ical ..amples
;" this regard a", paclet-based vok< ."d ;"'egrated """ices network, The following
par.gr.plIo elahon'" upon this.
Till voice w" carried by on!Yusing circui' -,wi'ebed nelWorb Pacl<el-hosed net-
w...ls w... oon<idered unsui,.ble for voice hera" .. of thm unl""'!i<t>ble ."d higb-del.y
dura""ri"i"", How""", with the .dv",,' of. Intern.. telephony, this ootion b.. dranged.
Spia!i..... oo/Iw. ", pa<l<ag..{like Voi--over IP Of V romp""';",. ."d . ilence ....PP""'"
>ion ""h<m...... ."d <d>o d<'VI""" NVe "".... ;d"'.bly the vmc. q.... llty
over the Inlemel. Mo"""""" siJ>cr lnternet c,,"rg'" a", based on ronr.ecli'ity, and no! on
di...nce, as . g. ins' bask telephony, whe", lh<eha'l!" is dis'<JlC<'-ffla'e<!, In,.rnet telephooy
olf"r" 0 rn..p . It"",.'i"" for long-distance voice conversation. Although. the quohry of. V<>ice-
over In"''''''' .. oomewha' irIi<-rior, Ike prier di/f""",'i . 1 m. !teo In,,,",,,, telephony . very
. ' ....cliv. propooi'ion irIde<d ,
The popul.rity oIlnk'mel telephony indk.... lh< ...... of. da' .com",unic.tion
companies 10captun.- the voice markel, markel hi"""'"""""""'P"llJ'edby "'Ieronununkalion
companieo. In order to counter ,n. .ggrt'S'iven... of d.torommu""cari",, companieo.
te1elmrnunicalion a", .too IrJ'in8 to""pand theiT",.Imfrom voi<e-only .....-ice> 10
int'll'.ted servkes, The <!<v.Iop""",t of 1n"W.ted S<!vices Digital N<lwm\ (ISVN) by the
"'teoommunication body mJ-T ;" an ir.dica'or of tIrio move, The primary motive behind lh<
d"".lopment of ISDN was 10 provKle 0 pipe tOT in"Wated ..",ices (v<>ice, d... and
vid",,). H""""',,. .. the ISDN has nol beffi ""ry successful. lh<n..t ollempl of lTUT
to provid uni"""",1 pLa'form. i. through Broadhdnd ISDN (ll--lSDN). lik ISDN. Il--ISDN
. ims to provide irIlegr.ted ...-vic"'. albei,., higher d.to Ta'''',
The . fn"""""lioned . 'SUm",,\> pu' !<, ,,,,. rd ""Iy v.ry ..... tl part of the v. rio" .
d""elopmento ;" the lmmwUcarion world. A num.... of te<Mological ad"",," tik better
processing power, oprical links. pe"'","v, u'"' of mobil . n...
lnteml"l hove dToolically . ltered th< rommunicatlon Lond"""pe. This part ,,{ ' he buok ...... 10
Copyrighted maklnal
<oplure these Ir<nds .rod builda a to.. , .... ,,"ving ATM ,,",,"....ks. II .loo pl'(Wid.. on
OV<'JVWw '"ATMnetworks,
Chopt... 1 d...-.-.. . t !be Ir<:luwlogkal;nd "",,<ri ,ng d""", that i",pact giV<'I\
It'dInoJogy, Thill is U>etul in !be ....... thai il provid... . f""'lP"Cti"" on ATM is whal it is,
Chopin 2 d<S<1ibeo at til< important of t'""'fr' >n,," 'rod plains \lie ben. fi", 0/
" ynchron<>u> mod . In this chapter, ".riou> tran>Wr mod.. like = il_ilchins- packet
routing .nd vi"""l rncu;l--;lching . n' ..plair-..d, A comparison i> . bo<> mad. betw.....
differenl tr 1er modes.
Ch'pl 3 provid.. ATM. Il aloo. ummarires !becoot""ts ",!he wOOle book,
In particular, !he chap"'" d iscusose> !he moti vation lor having ATM, its defInibon, !he
p""""""" t<dmoIogiooIlO A1M(including X.25, fr""", ..... y and ISDN), thobaoi<princi pl.. 0/
ATM, th. A1Mproto<ol ref........." IlIOd<oI. ,he rote ro"""PlS-- \lieinlerWorking """""'" and ,he
. ppb". lion ..... '" ATM neIw<>fb, Some other lOpi., Ii... tho......""" between ATM ..-.1 11-
ISDN, Am.lOl1dardization aspeds and th. Am market ""Uook are aloo elaborated in thI.

Copyrighted malanal
Hidden page
Chapte
1
Drivers of the
Communication World
L 1
W. oftm""or _I. " y, '"T<du>oIogy is clanging v. ry fa... This .. ind..d lru . A product
tha' .. ..,. _ y..rs to <kv.1op may born<obso..... """" bd'ore i' """"""" "'" ma' ''''. In "'"
-=- 01 le<hnology wltich t.o k< . roupl. of y...'" to d.....Iop. """ may find 'hot d... .."'ion
lor whidl it w.. inlffi d..-d, no longe' ..i>t. Programmins languog.. and ' oo!>
which <'Xisted Ul1nl "",""Uy. h.on now h<'coTn< ou'da""'-. A P""""",I Compu.... (PC) 0"
tha' w.. co""ide""; . ..I<--Of lhe--art ft-w J'fi' ''' age may be rompk-teiy ou' of
....,todoy.
In """"""", ..... rommunicalion industry is in of 11"" """ ckonging rapidly. Sudl
<:hans" irIle<hnologjl connor be altJibu.ro ' 0 a factor. n..re ....many factors o<Jri ....
lho, .I"" ..... f3O< of "'" rommunicabon wo<ld. This rn..p"" arrempts to id""lify driv... tha'
N V' oignificanUy ..... wo<ld 01. rommunic.'iono. Such <lri""" .... ra'''lIorized as
driwr< and "",,*,, dri' In Mid. '''''hnoIogical MV..... Impart di _ to
<mging """hnok>g...... ..hi te ....., d riv.,. "'" I"'J"'I.oriry of ouch "'chnuI"lI'n In
Ill< marl<el. The t.clIoolosi<al and "',"kldri ", ..plair>ed in "'" f<)!I'lWing ..-cti<>no. The
<ho.pter >ttd<>d05Oy <l<>criOing __dri offect ..... grew"' ..... d.ploymen' 01. ATM
-"
1. 2
T""lmol'>gical driv...., 1"""" tha'lmpart di_tu ..........ging ' ",,""'->I<>g:ioa. In <>tdo< 10
-.rot\>id "'" """"'pl<oof fiber ( . . .... /'rio, '0 "'" fiber , <Ol'l""'
was "'" primary ",..... of do.. lr""""",,,ion. Th< Iow-sp<'! and poO<",!""Uty roppor I..
Copyngh m rlal
,"",,,,,,Iy ..,.tricled the rol< of do.. transIer, Thm, the ma>timum .peed of .......onang
tedInology Wto in.vi'.l>ly linkd '0 the m..imum .J'<'ed of II\< Wld....tying lransmission
medium l i.e, rorpe>' l. The .,.oI"lion of fiber completely ",,,,,I,,lionized II\< llilwlion, Fiber
provides vi lly infinil< b.u\dwi<llh with low error ...... thus b,.,.king the lransmiosion
mediumbolll "<I,. hod the ........g.nooof fibot is
. n Impo<ton' driv..-lhol .llot'S the tr."""'-medium Ilmitah"'"
0..... ..... l.>oIlW<> do<ud<o, row lory t<clmological d""dop""",,. ha.. S-ignihcontly . lter!
..... 00 of romm"ni.._ and pmvidf,;f shape l(> <ommuni<a lion !O'<hnoJogiooo Thow
d...Iop<'''' 'I''''''
I. lrnprov""""," in the p""""'inp peed,
2, Improv"""-"'bI in Ihe transmi..ion media,
3 Cwwth of the In_and
4, Grow-Ihofmobilenetworb
Each of ....... is expl.ined in the . ubo<quotll sub-.l<cti""" 1_ Fig" '" 1.11.
F,C1JU 1.1
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1.2. 1 Impeovemente in Processing Speed
Inmynetwor\;, ..... mil'<imum opeoed of dot. ill determined by tho slow... ""hly, U.....
inlermedia'e ood.. (i,e. wilChes/route..) _ slow, ....... no m ...,. how fos' the .,,,,,...mi8<OOn
lin\; i>, the d.ta tr""""', speed 8"'" limited by the Pl'O<'<'8SinS IIJ""'d of the .wi""""'/rou' ......
Copyrighted matenal
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..& ...- _ o"'opoo<.-... As --... ..... "-.ltw_oI
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.. & ........... '-6 po_'- This!.- tw,. .......,....._ ...
........... fiooId ,xV..,. !Mll<'S< 10&1_' (\'lS). __.... Y_.. _ in Iho
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S<rond, the", has been 0 grodu.ol shih from. ""'lr.liud nworltinll envirorun<nt lO 0
diotribubOd .." ironment . Itt 0 d istribut..d wor!< onvironmont, the norwotk in... lhS"'""'" io
distribu'ed oems< enti-. which. 'oommunical< will\ e.och. oth<t . , 1"""'10-1"""
level wilho'" any hi<r. rdIicoJ relalioNhipj , n.. clien.-..rv<r modd is ... outrom<0I 1!IioI
dislnbu'ed work envirortJlten', U.illg !he clienH<n'er 0 wI!" number of clients can
"'" rntic.al re" nltcell ond opplicoborls ...uIirlg a' "'" lI<rV<rli. Siner oil eli""ts a", "'"
octiv ' lho .."", lim<, ",0:11 shoring briI'lp .boo, oigni/icAn' bot>.rlilS.
Tho third dowlopm<'l\t is the bear!tl1l that tile growth 0/ Ita, on tlIo
u",;.,lying .....mption> of oommunic.tion ...-tw0lh. Earl,er. when ertd-.;p1ems " ',,",
sul'J"""'d to be d wnbdevices, Ihe network w.. wholly "'"!"'JISible for lho ..u.ble " ....fff of
.-r infOJD'LOtion, Howev." .. the end-.;ystrmo h.ave become more pow<rful, rh.U '..umpbon
t\(I t>oldo true. Th..... ""'"' 01 "'" thot w.....,1... PI'odn U", p"rvWw of "'"
norwork (hke flow"""lroI .00 ""'1'-numl>oring) has . hif!ed from .......or!< "'-
end-.;ys_, Thiol h..M m.>de p.......W.y notwork>< t...noa a"'; f....,
1.2.2 Improvem"nls in the Transmission Media
n.. widespread use of. fiber optic cobles is one 01"'" <!e\'eIopmen.. rh.a' Ita.. revol uliooniz<d
Ihe networlting fr. 'ernity. 0ptic0I fiber h..M now """"'lied .. ""'..........- medium of
choi.cr. Itt Nonh. AmericlI.tlone, !here.",.round 50 million _ of fiber, And rhousaOOoof
new fiber cables . '" I&id every doy. n.. popu1&rity of fiber """'" /rom lho fact 11\.,it offe..
........ 1_ .. over lrodili",..1roppn' , . ble.
Fin!, fiber ,an "'pport Nndwidrh.s which Ill< much higher llIan Nndwidrh.s "'pporI\'d
by any o!I>eT mod... The m..imum NndwidtM of fiber iii in "'" range d gig.hi.. (1 gig.bil
1000 lIl<l\.bitsJ, lIy usin!l.dvo",""" mulriple-<ins ledIniq.... like Dense W..,.!eng'" Divioion
(DWDMl, "'"b.md width""pported ,an b<""l<nded up to few \<rabi .. (I leTabil
lOOl Wbits), Considering "'" I.ct ""'t "'" lotal Nndwidth for <1.0", in 1'197
"''' l<> ''''' \u.... of Z50Gbpo.. ' ingle fib<r lirU. ;' " poble of ..hstying. lotoldenv.nd, Itt I.ct.
. wil<hing "poble 01 exploiting "'" lull potenti.ol of liber . '" J"'f to b< deveJoped,
Thus, il <' n be ..M y pwoumed ""'I . 1 le.,t liber-<>ptk cobles will no' co..... . peed
l>ottIerIe<... in "'" doY" to rome.
fIesi.d". providinll higt><rb.md_IlI, fiber ill in--'_
",,"'mal entities. In_ words. oignoh from power """""'"' electricol !IIOmtSor y e\ectro.
....gnetic lIOUI'C'eS hove no e/f-t "" lhe do,. ""' Ii. being " med. This is bee fiber-optic
Nndwidlh> ond electro-lIIOgnetic b.md""dth; .'"n<JIHI.....1.5pping ill "'" freq"'-""J' doaWn,
A"""""' maiot odv.n" g. of u,ing fiber is tho, i .. 1lIt Error Ro.. (BER) io''''Y low. Tho low
BER ..1\ .. 0/ fiber <an be attributed to lhe iaummily 0/ fiber as. in>! """"""'I inl<rf""""",
Typic.1 v.lues 01 BFR fiber Ill< to the order ol io--" to 10-" . At . !i(-.:I of 10 Mbps ond. IIER
01 10-"'. lhi, \urn> out to b<roughly, one bit error pe r 15 minu.... whic h ill qu.i" ",..."...bIe.
n.. BERv.l"" 0/ tr. n>mi50ion mediumill importimt bee. "", it directly _ "'" design of
lk'tvrorltinll protoroI. If the BERvalue ill low, os iii "'" with.liber, limibOdenor--de<ecti ""
ond error->rrecti"" functiOl\illity .-...ds l<> be incorpor. ted in "'" pock<! heode.., This
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Miuceo tho IMgtt.<onoio:In'obIy . oloothtf"""<"Oi"l_"'_'" dt"" 'iI... _
bit MtJrw>w<. lor very IlR ' -'-it.,.. boo _ h.d _Iho,.. wtII boo
-,. \oldo potbt I<.. Ko<n.. .... _ ,.0=_ f""'t"'I..... """ ...
........ot<i,In-.iI tho JfJ\ iflilpl. tho -.t.. to....., ad 4' ",li".. _
p''''_... oo..t_
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. -V-
100........,11oio......,..,. _ if ....,. iinpottonI. _ ' .., bIl .......
if "-_ -...,.. _, uIlipIt n... "'e .. ' , todts lor
fibel'""-d_ +g _oft<Noi>oIy e' ... tho .. ,.. do..__
.. ,.. _,.. _ t1.,.-.l... _.o....dlKJ __.......... _."...dle
lod........... '"'-" _ C<1f'I"<t .. _ 10._ ._ ,
f'lfttI, IN .,... ul'.., ... -. if trf 1<-, __if IIw oipW .... __in
--..,.. -.r;nol ._ =x._._
'"""'Fi' ...._lor d;pd oiIgtoak.. it _ Duo10_
.oipWlot .. ....-l_II..- __,o<d,=tho ,....'.i1... __10_10
tIUo pod..... ft'f'd0tB "'"' .,.. _*0I(I:Nl0 '" _
(lor -q1ignaIo) Of " gu...._ ,for 4iPal tho oignoI
__.,. _ '" "-J""" C 02 __..... Ito _ lor ' . d
_1Iw.- lor..., . ij>f The _ ""lUi_lor " po ......

FInoIIy. fIItot 1\udtd unhk< .11, wII .... io __ OIl, ''-''''10"'"
tho ...........ltfd OIgnolo , on ...." Ito dmot 01 tho root .,. IIipvoI Ieoo. TNooIgnol _ an
....." Ito at tht tOO, Thus. ..ppiI\I .......... owWo ...1aIlo taking greal
""'- Thio oopt<i of _ it OIl ._. P"'P""UitJn for -.,"'" olho< banI<inf;
..........tlono Mal"" of pri>noo """'-"""'-
To rond..M. /lbo, coo," _ 0' _ .. tho! II will " ...... lIy "'l'bo,o ""FF""
_ will provl<k . hly and ltigh.o.rndwidlh lranomiooion modI""', Tho high
l>andwidth wlU p<tJYldlo 1I "" 10 ' ''ppon oppli<oll,_ 11k"
uXloo."d multimod Tho p"pulariJy oI ...th orrli.. Will f\Jrt ......incm>..
_<innond "'" I>ondwldth, lhftftoyueolin,o; 8""""" -' "'" hJg.opood {lbo1" IInb.
1.2.3 Growth of the Internet
DIu1n tht ... lWo dtndto. ..... In_t.. '""" .. ""f'.odo..l O'd '--"'- In ho<I, .....
........."..., J'O"'1h d ...... 10....- '" oennod .. ono d ...... INnp 10""PI'ft' thio
_1U<y ill tht hooluryd-..muniarion .......no',In ' 'IlII. "'""' _ ...." 2OO....Jd in_
....... Br IW2, thio 10 ",-er ono INI1I<n Br ..rtr 2003, _ w ...
0IUpId0w. tlO....n- 13 dopi<to tht _ of
lnotmot"'" _ 01...... ...a _ d. <aonory,
Tho gowth d -..ol if lor ..-d _ """ tht __....
bttIIo&hr >rilh _ _ of lor t.. OI'IItquoood lht
_ .. a ...... _ of w...._ .. E_ .... pod. ...d ....... of
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Awroximat<
C,,,,,,,. of
Numhe'of
Internet Hom
... _
communication. eopeciaUy indevclop<'d rountri.., The ubiqui ty (J( tIw ..-mall warron" IMl
P"""'" 11.0. lObe "",,,,,,,,",d 10the Int<mel. he it.t homet oIfi", or on the move. Aparl lrom
o-m. il. &<:0""".",< or trOnsacli<>n ""er tb" lnrem<t i!I anolher . pplic.o lion thai has
....oluti<mi nod ,he way ou.." Iron..cti"", . ... 11",,"_
50<00><1 . ,"" Inlemel d. """"'. """""" '0""'l""0'"""""'orb pasoib". With the help
of mod"", ""d dial'up """nection. on ""ploy... CO" aCQ!8S Iho of ro./
her org.nizaOOn wi,h ronskl.r.bk- ...... Th.... the In"""'" ha, ir.dir<"ctly f.<ilit.tl
Iele<:ommuting
Third like In''''''''' telephony has dr..tic.lly redUC<"d the <.'OSl 01yoke communi-
cation ""..... long distances. Although lhe voire quality ""'"' the Internet is rel atively poor.
1>0. """, 8OIlW. ... ""I"lions have improvro the quailty of yoke. Sin In"""'" "'1<'poony;. <!>Np,
i' ...... b""", ..now"""tender '"challenge !he monopolyof telerornmunic.hon networks,
Finally, the Intern<! ha, !e\""aged the dep10ymeflt of high-'Sp'd nelworh which ton
provide Quality of (Qc6). This is bee."", new In tt'rll<'! .pplk'lio'" hke 'lr..min<l
. udioI vidro .... b.r.dwidtlH->lensi ... and require >Om. ..",i
(Iv...)!, tt>e growlh of tt>e In_ond ,he growing popul&l'iryof opplic.olions with ""....
baJ1dwidth ......en" demand .. Th;s, in IOn\, wart"""
lh.t the ".nsport """"'011< be obI< to
1.2.4 Growlh of the Mobile Networks
LiJ, tt>e lnlem<'l. anorh are. th., wi"""""",, In'mend<>u> growth lost d"""d.
i' tho' of mobile r.elWorks. In 2003. the mobile subsrnl>eT bo.. "",ch<d 1.3 Nilirn
""""'. ourpassinj'; the _gly invilKible fixed-Iin<' ... b.e 01 1.2 billioo. It i>
lb. t by 2007. tt>e numbo. .. 01 mobile use.. will be 0 " aggertng two Nllion; by th.t Hm ore in
"""'Y"""'" p<'l'SON will hoy mobile pho....,
Copyrighted maklnal
Drio<n oJ,1r< Com",""ic. ,"," W...1d
A>, !he growth 01 mobH.........orks ill ",aching ..ruration 1ev.1.. and as oerm providon
. nd u...... rnigr. re tow.rd. Third ee-.tion (:lG) n"""'arks, ill conlin",",," pre<oU!'l' on
!he und..-lying: infraslJuctu", k> be .bl. to """" with the incrNsed ..,\>!criber _. Th;"
pressu'" ill ful1l>er incre.sed by !he f.ct that ""'" multim<"d ipplic.tiono . ... being
for tho 1..<01 mobiJ. pl>oneo and !he . ir interface in 3G r>eIworks is c.po!>" 01
,upporting murn higher bandwidtho (in tho oro.. 0I1rw lumdri8 01 Kbpol, 0. 11, I!Ii!I
d.vftoprn<nl ill . 100 ro.",""gthe """" for high-sr-f- .wirching and rr.tnsport orb.
ouperior lecIu-clogy may no! T><'<'<"55<lrily imply that the k'clmokogy Is.bo popular.
""r<>n<I the .... Im I"", tho unpredictabl. poyche 01 the p>pJ., And k> berom<
oucces.fuL IKhnoIogy nd, to bo not onl y officienL but also needs k> conquer I!Ii!I
unpreiirtabJ. psyd>e 01 the ",""""" nu. _ . labo..... upon oem. of tho factoro that
help in making both""",,,,.rcially v;.,bl< .. well .. an . ttr. CIive opbon. T!ws<
h<loB.re.lso "'"""" as ...'*tf _, 1>."", they h<lp in i<v.... ging the popul.rity of.
t:hnoIogy in Ihe mar k. Amark.. driv... indudeo the foliOlVin;l facton:
1, N..... forfl..;w."""'""'"'
2. C_,
:I ,,,,,.-na 01 ' he msta llold ba..,
4 S"J'P"rIoflhein'h..try,
5, Open .landard.. and
6. ChanllingrnaJ\OS<mmt stroetur<.
Each 01thes< is ..plaine<! in !he (_Figu.... 1.4).
1.3.1 Need for Flnible Services
" Uln . pher..of life, PNPIe Iod.yd<mand fko>ible ""Iulions thot c.n march Ito.ir .......u-tNt
too, wilhoul having to pay for Ilu.-iJ d isparate ""Iuirem""to, With re;p<ct k> Ihe
""",muni(;oti"" warld, fko>;bility impl"",
1. 'Tho .bility k> uS< """"ork rn<JUrcn who'n.v.. w.nl. ,,,.nd
2. To be chorged only fur the.....,.,.ceo used
A>, an ... mpJ.Jectricity distribution r>eIw",k 1& highly fIoxjbl<. P. opl. can .... !hoir
olectricaJ g.dS'" any limo during !he day, They .... . bo 01_ to switch on.U lh!'lr
.lectrical arrl;.,,,,,,",, if they "" wanl. Howev..., they.re dIorgod only fur I.... unito they
,-"""",me, noI for !he durotion for which Ihey N ...,!hoir <'Iectric ,,"..... 00i,.
'Tho"""" to provide ";mil.. copobiliti<-;. In oommUJIintion r>etworl<o Is problem which
No"""" 1""'5fell. Thi .-lui> Il to t...........k>pmomt 01flo>ciblo """"""kotha, can p""'ldo
aimilar """""" copat>iliti<-o, Tho , " _ i> good... mploof u.;.. An 1,, _ oubocnber CO"
ost.bli>ll . Ull\OClion w"""",,... he or >he wiI.hes, and is charged ""ly lor the d......tioI> for
Copyrighted matenal
F"", 1.4
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wlOCh the <:<>nJ'otdion "oCliv . Thus, boII\ o'poc!S 0/ flexibility. ", Iulfilled by the In,,,,,,,,,
udti........... .
o."'1>ihty ;0 !l""""0ny 0 Irod...,n I>et'oo..,.. . ub-q>ti nul .........1 trtIlw_ ond.
inffflot 5"'at<-t ..Qlnity .. . "", lhenetw(H"k IuI<!p . uffitied. "P'-'"
l>ondw;dth '" ollow '" _ it onybm . Ao on . ..mp!o, tclorh"". ro.tw<lfu;n tho
VS h.ow on in-buil. <oJrity '" """"I. the ."''''1'<>' 0/ load.. Th..., most 0/ the tim the
r>otw<>tk 1'1,,,.,,,,,,,," a.. How"".... the ;0 "". .. can res!
.,.,.,nI of g.:tting a WI",,_ c.Il .... . nyh_. In ..,.... m_ ""oInpod """""'..,
this is ...,. the co... lho,-to, ..... numI>ot of ",b$cribot\< is s-r.Uy m",,1i moI'O""1'1 the numbo<
'" OCIiw ..Il, tho. th. n_ arks """ handlr simul.......,.,.ly. DlIrig pe.k how's, 0 lot 0/
""l-".'" ..;.etod. '111.... it i&""idon. "". by ""proving""""""'" ortilil.ation,
..,.,.,. &.ibility i, """'ifid, wNdl load<'" ;"1"",,, """,i",.
In on.l", to the import""'" 0/ lIe-<ibilHy. """,ide< the ..... mple ollN"'-'<llines.
..... w.... provide de<!icat<d baoowidth.t fue<!..-.. irre>pediwo/ the uhlization of the
link. Thus, Ir.ts<d w.... 0'" very inIloJ<ibk. In <:on"'.'. fro"... ",lay on<! ATMJ'l<tWorks ott...
the <o!"-bUity to dyn,omi<oJly ....hli.h ond ",Ie_ eonn<'<1iOl'lll. This prov;d.. g",ater
n ihility, .. bandwidth d,,.. 1'101S'" locked... w., in the co.. oIleaoed Iin<S.
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
To LUmrr.oriu. pr<Md"" lIniNIily io .n _ ....,I<ct po;nt of
.-. DrolS""'" m.... IoN, this in mind ..... ........... .......
......
1.3.2 Cost Aapecll
A wry important ""f"'C" in .... ....... 01 poodun io .... _ .- n..
Iorteo 01 ond ouppIy -...... tlwoquilibriwn pm. In iNIial llat;fO in
tho IiIe-<yd< 01. F""duct"- _ io low. .... fOOnOIftin of hanl lO""""l>y.
nu.. iI t... c ....., dOffi<uh pri<-. n.. pne... in _ ........
_ _qriool.-and
IW- u. A s-d runopIo in _ nprd ill .... _ 01 __pi-. in _. WMo "'"
___ WM intn>d_ b .... 11.. limo. """ _ p<IoId _ -,. .. Ro 16"",
_ .n.. ...... tlw_ _ ...... _ .,_ oI tho....-. lI:w.. _
.....y ,-.. of otnogIo. _ primo _ _ Ro2l"" ....... _1lc
----- r'''- powllI.
)'
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l-,
-

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N'
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.-
A __ilI .... oI_podu<io...
""" oHrr. If pmM.<" ,_ _ lhm f"'rl< -
....-.. _ -...,.
100ftaUd ....... iIIIiiIP-' 01 s.c- CO... .. _ I2GJ ..-_ ... ThWd
(;0, .. ,-.. 0Gl_u.w. a.... __-. po<>pI> "'" 2G
-
1.3.3 Inertia 01 the lnItalleo:l Baw
01 "'" bOgcot __ in .... 01 . _ .....-..", ill the .......,... _
......,.;..,aI , ...... d in IIc pn><BOoI iIIIiiIP_' Tho< -..a.... __........0
Ii1a- oItouiIdiooc _ _ _oIold ""d in
-S otalf. V..,ruoty... _ _ .... -...-.oI. _ I<d......,.,. in llc
rompl... o..-rn.ul of I""nriwo..... lhe""orbi lant Ii .... :<;l> illVoiv....t in lht-p_ma>.e!he
p_""""omically unfeosibl<. This mandat.. INI ....-err new soluhon h.o, provi>ions
far reusOn! til< ..i"ing inh..tnIC1ure. Fm.>ndal """,M.>d, .", one 01 til< V""f impomnt
r."",,,,, why 'e<hnologios Iik< Ant . '" yet to up 10 their P"""'''' 1.
ApaCl from "'" firw\cial " podS. then> is alw.Y' an ernoIiONllOUCh """"",ted withewry
p_01 <hang<. S;""" poop'" S"""'.Uy 1;10> ... "" qoo. Intr'Oductiotl of .....w technology
is alwaY' mot with fier<e .......""...... the only 001_ lot thi> _ . 1;'"
in educahn! th< p""ple .nd """,;"g a. " _ . Ho_. tM, p_may .-.:>l alwaY'
--'.
' n ", . "n"" , t.... inertia 0/ ins' alled base 01 .,.;,ting netwooks p""''''''' widespr..d
mi!(rlthon to new", t"d",oIog;... For ....mple_il ia not e..y to "",Iaoe the existinjl: UN
nriworh (( theme! ond token ring) wi,h ATMn<'tW<leks, urue... then>are distinct adv. " lOl!""
;ossociated with the proreso. Thu&, mi grahon problem i. one factoe INI d rives old er
te<hnolog;.,. &nd p""''''''' intr'Odoct ion 0/ new", """'-
lolA Support of the Industry
Res<>a",1i "'" [lev"lopmen' (R&D) "'<lITes a.. , .... _ing grounda for innovahve ide...
tedU>iqu.. and new ted u",logi... How""er, a"y fonn 01 "'h ........., fund. for it.
"" t"""",-. and the indU>"Y;" the only souroe 01 fun<b. (y """"",Ii worWone in l<>p
academic instItuhons ill partially or IuIly sponsor....t by the industry. Th",. foe the growth 0/
any wnununication i. ill important .har lh"", "" ..,ffiOe"I liN ocial and technical
backing by t.... 'ndustry. F""" th< p<"nt "Iv of indus""' I,.... in_. itI only thost
a"". w"""" tMy are """fident 01 """",,,ring ir """", and making proh". Or'> "'....in
.re. . . .. idenhfied, tt.. indu>1I)' provid.. fund. tu t.... _ rdl romrnunity, whi '" tt>. .._
provides k'dIni<al ;"pul> to !he fortneT. the industry then mark'" the lectulology, which
!>riJ,go;" ......m"". ApM 0/ thiII revmue io pumped into ......rd>. wlU<h furth", impr0v<'5 !he
c.pabibh.. of the technology. Thi> symbiotic rela_ip between the industry and lht-
....."'h rommunity """,I" in a mulhpl;'" rif<oct. which i>bt-nriiciol for bot h oid...
Ao an " ..mple of thio .ymbiotic rela tion.hip, ronMdo... tho C' " 01 ArM redmology.
M"", lkan . decod.e back. many poop'" poo!Ula1<'d IN. t Al M wa, going to be 'the h_
""'hnology 01 tho futur. '. At tho, ti"",. it w 1ao oon;..otu"'" IN.t the lirst .... of ArM
.witches would be ready &l\yti"'" in the la'" 1'l'lOs. But the "",""",iv" .--0hfI work arned in
the lield oi ArM itI h" ld. ",I...." to. witd ti<l! MId b'.mc rnonogemon' ) res ulted in
an A'ThIswitch bei nS _dy much bo-f<n the prd"""" dote. Thi. w.. mad" P"""'hle rnainl y
bee..... 01 a very." rong ind ...trial bad ,itIg thot A1Mg<lt during its inIoncy. This, how"",,,,. io
""ly ,,,,,, .ido'" tho<tory. theboost ArM...,..;"", n, d led in fIWIO.W.........nd this mode
ArM ...... ...."... p<'pula<. Th;, .......Iled in _ mot....... now d.....nd&, and
....... product> ,nd ><'tV;""". The abov,, ;, ,,, ..,mpl. oi quid pro q"" w by the
industry. tho....."'h rommunity works _.nt.the d...h,p""'" '" te<llnology. In
..-rom. the industry is benoflt<od by Il"'hnS ll""'''' rev""""" by sdlinS new prod_ &nd
--
Copyrighted malanal
_____________________Dt""", <1 II Ctnomu""",r;"" WDrld
1.3.5 Era of Open Standards
Today' . .......",ke<! ,.",k! ;" "''''';''8 lUwanb on .... of """ "ond.oo'ds. Op<n ..andard
hnp li< INt ".ndordo/ rewn"l\<ndation, .", tully .nd .v.ilalM to . 11 and rom-
munic.tim 1010;,>0 plO<'l" usin;; ;"j..-m. lionaJly ocpk'd p roloools (i.e. muJli,..-nd", ><>l ull","",
.re m' el'OJ"'l".bl.),
The ..andardization p_and IilJl<'!y .v. il.I>iJi ty of . t. nd..<l, .re ""'Y important
bK.use of "",.ral "'.."'...., First of ill, in Ihr I"""' land. rdiz.1ion era, . company wIOS lied to
"'" rornponents 0/ single v.ooOf. Standardization. ....., has complrlely . It......d the
"""",00. Now, ing'" <>r!Won. ""'Y ...... oornponen" ..,u""'" from 5 '" SO di U""""
.....do... . "''''''P'''''b;hty b<-tw.... mulll-vot>dot rom!"",",," is 8"" '''_ by INans 0/
0l0J><l,n;l.. Va""'" inter<tper>l>ihly """'" . ... . 1.., I>tld to d_lr.k' the stab;];ly and
"'ficO<)' of tt>e .tond.r<t>
Sorondl y, propriewy Slandards is .......Jly . rioky .ff, ir , This is beca""" it .
standard In>rn SO""""ngbodysuJ'<'l""Od.. the propriel.ryOl.nd.<d, thenthe l,lIt'f bo<om..
u..I.... Thus, romJ>M;"" .IWAY' try to "" " "" INt thei. pnw;luct> . ... i"tel'OJ"'T.Ne with
products of any o!her company. If well .dl."fined , tonduds ... used. ,urn probk-ms . ...
pl"'duded.
Mos' importantly. open " ond. "", ....tiI , in innovUi<m. rompetiliwness and 8""' '''
efficiency. In.ro. reg>rd, the Req...., tm Commonl> (RFC) in wffich Inmne< stondMd...
documenk>i, ill a case in point. The RFCJ are ..'ailable in a te,t fonn.ot fTe.ely on II,. [",emet
tm anY""" to read . nd Pe<>ple malo< thoi' romm"",", ,.i..doubts . nd n "" ",,AA<'"'
;mp",,-..menl>. n-.... """''''''''''' I. uggootions . ... inrotp<,,,l<o;l in the IlFCs .nd .-.ow v..-.Jon
..._, thereby "",I.iog ' he oido>- obsolete. RFC. . ... e"y k> '"'-' .... d imp"""""' ,
.nd i. is "'" . 0...gg..... k>"'y that Iheoimplici'l' . nd oIfecti" ' ...... of RFC. is",,. oIlhe
"'"in''''''''''' why the In_ h.. b'""""med "". ' the las' d",.d .
Al'hough st. oo. r<l iz.alion h il> menl>, i 1", 1>0 f.-w d,.w!>acKs, The billS""
d<awb.lok ill !hat it de!.ly. Ihe introdoclion of new prodocts .00 """,k... Since rompa.u..
are w.'Y 01""nlving propr;ot>'Y . tand.r<Io, !hey ",...Ily .dopt . w. i,-ond-w.td> policy. In
c.... the publlc,tion of stondar<l .. eoctl<'dingly delayed, the I.onch of new p rodoct.oo
gets delaj'N, In the process, competing redmoJo,;i .. g. in .... edge <We< time. All .ro. is
de<riment.Illo the growth of a tedInology.
Secondly, frequen' revision of ..",d. r<I. leads to ins bllity. lnsI.bil,ty of protocol.
"""' i.... ,11>' prod""'" 1>0..... on , hnoe p""""", ..., M &.oq.....dy mod.;fied, wlUdl <on M
qui .. i"i'Oling for the engine<ft. M""""',,", frequ,-"". "",;,ions ctt:a"' . of 'e<hool og>cal
io both lh< deve'OI"''' and ..... U",,", Thi. lead. to a disinclination both to
d... .. woll .. k> u,,,, thom.
1.3.6 Changing OTganizational Structure- and Pract ice-s
In the okl d.ys, ..... ....,.j k> M of mammoth .i.ze. The _king
w limi ,ed to '-""""'Chn. ..... compute", mainI, . """, .nd """".... wi tkin the ...me
Copyrighted malanal

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A.....g I.. on,"'" dm= pu<'iding , jkxWk .od 0<'0I0!>k "'_is "'" of 'i prl'" 8'-..1, of
ATM, Til"" ATM i, t'In<'fd ... 'h>llJl<>s!l ''''', ron '" .SftIfr= "" -r.:.r to ,I!< rot<.
TIlt ",",lito< cos" , fId tI" ",,"'iIi of lilt i.,'oIkd ""'" """,'i'.".lit""'"' W
ofATM, 11Iis .. "-,,<elf<! I. ,lit UN....,,'re.,,""', [ I"""" . 1Id Gigobll nlln...t
"'""'. til<M'""'" dIci<, ""'oJ ofATM. H""""",", i. , lit WAN """",....... ATM !uKfrw"d II ,
"""
"" a,,,,.sstoI,.1It illd"",!, lias ""'*I'<IATM ",."",a'UI"n,dtploy .... , =,,*"ti.g to ,Is
-,-
ATM """'... ,It< of""," , ,,,,.:l.u d, .od .... , I, W mtJ fid, '"of...n....d, from Wi..
IihITU-T.""ATM f"",,". WIIil<,lit ATM f "",," .... _ llo!'l< in , ..I"'bli< ..,...i.from
"Is _t<, 'h.. " ' IT.. for ITUT " .l.nI" which""'" to '" p.""'-d. Still, ATM f .."",
"""Iio"" to "" 1'" "*i . "'" 8"''''"'' ofATM .......
Tlltdt.opnS "'R"oiUl"'" ..",CIt"." for ArM .. it ... ""'Y W<ll cf ,....,.,"ins
"".,,,," _kinS ,.d VPN"""""".
Q l. I'r""' .", l ilt ",,.,,,,,1 ...... , "' ,? /low "" '"'" ,MId, implld ,lit ,.a
dtpWymnI' ofArM? Dc ,_'mW I""'J"", g<t implldf<! by dtvtior""" ' ;. ATM
ttdmolcgy! 'f!l", .xp/II'" wi'" "."plt> ,.,.., '!II, is possiblt'.
Q 2 Com ,.pon ,I!< '" ..,., .-.. . ... ,lin, m.hon to ,lit dtM"",., ofATM _.t..
QJ \'rho, , lot m, cf ".od .-diUlli"" io ,lot ,."""" cf. _ ,os ""ltnoIogyl Dio<w.. this
with . ,.MoI "frn't'a ID 'I!< " .....nI;",,"" W ....for ATM d "'" "* ,!Ityploy.
11><re ill no sp<ctfic reI<fft\C< for lIW; CN pt<'t, The TN",",," <'<lII<ct""-1rom vorio", "'>ut'Cl"ll . re
mention<d . I ' ppwpriat. placoo in Il>e chap"''' (08 lnt<!l. nd ISC wol>si"'J.
Copyrighted maklnal
Chapler
2
Transfer Modes
2 . 1
The fundamental functi on of a network is to Iransler """" information from on< en'ily to
0Iher. In order to understand how !he transfer of information takes place, iii important lO
understand 1M notion of ' ..nsfrr ,"""", which is !he <entra l . heme of ..... ch.opte<. TraM""
mode tefft< to dw ..",hrtiqoeo used to transmi' , .witch and multiple>. informa.ion. In othe<
worn.. tr ....."", mode is a meMIoI 0/ sending and ","""ving information on !he
network- In CWTen' U"',alUre, inlftp""alion o/!he "'"" 'transfer mode' is . objed lO wide
vari.ooo..... According to """'" aolhon, Asynd\ronousTran>"'" Mode (A1M) andSynchronow
Tra",ier Mode (STM) a.. tIw only two possible Ira","" mod... For other>, circoi'-.wi'ching
and ",cket-.wilching are !he two b.asic110"'''''' modes, Still others """,ider "'\egraphy and
telephony also lO be varian.. 0/ transler mode.
According to this boo!<. dwre a.. variOWl waY" 0/ classifying transler ode, Ii 0lW1001:0 a'
the way information is packaged, !he two basic !echniques ore eire.il ,ching .. embodied
by "'leromnullOcabon netwon;" and po<krt switcking .. ....bodied by fra"'" ..lay n_orb
and tIw In........, In circui '-.wi!dUng. a dedkal<'d circui' (or a chanrwl) i. established fro...
soo""' todeslination and !he informa tion is""'" as a bit ......... Ihroogl1 tIw !i,e<! l>andwidlh
dwuwL This rechnique is used primarily toeaIT)' voice, In padel.wil<hing, U>er infonnation
.. carried in variabJe..u.ed or ti xed-sized. packets. These ",cklo are ..so called frames,
",11. 0< ""tagra""' , Each packer ha. a header and a ",yIN d, The header carries add....
infonnalion and is 0""" '0 make . witchins derision> and 10 forward the ",cker k> the nex'
hop. The ",yload <.rne. tIw octu.ol ....,- inlunnabon. This rechnique is ...-d predominantly
IocolTJ'data.
Copyrighted malarial
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Figu 2.1 ill..." . .....h. TOM l<-<hniquo in which four in.....1 <"""",,I n! mulhple..-d
on", ""1J'u' <lI.n""l l n d. /n",o, , IOl io 0<1 tUT _ h 01 the input <"""",,I>
A. B, C .ond D. I......pocti__ 01 w.....- the ;npu. cNnn.1 v.li(! <I or ,"", II,. oUlpu.
<h>."".. II,. , I,ll lot lhe ;npol <h>.nnelo. Slnot "'" . 1I"".h"" of II >Iul> b ""Ii<. lhis
is """voidablo. Ad<Iilional intelligm<e neIs '" be inoorpor.red m'" tb< mulhple>:ml
lo ovoid !hill W<iSta!\". St.t;'li<al 1;- vms... M"ltiphri"S (STDM) ill on< 01 the w' Y" tor
re;l Ll<'ing lltiI w....S".
F"",.. 2. t
Time !J;vi,ioJ,
Mul" plumS
In !he STDM ""'hni<JU<. no _ iIl .-vod fo< an IDc<mUns chAnnel Ila......, . oJ'" io
...:gned as and wben user da.. is re<eived. In ord<r 10 allow the Pros-" akring of
bandw>J1h, resource .......... hon tak.. places lhrough th< """ of ... lislic.al mrlhods. TI><oo!
"",,1>0,; ",,,. il c.l",tation of lh. probobilily dislribution functi.ons of . 11 lhe iJ>ooming
ronnecliona ond p<edictiDnof the of earh of lhem. f{ow"v.,." rncn<01culotion
of m.... diSlribuOOn Iunction!I is not ...y ond henre, onl y rough esIim.lte ia The
lor . ....... is .'-'CVJ""d only if _ . .... ample lhroughour the
I"' lh oJ. In CO"" the .........ork cannot support lhe
is l'Vjtded. This ........... tho. Nch multiple>.. is 01>10 10 ""PP"'" 011 .....
TheSTDM is 0180 merred 10.. '..ynchrooowI TDM' .
Z,} ROUTIl>< G
In rontt... 10 ctrcui. """"lUng. rouling io hoJp-ry-hoJp " "'S"'" ftm",,,,li"S t<ehnique in
which . he d"""",, lion odd, .... field of the padel he.d.,. Ia usord 10 !nOke Jorw.rding
decisions. The por_.... typically!luge in size ond .... collrd "t.S""""'. In Ihio
technique , !here is .... of """""'-"'ion and eack do lOgrom is rou red 10 the d..linohon
in<Iependen. of o!heTdot.S'""", in ... """"""". V.lOgn>'" jrmomfi"S, dot.S"""
"",t<hinS ond. } "'" some of !he olher lenN lIS! loT"""ling. Among ill the
"'''''''' """mg i,the mos' rornmonly used on<. ..... nod.. lorworoing ..... d..".gr&mS
. re m..,..,,;llo .. rou ......
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
A.o ...,..,.,pIrof """",-......odff Fig. U ..hidldfpiclohowdotogo........ --- 1ti'i::::I
_ Al A1 AI bw-.lJ.tt>rr--dootirood lor A.J ... ", (i..e- n
wtwn ........ _ AI . 1 1_ lionodd 1iftd (1\3 ...
_.-) ... _.rd funlorr, _ _
_ __ __aN""Iink"'_i1
.... kbw..- U "' :, 'I!iil. ,'*" "" _ ..... _ poo<k<l ....
Thio -.I _ ""'*-'l - " ... .-.... .....,. -. datagamo OR
bw-.lord _ _ . SOnot . I ...... .....,. 1ar t _Milbwuda.....
d : iV"" tt>r_ .I-Il2 112_. 'hi V-- i1_"' _ ruutr.s _ ...
; __. ... _.....,._il.' .. i ' .. _bw_tMd,:+ '
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0....... mutwItllays foundation oflnoemrl _ I.. popularity __to
k 1'ioir'S'" t lo d r;r<*1h of ..... I k>u",,,. _ p .... iolC
popua.rtlJ_. lot of I"ul l rftaood ....... I1lUIinC .... _ A.o ..... -.boo of
_il..,. _ 1o _ r;r<*1hitltM_of _. __
__M Ilw __of _ iliCl' ... """" Ilw p' 'II _ i:alOtI _
finding Ilw""'P'I!i linllot .....-_ """ . deCIO. Tho .... Iod _-....
J\TM Nt_,he _
_ " ,. p....digms like Mulli-PTOIiXoI lJI1o</ SU'ilchinl (MPI). in which the """"'J'ISof virtual ciKu;t
_",hirlg .nd d.tagram routing 're merged, ......Itmg in f.,.., . nd "".I.bl. routing
. t<IIilecture, Virtual cira"t , witching is d..aiJ<od in the n,,1Iiectioo.
Two t:hmqu.. h. ve b<en 00 I.r. In ciKuil ,wllchirIg. th..... i dedk.ted
amne<tioo which is u..... 10 tr....terinformsOOn. In routing, is no <<In<'l"pl of <Ont'oe<'bon
...,. is tt>en. any resource """"".Iion; each po, .... cam.. the complete deotinalion and
too.... rou'" the packet ill """..,llorl lashion. Vitlu.l circui l_tdung fieII befw""" thew
two exlremJlies. In this "",lutique. information is tranlifflred by using WI.... """'I>. Virtual
ciKuils logi<.1charm (()]" cirrui..) befw""" two end...}",,,,,,,, thai . r< iJentilied by srnaII
idenlifi ()]" Lobet . F", , k< 01dio<u""",,- let us ""If this label V_ol Cir""i! Idttolifit'
11'01-
In Vlnual circuit . wjtchirlg. ' ach pdo<!t that is " """",itto<! by the oendor carri .. . VO
When Iltiof"c!t ..... """ the ......, hop. tht VO field 01the packet header is """; lC> fmw.rd
i' fu"".... 1><1<>.. f<>tw.,dlng. til;. field is OVWWrllten wjtll T\eW lobel, This rro<"'" of
......,-wtlli ng .n _ mg Iohol with . _ Iobel is called Wluol cim<i! <JI laM
_ "8
As irI <irruit , witchtng, tile c" ,,,,o<hm in virw.t circuit ,witching g""" tllrou> lh_
""'I p.... '''''*' and ,,"I <"''''"8' Tho virtual "mOl is ..tabli>hed m the cill-
.....p ph , In orderlo und"..."",d bow calf i. setup. oonsidn . simple <Umple irI whidl
tluve ronnt.'<tiom.re..' .blished A-E(VCI). D-C(VC2)nd A-E(VClI (.... Fig. 23). F()]" the
firsl oonnecti<>n, A .......,;, "'....g. lC> B. ""IUl.'SIing it to ..tabli>l\ rolUltion wjth E. B
returns . va val ue (:J.ll and forwardo the ,aU ", E, A. up"" ""'-"'iving the va v. lue 34. filla
11 m i .. VC t.ble, M.."while. lb..........g. f<>twarded by B...aches E, E accepts the ""I""'"
and returns va (47) 10 B, E ",00 en",,", the reIumed VCI m its VCtabl . B. Up"" """'iving
!he """"8' lrorn E, ""'PO the VCI 34 with VC1 47, Thi . .. how VO is .....blished.
As .hown m , he figu..... the VC ,.hle has two imP"'fal't fieIdo .m inaNllinS VCI and .m
""'ga;"S VCI- Both thew collectively I<l<mtily ""rI 01 tJ,. virtual rolID<'<'lion. Th. "".r
"""""<tioo is ;denlified by the .... of incoming and oy' guillg VCI:; p""'" in . n ",termed....
"-Odes. includ ing tho '0'''''' and the d..tiNli"". Fo, ... mple. VCI ha.lw<> d il;t;nct """',
hok All and I;ok liE. lIDk AB is ;den' ihed by v e l :u .nd link liE by VCI 47, Th<r<fore,
IlAB, :J.ll 47}1 roll\"clivoly ;denti fies, the v;,1....1<ircuil VC1.
Af'er VCI is estohllihed, !he vinu.1 circu;' tahl,., . , A. lI .nd f con""only the fi"" tow
,,"'ries, Aft the virtual ronne.:tiono VC2 and VO . ... made. the vi nu.1circuit
' abies lor node< A. Band Econtairl "",ri shown in fig. :1.3. N_ that thedoohed roI wnn
enm.. irI the VCts hle indic.... ilia, the rn>d ";!her an ingreso node '" an egreso roode.
Thi, is .. f., ..' ..ts bliMmg virtual ,,<0>;'" is "''''''''''''''. If the d. .. 1" "-..1.. befw<>en A
and f to< the first """""<tioo is now """'idered, then eo<h""ekef ' 0'" from Alor:tN, virtual
circui' will ....v va 34 wri""" m ilO head... field. Wben tkio J"'det ........... node B, the
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vin.... rirNiI u bI< ot nod. Bis ..on;hod for tho tup'" (AB, 34). He.., ADrefe.. '0 ,be Un!< OIl
whie!< ..... p..."" is re<..:ved. on<! 34 "'.... 1<> ..... vel volu. c<>n'oinod in ..... re<..:vod pacUt
Aft,;r 0 row "'try is found. lht VO volu. in lht pock is ,waf'J"'d with the volue wri""" in
II>e ""'going va ",""",n of tho, row (i.e. va34 is with VCI t 7l. The paclot is ""'"
/urwo_ OIl lht ""lgoing link .. per ..... entry in vi....., <1t<uil ubi. (i.e. BE). Thi. is
how l.beI . w.pping . nd /urw.rding ..k pl .
One imporlonl thing to note oboul va . is thollhey.", un"".. ond "'" gloNlly
U"....... fur """,id", VCI in Fig. 2.3. The 1"" 01 va in link AD is no! the .....eo.
va in link BE, i . . the .."'. v.lu. 01 vai, nol ....inlainod <nd--lo--end. How""". thi, d..,...
nol impl y thol . va vol "" """" in 0"'" portioo of Ihe link c.nnoI be uoe<l in otheT pori. fur
... mp"', for VC3, , be VCI volue to< both the AD ond BElinks is 30. nu. is """'Publ... long
.. two virtu. 1<1t<ui'" on the .."'" inroming link ,,"VO VCIs. The Sh.ring of VCfs
0""'" d i/fo""" finks i> ollowod.
The d i>eo..ions on virtual dt<uil . witching .n<! . ouli ng b<>em to indic.... lholl;ltl
..-p.r..... d.I'gr.m rouling !rom virlu.ll cit<uil5Wit ,hing. Th. few di lfeTffices cent",. ro:>llJ'd
tho mllowing "P"""":
I Tho gkJb,ol of romp_ add......... in dotoSrom routi nS ."",u. fo<ol
of ."",n VCls in .irt\LOl dt<uil , wi\dl;nJl, onll
2. P. cket ""'ling OVeT 0 _ on..... Oe\w<)rk ''''''''' lobel ' '''. ppinJ;; ",."t 0 ';rt\LOl
0;;="
Copyrighted matenal
Um:"": ... p"'_"" _"!' '- _
Se<tion 2S tl>eollwr di-'"_ ...... th<e two te<:hniq",""
n.. , ;"""t <m;ud """""P.. .... ""' ....... to d.t> """,mun;".. tion w<nld ract,. tIli.
"""""P' ..... -. in .... in _,>tu .moo 1he 1%00. 'Tho yittu,>1<ifWito in . t<'
id.... tifi<od by 12-bit I.<>gi<.l Cho"".1 Number. Am"'\'! "'"OOIl l<'mporary l>I<hooIogi... fra"'"
...lay "",ploy> yittu,>1 cirrWt ""'repl>, '" framo ...lay, "'" Data L..... Connectioo ld""tilier
(DLeI) field id""tihoo th. yirtual circuit>. 'Tho bk'sl te<: hnology to use yirlual <ircuit
,wi'dWIg is ATM, Vinu. l eirrWt , wikhing in An.! is . Iso "*""d to all "",khi.g. 'Tho
mO<lt imporlil1\l diff........... ",110 and fr. ..... is that ATM"'lis 11 >rid h.we a
Ii."".i"", where.. fro""" . ... u..... lly la'S" .rod 110.. v."""to ....... Oth.""ise. ro"""i""'"lly,
tl>e... i, Y. ')' virtu. l circuit ' witdlins in fro", ..l.y and ""ll
, wildUn;; in A'IM, H""""..... till" important thing to not< h. .. 10 tlu.l lltill COR<'<'plU. l
dill"""""...wbl in. number 01 othl", d_ U. ,; _ lran>missinn delay and
....'
The discu..ion on ,..,,,,fer ",od.. ;" inrompt.te wi ,hou, . n ......m"'" 01 ,Ill" ..1.'iY.
"",""gtMand of lho."" wclWqu... Tab'" 1,1 Ii... lho betw...., lou.
dil!n<m' "ansi .. mod... yiz. d fWi' !IWilChing. virtual cifWi' cdl sWikhing >rid
routi ng. T" <.....i!y """ 0I1hom a. lho """, op'ion is kIDj tloti/;od ... dif/@un',.,..,..._ wa!Tan'
d illffo.n' ""Itllions
Sinco .ll , wtldUn;; l>I<ruuq","" .,,,,,,,t d.' agr.m ""'ling. ... '-"""<'Cbon-<l<l""W. most of
till" .. and d... .. of e<>nnE'Cbon-<lfi....red.....,.;."" ....pplic.bl. 10 u-....
swik!tins le<: ruuq","" Th< ..of ronn<'C!ion--<>nmred ..rvoc.. includo low
bI"l" ..,. ,'".,!" ond rl'I""* """,la, On the downside ... 1...-. Iii latoncy
asood. lffi wilh call.-.p and i"'.lfu:im! """"''''' "ti',,,,,I;,,. d"" to d""ic" ed anoc.hon.
HOW<'\' <7. despik being ronnection-<ln....lffi. eir<uilswitcrung. yinual eir<<lit switc!tins and
""ll sw\khing do "'" id....hcal elu.racte""'i ..,
As mention<'d .... eim.lrt Sw\khins is mainly uS<'<! to c.rry V<OO, I:k<b"..ed m.lIl1. l
.....u .. !hol """" io alway' b.1 ndwidth in the neIw<nk to earry v<oe ..mpk, A
ronnectioo "'lu..t lOT <all can be mu..d. but"""" it ;. >ro:pk'd, tho V<OO tra",,1eris of
good qua.lily. AltI>oo.l gJ> aU""ohns do!<li<ared <"'"""k pmvid.. is lh<lS
pn'ieT" lo,;t """'..., "'" """' of ...b-<>phmal """"'''''' uhl;ubot>. The' is boc. tl......""
"'" reootI"'" fOT "all """"ins aJl"""W fOT "'" ",,'i.. d ura'i"", rt i. ac'u.lIy used
when 1here is tlsoltll d ata'" ''''....mi' . F<>.r ""a"'ple, consJder , he <a.. of l<1"PhOl\ic
m which. p<'rSOI1 normally tal'" for aootlt '10 per cen' of d... hm. Tho
" "" inins hmo, """"is " O'!tins to tr.n,mit, .nd t""",. "'" ....rv<d channoI co".;.", ""U><'ful
dOl', This is sroo, w.,taS. of h.OOwid lh, F<>.r d.l. rommunication. ci""it... w,lc_
nwork is more wa"oful bec.u.. d.,. tr.n,1er is .....,h.lly bur>1j' in natu... n,.", a",
oIIarpbw-s.. k>Jl owed \ly proI"'\'!ed period, 01inactiVlly, H"'"""""'" is ....rvt'd for
then for a major p<'ciod (which is ""my 'JO.95). lho link will be \IlId<7-uhlinod or
tlnuhlized,
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Copyrighted matenal
lIy oirtul' ,Xttl.....,,;""....., d...gtAmrw.hng i>o.k,! f<>r carrying In.'''y ok.. tr./Jo:. .

_ .... No """""roe i, reserved 000 pocket. a", forward""- ... and whm lh<'y This p",d ud..
Ih< possibitily of. w...ed b..-.dwKith. How'-',"" ' his also """,ns th.t durms heavy Ira!fic
rondi-", II>< qualiry derertor ..,. rapidly. There is no glW'on"'" th.o' ad"'l"''''' Nru:l wid....
will be av.ilable.oo Illa' the !"cUt wi ll "'" be <Iroppd, Also, beca...., 01..... lack ofbounds
(ttl ..... del.y it... "IV<!<! in "'" lr. nsWt of d ' ''gramo, this methodis no! VO'Y popuw fer V<>leo
Virtual riroJ il ,wi'ching is ,""prom;'" between dedicated ",""uroe . 1Iocalion and
, ik hing. By,,!>inS , ..,..he.1 ... I'ipl<xi"S, thr """"''''''" ar< """"d in sud>.
"", n_ thai ""it ;, Ih< "racily ut>dl-t-usod, nor d_ lh< qualil)l of . . ufl'
bee. "", of lack of m.oo, H"""","" this f<>rm of awil<hing "'nmes tNt Ih< ","""roe
reqllirelnmis of. roru>ectioo embe pR'dicted prilwi, which is "'" alwaY" true. Moree......
unIik rout.r, virtual ,,oil ' wlleh d.,.,. not ....int.in infunnalion on all _ ibl.
dliN'ion<, Infotma'ions or Idining 10 only....blished virtu.ill rirruil> is ll'Idinl.1ined at .rn
swilCh, Thi. ""'''''''' on. <i.ze of the vc ..bt. ond ma kes it look up 1_.
Cell ,witdun/! is the lall">1 form oi virtual ciml;' .witching. In this Whnique mall fi,I
siud ""Ib .re used ins""d of JnC- ' The 'mall ",ll size ensure> Ih.II !he
.May i' J""dic'iJN< du< ' 0 which. tIw vok<I qu.olily con b< mainWntd, For corrying d.>..,
mUlbpio! ""II< 0.. ""rn..!, iMl<ad 0/ 0 10'1\< pack<!_
TIl;, d..p'" '" of u.. !wic 1r'"'1" '"00"', 1'11< """I',,,i,,,,, !omvmI diffrmll
1T''''1"-.1<0"'" k Mluml ., 'Ir ........."""'H1io" ...ri.,,,.d... "",..m....u.... """""-
TIt< lrod<-cffhn. i> r.m--.. ""JIK<Ii """''''' .,,1iza1ion .1 k'''' """"'" g.-' . " ,-,'.,,,,, higlrr
.....' .of". "'0;""""" th<"'" of _ibk lo<o in """"'" quoI,,,!, " i> u;d ,loot ArM cffrr< 'Iu ""', of
boIh world,_i ". "",..m.m...,.." lo'd ,1.Ii,licll! ,"ulltpkxing """!hng i" M'ff """'''''' "tWZII'ion
Ilk,"g "",It ."",11 ",II 'iN ",oI li"g in llkJ i,,! '0 "''''I win.PIlI ....Ii"'" t>offi< b!i ",..,..,Jing
"""",Ik.... .Ild jill" """"n",
ESTIONS
Q 1 """', .... , ",/< ...00..., Mry"", 'Iry ;m"",'""' i" , .. "","x, of _kinK'Ioniq.... !
"""" ;, u.. of d""fying ''''"'' ''''"'1""""""1
Q 2, """', is ' ''''', ' ",,;tchi"g' """', .... ,Is ....." ,.,'<.PIlI di>tt"..,ogn'
Q J, """'I ... 'h""""I" diffr..mu. !>rlu..." 'Ir ,,,,,,1
Q 4, """', i. u.. diffrmJa -..... ","1tlII d""it ",,',hi"K . '111 ",u ' wi'chi"g!
Q 5 e-,-. 'IrfCo' ott. d""it switching, ""'lUll """"i' ....tchin& all 'i"lIing
.nd ""'''"K on I..jJI'<Jwi"K "".-d"u"h 1""1"" ,...".,i"K.... p<"ifiu'''''
N'""'of""".....' ...
R......
Copyrighted maklnal
Rtso."... " ' ~ W i _
/!tlto/>iliry
A.airy to"""JI ""'"
H ~ ....hud,
For derails of !he lopicri rove"'" in !his dupter, plelhoro of options .., . v. iloble, 1Q>n A
Tonenb". umI and IQ>n W, Srallin!'i' l """"intwo very pepul.r te>:1s. Aport fro'" !his, k>w other
booM 1Q>n S. Keoh.>vL IATM M, Prycl"'l, IATM W. Go,.!sJ<iI;md IQ>n So Ka"""l ols<>
p>viMgoodW\'I';lge"" tholop;<.
Copyrighted malanal
Chapter
3
Overview of ATM
3. 1 !STIlO DI ICTIOS
Thi. cllapto."'provid...n ",'""'.... 0/ A1M. 11 .1oo....""""riusthe lI"mut ol l<rpi<s W<"'OCl in
tmo To "." w;' h, the moti"lion h" 1Ia,u.g ATM ;a ;r, tho ".,t ...,.;""
"Jl>omoalt<-r, the dl'hn;lWn 01 ATM is p"",;dod, wh;"" is ...... '0 _paoo ,,,__h.1
"""'J""'ff'to, Ir. "".... mod., ullI>a-"'" b"0fi>f..... and " yn<hr<>nou> Irand u......
110..... "'""" . '" . t"" ""pia;""" ;r, \h;a<""p""'. 11>;a is followed by 01 the "".. that
led 10,"" 0/ ATM. '!lien, the p"""""'" te<hnolog;... to ATM, u><lud;r,g X.Z5, It...,.,
",laY'r>d ISDN ......pla;""". Aftet "';0, the I>a-,;" prin<lpleo 0/ ATM......pla;".d. lho ATM
pn>t<>>l mod.I, comprio;r,g I'hysi<.al Layor, ATM Layor ond A1M Adoptalion ...
(AAl), ;a t""" "'1>0<01<'<1. the ,,""". <lIaplers in r." )(C...... Cor'>C<'ptot r.".
(rnterworking Aspoct and Part 5 (Application 0/ ATM Networb ) a", ou"'ma1Ued. A flow
other topics li!- tho ",Iah"" -........ ATM _ &-ISDN. ATM ,land.r<tizalion aspoct> . nd
the ATM ma, k<"t ouUoo>. a", aoodiscussed ,
3 . 2 fOR ATM
Today, one of tho higg..t problems rrial<'<l 10 notwOTki"l; is that "'"'" a", ju>t too many
n<'!w<>rb, with .orh one I>ein;; tailored for a 'J"'Cih<: """'"'" requi""""",. Fo, ........ fe,ri ng
..me. in publ;" ""vi"",,,,,,,,', th..-. a", tho to.;onunun"' . ,;"" notwOTlco. In rotp<><'.,.
""vi""''''''''t ...,;"" ;a ........f<om>d u;ing Pm Ilean<h. E><<h.>ngoo (PBX). For ........t..mng
do'" in LAN, "'-are EtI><rn<t, F. " Eth<rne1, Gigabil Ethernet _10k"" ringft<'tWorks, Ina
WAN "",iron""",' , ......... a", tho X.l 5 ,,",works, f'a"'" ,""wOTks and ,he ubiquil"""
Copyrighted malenal
TCP!lP-l"o..,.t Tn""',", """ vid... ""rv",", .... . ... ttoe c.ble For
wi ..._ yoke _ Iow",1d.T. appoc.tions. There.re celInlu ne1IVmb.
" .. de.lroble that.n Th_ nf'Iwmb be by plalfonn, ""poble ofhandling }OJ
l!le di>pa.... r<oqui"""",,,lS. A >inllle plotforrn lead> 10 better nf'Iwon ma""S'""'enI and
I'<"dnn-d "Pl""lionoJ roolll, Bffidl'o lhis" ploTfonn impo rt> gre.ter flexibility to the
inITastructur<, nu. .. nor the ca.. for servire-spe<ili<: networks, 1Vhi.ch .... very
;nn."oo... Fo< ' '''''plr, conoider!he tr. ,HliorWreleoo<nmuni<.lion network where, in order
lo provXle voi oommun;"'lion,. bandwkhh Is portitioned inlo f>4 Kbpo <haMels. Even
if l><! v"""," in <XlDIj>T<S5ion lecluUqnes pennit voice oo",,,umie.lion .t !.>wer ....., the
inJle' ible inh..tl\l<lUre doesnot Thio IW>dbiHty.
Insreod, if .owe inreg."",; pl.tfonn ill uoed" pl.tform tha' ill independenl 01 the """'"
of the . pplic. OOno, the .bove problemill .uneliorat"';, ATMill developed to In1fil1lhis need for
providing . inregr.l<>d platform for . very div..... class of "-'o<k ..rvi "..,
In the ron.., t 01 ' singleinte,;:r.''''; pl ilforrn', Th. following need to be ronsidered
-
I. A. ingle platform Th. t provides .....t-to-end ronn<divily, and
2- A ...,;......1plalfurm thaI inreg. ......i.....
Th. k>llowinS ' Ub-8ectionol elabor upon lhese lIYoaoIpts.
3.2. 1 S"aml"ss Ndwor king
5<.""""" "O'IWOtI<lng ........ to the .... of 0. mg!e piotto"" lor l't\d.to-end ""mm""I<o_ . In
... mle>o the geogr.phi<oI di>t"""" betw oommnnic'linll enti ties is hidden
from the end......, Netw"' kinS ill generolly nol ...,.,. in the that the geogr.phic.l
diJlunre " reIlerted in the time it takes to f""'h da.. from remote si """ """,,,pie, in . LAN
environment ...... ore E""""'" and. token ling LANo, whick "J"'T"re . t to-l OCO Mbpo, In
"""Ira", WAN Iinko.... m.r. et<rizd by low"I"-""'is (ranging in theor<krof few Kbl'" to few
Mbpo) .ud high root>. The ....po_ tinw of /et<h; ns d ... i" the two . , ,,;"",,,,..... Is
motkedlydilf.....l.
As kJng a, the traffu: move ment is limi ted to LAN, such >pe'I'<I differenceo .re uoI
s;gn;ficant. But over the ye. ... the behaviour of traffic movement ru.. . It""'" .nd ...... ...
sltift of tr. ffic from the Inlt""'" to the ["'.mel. Who' US<'d to be an occ..i"",,1for.>y onmde
one', own network dom.in ill nOW a .......,..Hy. All lttio makes U N_WAN difference
oo--uO>l.
ATM i. developed to .11ev;.,.. this problem by provid"'8 a common medium of
transmission in both LAN and WAN environments. In oed.. to undentand why ttu. io
pooo;ble, ""e lw; to look . t the limil' tiorul of the current LAN ami WAN rechnoIogies. LAN
teclInologio!o like Ethernetand tiool broadcast--baotd to........
properd." Ira....f..... those tehnoJogieo MediumAca!os Control (MAC) prot<><:oM, which
pu.. . n upp"" limi t"" the m..imum of cabk... Thio ma>imurn limit , an.. with the
type of phY"col """-iuII\ uoed .nd "Inthe ord... oI. hundl'<"d metres. ThioI !oct re-rid....-
Copyrighted maklnal
I<o<l\n"I,'II'" " ",I"", f"t . WAN ","vi" ",,,,,,,,, , ",, ""'.in 1.o'1\0t d n,.... . '" .....
S,m;I."ly. It>< WAN I<o<IInok.>!li"" and Ira.... ...I.y) ""I,,, i,.blt in. LAN
vnvin>n"""" . The';' t>."", .nd ,,,_ ",Loy pnwid.. d.,. '''n' f............low 2
Mbps, which;r; too low fur. iAN .nvi"",.......,.
ATM does . woy wi' h bulh ""'"" short<umrng> t>ou", it .. 0 pu;nt-f<>-puin, b.>O<l
!e<hno1"SY ond is <op. b1.. of gig.bit dol o lOtos. In............" the """"; 10 hoy.. 0
romo"mlAN/ WAN tr.onsrniooionmediumis ""'jot mOOvotim""hind tho dovelopment of
A1M technology,
3.2.2 Universal Platform
Tho growth of AThl is aJ."" 1ovt't4g<d by ..... ""JUitorn<'l\t Ie h.o..... a wuy......l pla'form fha, <.lI\
suppon diU"""'t typ<o of applica'ions, Ptim.uily, th.. """"orking "'<f.nrements . ted a..ili<d
rnto ' wo broad c. "'S""i08, vi>. voi"" communication ond do" communication. Voi""
rommwticotion. ft!<J u_ . h _ bandwidth .nd low doloy, ond e' IO\otOnt to <>:asi"",l
rn/o"""...... Iootl- Or> tho ........t I'tond. cia" commuoUcOtioo io l>unty in N tu.-., ond !I'o"&,,
dolo is f<>I<ot . nt to hiS""" tronsit dolaY', it is ouscopt!\>le to inf<>tmation '-. Thl ' ba>i<
the ""JUI..-metl15 fur """ do.. rotnmwoc.hon rna.... u-.. dosign of 0
wuv......1pt.n""" dilfi rull, Thus, prior Ie tho dep\oyme<ll of A1M, th.. """"otling Inremity
wa, divid<d "" 0 lwo groops-tho ",""",rnmunic.lion work! and ..... daracommunica' ion
world. Th. ...Ierommunicahon world "' backod by ..... in, ..... 1ion.l1' landacds bod;'" Iiko !ht
In'''m.,,,,,,,l T, locomm"";",ho", Un"",-T..looommunic, """ 5I.ndardizolion (rrtJT) and
eat"'" ""lul.-..l fur """" """'......lion.. Tho """,;e"" Ind odo ""sic ..k-pllony . nd
lacsimilo (I..>, Th.. da..oommunica'ion wotld is ""c.... '<l by bodi.. m tho In..........
&!gin""",,g T.... 1'or<:r (IETF), ..... lnshto.. of Electric.lond El<rtronic Eng;......... (IEEEI and
In' .....' i<>na! S"nd.cds Otg. ni..hon (ISO)nd c. ,.... to...-victo ft!<J uired I",do'" t"....f<>t .
Th ...-victo "",I"d. do" Ir....."'" In \..AN . nd WAN ..,vl"",,,,,,,,!>,
How...... d Uring thOlost dc""d. Ot SlJ. II,. d l'linchon. -....... 0 "'Ierommpnicotlon
no:lWO, k . nd d.t-oeo",mpn;'; .""" _ k ..... t>omt vt'ry lluy. Two cLo",,",-"\ ""omplto in
!h;, t-tgard . ... I"ctu,t-t..>O<l vpl"" oorvicto noIwotk. Tho following
1""1\'. p.... ""bot. .. up"" ..... ' wo
T;I\ te<'t'J' tly, .oko w.. <.lli<'d onl y by lIS;"g d",u" ...wi'd-..d notwo...... Pacb-t-bostd
n"""otb W NO ronsi<lortd uru;pltohle fur ''0;'" hoc. tl><' of theY unp.-.dictahle"""
How , with tho ad",nt of "'tomot ,..Iophony, this nolion has <hans<d.
Spialin>d ""' !tw .. (lIke Vok-o-.ov...-IP OJ VoW). romp"""ion . nd sil""",
""pp....lon. !ltllc , .nd """" <."""II.tion dovl"", Impruvod II,. volct
qu.lity ""Of ..... In"-"""". <Inet In_<'"'8""' " baS<'d on ond no!
on dis"" u:" , .s basic "".-p"""y w","", IN <h.tll" i> d l" . _ .-.I.ttd. In",......
t..l.-phonyoff<-rs cb...p . It"",.hvt fur long-,hs"""" voico """v......!ion. Although the
qu.lity of vole""""" Internet is s,m,.,wh.o, inlorior, tho ptico d ill"""''''1 .....""" In........
"''''pl-.ony . "'"'Y o_v, proposition Indt<'d,
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
Th. popularity 01In_te"'P""""y Indic, .... the ....". of dot.comlmmi<iltiOn
rompani.. to capture tl>< voi<-< market.. m.rk! hi_monopolized by ,.lecommwUc,'ion
rompanieo. In order rount<'I II>< 'AA""""ive""" of d.t.orornmomicalion romp.nie8,
teJecommunic.1ion ....d01'8 ... also 'rying to "'I"'rollhoir realm In>m lI<'tVi!o to
integroted The d....olopment ollnl<'gf>l<'d s.tv""" Digit.1 (ISDN) by the
teJecommunic.1ion body, ITUT is IllI indkaror 01tlili move, The prim.ry motive b<>hind the
d...-.lopment of ISDN was 10provide . digital piP" 10< irIteg.."", .... (v<ri<:e. d.t nd
flo"' .....,.... the ISDN."""'p, ..... not -.very. u=lul, the"..t . rtempt ol ITU-Y
to provide . wtiV<=\1 platfono is through Il-ISDN, Like ISDN, Il-ISDN .i"" to provKle
inter;r.led >efVic Theit .t Ngher dota '".....
The above mple indicole5 INt !he two worlds will ultim. tely <oo..rge into one,'
phenorn<non termed .. ''''"<'<Tgrnu', A1MiI; developed to '""J"'dite !he pro<e8ll of oon.el);""""
and to proYide . syn<tgy I>erw""" the telo>oommunicalion and dotacomm""",oti"n world .
3. 3 D H1:-: lTIl ' :-; OF ATM
ATM ... nds 10< Asynd"'::"""" YIilnsfer Mode' , The mJ Y""",rnmond.hon !ITU-Y1.1Il !
_ AlM as:'A transfer mod. in whidl the infurm.olion is organized inro cells; il is
osyochronouo in the ..,...., IN. the .."ur"""", of <elis """"ining inlormation is not
This definition ' '''''''''ra-< "'_ bask ........ .. . "'. It_fer .-..<JOe, <ell-b_ tr''''''ler .nd
asyoch""""" tr.nster. The ful lowirI,i; . law . .. up"" _ h <>f _ ..,.."..
3.3. 1 Transfer Mode
A., diocu_ in Chap'" 2.. A1Mhis in I>erw""" II>< e-<ttemes of circuit sw,khing and pack!
sw;,ching boocause it u""'" small..iud /,.me (53 bytes). By us.ing small-sized frame
(p.-eci..ly, <eW). ATM"".in> the $p<"1'd 01d"",it switcnm,.; while >till offerins the
of pad .. swi\chins. 'This is why ATM iII.lso ..ferred to os ft pack.. switdlins technology,
3.3.2 Cell-based Transfer
Inf<rrm.tion in ATM i, intocell. ' , whkh ......n. that II>< 10_unit of inlunnotion
in AlM;, cell. A cell is Ii,cd size frome of 53 bytes, with 5 bytes of header . nd 018 byteo
of payload. The header carries informaOOn required 10 switcb cells, while the p.yload
oonr.ains ..... actual inlo<m.tion 10be .>dI.oR"d.
FIgure 3.1 ill",....,.. ..... """"""" 01 cell-booed ............. Information f""" ..ri<>us ..,.,""" is
rnultiple>ed and ""S"""' te<I .-...ultiog in "",rn of ATM cel lo. E.tcIl cel l i>...."""'itted .""
recei ved indeper><ll-nt 01 otl>er <eli>. A cell is idl-n@e<lI>y ..... labels com od ;" tl>< '"""' dO' .
Here, W><I refers to tl>< Virtua l OIonne) Identi fier (VCI) and Virtual p, tti Identifier (VI'I) field..
TI>ooe fio;ld,o identify the ,;rtu.) d ""'i' to Whictl all! beIoog;.. In ......,.,. ATM;, . cell-t>ased
teellro\ogy, IoIhkh ""'p""", virtual.o""" t "'''''''Pis to Imw.rd inlunnoti"" stn-am>-
Copyrighted malanal
ATM: N.......<b: C"""".. 0..1 ""'_',_"''- _
FK.UU 3. 1
----_._- _.. _-
....,
-
-
,....
.--.....
.....
.....
....
.,
....
VPI, \OlobI p.., __
I \IC" ..........
l OO-OIho< - -C"- ---l
3.3. 3 Asynchronous Transfer
A1M is on..ynctlrof>;:>u, transl.,. mode, 'There is ronsider.ble ronIusion the Ienn
'''yn<hronoua' in ATM. Wh;I. ' ho IITU-T !.lUI dffiniOOn p"""id<d earli", ("ynchronou,
in the """" ilia, the nf ",.(lo """..Uting Infurtr\iOOOn ;, not p<riodic' ) d.m;". the
m<oning 01the '",m..ynchrono the """"",.li"" nf '..ynch""""",' is . li ll no! very <I...,.
U.""lIy. !he ,.",.. ''If''dt,,.,,, 1lI'ld '""Y"'*""""" ..-..Iet to the w. y d.,. il tr. n, mill<d, In
. ynchrooous m<>de. the 'ransmi_ . 00 ... d ocks . '" ' ynch"-,,, id and fr'm<"> ...
periodicolly. Time d ivioion mullipl<J<i"8- wb... -"li"... .Jot is """",,<d for .
parnrnJor chonneI, :u>d fra",.,. .-..:u"\ 125 micro _ is ' ll"O'!
... mple 01.yochrono", "ansi",. In""yr><h"""""mod liming infonnation i>d-eriv<d/rom
.... do.. i....lf ..,d ilia, "",,-'mill"';' no< romJ"'lIod to.....,{ d porl<><licoUy (""""sh il is
. Uow<d to do 00), TIl< R5--23.2 protocol. wherein ,tan!",,!, bios .-d to indica.. lb. ...rt l
end of tr.......i>o>ion, .. .., e.."'ple of "'J'IIdIronous do f.!r.
With thi, lmowledge, wtwr. doeo ",rm '''yr><h"""","' fil into the definition of ATM?
The.. is me.. ronIus>on ifSONETi ""d...lyi ng ".""mlooi"" m<dium for ATM I>e<:."""
SONEf OJ"''"'''' . yndIn>n<>.... y. '!lI<o""wer li", in ....Iizin,o; ilia, lhe 'erm '..ynchro""", \0
uoed 1m ' ho ATM I.y..- ""d not for th o phyoicol loy"'; thaI ill. the ouilliple<ing of ",U, on It!
the phyol<.1 med ium ;, ..ynchronous. oot ,helJan>mission of cell>, Unl ike roM, in AlM. no>
sIo1 i. """"""" hlr 0 Iog;eol <ho""e! . nd ",II", tr.....mitted . s and whee they .rrive. Thi!I
oukes the "o""fd 01 ..110 fer porticul., <honneI non-periodic. which is why ATM i, ..,
..ynchron",*, " oml... m<>de
FiS"'" 3,2dep;c" the ..yncllrono.1s v""i""of the lDM"""""'" p""""Wd m prev;"...
<hapte.-. R011 ill.,m roM, each infOJll'LOtion unil is idontilied ;,-nplkiUyby ,he slot pooilion
Copynghtoo maklnal

' .
. ATTlI ""
. . .



. . . . . l-""''''",'-J
....... . .
S

.. 3.2
Doopled
Mul"pI<xmg QI
ATM C<ll.
;n whiOh it ;S 00"";.,.l. fut ..mpl d.ta from Sou"", A is comOOin;Jot I. d.t. lr<Jm Sou""
Bis corri OO in .Iot 2 . .... ",on. Th.... w""""""'" . ny SOUI'<'t' ho. "","inlt '" """". the.1oI g""'S
empty, !hereby w" ling b.tndwid th ond reducing "'lkiency.
I-iowfl,er....;. is no< the co.", in A1M. becau"" there ;" no roupling betw",-", t"" >Iut
p""ition aruI the SOUJ'C'< number. This deroupling .."....] IS in m"", <lficient u tilization of link
b.mdw>:lth b<oc.""" "'e l;"k d"", have to carry empty .Int>. Jl<osides, AIM , I.., dot'll not
ro uple the . pplic. tion d.,. role with the lJ.n'P"" mech.oni>m. lrl order to
unde<$lllnd this. _ th., '" corry v";';", TOM partitions b.ondwidlll ink> )(bps channels.
This if; . n """mple wherein the appl;"ation da'a . at< Kbl"' ) " tied to 'I>< ....-.dootlying
tran'port medlani=l Kbp. ch"mels). The of this coupling is th,t ""on if
le<hnological ad" ancem...1s pennit VOl"" trans"" at low.. data ra ,,-",. the wid..f"""d
d..-ployIneflt of tran>port inITa.lJuctuJ'e hmd"" the "'" of !hi. advancem...!. A1M d"",_
hoW' thi. dllwba<k is pacl,altOO ;"'0 independent reIl and d<pend;"g upon
the . pplkabon""'lui"""enlS. the numbe. of ",n. tran.<1erTl'd can he .ltered. This "'"\:es A1M
moch m"..,l!<, ible.
How....... lhe Aip oidt of Ill b<", "'Sf .. ' M' ATM """ui",,, rell '"
carry mmnn.ti"" . !>out it> virtual ct mel . This inlotn\<l ...... is <. ni! o.. VPl /Vd fiold. in
the AIM",11 hNd<"f, ocoountinl; for an of 10.4 P<"' nt (5/ 48).
When both the .trategies ... CODlJ"Ored, it i. oboerved ....t the ovffitNd of ""II head.. i.
mort' than <Ornp""""'ed by helle. lin!< utili",tion.nd g. m ;" t1..ibility. Thi. i. why the
,wilCking of ",,11. ;" A1M tak"" plaoe ..ynchronou"'Y
3.4 m ATM
lrl tOOat. world. te<:hnologicol 0<1,'""""","," an oboerved m.1most all the field.. This i.
pdrticulady visible;" Ille field 01. telecommunication. when the.-. i. ,""",-growing d""",od
lor higher b.tndwidth and rich .ppllcation>, In order 10<l<-li,'" mow ..rvi"", .uch a. vid..,.
oonIe"-""Cing And vid<oon demond, a. .. 10provide more NOOwroth lor the rncre..rng
of tradition.tl do'., a new technology w.. developed tha, p""ided , oornmon Iorma t
Copyrighted malanal
ATM N"""" " _
10< ...<Vias wW, dill1'"",' b.ndwid,h "'lui",m,,,,,,. Thio , ,,,,hnology io A.<yncl""noilll

Befot" ATM, the.. "';0< inod"'Jlli''' OUwtrt 10< hnk;"g 1l"<'Sphic.Uy d ioti",,' """"0,4 .
.... d......nd gt'PW, .....,n"" "'os gi"'" l<> fiM cabl. ... nd.rdiza
tion In paralleL ,....... "'iI> .....,.; 10< ,""",0'. tha, """Id corry voi<e. <lata and
vidro, In ord.. to .dd..... 'hi>"""';, rIU T """ ollie, .""'d.,,1> groups ... rted in the
19!1O> lo ..tabbsh ..me. of """""",md,,;om fo, lho " AnSmlsNon. 'witchins- oisNllinl!:
and oonlrollechniq""" "'lui<! '0 impl<-m<n' an inlelligem network tha, roubl
..,Ive ",mont bmitotion!l and would . 11nw ..........,,1<. to be .ble 10 offi<i"""y CAlTY ",-""ica
of lho lu'u",. This n<two,k ",os "" mOO Broadband In"'ll,.te<l Svic<s DigilA! N.....m k
..-
Il-ISDN is an .ttempt by ",Ieoommunic.tion ro<npaID<s to provide single "",,"ork
for.n 'Yl"" oJ rommunic.tinn (including vroc.. vid"" and <lata), Tho lftm broadband ..
fwm.illy defmOO .. -. """ire or "Y"'''''' th.t ""luire; lransmioskn ch.onn<-l, arable of
"'ppo<Iing ,.... groo.... thanthe rn""''J' """"" (the pn"",'J' dop<'l'ding upon the
hi...rchy used ill equal 10 1.544 Mbps or 2,00l lnIonnaUy, broodbandlecluriogieo
ref..- to in orray of high"Sp<t'd lechnoIogieo including Syndu-r>nou> Op!ical Nelw<>rl;/
Syndlror.>uo Di#aI Hioefarcby (SONET/SDH), Di;;itoI Suboocr;b"r line ATM and
Ci)I;>bi' Etbo-mo<.
1M ellon to provide . uni lied network for diU"""" .ppli<>-"""" . ..rt ed with the
d.""k>prnent of ISDN (now , . 11ed N-ISDN). I-{ow.,...r, ,..., inherent limi" lion> of N-lSDN
,""",orl<. Io't'd rrur to 1001< for . l",""n""" tha, could satisfy the in<Tea..d bandwidth
demand withou' ..mficing efficiency, ATM tedmology WiI> d"""loped 10 fulfil , he
""lui""""",,, fur Il-lSON"""ice>. In Iact.. A1M dmved i" ..."'" b<c.""" il w iI>.n . ltemo liv<
to Synch""""", r..-..m- Mod. (STIol). S1M ,""",or lib l'1ain Old r.leplne SysIem>
(fUTS) and N.rrowband-NlN (N-ISDN) nenvmb _ on lUM Ira"", """"""",, SIM,
.nd A1M were t"" two proopectiv. candid.t.. when the """"In mod.of !l--ISDN WiI> beins
decided. Sino. N-lSDN used STM. il w lhought .l'J'l'OPriote to use STM IC'r !l--lSDN.Iso.
How"'.... owing k> the in</ficieot bandwidoh utilization . nd infIe,cibility of the STM. ito
.ltemolive, i.e. ATM, w., <hosen iI> the "'..-..Ie< mode lor !l--lSDN,
In 1"!1tl, ATM Wil> d.,.." by nu r (,hen CCm) iI> the prefened IT.re;!.. mode to<
bro<>oJba.....int<-gr.te<l ..1nenvorl<(!l--lSDN), By19'IO.&cisiomhod beenmade to
ba>e!l--lSDN on Syoctu-or-oou. Oplical Network/Syochrono..._ Di!(itol Hi....rchy (SONET/
SDHj.ndATM
In 01.. to . ttAin q uick ",nd.rdi..'i"" ond the NOking of the ind....'Y. ,"" ATM Forum
Wil> ....blisl>ed ;n Octobe< 1991, which. is.."", it> flJ'>l ' pe<ifl.."""" <ish'"""'''''' Lol<1", 1he
ATM F<ltum w.. formo>d 10 """"'..... ,..., ,,_oJATM prndU<t> and """""'" through ' "pN:l
"""""'gen<o> of in"""""".bility spec; 1M:. h,...... In oddition, " '" """mpromo... indu....y ro-
"""..hon . nd ""'''''''' .w.""'.....
Copyrighted malanal
_________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
ATM .. _ d """rit><d as. le<hMlogy J><oc.u"" of il>at"1i ly '" pruvi<!< .-"'.
inwgr.ted platform with romp """""'; QuS guoran!e<'>. N""MheI..., A1Mow.. il> orillin
to th_l>'<hnologi"" rumely X.25. from....... Y.md ISDN .
x.zs (t<>.., mt ,,,,,t") and fto",. ....y (t(> g"'..... ..lentl I'Iave I"' ,;",,;!I" ()/
ATM t<clInology.n.. bas"" similarity -...".. )(.25. ft.m<' ......y.nd ATM ;" 1""1 they are all
and """ """,0 1.b<>1s to forwArd po><k<"ts. fr.""", .nd ",,11.,
"",p<cti""Iy, The- important d ille""",e betw""" them is II,.! while X.25 and frome ..lay US<
large p.>d<to, ATM.-. U. fi-J-siz<d reli. nu. .irlg'" dill."""'" lrodo
10many serondary diff"""",,," like hig ilClUng s p<ro" higher b.or>dwidth and lI"",.....
ea p&bilily to . upport ...l-ti me "ollie in ATM.
Whil e . i ....... "''''''''I''" ....... dorived !Tom X.25 and fr. "", '<'loy. in,,,,,, or No",
mob..ti"" 01pnwiding . truly in"'ll"al<!d pu lf<>rm eO"'" from ISDN. In f"". lh. ,alhrr poor
"""""''''' of !SON lril\8er<d tn. d<-veIop......., of . lk-<noh .e, which Iu"'<d <lui t<>
b<AlM.
3.5. 1 X. 25
In the early 1'17\lo ..-..:I...ystem """",,,,,ie.lion ..illl publ,. nelWorb wos don<" tho using
prop,.;"'.ry protoool s. 1he pul>l,eatioo 01 (ITUT )(.25] .... an alt=p1 01 the ITUT to
otandardiz<!he whol< proced ure, X.l'i provides a . tandud intm'oce and standard frame
for ma. lor duo <:<>mmunicolion an ...nd.,Y""-"". nd a public network. F<>rm.olly, X,lS
it an >pificati nn Mw...., . Dota T...mi...... Equip"""'1 (OTE) ond 0." C;,,,,,i',
Terminating Equip men. (OCE), As popular bel iel. X.25 is not f'OCl<eI..,wil<king
tKlmology; it is just an ir>rerl..., >pification. What Ille world view, a, an X.25 public d. ta
nt'!W:rlc, ill a roIIecbon 0/ varim... ,tanduds (inc luding X, lS) Uke X,21 . X.28. X.2ll. X.29. X3 .
X.3:2 ond mong oth.,.
J . 5.1.1 X.25 ProtIXO! Stack
The X, 25 pl'OlOCOl stack otrictly follows lhe OSI -RM. lay<'fing model. Pi!"'.. 3.l shows !he
dift.<mt la}"'.. 0/ X.25, ond!he rela' ionship" of laY"'" wilt. the OS! model, A'!he
p/l ysJcallay. a numb<or 0/ s " nd.rd ir>,erla"" <lefined , l'rominenmoog t.......... !he
[ITU TX,2i l And IITVTX, 2i bill) ... nd.rds , X.21 deli..... an Mw..... OTE . nd OCE
foroymn ronou. opera tiono. X,21 \>is is d<'5isn<'d for OTE for ir>terl;,c;ng witil ' yncb,,,. , o,,"
V_modems.
AI !he link l.y. X.2,';""'" a proIoroI <ailed Link l'rocedu....lIalan'd ( LAP_B). n..,
'erm 'bal.....,."j Iwre """" to equ.1 ro.ntrol Mw""" ""ti _ d uring d.",
ttansie<, In unba1.IIl<od tta",fft, ""'.. it mAS"'" and sla __, wlwrein "'" "","er oontrol. lhe
way the da' a is e"hlnged Mw""" !he two. The LAP-Bp rotorol .. an od.ptalioo 0/ very
cornmun ISOda" bnk "Y'" ..and.rd, "'" High.I..,,,,- 0." Link Control (HDLC),
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
""'UOI 3.3
Prow<ol Lly' ring
inX,25
_........ -
........ - - -
' . ",<.21 __
The X,25 Pock<l Lay ProroroI (PLP) "",ides.' th< netw",k l.>)'<',. This proIoroI ma""g<s
vtrtu.tI conr><cbons b<tw...., th< mE and DCE. An X,25 virtu.1 <Ofll\<rtiorl .. identifi<d by
using . 12-bi' field t<>g;c.o.l Channel Nufllbo.f (LeNl il'l. I'U' po<kt'. heaod<1". The
12-1>;1 LeN field .1_ . l<>Ul1of loO\I5 virtual <1=1\0.
3.5.1.2 X-Z5
X.25 w. o dosign! I", . 1"", and linx.. Th.... X.25 hll 101 01 .......,r .nd
flow """trol Iur>iarto in<o<pot.!ed il'l th< p"""""l The p.,...... payload is prolle<l by
using Frame o.ock Seq"",,,," (KS). The KS is US<Od lor em>< ill lhe received
-
In ordeT to p"",ml pocket loss d ue to un",liable delh..-ry, Nch X.25 pocket io duly
ockr<>wl<dged by !he t<'Ceiv, Fo:r this purpose, oequence numbers . '" uoed, n..... .... two
types of ""'Iuence numbers, SendSequence Numbers (SSNl and Receive Sequmce Numben
(RSNI. SSN Indic.... lhe ""'l"'""C" number 01 lhe pack<l """t while RSN irldka... lhe
""'1""""" numbo< of lhe n,,,,.-.pec!<d It.",.. Colle<:tiwly, ""'I""""" numben provide
...h. ble deli, ery.
In """"', lhe link-hy-lil'lk fiow oontrol. aeque""e numberirlg .nd .rror 'he<ki,,&
romid.bly slow down packet forw.mrng. This is why X.25 is .pplicoble for low-..peed
link>(56Kbps to 2 Mbpol. the ...bor.le procedu", is.is<>advantall"O'" when lhe
link it ""... Ii.ble .nd higl of irltesrity is " ' <T. nted.
3.5.2 Frame Relay
With imp"'","'..... il'l th< speed and quali'y of lil1ko,. oboetversl.lt that. 10I 0/ functiotts
01 X.25 rouJd be remo' I. Thio would haw . ignili<antly in,...oed the .... of paekel
forw.tdill g. Frame ....lay w.. d..igned to....-v. thio purpose. In fact. lrame relay is ...id to be
the X. 2S 0/ the 1""00. bota.... it is . v.ry , imple protoool .rid p",video "''''' h ltigher speed ..,
"""par! to X.25,
Copyrighted maenal

3.5.2. 1 frame Relay Protocol Stack
Since tra"", reloy is a oimple pn>loool.. i .. p""""'l is al>o""'pier .. """'pored to X.25.
"gu.., 3.4 ....,.... tho layering in fr. me ...I.y, A>.oown ill the figure. u....., .... two dislincl
uS<"( pl.n. In which d.t. is tr.nsmilt<d nd tl>< oonlrol pl.no in which
<'OI'II"o'tio establislunent """'"8...re ..dwlged.
FlCUU 3."
Protocol uy<ring
in f ...n< Rr:lay

._-
--
---
.
- -
om


---

.-
--
TIlE,,,,,,,*,
U tho ".... p....... of the fra_ ..,tay is """'pored .,;th tNt of X.25. 0J'>t ""<>\lId tNt
tho linkIoye< and r><twoB Ia"...- an! """l!",j to Iorm th. DL-COIl. Elay<r. DL-COREcombine>
tho fw'lction. lily 0/ lAP-B IUld PLP protoools of X.25 and provides ubo<t of_
functionah_, n.., DJ..a)1l.E protocol is <!<tailed in (lTIJ-T Q.922(. In ........,...... who!< 0/
tho fr...... relay' . protoo>l fUM in tho ....... pia.... is limited to t"" DL-eOREIaye<. Aln>oot any
higter loy... C. n ""'" it. Abo. DL-eORECIUl "-'5id. """'. " . ri<ty 01 phY"icallayer
otond. rd.o ( .g, Tl/H ),
n..,oontrol pI...., is u><d to establioh and relea.. dyna mic virtual ret.m>;l
to .. Swikhed Virtual Conn<ctioo (SVq, In tho control pi ..... (rrtI-T Q.933) "",ideo . t th.
n<"Iwork layer. Q,933 ill oip>a1ling protocol ha>ed on tho 15DN .ignalling protoo>l (rrtI-T
Q.93I ). Al .... dal. lin}; laY'"'". besides Dl-eORE. IIIlI>Ih<c ...!>-Iaye< DL.coNl1l.0 L ill u><d.
DL-CONTROL provides reubl< d. .. deli,,"'}' in tho 1m.. of lAPB, n.., ph.}'8ica1layer-o for
both oontrol plan< and WI plan< .'" some.
3.5.2.2 frame Relay f eallues
F...... ",lay 8m irs ...me Mea""" it . imply relay. Ir......, A tram< """,i,,1 on """,lin}; ill
simply ",I ayed on the appropriate ""tgoing link. This is d""" by uslrt,o; "",11 Iabela, with
01thorn collod the 0... linkConnection ldonlih<-r !OlCl).
Fr...... reLoy ill qui.. different from )(,25. In X.25, 1irU:-by-1inI: flow oontrol .. don<>. This ill
abomt in frame relay. at I<ul in tho data plan<. n.., eTror df'te<tion using FCS" retained in
Copyrighted malanal
ArM N"'"",ks, c""cqls _
fr.",., ",loy, A.I!\< nctwo,k Loyer, on X.2S I'Ll' pack< is """.p"0lol<Od in 0 LAI' B
whieh "'lui"" .ru:al'"ulo""" .nd <I ""' l'" uloli"". S;""" h-o"'" ",Jay "'.'lI"" I!\< networ\; Lo,..".
and .he link Ioy, !hi> encap""Jation/<I""'l"ulation is un"""""",ry, All this mo\;es frome
"'lay much fa, t", than X.l5. AMihotuJly, fr.",. ",I. y p rovides congesbon nohlic.lion
f lures using Ilol0 bit, in !he h""", Forward Explicil Congeshon Nol ilicohon
(FECN) and the Iloc\;w..-d Expl icil Cong...ion Notihcohon (BECN). I . 0100 pnwid.. Ihe
discard eligibility I. ature. wlUch foemt.... th. """king oIlow.priorily /r.".,... 'These"""ked
h.".....re <I""..-ded during penoo. 01 congesbL
Frame relay ,hA.... ",nain fea"""" wilb ATM, Both le<lInolog;.s use v;"uok ircui t
ro""'J'fS, The I.I n. r relay' frame while the fOrm<f rel.Y" cells <!his is why ATM is.1so callo!d
a ceU reLoy ledmology). Both le<lInoloKies assume inlelligent eod"y, lemS."d thus ""oin
b.uv minimo'" foncbons within the nerwork. Thi ' is why both le<1Ino1ogi.. do .woy witll
"""""""",u,,,ing flow coolrol functions, l.ls.ly, roPlI""ioo notificahonand disca rd el'lIibmty
leatu.... ,"' <-'",,,,>00 to both le<""oJogi...
The..- " ",ilar!"",, .-.:>twilhs landios- I""'" are sorre Jr..y diff"""""" too, Fram<' relay is
designed for links with speord up to 2 ).fups IiighN link .peeds can he sorrone<!),
ATMis. ",,.lal>l. tedmoIogy aro1 off... gigabil . peeds, Moreov""" frame rela yis technology
designed primarily to suWOrt data applX.tiona. In AThl is designed 10 suppoet
vorious type> of 'WBc. tiona including voice, viol.., and da.., 01 10.., frome "'Loy is &Iso
being used toc.rry voice, fur this, oome ",,"""ions . re mado to ......' istin8 pn>t<>rol 00 that
I.' ge frame coo he "'8"""'ted inoosrnaIl.r fra".... l<> rne<t d. Loy and ji .... requirernenla/o<
voioo. Th;' mo<t'l><;ab"" mm;mi the diff."-""",, be<wwn h .me ,.lay and ATM. Il<s;des
"""""'logical differe,-. ATM rodard" hI ny Ii..... """"<omp """"-";"" and .labor.te
than f,,,,,,,, rr1.y "and;or.t.. T. ble 3.1 . umma ltI. ';mila'-; b.. and differences -..en
.....y.
J. S.J Inlegr.lIed Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ISDN eY<lI.eddU<' l<> .oroe >eri""" 'hortwmiogs in the PlainOld T Systems (POTS) .
Fi""l POTS.re ""d il w., d..i,.b1<' to have. pLlIform.
So<-.>nd. and morv lmpo..anlly. tile Ia>l mil. (i. . II>< local loop) in POTS is "".log. wlOCh
leads l<> poor quality lr. o""""i<tn- ISDN woo """.I"J"'d l<> remov< - !honromiogs, 10
.......", ISDN .. "" end'-"<! d igi,.1Jte!Wo' k. wlUch "'Pl""'" voice, viol.., and da.. in ""
integroted lashion, One of !he bigge>l ad" n" S'" of . digital network is thai oomp uler d...
C'n be di"""ly ..changed ",ioS it . Othe"";",>n iolffmediat. modulAhon/demod ulatioo
""P, usiog mod.m, is roqu;tI.
J.5. J. l ISDN Prou:.:ol Stack
ISDN is 1tI. b..inchild of rnJT-The"'''''pl... 1....-;.. of tl>< rnJ-
lion is d"otro to inb>gr" ed netw<><'"(ISDN.nd fl-. lSONl. Flgu,", 3.5 >how, the protocol
sta.ck of ISDN, Al lhoogh ""ly Ilol0 pla"",.hI shown in 'he figuhl, lhe lSDN protocol sliKk ..
..-.xIeLooooistingof maoasemeot plane al!lO (wlOCh is ""plaioed lalft).
Copyrighted maklnal
T.... S.t
SimilIri'i..ond
Dill,""", b<tWn
F.. "", R.I,y .nd ....TM

I. Vi""oJ""",,ilb.aotd
<hnokosy
2. Alk>w ...._ ..-.l
..1<, .. 01 SVC. /PVC,
. No flow control
" Coog<olion _t>co_
..-.l d _ nl ohlPhli 'Y
1NluI< INot< 1)

1. Fro"", ",loy""" n.b.....i. td I __
I.."", . _ ..... .... TM ' "..,.l-11:3'I
.... <ell. 1- --
2. f , ..". "''''y ' uppotto mo<\,,,,"'"
d.", ,..,. I- l Mbpol ", lUI< ATM
' "ppotto ""y hi#' d... " ...

:l Fr."", "'loy is o..ip>l primori iy
I..- 010.... ",hHo ATM 10 d..ignl
I..- dot, .. ...U .. ' 04 , vId>
ond ",.ltim.d.. ' 1'1'&. ,;"""
Ref<"""", on<>d<l in fr,,,,,, ",lo y
io ........m..nwn.l wn..-... it io
""""-di""""""'" in ATM
S. A, """ro.""" '" In"", ..loy_ , ton_
dorow _ m ATM io ..,.,.. .t.bo-

" Fm ", ....J' ;, , ,-;...... 1..-, lin<
l<chnoJogy !Do- WAN in,,,,,,,,,,"
nKlivi'Y_ ATM h.. , m..n wi<!.-.
"""'" lLAN. , n<;! WAN, )
7, F""", ",loy " "'" 101><1
DtCl. wI><..... ATM " "'" ,,",0
lobelo VPI / VCI,
Not< I , A """'" diU....... io "", _ .."""", _ ...... 1 _
""",,,... """"_ _ """"" w Anot ......- ...... 1 "", _ ". "
only ,
!'Jmorol loy<'ing
in ISDN
r --;::J
lAP-l! I ......-' HO.")
T
- -
---
- -
Copyrighted m rlal
,
E
i
I
HHun,HH
'j 'i" <
:: [ 00 <=. ,.. a!


nnr: [".
..



d'i l'- ' e- I!
- es
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e 5' __
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;.Jr

_d, if "'" I"chl size .. fuood . 0><1 i/ "'" higlwt loY"" PDU<;I"", ..,. fit into """ 1"<l<1,
.n in'_i.t.... S"'''''..ti '''' .nd """"""'bty loy.. .. '>'qui<ed (_FiS"", 3-6). For ble-
sited p.d..", in mlra,t, ttu. inmm.diate ..tioo ""d ",a""",Ny Loyer nol
"'l"'''"''' This ...'.m""I '" ""plained wilh the help of FIgure )-6. k >hown in the fisu"'- 10.
..-sited lrarn<"-1>ased _oJogi.. like EIhemet, an IP datagram fi.. directly into an
Ethernet Ira",.,. Thi, oondilion ;, true, provided lb. ""tagram ... I... than "'" maximum
I"ylo.>d tlul the Elhemet <. n carty. Sin an EtIIemot lu"", eon corty "p to 1500 of
p. y_, ..ti<m.0><I S"".uUy not .-.qui ..... . How<v......."mlnjl; '
>mall reU ..... {say 53 A1M"-"'lui ' n inlffmed.... laj'<'1 tNt ""8"'...." IPd'''g<o....
at the transmitte. and ...."""'hJ.. them al "'" l'l'O."ive1. 11 a .ery la'll' ",II ,i,. is <h".... to
p""'''''' ""SU'f'<\lan"" and ",,,,,,,,,,hly, a nujority of the cell, will carry partially filled ce llo.
This loads to ;""tficierl' boo><lwidlh "sa!\". w!lkh i, not acceplabl . To rondlXle. lOT ..
....ited packet.. ,he.... no b.n<!wid,h w..,.!\" and no neffi lor in,enned"t.
""P"""tatioo and ....-mbly loyer. For fi' ed-aiud packet, 11 the poocLet size .. ''''' small, a
segment.tion and .......ml>ly loy.. ... "'lu;'-ed. and if the size is i<'O IolJle, the>;' a lot <>I
bandwidlll wa,.'W'.
PIt01Jll 3. 6
Varioh.,,,,ud
...."",Fixl
>iud Pock...
,-
_.-.J
H,_
......
"1' ....,
..
..1....
: H $2 :
< ...
Doopi" the duwho.cl<s, . fi,ed..ized cell w.. preferred ov.. variab1e-sized. pockel. Sino<
A1M w..dooigned for bothvoice and d... <omrnunico00n, it w.. mandalOly to keoep transit
<Ioloy within _..,.,.bl. bounds. In this r<gard. a fi,ed..ized celt .. compared i<> a variable-
oiud pock.... off..-.d m."y adva"IOg.. hh J'l"diclable . nd -.- swikhing dol&y and
. impl. r n-.emo<j' management in <Wild> buffer>. Keeping .arioble ,in pac ml'aN .N.I
oach ..11 carrte<l tn. length field. Thill introduced ""tr . proce'SSmg in inlffmedi ,wit<he!
b<ause the IengIl\ fi.1d h.>d to J>., and .ppropriote , i.. buffen had to allocated.
sm.. guoranlfting bounded delay was. grea.... """"'"' than minimi<in;; _ "'<ado.
flMd-aized 11 wa, dlosen.
an.. il w.. decided lito. the ..ll wmlld J>., of A. ed , <hoooing tn. righ. size be<am.
critic.l For . large ",11 which w... only partially filled w... bandwidlh w.....Il". A
Copyrighted maklnal
"1M .. _
. mon cd l size "",ani .... prop0ll"lion 0...J dlolay More<w..... . .....n,........ ,11
"'l"'''';! .... time tu gel fi n"", . For ""ampl<. to fill 53 byreo ,ll wing "',,"" of 601 Kbpo,
"'" is If 'II.: Ill ..'" was ioczw.>ed.!he pa"'omuti"" delay abo in<reooed
Pf'Ol'O'1N'<l"....y,
In loct, !he wl>ol. wotld was dMdo.d into two campo. The E"""P""JIS ....... in hi""", of
12 byl .. b.o... lhoy lhoogllt lNi Nvmg .....11.. poyJoodJ """,ld enoure ttonoil dolayo
below. ltin!>l>old. _yob>ioling the.- 10< echo ,,,,,,,lien. The uson<! j opon ....... in
f..our 01 64 byle5 beeaUS<" llUo W<>Uld ","v. resulled in higher lrllMrrn..ion .Iliciency.
Ullimo"'ly. ' rornpromise w" ""d nd ,II 0;... was Ii.or! ., 53 byle5, with 48 bytes of
poy\o.>d on<! 5 bytes 0I1\ud.o,r.
In ........... !he decision of v.riobl<0;.., Of fuod-siZ<' cell. on<! d>oosmg the 'II ...... wos .
bottl. be\W"", !he ",Jooomm""\c;>ti",, ""'<>rld on<! ' h<- d.torommunic.1ion ..orld. The lonner
group w" .bout d.lay while the 10_ wos OOI1remed about IroMmWion
effi<ien<y. In !he end. lhe tetecommunicolion W<lIld """'"" to han tri umphed, This was
""J"I'Cled bee. u"" AlM was p rim.rily f1esisned by the teleromnnuocobonbody. ITlJT.
3.6.2 Connection-oriented Approach
AlM io . l<rlnology, The oonnectiorH>Tieted..pproor:I\ of ATM ..
characterized by !he following Iocton:
AIM ..... vimLll to . wl"'" wH. from one :>od. tu orcther. The virtual
cirnli.. Of< klmblie<l by VPI om! va, The VPI /VO fieIdJ &1'0 ClOrried m the AlM ,11
......ders om! . .. ".Iled klmti li...
Cello to . virtual ronnection IoI low !he """'" poth. n n,., Ill """"""", ..
""mt.ined impliciUy,
The Nndwidth . Iloc.ted. 10 vinuol ......igne<I .' !he time 0/ the
ronnectwn setup and .. nn !he requirernonls of the ""'""" om! the . v.iloble
capacity,
Each vmu.l""""ectinn is provided wi th . Quollty of Se<vlce (005). TheQoS"""""P' is
doetoiJed in Oa!"", 7.
The """""'-"'i""" Of< bi..lirertionol in nolUre. 'The bandwidth . lIo<ated. in fnrw. r<t and
ha,kword <Iirecbons ....y Of ""y"'" be 'The
handwidth in the b.o<kword direction <&n be U1'fI (thuo ....-.dering !he ronnection
unhlirectiorull).
The ....... v PI/ va vol..... used . croos. lin" in both th. dlre<h_
'The virtual oonnectiono in ATM.re ....bliohed ei !hef ....litwlJy ,. dyumially. A_
"""'"'Clion to """ in whrlllhe ""d' poin" 0/ tho conno<t!<>n .re dtfinod in odv on<! Ih<-
Nndwidth i. pt'I"Ietermined. SO><h ...tic """"ecti""" &1'0 ....bli>ho<I I!Iroush bs<ription
.... d ... ret"...,.;! to os f ""","""", Virtual Connection (fYC).
on the """"" kond,oIf muck """"Jle>jbility. They &1'0.....bliohed
when there iii dotl to be b"ons!""'-'<! on<! re\o.ts<d when lhe dotl b"onsIor iii ""Of. Sw:l'l
Copyrighted malanal
00<tWw IJj ,11M
dynornJc a....f<>rred to.. SwjKhed Virtual (SVC). Tho ""tabli>/lmdl'
and release of svc. ,.lea pI""" by using aignalling J'TO'-"'dum;, which in
Ch.>.,.....n.
Between the two, I'VC. . .. wheel the.. ;r; relatively ...bIe da.. fk>w--.tw<>
ond.poin", SVC. . .. useful wheellhe rommunk. 00n i> f<,e vff)' >hor1duration ""ly. Public
cotrio.. ptOV;dingo.rv",,"" ""er ATM """"'orb gener.Uyoffer PVC roN"ol"CIionr; only. 01101<>,
<am..... "''''' . ..rb>d offmng SVC ronno<'ions al"",
3.6.3 Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths
A1M...... VPI I VCI fiold. of irtual ronnection '" forw. r<! cello, A, each ;"termodi,1<>node,
VPT/VCl ..10... . .... . and n"", . ... """ filled , This proeeso is also lo .. cell
relay;"g. ""II >witching or ""II f<><w.,ding. Figure 3.7 ,how, VPI/va ow.pping p<rforrned
by on ATM owi1<b. 11>0 VPI/VCl pair of on inroming ""U i, used '" on ind<'X lo ...."'h the
VPI/VCllr.<ISlation table. In the VI'I Iva 'ra""I.'ion table , ""P'-"'"entry i. "",intaiMed for
each ....bl_. irtal <i= it. For ....mple, the table in Figure 3] "",in..ins..,me. l<'l two
virtual circuit>, The ..lues in the ,. 1010 get fill'" w""" the connection is ....hUshed, For
PVC """""-"'io earn . wi tch between >OUJ'('< . nd de!itinabon is ronfigurod using some
tool, For an SVC connection. tlU> lahs plaoo .utom.otically v.. an
''''''''WI m. ign. lIing m....g..,
h : u.. 3. 7
VPINCI
T..nd., ion in
. n ATM Switch
(U USwitching)
I
._-- --- ---------
VPWCl Tranolatk>n T_
-
.....
I
-

-
I
"

"
, ,
"
,

,
,

" I
,
,
,
'"
-
,
a
.,.
,
,
J S_ J
f---:'
I "
. -.! L .
-
I

I
,
.
Through tIIio table, the new VPI/VCI v. l_ . .... ""'<ledand filled in the incoming cell'>
h<ader, The entry in the table . 100 """,_ the P"'" number on whim the cell i. lo be
Copyrighted matenal

i
I

!
' e
" .,
<--
er-
."
--
li lili lili <'i li li<'i
mWlli


i

I

m1TIm
. . .. w Oo .
fi'll. <n_ . .
!H: !
.. =11' - . a .e

Ii
HHt!t ,
i
, ! [ H' l 'I
: -al iPI !..
H!j Hi
lO S "'ll" 1l "" $i".h' r -

]"!- . .
i " . I] ! '1"

" .. "I' "{ '"'- '!" ,- I' " " 0
...
' B o_ I', " 'R'l "
i[ "/' * f .. p ,
-.","' -,.' ill""
it c r 3- !l. p.t;l8
l i d,t n
FI 3.9
V A V
wit hin
nru-r 1.3 J
-eomec .
CI 31
VC 32- -\:.l.jh-- --.J
C fie ds are used
, c pabl V
L-_ ':':"':'''':'''..jJ.:lr--- vel 35
L- VC
131 VGJ 31
vc ----J+ VC 32
I
I
I
I
,"--- - - - - - - - - - - --'
L _
In onl.. to Il.. ><'<'<'Od . dv""taS", ronsid.. the .,:el\ilrto ;" two prtv....
r><"twon.... Aand e , conn<'ct via , ,,,,blie AlM network. rn IlUI; ca.., by ","vil'lg. sin,illt- virtual
poth ronnectionMwt>en "'-"""orb Aand B, the two nriworb con <'Slabb'" multiple virtual
dlann<Is. This gives !hem tho fle>dbilily to odd, modify and d.t.re vinu.ol channels withw.'
bringing thio to!he _ 01 tho_ The .....;co, d"'" not I:>od><or
.bo<Jt tho numl>o1" 01 dwtneIo _ bliohod t>oeo_ !I,e w'Wng will be bo.'lOd upon IN
para_ of the virtu.ol p<lth <onI><'<'I'.on.
ApaIi from the advonla5"" """,tioned VP owiidUIlj (which is based upon Vl'I
volueo only) if; laster .. the va vol"" is no! <OrI5i<I<Ted. This aci.li"'es the "AA"'l!obon of
similar I\owo (i.e. virtual ronnecbons) "'..,. single virtual path.
3.6.4 Negligible Error and Flow Control
In ATM, oignificant proc<'OI'ing hu b<en pusI\<d out of the r>etwork donWn and ' '''Y Utile
error control/flow ronlml ill <lonr willUn the nI."lwork. ErrorroTTKbon is limited 10 Ihe ........
byte HNd.. furor Control (HEQfield. which iii pon of the five by'" ""II ......der. 11>< HEC
p-.etlI thr Ml heador only. n-. is no error rorI'<rlion lor Ihe I"'yload. Mo""""..... ....... d
cell. 're lool or dio<ardod due to Ir' ''''''''';" n e<fOI'S. no _ ."..,,_...... It is left
for Ihe hisJ'>er " Y""" 10 J'l'lRnsmit IosI pock.....,
Tho decioJon 10 """ n<'gligJble errol control/flow ronlml is Nsed on the folk>wing

Throughput io ;".....,..jy ",1l ll"d 10 Ihe J>1'OC"58u,g done within Ihe J>i'twork. In 01'<1..... 10
amiev. hish thJuushput. it is Tll"<'l"55ol ry to ....v. minimal error control ! flow rontrol.
Moot ol lhe ",.Hi"", . pplicaoo... (like voicr oo.,....... 1ionand do
not p<rmit any lcind 0/ flow coruro). This .. bee. LIS< delayed "'....t;rn., packet ;., tot.olly

It is.....,...J that tho mojority (J/ omdorlying ....nsmiss"'" mt<!i"rns lor An.! will boo
fiber. Sir enw"'''' in fiber a", low ond sine<: lhoy ..1d<>m oe<t>r in b.. ..to, il"
sufficien. tho. only !he boo by CRC ."d that tho ..ll
p.oylood boo 1oII .....lb!nd.d.
Too.y tho""""'Y'''''''' mo><:h me.. romputing _ than",,,,"'lhoy had a _ad.
""'
All tho poin.. imply that a . upporting .w-lirne
m_ minim.l1........ ...... /Iow control.
3.6.5 Quality of Service (005)
One 01the wU'I"" capabiJihes of ATM is its ability '" pr<Wid< Quality oJ 5eJvi<t
(Q<6). Tho Q<6of ;on ATM ronnectionn.-t..... 10 limiting tho ..Uloss. tho ITa",it d<"lay. ar>d the
delay variation ind"'-""<i by tho An.! nelwcrk in ITansiting ",lis oJthat conn."tion. In ' iJnpk-
f<rms. '" guaran'"., Q<6 ill 10 ensure tha. a ronnection Il"'" wka t it require! in torms of
network .-...rre!. For QoS for ........ conv""",tion {of top q.....ity)
Copyrighted maklnal
""'&lIS """uMg tha, th< "'ansi' doloy ill not more !han 50ms and tha, the data rate .. M Kbpo
fOr I'uloe CodedModulation (PCM) voice.
II is not an =tAAer.tion to ..y IN, the .bility to gu.tr&l\_ QoS is one 01 the biAA""1
otno"Igtho01 ATMleChnology_In fa<t ATM g<'IO . n odge over i lO rotrtpeti""" k ame .....y)
1>0<.""" of illl ability 10""",ideQoS.
3 .7 ATM P ROTOCOl R[fUH;C[ MOflEl
In !he oimplest of form>. the ATM referenc< rnod<l Ioob """"""hoI like that shown in
Figure The k>wf:SI loyer, like tho. in .ny model, ill the pIfy<icaI . The
physical layer pMorms Iuncti.ons typical 10 the 051 physic.l Ioyer. The _ layer is the
..11M . whidl. performs important Iunctions like ",U mulliple>ing/demulliple>cins and
<ell rel .ying, The", is no ttuo puoll<l of this Ioyer in the OSI mod<I . The......, is ttuo for the
..upt. _ Iqn.\oo. The. d. ptation Ioyer perf"""". wid. vortety 01funetiono for
the transport 01 iniormation SIre. ..... belonging to differ.ent 'pp1ic.liono. For _mple. for
voice . ppl ication>. tJ, d.ptation loyer perf0Tm5 functions lile doc]o; ""-"""'ffY.
and silence "'pp' ' 0" fur data opplirationo, this Ioyer pe.fo<a.. ""5'"""talO>
and relOftnbly hmctions. For video .pplications, roding and decoding 01 video signals III
perf<>nn<d. Not olI theoelunniono .... octuaLlype' fo< "ltd and the IJ""-"ificI vary with the type
and imp""""""Ii"" 01the adaptation loy used.
f iWU3.10
Simpli"I(!ofm of ATM Ref"."", M<xlel
..
1"-=

,
.-
.N_
I
--
The octuol ATM rei......... model is defined. in ITU-T [rnJ-T l32l].
Figure 3,11 depicts the ATM ref......... model, This model is. ihree-dimens>onal model.
rompeising the three plones, viz. the . S<1 p/II.., th< "",lro/ p/4>te, and Ibo .....p"""" pIA...
The usee pIone provides for the Iran!Jer 01 usee infonnolion, The "",troI pion< perlormo
conneebon renINI funchons, which includ.. the .....blislunenl, monitoring and release
01 virtual connecIiono. The manogement plane ill ""'ponsibl. lor and
"""'"5""""" .",10"'" furw:ti<>no. The functions 01 thill pl. no a", into Ioyer
managemen' fun<bona and plane manog.onenl functIona. Loyer manog_Iw>dJo,o
Copyrighted matenal
Ftc:u.. 3.11
/
-

..,, -
h
ATM R<f. ",>e.
.'
i j I
ModeI lrTUT 132l ]
-- --
-- --
,; 1
11
l.tI.CAI'..., $MI.I
.. TCPIIPI
....... _-

//
--
Optonotion and MainleN>'l<t' (OAM) opeo:;l!< to tho Ioye>' co,,,,",,oed. Thi. layer.1so
I\ondloo It.. .-.ur=; and 1"",,,,,,,,,," reoidir>5 ir> ito pmt<o<t>l ""titieo, PIo... ""'''''5"''''....t
l'OVideo C<KlI'dinotioo all the pIaneo. H"""", plo"" """'"S""'""! 00.. not ron!.m
lal"'f"d otnJcture.
Iii>ch pia..... in the AIM furtJ,er di YIded ink> nurnl>ef 01 laY"""
only the -..,. Uu- Ioyen ..... by "'" mJT. Tho higher lay<'f!l.re left
0lJ'<l0/in0d """'.... Il\ey will proNbly comp_ the plethofa 01 pl'Ol<K'<>lo -5lodoy
lPI lPX). The of Iho AIM mod<l ..no bn.llydisn.-d urllol". A
"""'" .. ""f'1oN.1i<>n is a. lollowt (_Table
l'hl"' l<.al Tho functions of tJu. Ioyer ..... catrgoriud into two porto, YiL Phyoical
Medi um Deprndrnt (PMD) functions and Tronsmiooion Convergtner (TC) funcbono.
t'MD functioN, ..... opoo:lfi< to the underlying phyoical modium. So.... 01 the t'MO
furoctirIrIo in<1u<Ie bit lnnOn-r, bit alir;n1l'>f'f\l, tnnISIonn.>tion and fu,.
<:Odint';- ratl.'de<oupling.o;\I <IfoIineo_
""U _er proceoo;r,s.""a.nblir>g/descrombling and /tame and """,, Yery.
ChIIpter detCl'ibof Ihe ATId phyota.lloy-er ful>ctIons and optlono in doW!.
ATM 1oJ'ft' The ...... fw'I<tiono of the AIM layer include ""n multiplr>ing/de-
",,11 VPl/va tr. ..... tion, ....:I ..,1l _ .. smer.tion/ tnIctn. I\roid..
tJu. . other functioN, ;ndudr genrnc flow a>ntrol. u_P. =-
r oromrter Control (UPC /NPC) . """8""1ion notification. and =.rnon ....sm"""!
and """"",ai, a..pter 5 describes the AIM loy... functionali ty In drtoil.
ATM Adaptation Loy... lAAU: Drpending up"" thr type of application. AALprrlorms
a widr varir!y of functioN" Somr 0I 1hesr functions orr oIready ""f'loined a!><we. Tho
AAL 1oJ""" Is di.;&d Into the Srgmrn!.tion and Rrosoembly (SAR) . ub-1ayer and Ite
Coov"5"""" Sulo-Io,..,..(CS), a..pter 6 the functiono of difmmt "'b-layor> of
AAL and abo provId.. . <lrtailtd d""";plinn 01 diffef<ont type! of AAL (ncludlng
AAL5.
Copynghled maklnal
A>M
T...... 3.2
,
Sul>-I.l'"
SUb-b .....
.
-
"'''
fUIK,ioo . l
,
C"""""" Part ...... Sul>-b y..
-
Ov<<Vi<wof
"N
eo.. 1.lY"'"
t, s.g.n.n_ ODd Re_ y
s.p.m.. _ and R-mbly
[ITUT U 21]



c.n VPI!VCl T...,..,I4'i""
In''''f><<t. Mrt of Pn-dtfinod
"-
AThl Lay..
,-
Support lor Multiplo QoS 0.-
U" g< P.,..",...., Goollml fUI'Cl
.
E..plicil Fmw..d lnd","boo
Generic Flow Coo....
Q UIt.o..
,
C.lI f:\tI.........
"
T.."""....".. (""''""1I''"W

,
Sub-I,l'"
s
T,.......' ..."" F,nno ...0..,.._
r

c
Phyoiaol Med' um Oopondm.
..
,

L
TUnu>8
Tr.......,.;..,
3.7. 1 ATM Reference Model versus OSI Reference Model
For deployment of technology N....J on portia"" mod." it is n""""""ry to
know w........ th< II:hnology fi .. in .......<iobng wup_Very' _Iy.I",," onelind oomplet<'iy
nrw """"on: ardUte<tu", . Iong with . ""'" set of . pplic>ti""" bfoing Y''"'I''*'d.t "'"""'.
lht p"'{..-..d app<'(lOoCh is t<> de/ltl Ie<"",,"ogy tho, I"',fwm. only . oubset of ..... total
functi ons. nu. ma,,"" !t muod.Itory for ..... ..- h!dInology (rn =>Ten' """... Il.. AlM)
to intwwork with el<isling 1<dInologieo. This rnterworking ""luir<s tho. ..... p<JOiti"" ol lht
n<'W technology. rela bve 10 OSI-RM. be absol utely dur. For"..mplt. if ATM is t<> . upport
lP. i t musl be cle.o. whether ATM at tho! r>otw<>rl< layer. the da ta link 1aJ"'f or !he
physic&ll.yer. Only wt>en _10 <Iureo.. """ oar bMw...... A'IM ond IP is
aclUevabir.
peculia. chan>ctemticsof u.. An.! moo..l make ito..,.. diffi<ul, to
fit into the 0&1 model. n.. d iffiNlty a..... due lOthe /actllw U' _ ... an -'loy ...-
Copyrighted matenal
""... ATM n<otw<lt k- Such. on .",..my m<>dol .... no! ;., "'" OS! model Stiu,
a""",p l>are "..doto ""Itio!vo so"", ""11 u/ ....wing It>e tw<> m<><lt-I>.
The I> tho _iosI to mop.. i' po</<:><m>,,;milo' fuf'l<ti<>no '" ..... m<>dolo.
H"..""..., "'" plIyol<101 ... '" "'" ATM mo>doI hM a ",u(h ..1dOI" """f"'. In f><t, .....
T... ......- rro sub-Ioy... f""'kI""" ..".,. u/ tho fu>I<tiono of typi<al """'-
link 10)'<"1' ( .s.""ndelin..Iion).
ThoATM loy, OC>I<ling to SO""" lios '" the low.. I"'n u/ the d... lin k loy... This view
st..... from tho a..wnption !hilt "'" ATM loy.. is tho oounl1'1'p.Ott 01
!iIw'ed-m<di urn protocobllike EI:horne1 andToUn ring. Acrording to""'""", the ATM Lo)"" is
""""1"',... 10 to tho nootw",k lay.. boca_ 01 tho ,Uheo.de< arui . Lob,,,,,. no<tw<><k
lay..proto>I..
The AAL 10 "'" """" dii!l<ult """ to mop. As>! .... .....,.. C<><tSI<lor i' to be . part 01 "'"
data \in}; Joyff. lhi> opinion io applicable lot- "'" "",1m! p...... whemn ML am. .. tho
reliable 10)"" lot-hisf>er For "'" u plane. it is more . ppropria" to place AAL '" tho
lowor holf ol "'" I<ansport loy<"< b AAL ..orb md-_.
The IolJowins oul>->ecbon>,give ""amp"," 01 w "",,, the ATM >tlI<k con fit '" dilfe"",t

3.7.Z ATM Slack as MAC Layer

Out- 10"'"pUliar tullure of "'"ATM """"""" mod. 1. ATM con it I ",10"'" protorol
sta<u in .,.;de v'<ieIy of. ..ays. In ono of.!bo? ..<l y odopbons, tho ATM <An be ..- os.
Mod;"", Conttol (MAC) ;.,t<-rl_ fike Elhe-met ond Token ""S Thio configu'.tion,
calk-d LAN Emulation, io .- ill enlulati"S b_duot-h....f tANo by U$irlg '0 ATM
n<"two<k <_ Chop.... 17 toT drioil. LAN t'mulaOOn provid.. . n>l'at\S lOT troditioonal LAN
like Ethornri and Tokm ring to>--<'Xisl with ATM 1.ANo;".
tANm vinnunmt. UsinS tAN <mulahon. tw<>noo ATM md....,.._ con """'municatenor
only with """'" othor. but:also with md. ...,..""'" directly a""dled 10an AIM n<"tWotl<. Thio
ronfiS",.OOn is in Figure 3.12.
fie..... 3.12
,
"

,

ATM S.., k T iU
1':'=
= =


=
"'
:-[-I

'N
-i'N:::)
'N'
'N 'N
-
- - - -
i
-
'N 'N
-
- -
Copynghled malanal
o..-nwofATM
3.7. 3 ATM Stack as Data link Layer
WIll" tho MAC layt'roption is good toatart with. i ......b<>d> It>e ATM: Joyt'r qui'" d",!, in !he
proloroI. lUen>rchy an<! ill "'" """""I rn exposing ,..I "'l""bih_ to tho octua1"""", Another
approach llLo'.iIl &mangSt the """'. common J>OSitions of. &1\ ATM: stack ill the one depi<te<l in
PIS""" 3.l3, In !hio omIlguration, A1M provido>< do.. link Iayor functionali ty, n...lronoporl
laY"'" and netw<>tk layt'r in lhiII "'"'" TCP ond IP. reope<tivdy_ This pooition 01 ATM: io
similar to tho way X.25 ar><I fra"'" "'lay protocol tll>cks interi"'" with TCP/ IF. smc.,. hk<'
Ih<m, ATM is abo virtual-<ircui' \>0-' IT"""",," tedu-ooIogy. Ihio pooilion ill abundantly
used. The popularity of Ihio ronfiguralion ill .100 d"" 10 the widespread "'" of TCP/lP
protocoI ...i' ...... duo to the """" 10provi<k IinI< layer """'""'" to the
'"
f, clJU 3.13
I'::...;

...TMS""kT;l1
=
,
0.,. Link layer
,
-
"

,
I
=: [

I AN
'N
/,N
' N
I AN
-
- -
-
- -
-
'N ' N
-
- -
,
3.7.4 Other Options for ATM Stack
lWo_ . l""""'ti_. First. A'IMcanai' dtnrtly b<,1ow transport Iayor (liUTCP) .
_eve<.It>e 'ynergy_ rep .nd lP io "" W<Ol I....bli$hod tha. no""" canriokalrenng
Ihio combination. A _ .Ik>mati"" io to u.. 1he ATM...<1, till ihe tro""P"" layer_Thisis
the moot ill..1<. ... bo<au.. rn llU> c.... . pplication> <On directly tho _ p' of
ATM. i. will ..k<"""'" ti m. bof<>re this ""J'P<'!'I"'
3. 8 COIU ASPFCTSOf ATM
Thischaptord..rnhos. munbor of=aspoctaof ATM. Eachof tho 'spocb bririlyd..rnhod
b<,1ow"", out-q"""tiy deacribl in P.rt 3 ollhia book,
3.8.1 ATM Traffic and Service Parameterization
ATMr.etwtlr"" provKlo Quality of So",i", (QoS), But whal .'" .... that dofi .... the
QoS? _ doea """ defin< Ill. quality in ATM? Are .n """'" of ATM I'OlworI<>
Copyrighted maklnal
f9i .. :f .... n n ... ... .... ""if - ll "it'" :..
t t
e r !
l Pr &:
t I

!.h, 2: 1q.l<I!j1 l <
1',1"",' . ;Ji,!! ! ,
1!,E!:'; ;f" z.
hmitH !
Hfi1fi I
",if 5 ' it .5"9.n ,il
l ihl u nn . i m !H!
h"'r ,p, I f." l' ,,,,j
Hi [hi wh!
1 tWf!f 1m 'HPH! Hlu
.M,l .!dg,j mu

Iflllil E E !
. ... g ll
,mHi .i IliH H
li"h . ,Ii ! . !!. 1
,.m i Hmmti i iHa
mmi 1 iHmml i rhh Jit
ilTMN,-.b:_Co.!'I'''. ,,-><d _
dnignof mIlting prot<>o:ol nomai. _", _lIIe..1n<' for bolh IP A1M. Top""'''''' I""
........ in ......1< ....... .... ltle ATM Fonom ..... rome up WIth Po;.,. 1< Netw",k-lo;>.
Network"' t.no(PNN1) proturul,
ATM Routing ""ing PNNl ls o..mbed in det.11 in Chapter 12.
3.8. 7 AAL2 Signalling
Ap.n from ATM signalling. another important signallins prolOrol in ATM ;,, !he AAU
sipW1ing protocol , Note th.1 ATM .. Ike "",;ms to ....blish/me.... ATM
Vinual Channel eonr...:oon IVCC) o:r Virtu.tl P. lhConnecbon (VPC). In Ike COlI"''' of AAL2,
the AAU signalling protoool enromf'ti"'S the ro.nroJ plane functioNl '0 esl.tblish, cJeu
.nd main,.in AAL2 H\I'>Odio.... 11.0 AAU rol\l'o!ction can be v.....ed as the k>gial
ooru:a__0/ one o:r """" AAL2 linh _ .... lW<> AAL2 ..","", ..-.:I-poi nt>. An AAU
Iinl<;'. """monic.ti... roth _ """ lW<> AAL2 nodes IIioIIs Wliquely identified by.
Cha........ Id.... tifi.. (CID) tNl . llows multipl..inS of many AAU cl'laro>el> within an ATM
virtual oonr.ection, In onler to ....blishand reIe... u...... AAU channelo. a dJ'T"'rni< proloool
Is I><''SSOry. Tho requiremenl i.fuIfilled by AAU signall"'S' A does 001
. n.. inutheT AALs be<;a..., AALl and AAI5donot Ita,,, mWbple>tins ,uppon. The AAU/
4 ..... a mulbplexiJl5 id<nb5<! bu. IlIat <an be ignored. as MU/4 Is not very popuLu.
AAL2 .. d.-.cribed in d...il in Ch. p"'" 13.
3.8.8 ATM Network Management
N,otwork "'''''''ll'''''''''-' Is th. ad of monitorinjl;.nd modifying oe-twon: oper.,;.,n, f", tho
purpoo;< of aOO solving probl<mi. improving pMomw><e, and rolloctin]i; "'1"""
. 00 "'li$tiaI. In A1M, the fo,;u,. Is f.ul l mana!\'!", ll .00 perfo..".,... """"'_,
tI>o _ 0/ 'f"'Cia1 cello. """""'<l ..Opl-ratiotta.nd M. na gement (OAM}cells.- Aron fr<nn OAM
p>"<lo.... _ on OAM ""lis, """" io ..... Inl<JV. te<l Layer M' '''' xement defined
by the ATM Fon>"" which spedfi.. how the SImple Netwon: M. na gement .nd ATM
Inh<rfare MlB ' re uoedinp"",id. . ny A1Mdevice wilh >1>.... andC'mfil!" tion iJ,fom,.hon.
n.... nerwork "'.""gemen' p"""""ls kor ATM ... o..rnbed in detoil in Chap''''' 14.
3.8.9 ATM SKUrity
As organizoti0n8 grow and unscrupulous elemffits try lo d" ru p! the pl'O'edlllll'. I""" Is
dN' need to p"""'" networks from v.riouIi kmds of . noc ks. '" !he COII,,,,I of ATM....-wily
is a relatively o<w '-""'pl. Due to !he ..., of virtual ci",wt Switching. rypkal ,hre.ts for
netwru\insledlnolosY w... 001 found in be importanl in ,he COlI'''' of ATM nerwork.o.
How..,,,,.. m """'" 'imes, !he.. kave been inc,....ing !leCuri ly viol.obons and th<re ...
growingoon<ern8 IOl ""-'IlI'Od <OlJ>Ol'I '"environrner1t, Given Iltio. !he ATM furum ..... work!
toword!i inoorpo..ling!leCUrity ko' ures in ATM .-...works .. well. The """""Iy f ",...
incl ud ulllenha'i .... oonfid""h.llily. and do.. i'lles "ly.
The -..nty protocols too- AThl ... deocnbed in Ckapler 15.
Copyrighted maklnal
_________________-=Ov<roit'w of ATM
The A1M!lI."tW<ld ill"",,,,,,,, are of di_ typ<'S (_ 3.14). !'Kulinent among these ..
tho U...... Nl."lworl futerface (UNl), Twe voria liorul 01 UN! "",s!, nomely""""I, UNland ",,!<Ii<
UN/. The priv.'" UN! ill lh< hw""" an ArM end-system and on A1Mswitch,_
of which lie romp.....ly within. print< A1M rwtwork. A public UN! provid.. tho ......"" lor
priva'" ,,1M "",",0,1 '" On""'"", with. pubb< netwo, k. Public UNI <An abc> bo an
m...moo botwHnan A1Mond-<y>tml and witch. bohmging ' 0 . publl< ATMr>etw<>rl<.The
promir>ont bo1w_ pUblic .nd pliv.", UN! pfflain \(I the nature of pllysinl
irIl\'ri..,." oupport<d, odmW,troti""ror>troI op<'f' OOm(Ii"" lr.fIi< polklng) and """"'S"""""
rompl<">cily. The UN! oignalling procedu"," "'" dis<u>s<'d in Chap""' 11.
P""UU 3.14
ATM In,!>","
"""'_ "TIII_
u.., u-_ _
N.... _
0"': 0aI0 E.-.,o _ PublI< ATIII _
, 1Cl- _ .co.- ,_ ..,.
l.6...."' .... ,,- _om_ +- "I;>0Io __
M. UN! provid.... anintmare bern'"",,, on ATM"""..y,rem >nd an ATM , wild\, Network_
Node lnterlare {NNt also known .. Nwork Nwork Inter/are> provides on in,<rf.""
beIw_!wo A1M .w;,et.e.. !\INl c;u> be priv," NNI (i.." tho switth<o lie within.
priva.. A1M network) or public NNI (ie . tho,wi"',,", lie within. pUblic ATMnotwotkl- The
_ ...... publOc .rod priv, t, NNI.re oimn.. ill f\a,,<,,,, "' _ public
Copyrighted maklnal
rn: p _"_". ",, '- _
""d private UNJ. The private NNI interfa"" is also ",1ft..,.] to ... I'NNI int,'Ii..,." The PNNI
signalling and routing procedu"," . '" d""".....J in Ch.p..... 12-
The", .. anotho.-r specilial bon coiled th<ATM Inte"NflworI: Interfac e (AlNI) that is b.ls<d
on PNNI, The goal 01 AWl 1.1 pmIoroi is to facthtate the interworking of two """"'or"
l\UIning PNNI in' emally in disjoin' PN!'-J l routinJI """"'ins, Thus, A1Nl can bo viewed ..
in""-domain rouling prolocolakin to Bord"" Ga'eway Protorol (BGP) used in the Inte",e"
AWl .. very briefly "'I'1.tinaf in Chapter 16.
UN!. PNNl and AlNl the BISON ln teK:arrieT IIlterfa"" (B-lCI) is the inten:....
-.,... two public A1Mnetw<>rb. Standardization of B-K:1 helps in adUeving inlef"""",biliry
_ ..... two publi< ATMII<"!vror'o;. bolon!(ing to different carrieTs. Bla and ils multi.......,..
..pects a", e. plained in ChapleT 16,
Whi le the Uh1, NNl and B-ICI defi ne a ""Il-\>asod iJlterfa"" between the network ""titi..
in.olved. ATM ' cell t..' iss"", lead to the specification of fume-baor<! ATM interfaces lor
providing da ta """k... Amongst the ini'ial specilic. 'ions in this reg.r-d wa. the Do,.
lnteri. "" (OX!). OXI defi nd.rdi</ _ .>omto interi .... betw.... fr......
bo...od dovices (0,g. IP-\>a,.ed rou ) and ATM _ k . 1"""",,,- Tho D)(J specifi<oti"'" we",
10..... evolved to . pecifi<.otion. coiled Fr. ....._ UN! (fUNll. F1JNl con 1><'
considffl'd ... an eolla.............,I on the DX], and in fact , the two "'are a lot of rornm"""lilies.
BnlI; OXI 'nd FUNI '''' elaboTated in ChapleT16.
_ the OXI .nd the FUNI .peciftcation>, two otlI.... specifi<. ti""" "",t'imed .t
.l.1ndar-dizing frame--b.osod interface betw..... neIw<>d d em""ts supporting conventional
tr...'missJon to!dmiq"'" like ....n,,' and SONEr, These sperilic.tiOllS w......lled Fro",...
b.or<! ATM 0""" SONET/SDI-I Tr.....port (FAST) and Frome-boor<! ATM Tronsport ""or
Ethem<t (FATE). All the no""" "'AA..t. FATE defines a mechanism ro cony hame-....sod
ATM Irallie ""or Ethernet, while FAST defi... the ........ for SONET!SOH. FAST and FATE
ar e ..plained in Ch.aplor 16,
3. 10 WITH ATM
All "'lI"r-d' inlerwotl<ing, an importan' fact ..... , mus' be kept ;n mind .. thaI miW'tion
roward. A1M is a 1""1\ and ..eddy p""""", Thus, durig tile early ph.... of the d"PJoymmt
of ArM \8:'bnology. ATM mn." in""'po-rate w;,h til...;sti ng l;nk.loyer prnto:>ls ( .g, the
Eth. """l and _ <>d.1ol"" prot<><ok (. ,g, II'). F<rr in"""P<"'ab;!;ty, it .. ""'nda""'Y
ro haW! w.ll-de1ined ..andard. tha' 8"""'" s""h in-.perab;lity.
In .... at"""plln provide well-defined ......dard.. ATM FonJm dlId JETF ha.e .ppro,'ed a
numb<'< of inlftWorking """""rd, hke LAN Emulation (LANE), a a".-,.,,] IP ""er A1MaOO
M"lti-rmtoooI nver ATM(MPOA).
LAN "",uloti",, prov"'l.. a """"'" for Irad ittonal LAN lilo Hhem<I and
Tol<m rins to """,ist wi'" ATM LAN. in a heterogene'OUOl LAN ..viron""",1. U,",S LAN
,,",ulotior<.- two non-A1M md->y>""'" can rommunical. """ only wHI; """I; othe r, hul al so
Copyrighted malanal
with directly allo<he<! "'an ATM networl:. ATM in LAN <rlvironm"", .nd LAN
Emulation (LANE) are ""plain<d in Cha p,,", 17,
Cl&sskal lP <1Yn ATM provid<s the mech.1ni.ms 'n Ira",/'" II' dalagrams n..... ATM _S'f
Th.. ... nd.rd .1..., dofi,.... the fur . dd..... .-luliM. Th;, !t'dI";'l"" is
v"Plain! in C/laplvr 18
AI>(l(/w-rte</uliql>t for II' <rVor ATM is Multi-ProI<:>roI""or ATM (M!'<>Al MI'(lA..-LAN
..... ulahoo II>l<ldWq.....nd theNe"Hop Resolution l''''locol (NIlRP) "'provide !he.....,..
to....blish. dire<1 VC ronr.ection be1w""", eru!-.;y"""" bdongin;; ro diU......' ..,\>.".,.,1he
MI'OA .00 NI1RP k'duli'l""" ... ..plained in C/la"",r 18,
3 . 1 1 A I'PLlCAT10 ",S cu ATM N FT\\' ORKS
Adiscu...ion 0/ A1Mi>inrompletv m""tI"" 01the .pplic.tion>of AThI te<tu'Ology,
P.rt 5 oll/us chapter highlights !he application ..... of ATM. Owing'" its unique re.nu..,
AThi hu. 1'0.,.,,, 1for ....., four I:oy application ..... a.. o:<>n>iden>d in thi>
boo\:. TIl.... incIud<- .pplic.t'oon 0/ A1Min Mu)h ProI<:>roI Label Swil<hing{Ml'LSl
Voke ovvr ATM aolullo,," pplic. t'oon of ATM in Digil. 1 Subscribe< Line (DSl).nd
.pplication 01. ATM protorols in Thi rd Generation (3G) networks.
3.11.1 ATM and MPLS Networks
A """"" ind...."Y develop",,-"" lot' !he inl<'CWocking be1w..,., II' and ATM is Muhi_1'roIoooI
Lobel Swi'ching; (MrLSl. MrLS " a new industry de""lopm"",.tand.rdized by the lEU.
MI' LS is being ...ndardi"l<! .. a thnnl<>gr tha , can boo, be .. ..yoergi...c
appmach betwt<1> lP and ATM, MPLS"""ll'" It.. n..ibjlity of thelP routing protoollo with
the speed thai ATM .witdo.. provide to introduce fas' p.>cl:<! ....-il<hing in II'

lEll' 'lartlld !he MI'tS >liIndardizahoo p""""" with the inlent'oon nf iJ,troducing label
IlWilching wilhiIl II' neIW<lrb. WhiJe the initl.1focus w 0<1 II' netwocb oJ""". the MPlS
fnrnew<>r kill fleJ<ible """'-'gh '" worl< wi th multiple prorocob. Due to il> cIooe resemblu>ce ro
the ATM protoool, MI'tS hu many .pplication> who.... u.ro in ronjWlClion with
AThi. Among>tlhelW<>....in ..... of .......o:h ir"oIving ATM .-.:1 MPlS .. ,......,ppoct <of II'
<J\-e1 Amusing MrLS, and tl>emcepl of ATM-Ml'LS netwOl k interworl<ing
.'\rI <rV""'..... of MI' LS. lmg <he role 01 ATM in MM.Sn<'tW<lf'" is provided ht d""'il
inChaplerl9.
3. 11.2 Voice Over ATM
ATM pro.Kleo lnverg""'" in the ....... that both voice .nd d.", can he CArned toge!her. fot'
voi ce. !he Am Focum has d<-fin.>d number 01. techniq"'-"" for Voice and Telephony ov.,-
ATM (\110M, 1he irutial.land.rd, by ATM Focum "'..." ba....:! on AALI ..hile t)..,newer
Copyrighted matenal
2' -
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I
st.u>dan:Iol'f<"<'ribov. rio... function.lI "",i_lhal n ftisI in II-ISDN """"or\: .udIi,tu...
and olso Ihe interio"'"will>which lWe Il-ISDN "",m.,. interi""" with ....m other, The
standards.1so Ii,II l"""ibJ<. 8-1SDN..tv""", lho' mu>l bo ouppotted <>OW and in futun!. n..-
ospocts, whidl c>ptu"" 11<- ...... ti"""'ip _ ..... 8-ISDN . nd ATM, . ... ..>bo:>toll Upon m
,.... l ellowin/l ..._MS.
3. 1Z.1 B-ISDN Reference Configurations
In ord.". to inlrod""" 0 ....... technology, one 0/ Ihe prun.ory requ;"'m",," is to <IefiI,{> the trP"
0/ ""_or d<v_ lho' will ""isI in the nrlWor k and the fun<bon.ol behaviour 0/ these
entities . An ossocisll requirement is to dffi Tl< Ihe mien.",," _ _ U''''' entities. This
requirem..., is Iulfilled by nuT r.'Omm....,blion llItl T 1.4131, Book.lly, llTIJ.T 1.41311>
<I<riv<:d /rom lfTU.T 1,4111. IIItlTI,411I<1<fin<os ISDN ronIigur.m..
In 10'" llItlT 1.4131 m<f'<'ly.<!<Is 0 ,ub<cript 8 (indicating 'broodNnd' cOl"bility) It>!he
'><is!ing ISDN ...1....,...., poin" and makos i' applic.ble for Il-ISDN.
[nu-T I U 31defines Ihe hmrtion> and inlerl""", -...... v.rI"", B-ISDN ..,tlties. This Is
done by ...ing Ihe notion 01 ret."""", polo" and functional groupo,
A .-.I""""", point (indic. t<d by block dots in Fisure 3, IS) .-.ft:t> to particulor type 0/
in","""" and includes the d.escri.pbon of hit r.' .,. and Ir. me Iorm.o..,Four poin.. ....
<I<-lin<d-nam<ly R, So- T, and U.. As shown in Fig"'" 3.15. ead. poin' is an
inleri""" _""" lW<>functional bloch. For ...mple, s"ls !he in",",.." benv""" II-TEl and
8-N'l1, Similarly, other """"""'" poin" can bo d<scr ib<d. N_lha, oubscrip' B is missing
Ih:nn reflo"""" point R. l><eo.... it may '" may not ha", broodb&nd. Out of ""'""
four .-.I""""" points. only S8.nd TB . '" ...bjI to . W>do..fi..tion,
FJoo.. 1.15
---
,
,
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'.
B1SON
,
[>3+1

f-t1

f-t--
R.I.,."""
,
ConI,R" "' ''''''
,
II

,
8-1"", ' __""e-rstIt'I
T., ,,,
f-t1 f-t--
I!--TE,'___ bB--l5Ot<
.ff>
."
II-#t - .... " . _ . ...:...J
A!"n.;ti1m1ll (indk . ll by """o0s"' 1>0>.. in Figu'" 3.15) to 0 WI of func'i ons
by 0 B-ISDN ""lily. S; . fu.-.ctionol S""'P" '''' do:6nod. ...mely II-NT! . 8-NTI,
8-TEl , TE2. II-TE2 . nd B-TA. n-."., fun rnon.lll"'llJ'5 . ,.. . "P' aiood b<>k>w.
B-NT1 IN_ rk T"""in. 1ion fl... B-Ntl performs funcbon> equiv.I",,' to
,he phy>ic. l I.y., (lib Ii"" lr.nsmi>Sion .......i"'tion .00 ...nsmiosion i" ter f. ",
hondlingl.
Copyrighted maklnal
ATMN, ' .... _
II-Nn (Notworl< T...... in.Ii"" Z1M B1SON): Jl..NTI pe</onnJI big...... .. fur.:ti """
(li ke mulhpl..ms- buUering. ,<>d ' ....ilchi ng) ond """'" phyoJ<.1
fuIlrnons (h"e ",Udeline. tim).
II-TEl . nd BTE! (Termin.l "'luiI'm..... for 1I-1SON): T1ws< to "'luip"'. '"
"'i'" B-1SON capability, n.. diffet.onoo between lITE-l and lITE-2 ;, tl>4 hil< BTIl
....,. . . ..<>d.rdJl..1SDN ",..n"",,- 1lTE-2 ""luh'u ' II-TA (J<m'ninol Ad' p ler) """' use' it
lw. . fiOJ\-Slat>dard IJ.I$DN ",..no.
TE-Z IT.....i 1 . quipm....t 21< TE-2 refers to u""" "'luip"""" withoul Jl..1$DN
,"p. M ity (e g. 1SONWrmiNl),
B-TAIT"",,in.ol . d. pter for B ISDNh B--TA refe.. to the"'luipmenl tha. ronn""'.. non
B--lSDNequipmenl to . B--I$DN ........""Ie
Figure 3,16 shows lwo umple ronligur._. Figure 3.16(') .how PC
(withoul &1\ ATM "".rf"",,) that ..... "" in""",,";i... bri dge (....i'" . 0 An.! intfil"",,) to gel
to .o ATM _ k, Th;sro<resp<>nds to TE-I-Jt--8.TA-s" contigur.tion (the
PC is TEZ.od , ''' brMg. B--TAl . F;gu.. J. I6(b) ""'...... I'Cwith on AIMinlfff"", ,.ro.
T1Iio contigurotion to \ITEl-SUrom;guratioo (",. K ..... is II--TEl).
e,
,
,
,
p<: _ont
-
(1...' ...... _
,
,
,
,
- f---L.
,
,
PC_ non- _ _ Ant
ont _ _
(oj "'.......---.. -'...... -.---,
f ,cu.. a. 16
n,

;,me'<
,
Rd.",oc.
g,
,
Configu"'ion'
,
I.
3. 12.2 B-ISDN Service Aspects
ATM is d ..ign<d to ....pport 0 ....id. ope<:t<um <rI bO'O"<1bood """'""'" In <J1'der to doh... the
>rope ond nature 01 broodb;ood ......;c.,s, ITUT hao pabbshod lITOT
12111-].211 d .ssifies broo.db.o<>d ...-viceo ur>der two brood <.tegories--io_v. ........,..,
and d islri buti. . ......i_n..s. """i . .. urlai""" below (. 1"" ..... Figure 3.17):
lot ",.ctin servlcn: Interactive oervj"", usu.lly "'voln 0 bi-<!irecti"",,1 information
flow. 11>e '-""""'Clio, . re l!""e.. Uy though in """,e co..", th<'y m.y be
point-to-muTti-pornl. Inleractin oervi"", . re further clasoified. ;"1<> the IollowinR suI>-

lol COnv....ti<mal services: The>e 5eJVices provide the .....U> fOT romrnunXotiun in
...I--time. 1he inform, tion IIow can bi-<!irectionol . ymm<lri<. bi -directJonaI
" ymme-tri<.- . <>d unidi re<b<>n.1 in """'" WM-". The tech
niq... ohould not be .pplied I<> these """.,.., bo.oo.... 0/ "",lti"", romrnuni<.abon.
Copyrighted malanal
fIculJ. i . l 1
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E.-..-. 01""", ]uool iftYXft _ Y1d> .. .. pl_ ' .-...,"""'.... <&
.. lr_
Il>I 1P , l ic.. n..-_ _ .----.indmd..........
.... .... with ....-.-llo<wotd. I .. ........ap handlift&
Iundiora. Eumplos 0I ....... wme.. inc'"
- .....- "'" -8pict\n<'o <Ii...... """II" _ .udio
in/o _ .
l<I R I ......Icn: Th<ow """''''" . ... ..-l rlovirlfl . _ infomu.bon
molntoirwd lor p<lbhc Tho .....".,.".""" is lrirMvod only . " .... c<>nt1Nftd "'
....; ....,....",..,. , <.rt conln.ll ...... 1i.... . 1",hK-t. ...... mk'o<m.olion fk1W otorts.
[,..mrloo <>I lh.. <>"1l""Y -..1 k.. filma, hlW' """" ulion
i....V irtllmNllon and 'Khivol inIonn.o'lon.
OI.. Dilotribulion ..".,.;e"" mV<>lv...... ,","t>ullonof knformo _ from
""'lu i """""" 10. numho!< 01 u...... Diohibutlon furthor
,,_ _ 1:110 ' IoUuwing
W Sonl It h"'" von Indi oi d..l 110'1 <on' ' n- , hooo
btuooJe...c ,....v\ceo *"'"'"in No no "" """"'" _ ..... otanI
""" 0I 1nlno'mo1nl flow. h .mp <>I_ _Ir><l_bl' _ ," k ,, _
_ .udll>prop_
O>l _'..,j;oid..... P'""".._ _ n-...-_F""' .....
_ Ir>t d_ _ from.""' _ ... . I.o,.", __oI .......
_ - .....- """'" -.......-......
...... _01 Full <hannoI . ......"I...y . """rump!<
._-
_ ......... ... .... "d. _ _ ="' _ .
U I I ....,. doOblw.......- .... ""=__..men; i.e. II <=Iy 1' Iiot 01
.n' _ ot<I.Tho--._., 1",.. ."..._.01_
ATMN<I.... _
..",ires h., "'" Y'" bn.-rl don<_Compl_ '!"'Cilic.'ion is i"'""bl. ""'y .1"", . thorouj\h
"""minJ.tion of II>< """"" of u.... by ma, l ..,."HCh, 1.211 .1", do<s M' n"", h"" .. lO!>ow
1
i:::1!J1m... """'ire! will b< implo.""""!<d. For "". mpl<, iJ on< """mm.. ootn< 0/ '''''''' " "","",
mulll..i,. II.! 0' ..... will _ 11Le th., tt>.....r< "'" ....pport<'<l loy
AThl redmolOl!Y' HoW<""<'f. 1-211 d"", Pl'O'lide """"" lIffit',.I l\UKI."", to .upp<>rt _
""",ices.
In 1,2UJ is 0 suid< fo, ..... d......k>pm<n' of fum... bw. db.md oppllcohons
and services, I' kl ""hli<o011 """'ibl ......-x.. (oon>,",,' ra" ""d , 'ariabl. T.", conn<ctionI...
and """""'ion..mm'<dl that con b.. throrebcally , uPJ'O"<d. Bu ' what will b< linally
, uPJ'O' ''''' i ' m. ''''' of ron;oure and sp<o:Ulotion.
J. U ATM STA'I,llARllIIATION
Alui 01_ .... b-n 1"'1 in by vario... q...""" to . liI11dordi", A1MJ'TOC"du....... Standard
ization h<ll'" in ..... f..ter d<pluyment 0/ ledmolOl!Y. los...... romp<'fition and promOfe!l
interopetobilily.1l<'rognizin;; ' his ...."j, vari"", neIwotking compo""" have jom<d h""d.
with .....d.,d, bodi.... Iik< rrUT to ..p<dite the pro..""" of ATM ..ondordiza' ion, In 10"',
AThl Forum, one 0/ the .pproving bod..., .. . c,. ..",..h urn 0/ ""... 600 AThl ....,do," Th"
following O<ctiott> ""rnmariu the koyorgan;"'lion.. "" ATM..ondordizah,,"
3. 13.1 lTUT Slilndards
1he Intt-molionol T<i<rommunic>.bons Union-T.lorommunicotion ..andardiza'ion """' or,
........ known .. ITU-T, is 0 lIni"'" o,*"",,"1ion. ITUT .. """""",bl< for
"",lin.,. !. ""d "' riff qut"Olk>rIs ond """",ntendati"", with a v;,-
to >landordizing ",leromIl'lIllic. lk>rIs on wOIldwide ba.i.,
AlofW;id/' wi.h ..... ATM Fonnn. rruT .... 'ppro>'<d the bulk of the ATM "'andard. 1he
stondoJdiution J'TO'-"'5O in "'te 1\IllOs ond. the <ar ly 1....... with the publication 0/ [ITU_
T1.113J. By ,I>< ""d of IWl, ITUT "andard> (total ll in ouml><T) rovffed mosI ..J"'<1' of ,.....
ATM n<"fWor. operalions. At the lim. 0/ wrilillK- the.. 0.. mo", than 50 IlU_T ..andard.
",Iated to ATM. The<mphasioo/ """,t of the A1M-t<loted ITU' T"'ndard. is upon network
op<riIlion5-. 1he und<r1ym.g ide.> b<'hind mool ,landord> is topro>'ld. a oetwork in/r..........",.
thol can then be _ foT >pe<ifi< applicalio"" In cootr..l ..... ATM Forum '!"'Cificati""" (a.
in t"" n... to"" "" """""",n' , ..... end'"","' viewpoin t,
3.13.2 ATM Forum Standards
ATMForum is of ATM vend"", formed with the ob;ectJveoi a.'<l<rating I..... ....
of AThl prod..rts and ""rvi"" through ...p id oon,....!I>C<0/ inl<'rop<"rabtllty .peclfic.lions,
The ATM F<:>rom at"" p"""","" industry ro--operation 000 ow,,,,,,,,,,,. ATM furum'. origin
d.lfl b""k t<> O<tob 1""1, ",lion i' w.. fo<mod 1' lou, ""mpa n"" N" rtlwn> T0om
(Nortd), and Network EqUipment TO<h. Curtently, i' h.u"'..... omm_bet;.
Copyrlghled malanal
11>0 "",,"iboo01 "'" AIM Forum.... ''''-..... >n\n'Ii_
......... This """,miltee w<><b with o!her worldwide otandords bod.,.
for ...Iocting .w.d.rd ",..,Iving d i/fenor.reo ''''''''g lOl. ndaTds . nd
Te<'OTlIIn<'I'ding new.tandards when isMs """" b<rorn< obsoI<le or inappropna!<,
MMblirIg rommittN: The AIM Forum ha. lhree ma'kbng o:<>rmi_. ont each lor
Asi. Podfic. Europe and North AnIf'I'lca. n- """,miltH'S proviM ma'l<eling and
ed """tional """,i5 for Iovwar;ing tl>< srowth of AIMlechrclogy.
U... <01ItIIIitt.., This rommin... ...... as . bridg. belw'-""l "'" t<dmicoI commirtee and
!he md ........ _y..-..wing ""'I "'" technical . recifiations meet "'" octuoI <nd.
--
3.13.3 Internet Engineering Task FOKe (lETF) Standard5
Tho IETF is largo and opon inlemObon&I """muNI)' 01 deoilJ"Of'" oper."'....
"ondo... . .--..rdIero, with "'" wolu,"", 01 . ",hi""''''... and .....
smooth opr-ra,"", of thoInternet. It io "'" m.in body ""'P"""ible fo' the development 0/ new
In_ >l>nd. r<l . J'<'cilicabons. Ito "'iooioo identifying problem:; of ill< Intemet,
propooiJIg ""utions Iur _ probI..... ""d terommmding new prolocob .0<1 aJ'Chi!<cture
fa' thoIn_.
The actuall<'clvlicol w"'"of theIETF io don. in ito wOfl<ins group>. 11>0 w""'ing grouP'
. re d ividt on tho t>.o,", of functioo.1 , to wtlidl lhoy beI",,!! _In Iolal. !here are ";ghl
. p plkolton gen.r.I ...... lnt<mot operations and mona!!""
"'...t ........ """ling ,_, >\IiiI)' a_t:ranopnrt a rea . 0<1 tho u """'''''' area
The wurw.g grouP' of lETf ha ve ' Iandard,U<! a numb<'.- of ATM-...lak'd RFC.. n-
mostly reloto 10"'" inl<Tllction of IP witll ATM(i.e, how IP .. e.niod......". "'" ATMnelworl<l.
Sr-'!<oU'.Nsod nI.'Iwo'"management. mulhe.sting and "'"""""" """",. h""p"""""' lo.
3.14 ATM M Alt H T Srrnr
As Ih< B",,,,,,,," Commwtkaliorl RoYi.... (19'/\11[OCR R. l ..id, - First " "'Y""" lowd
AIM, tI\on """'Y<"'" hab!d it. Too. y, p roctia.hty has ... in; buy il,' nu. ....,""""
....ccinctly dooaibftl tho pros"'"' 01ATMt<dmoIogy, Too'y, ... tho figu.... prov tho growth
potential 01 ATM ia ...1Iy SIror\,O;. The """",,ue lor ATM f.l lo into two bt<>ad ""togon... vi.,
oqillpments'nd
ATM <quip",."t, which. oonlribu"," to thebuD; 0/ AIM ..."e,,,,,,,, indllde> nvit<:heo and
_ equip"""'ts. In 1IDl, ""al "",,1<01 10< AIMequipment was worth SS.7biJOOn. n..
ATM eqUipm"" ma'",", ..."""'''' thek>Ilowing oegmetl""
Coni.....ikk: The auTi ATM mainly for building core nelwa'" backbones,
Indeed. theabihty 10 provi d. 5lringent QoS guo,..,,,,,,,, .nd to cony inIormalton in . n
integralod fashion. make5 ATM quit. pcpularwith the caniers.
Copyrighted maklnal
_
ISr .wi' ch: He.., .g.in, A1 M;, .".,.j lor providing N.ckb<">ne "''''''port,
En"''l'ri.. WAN . wil, n: En, 0IJ"'is<WAN 'wi".... . .., .".,.j by oorpor.'" o:rgMliz.llions
' 0 build Ihoi' pri ' . ,o A1M """"",,!<s, fur tllli ATM', rompeti ti__edgo lies in
provHl inll . uPl"''' It> d., .. and mullimL'<Ii.o applic. tions.
WAN ...... oqu; p_b<Th... "'luipm...... u><d Io:r.W"S'ling low..pcod ATM
and "",,ATM IT, 1f>< Iur oess onto ";!he, pubb" o:r pri ATM f'>O'\Wo, k
hampl<:. of WAN .""'"equipment> includo CPE--ba>l'dequjpm '" and _ Inl offi""
--
LAN ,"!" ipmm""In !he LAN mvir"""""'t, ATM'. QoS andother a' tractior\o gel mil'N
in p""oool o.",bead,. Nonod"'"""" this ""ll""-"'" inelud.. ATM hubs, ""ite...., uplink
""-'<iul "".
The grow of tho ATM 1I<1'V;e.,, ' mar"'" ill sl uggish a. romp.arod 10 tho equipmonl
mar"'"bu' w. "lill wnrth s.s billion in lrol,. Th.""""", m,,,"'" is",ptod to pi<k up in !he
....., future andl<'a<h n."ly $8 bill i"" by tho..,d 01 2007. 11>< ATM .wrvi<'o offerinl\"re
di ff""", tioo:d oo:m<!;og to lh. Ioll(lwu.g f",t<>ro:
Pon . pd,of_( .g. TI,
S<!vi<e d . .. off"""'- (CBR, rt-VBR, "".vBR, UBR and ABRj,.Ni
SVC <ap. bilityf m"iOrityof ' M".m...ol in PVCronn<cti<>"" only),
CONCILNll:-;
Tho ""rly day< of ..11M wn< marW by Ioi of mtd.. fryp< .0Id N>o/... JPfC"woo." 'n,_ days,
ATM u",loMkJ.. I'" 1"'''''''''' fOr all ....a...-king rro/'It'>n" a..id1 "nfOrt",,"t<ly AIM is net. 1".
"""htnling ",I"",", 'goi"" AI Mis I,",UI is . joltof alltrodts.OId"",,kr of""",, In . Ima""d"
A1M "';1"" 1Mtffi""""l of""'""""'"'" n;"""", ....."",*" "'" Iii<'I'"'1ilyof t<It<"""niili'"",
Of"""'"",Tlo;, "ri iid"" " fl<" ifW" ""'"' Sin JlIM" II, ' " , ,,,,,II ,oJfimkizlJ, ,"''''1
_wi is "",'ly 10 P" ",t!. bpm. r+r ,iI" JO p" "",I i. i"" AI M lI>n<>J.>gy
.. Iii< "'1_01;:<. 11' ""rd<n of "'11"" I, ", "ell "'''''' enrico! in a WAN "" ."",,,,,,,1llIhn< tho
-.silo I. ""' Iy. 17Iis "'I_"r i'" pm:no'og< """iIuJ)1"_,.,."lyogoin, 1Ih<! I-.. lhol. 5 p" mil
""",_ofmiln ,",.."",,,,,,".",.'ion Iwmolltgks lit<fro- and X.25,
M.rn"""1"'r<d ro "*"""", ""1.... _t<, "" "r h",'"di"S
AIM) "'" ""'1, i1 ,,,. ooia- q..Jity ofd.... I' --.; lranofr'. AJ' ",, "gn ",. <:rlJ ' ;U' i" JlIM is
Jdwmllrl)/ kepi .... 11. 11t<n- ;" i"""""l i"kr In",. eril-.,;,eIIi.S """"" """'"'" of
""ffi"i.g. 11Iis ....t I'" .."-,, ,!"aI,ty Infr<i<" Ut p"" (i"",I'-N...J '''n-'frt,
A_,,", 1",!",10"1probInn of JlI M ;, 1,",",,* ofbrootlalslfc<iI ity. , ..11M UN" Ih;, ._t
.. """"Iy/<II wIliJ< ,,.rtying ""' MJlCodd""", ,..,.,j" 00n.s, AJllIo_Sil"","1-__11ipoi. ' "",,,,,,ti,,,,,
"'" !u- "'abi,,",,, In AIM, ,lin< ","""'ti<n<o """" ,ig.'fi<'IInl ",..mwi" ' n ","""'I, . dd....
moJ.,,,,, in [ 11trntn or I elm ri.g-w..d U N, i,
1Mfi .o!. ""i"t """",, ogol"" ..17M is I" """1*<"'"""F<. 171" roml*xily " !Y>i r<jkd,d In
JlIM <is"oIling P"'lOO>I$ Iii>' IfTUl Q.2!1JI/. ","",""" """' " iktrl"",,'a1 iffrd on Ih<-
S"""'" of. 'Hh'"""!i:J _ ...11 ""'''' ""pkm'. i,I"" and_iji<o',,," diffiodl, In 0001""" . ,,",pi<
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ATM Protocol
Relerenee Model

ICunHl 4
ATM Physical Layer
C....... 5 I
ATM Lad
Icarm: i
ATM Adaptation Layer
'ART2]
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Chapter
4
ATM Physical Layer
The ATM Ioyu. oimiW to an 051 physical .. 10 '"I ' b'. Ior..ny;ng bit
_ml-=-olhr __The"1Mphyoi<al loyn,lIowoowr, hao. _ tho
_IN, III'".Ioou......... oltho Iuro<tion> tlYt ."' ......Ily po' fo< .... d by <1.0.. hnk IIJ'<""
('-5- <0'11df\tnoatk>nl.
1M "'n<1lonI 01 phyai<aJ loy... ur <.I,,&oriud into two P"rtI, rwneI y Tr"""'-
(TC) """"""'" or.:l l'I>.yoicll Modi"", lJopoondon' (!'MOl Iunctiono. no. n::
fun<tIonIlncludo Iwod<ol......" _trol.. cell .... doupllns. ",U <lolino_lion, oaamblirl g/d<-
scrambling ond In nw od.ptoti,..... Tho PMD Iunctiono Of"dfl< '" I!Io und... lying physic.l
modlum. $nnw of "'" PMD funct'.ono iNlud. timing oyn<htt>niLtlion, onroding ond hi t
11.....,..._ . Tho fur.<;tIoN of tho Iw<> <!rioiW in tho f<>Ik,wing . ub-Mctions.
Thr n: 1Ob-l.o)'U tho IUncbono Iholar< indoF'doid of lhf
ployoi<:aI modium. Tho"--ollhiooub-Iayn Oft faloo_ 1rTlJ-T 1,43211:
..-.EnorControi

c.ao....._.
GrIISC'''otoIirC
' Y , 1 ...
.. d __.
4.2. 1 Header Error Cceeol (HEC)
The TC. ul>-la)",,, provid.. an e<ror rontrol m<'Chonism for ",11 ""'der. Thill
to.. Head.. ErrorControJ (HOC), provide>.inglMlil=mctl!I'ection and multiple-
bilem>rdotectioncopabmlies.ln!he header, rhofilth byte (coiled rhoHECheld)
It used for error """troI. The HOC fioId. """lain>!he c"""bum a.1Nb.bOd ""er rhe fU'Sl fDlU"
byt<!o of rhe.,..u heod.. using a s-r""" polynorni.tl Gjrl _ .. + i' + r + l.
In brief. the op,,,ations involvod in HECa", .. 10110....:
The >end..compu"" rhoch ksum"".. the four I>yt... of the header and p""", it in the
fifth bJ're.
The """iver I'O<mnpute> the checksum (called the oynd_). ,o.ny diffor<!n<e betw....
jnd"""", and the ""-,,,"ved checksum ill .n indiration of an error.
HEC f""C"'Iureo two mod.. of "!,,,,", tions in which the receiWl" operate>, viz, Ihe
_fio. """<It and rhed.ucfio. """<It. Tht error control f""C"'Iureo ,.k<n on !he received ",0
&pro>d upm the tr><><:Ie whir. the ""-"'"WI" ill rommtly in (_ Pi!"... 4.1). In tho
mO<!<-, the ""-"'"WI" provides for . ingte-bi' error rom.'C'tio<I- In the detbon mode. only""",
deler'OOo ;,. don<' . nd ,II ",II. w;tIl emJred a", d i""a_.
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HEC (Ree. i ..-
Mod.. of
Dper>tion)
Initially, Ibe Te<"M'''''- ill in tile =r<'cti<m mode. FOT eacb ",II. the ""-,,,"ver
cakulateo rhe .yndrome for Ibe ",II TIthe oyndrome malch.. w;th the ""-,,,"ved
cbksum. which indic,"" thot no e<ror has occurred. the ""-,,,"Yer remain> in the rorrection
mode. 0. the ot her hond. if there ill a mismatch. two possibilities ""is!, If the di ff""""",
between the .yndrome the received checksum indicate> . llingle-Nt erroc, tbe erroT is
rorredrd and the """iv.. chang<'> its mode to !he detection tr><><:Ie. How..-er, if rhe di ff..-ence
indica'.. mulhple-bit eTroI'O. the re<t'iv.. di""ard. the ",II and cbong.. its tr><><:Ie to the
df1ectim mode
Once tile ""-,,,""'f mIffS the d01<'<tion mode. it d""" rom!<! any oingle-NI-. Thus,
any ",U with a checksum mismalc. ill discarded. irre>per-h.e of whether the .ingte-bil em><
has occurred OT mulliple-bit eTroI'O have, When the receiver in del<ctioo mO<!<- ""-"'"""" a ",II
with no <rror (i,e. the syndrome is <ero). the receiv..chanS"" its mode to the CO<r<l<'tion mode.
Copynghted m \enal
____________________-""' .M"e
h
!l!"41
n.... ;" >P<"' flc _ l<>< t><>l C\>nIO<W"'" nron. Sine< singI<-b;t
errors ... in 1:hr <U1'l'ml 1ibft nriw<><b.1:hr ......_d "",,";" Otl
indiocobm or. bunt nror or of ..,.,.. , _ """'I"""""" In I:hr _ k ...
CIo5n Iihthio, it io_ to drop boao.... of p<wibihty (If iII<orft<t _ .... t .
4.2.2 Cdl Rate Derouplina:
If criIo..., .....""""ed _ .,....,...,..., p/IfI'i<aI rnod.iu.. (IiIolSONEll. . Ii.... ...-<1/
_ """Cit> lr..-...... In_woodo. ..'hothot _ _
mlo..__or Nl(,in_ ... __I:hr
fi.d _ d cello h.o... to boo lfotlOlnillod pol' _ . [I ...,. -. _ ..., nD .....
_ to br .... _.,lli!d, dwT_c.n......-......J- _ dummy"" l<>< idle
oel... IOfi. . I:hr b_.....,
.,.. to _ Ihr 1iIIl.-. Thio It -... lIO. orlI .. In"""" to
...... . _ id.. ...,l......... idl< _ ......... .
po whi<h iI modd lor -. <A-
n.. lint """ "Y- <Jf .. iIllo orlI _ 0.00 o.w0.00 ll'IOl. whiIt Iho _ brWio . valid
HEC. Tho byM_.... nocunWlI tool 0111/1010- I<do_.... """
at tho _1oyWio.. to t . Ay.., d I 01 .... \>;I C _1ifldoin I:hr _lowbr"" "
to III iftdi<aooo _ the orlI io ...... or!! _ "'l1li boo ,"_cd to,. lhr ploywiad I....,.. .. til<
In lJw-.1cNpto.. __dIon-.,; llworlI "'-Jo!r _ "'1""" or
idlt _ ArM!oywio"""-, . 't-' calIod 1Iww- ',ood _
"""" idmbCIoI _ ftaJ"ioc "'" .... &noht of I:hr t>yto. _ io... ",0- n-.Iho
lint bird tho .. idle .... '"' pIo)*;oI _..... g oed
ooII .. .... AlM ..l""' _
4.2.3 CeU Ddinu rion
In _ to -..",. h _ .... or. <>tIL ..... T. _ _ , l ea....p .... ...... loa,,,
de.. '.lho_oI __._oI.. _._Orootllwbq;u="'_
h_"' _......... .. .... ' .....
or ........ lhobt....
oio
C
al lho
....
L
Tho __al_.to hawop>al owt -.:l _
llo,p- kl ....... to '-.... do&I __ .. 1'Iop.. boo tNffirl& it __"""
--........ = .,
111_"'__ I .
g
..,. .. Iho lor
..to _ .... of fi'l'e I '.. . boo "it oddoocI fu. 0hIHrd) by Iho _ _1hoo....... boo ..
, cuwoodby "' "'_.pcc Tlci$ BWih:dit
quior -.:I it....t We _ of Iho dote IicIl pc....... 1100 c,'', tho __;>0
io...... diwd ' g .. ,,"Iil __.. . o J ", ..I ! _ ....oq...
_ "odoplcd .. ATlol .lwicb, .... HECfWlJ it....t .... od _ ...... kl-.or,lIioo
_ ....... 1Iw1o<l_.... MhbJor of.aIII .. . fun<tio>n ..1 _ lalllle
kNr a.,- 1'ultioig d J ofIrnntIy, if. pwnbJor pmwo ..boo llw_1 _allIIe """
byteo. it <0/\ be said wilh so..... probability lholthe cell bowtdari.. IuYC bom ida>!ihod. A
_ l ied ""PI....tion of u... ",otI>od is gi_t:>eI<>w
In <>ler lO deline' le cell bound."""" . lOl'tintI point is d..-. in u... incoming bil.lfeam.
This . lOrting point is .""rned lO Iht t>eg;nning 0/ <oU, Tho OJ'!'drome 10 tI>en
CAkulot>:d fur Iht """I b'e I>ytoo by using the polY"""'w l>" + + + I). Illht
cokuloted ' yn<!1'C><J'Oil 10 1\01 "'l uaJ lO the v. lue.lOf<'d in the filth byle.!he stortlng poinl lo
ohiIted one bil .1. lime, U1\1iI !he syndrome becomeoeqwollO!he filth from !he otortirl&
poinl, Wh.>n l!lo ..lcuI.t>:d syndrome ""'Ichoo the flftb byle, the f'O""ible bogirming 0/ . cell
bao bt.!n identified, N_ thOlIht otortirl& point ""'y ..... M ' bog:inning 0/ the cell ;f Iht
<!I:Uu'" of the \>yin 10 .....ulo'ed by the byt.t conlOil>ed 1n Iht !",ylNd.
Inord<-r I<> overwme Iht ol>ov<! problem,""ll lIcr&mblins 10 done Ollht OOW<'t!, Sc.-.ml>Iing
, or.d.omiz<s !be !",yhod dolO, Iher<by reducing !be poosibility of .... d.1O.....uLtling Iht
. yndrome. This imp"""",, Iht "*"'-0/ the HEC cell delinef,lion Although
red..... Iht poooibliity 01 flo'"'" deline.tion, It d_not complelely elimlnote the
ell....,... 01 oum p;l!tf'm """"""'s in lhe .... dolO. Such !"'Item "'.y """'" .1
d ue l<> . l>il--error ""........iooiorI.
In order I<> """b"" lhol !he owting poinllo IoCtUOUy tlle b.ginning of cell. the """;..-er
vl'rif;ooo lhe ......der of oubooequenl ce1lo. Ufor lewoubsequenl cells. lhe . yndtome .....1<""!be
""J'J'<""d "-"'<:l.su'" field, lhe receiver lo quite ""'" aboullhe poollionof <ell bowtdari....-.1
otopo !be """""'" of ...TeIIing lor cell bowtdariet. Tho <Ion not ...rch lor the cell
bounda')' rill I' .....,..;_ ""II. "";!h cl>e<:bu", ",ismol<h. when chedswn
"'iNnotehO<wn. u..... .r< twodislind is ."en-or in the cell_or
or u... boundaryof the ",,110 =l1yklenlified is ,.., lor>8"" ...:Jid (d... lo poo3Ilol<rnism.oldl
in u... dod "P""d ),
In<><doer '" l\andle tho first J'O""ibility, tbo _'or woilS f<>r few morecellt wtthchecburn
miom>.tdo. bolo... """"looing Ibol Iht bo;>undo.... of tho ""lis _ oct\LIUy \001. Tho receiver
then storts the ..."., ag.in, I.." shifting lhe b'" one bil 01 limo and calculating the
.,.,.".,.
Tho orll delinNbon proced=<l<-lin<o thrft poooible "," leO, viz. HUNTstale, SYNCH te
and PlI.ESYNCH ...... !hilI. TKri""" e"" M in. Fill"'" 4.2 shoW'! ......, thrft poosllole 1Ih....
and tho st tr""';hons. When !be starts, It is in HUNT ... In lhiri ...... lhe
... is rd\ing !of <ell bowod.ri.. (bil-by-bil). W"- it find> <'OITl HEC with
oynd"""" lhe filth byte. il """"'" in'" lhe PRESYNCH ..."'. In tlU> ..."'. lhe
Te<ei"'" veri fies DELTA/\umber of cello. If tho HEC. of aU the Dt;LTAcelloOre found """"""'.
til< =<iver"""","10thoSYNCH . 1iIt<10"' ......,..;n",UboundoriH _
if ""y <ell&mOOg lhe DELTA""llo bao "" inoonect HEC. til< rr<river dian&", i ts stole back '"
l!loHUNT "'le.
In lhe SYNCH stole. i1lh< rt'<eiver rt'<ei..... .",. !bon A!.PHA number of ""lis with in<:mnlct
HEC. il stiR rem.in< in lh<SYNCH...te. Thlo....."... tIul a to... bll O'r1'Ordoos not rnlorllh<
""ll proc<du... HoweY"'rre.- ALPHA<'<'IlOe<\Itiv. ""lis with in<nn-<d HEC are
re<eiv<d.tho n<eiver """'" In til< HUNT. 1iIt< and _.rIsd.lm..alion
Copyrighted maklnal
--
c. .. ,,, _
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JIw_.. A1J'HA oNonTA_<he-.. .... h ooll doli< t .. rrnc--
..... __.,.-. ...0.- . I i ........ duo to boo_
...po ....... AlJ'ttA....- .._ w.' , -... ,.oyod.......
... y_ af oa.TA. fcr SOl l b 'phyobI __.... _
....... of A1J'HA 10 ' _ DELTAio 6, wtw.1ur .... ....,.... __..... --..
__....... of AlJ"HA 10 , _ DELTA 10 8
4.2.4 CeU Sc:nmblioll:
Cftl .....mbIin8 10 .....m.rn..m whrt>r Ihr po_ in do.. . ... .t .....
"""""' 0l'I<l Ihf chonget _ ,...<nod bad . t lh< _ ....tIM. In __, ' <TIunblinjl; io
d<ror 10 lht oecuri ly and mI>uotnno of thr HEC dril......_ .lgorilhm, _ d_
Nrlio'r, Tho <Ideo Pi Ih< ..U"""ambling al gorithm drpmdo uf'<'" lho of ..... pIoysic.1
tr.noport ..Md. For d""-Ilo oI ..nO<r&mbling.lhr _ ia ... l<> [rruy 1.4311
4.2.5 TnlUmi liion f rame AditptatiOD
'Tho"'"' ....y boo corriod on ..... ployoi<oI loyw"""" wilhin . fromo or juot Irai ........ led
hphyol<lllllnk ... bit ooquorn<'I'. Whm. ""mod Ifonoport 10 "-". _ ._ot
tlw pIIpl<alla,...,.. no. orlll ON....pptd irolo thio arriod ..... _ 1<-
Thlo -PP"'I "'aGo"', ",. 0'11 phyoied Ial"l" _ 10 caIIod If..-' "'_
......h __led_..... ,. 'a:l"'dw
......,.
l'Iarthrr.lho_"'''' l.oop lrad af lht _ . 'k...d bJ ..... _ .Inibally ....
, r _IkJo'."'_"'""-__idmbIyilo1lotJIIW. C"" lhr _
d._boo, ,. ,.--. lho framot. ko lho
h
' _ ........... _
0-__ 1 _ _ "_Io __d-
.-17M N,,,.,.,b, C"""",,, .>oJ Pro/ocoj.,'- _
.. . } M fl l lVM D l l' f "i IlE.\ T (PMD) SI III-LAHR
Thol'hj'M<al M<'dium (!'MDI . ul>-la y.... functi"'" d'1"'f'ld uf'OO the UI'ldn1yil>g
phy.;".1 ml'dio. PMD fw-dion. ",10k>d irectly to"" phy.;".1 "T"'"ffit.tion of ""bit> un""
physic.l m<'d;um ""d the int..rpm.tioo of the bits .t !h.......i,..... The ""0 import""t
....
Timmg and Synchruni..tim
Encoding and
Tho two hmctions .re below,
4.3.1 Timing and Svnchronlsarion
In on;IO' k>....blr the _ . O' k>_ Iy and inw.prel the bi tpatterns ...., by the
send..... . bminj; ",Iobornltip m-mfflst -...... the "'"""'" ondtho reMv,', For mple.
".",-. a billhat mN;r.,. un t.... w ;", k>r""""" duration of time d uring wlUoh tho rem"",
m",_1 ....d il. In . uch """""rio, the relobN'Ship determine> . t what dur.tion ""d . t whot
r.... the bits should be ""'pled from the physk.l linl, This relationship between the sender
.nd ..... '-vO' may be oither e.pliocit 01' implidt. Wi!h . n v-plici' ti ming ",Iotiorlship, both
"'" ser>de<'.nd the rec-e;"", maintain . do<k of """,m"" ftoquency. Th..., the time d ut._
lot whl<h one bi t _ .... "" the wire ;s known to _ the -.t...nd ..... _ver . nd i$
by t.... ck'd freoquency. Implicil bmil>g teloh"""!tip i$ obtai.-.ed by a :IpO'CIa1
""CO<iing ocb<m< iii the AI""""'" M.n. h"eni"" (AMI), MoInlOining this tItnlng and
'l"'chronizo'ion foils wilhin the purview of the PMD .ub-loyer .
4,3.2 Encoding and Transmission
The bi .. may be put on the physkol Iinl in. numbe< of waY'- On '-"'PI"" wire.. the
"'P"""",.tioo of 1'0 aruI 0'. may ... in """..01 forms . In order to uIDquriy "'P""""'t 0' . ""d
1' .. ei lh<r twodilfe-rent vol toll" ,""eb (binary enro<Iing) o:r Iwo <IiIferent frequ<ncies. may be
u,..,j. In h'ber--optic cobL.. . !he "'P"""".. tioo of the 0'. and 1'0 ill lhrough the p"""""'" or
absence of pholuns. It ill the PMD . ub-loY"" that defines the mroding of 0', and I'. and tho
lriUlSffii";on 01. ....... bits.
4. 4 LAIUI STA:"IM Rllb tOil ATM
A number of ph)"Jcol layer standards are <le-fined by the ATM Forum and ITU7. which ill
Iislo!d in 7. bl.1. Among !he standards Iisle<l lhe .tandard [ITU TU J 2] <iefineIi the TC oub-
I. y.... functions !h.t bave olready been cov""", in chopter, Moot of the other ,tandards
'pocify lh<""".... to m.p ATM""lis ontothe UI'ldn1ying physicol loyer .tru<1Ure, The voriow
...ndord. are disc<wed in tho k>llowing !I<dion&. Ao . fu< each physical
loY'" 'tOnd.tn:I tho """""'P"'ding ph)"Jcol loY'" .IN<1Ure ill fu-.o ""pWned. For
Copyrighted malanal
tmJ-TtUZ! DttIr>ro lC ....10)'0" _ (liM..o do.woboo .
oN 0I'll ....... .. "'"f'
Ant <olio on '5Il.J.l: Mbpo and .nOll Mbpo
- IATMf OS'l Spo<Ifioo ........ '" _p AN cello on OS, m) ..
__oI l.""w.po.
IATMfDS.11 Spoo;I'- _ .. _ p ATM _ on VS3 (0) "
..-_ '" " .1JIi w.po.
IATWf Ell _ '" _ p Ano. ........ OS, m) ..
__'" 2-.... w.po.
[ATWfEJI __ '" _ Ant cello ... VS3 (nl"
__0134.1,", w.po.
..""' (l m
.. __01 ... IOIoJ>o-
[ATMf vr.:l " II SpraI\n _"'_AN .......
..
IAntl' "'" l4Gl _ "'...., AIM _ ... SOtoTT STS-IAc
.. __01I t Glopo-
IAncFlfTOr\ALol AN
I; _ ....
___._.... 1. :1. 1 _ 1
tmJ-te.toll 0.-._",.., AlN _ . _ _
""OSI. DS:l. EI _ n
T...... ... l
. _ ;1.. _. I I b. " INsr.>-k _ ATM..-ard. oISO!<.TI!SOH
_.. _.,..,..--
1ft ....... _ '-_ d-'"_ -. ""'"""""_
0SiW ' '''.d'' (I'UH) "'" <>lhn __ S, .d....... 0SiW H-.try lSDH). I'DH
Diud<s TOtI ! d hio,.<tqo. __...... .d ;., No<th "-icl, Japan "'" Euror<.SDI-I
_ '" I d_lor aptiaoI _ " INI'CH I J .,......, ..
....., AN """"- 'nit _ _ .. ",.-.a,- _ AN ...... Ih< Mi-l....,. .-
.., """"" .. IN"- n. Md. ' ; ... V cd .. OSI ..-ard. __
nw Io"' Io .. 1h<
Mi-l put. An'"""f"lr " 10 INOSJ..-ard. ..-oIwhidl... ....... I ' ..
S<d;oa U . 1ftINsvtt_ .,......, Ant ....... coori=d .. INpayload pan01 W<II-
-..... fnm<d _ . ""in, .......... ,.co A d .. S<d;oa f. lo.
.:'.... .
"""" _ ,A ." ,..,."...-..IN_ Io ....... whidl ..dipo.aI
1o tiuo. O"IK " <UCl!T Ih< _ _ . 110 io< . phaw b<n<oftn
_ 10.1>00. ", '-.... "' _ .. __
"""""'"' ..-Iement>, . lilh<clocb .."dffiv! from >insI" dock, whid> is .1""",lied tht P'i"""Y

In . plesiochrono", nelWork, digital transition> of two signals occur al ' .....f1y. tho same
The tum'plooioch"""",,' 10 dori vod from Gfftl< word 'plesio' meaning 'neuly', """'"
treabove de/initioo, For e.."'ple, lwonelWork"""""'"00 tho ..",. l'>otWon: can deriv. !heir
docb /rom two different dock>. n... two <Ioc" may be
occur.", bu. are sepMO'ed by small <iii"""""'. The dilt""""", lieIl wi<hina given !hrelhold,
and ill called ..... dilfetence' .
An ")'T\CJm:>nou> network is <me ;" wtiicto tho! d igital tr>....;tion> do "'" ,,",,' a' lbt .......
nmniruIl ...te, The", can be few v.ri""t>;" ..yndtroo<>u> netwo, b. For eYtnpJe, tile ti"'ing
information can be dmve<I from dilfe!ent docb whoioe dilfef=ce e'OC<'e<l, the ph.'5iocl=n<M.ls
d ifl .."...,. Altemotively, "art and stop bil5 can be """" 10provide liming ink>rmation to tho!
"'-"-".'ivin end,
4.5 OSI ATM PHYSICAL Ln m b n KHt:1
The OSI ;"terface (.0180 pcpu1ally <efem.'d 10 os . TI) cpt'r.ltts al 1.544 Mbp< ""'" tJ1l'.)
a blos. Figure 4,) ohows ..... Ionnat of a OSI home. Asohown in the figure, 0 OSI Irarne ;'193
bil5 1ong. which. is tran.'Unitted """'Y125mi<:r<Jo<omds giving . d... <a" of 1.544 Mbps (193/
OIl:! tr\fl . The first bi', col1<d ..... ill .-i for
and orhe, PU<J>05"O- The remainin.s 192 hi" cany \he OSI poykwl. The payload ill divM;led
;"10 24 v""'-"e dwu>eb. wherein each d\iUl,..1occupi.. <meby\<". The COl .
to 0 voice .."'ple of a parti<cla' user. n... OSI fr.""", a.., t""",""I"" organized in
hie:""hicoI . tructure. Twelve 051 h.""" f<>n'n SUperl........ (SF) wh;1e h omes (or lwo
lNperframes) f<>n'n ""Extended Superframe (liS!').
F1GUU4.3
DSl f_
t"
I I
051 fro",.

"-('''''_l
, I

[;g -,
1-' 1-' 1
1
- "1
IS_ l 11001 IS_ l
I! "'l (llbOol
The obove hame format ;, "" e<ample wh..-ein OSI <.me. dwmelized information. i.e.
wl>ef-e infonn.olion io divided;,,10 dwmeh, ATM <'ell> are not carried ;,,_
fashi on, Rather, <'<II, . '"dU'-'Cll y mapped irlt" !hepa yload portion. without "-'Sard to thoOSI

The procedure for ""'wing ATM <'ell, irl. OSI hame io detailed irl[rruT G.8(4) and
[ATMF OSI ). F;gure 4,4 skowo how ATM <'ell> . re "",pped irl. OSl lrame. Sine<.' the number
of byles ;" OSI home;' 24, while the siz< of on ATM <'ell ;. 53 bytes, one <'<II "P""" ovec
Copyrighted malanal
ATM 1.0.......
M>!'P'ng ...TM
C<lh inDSI
From<!
I'
DS1 F......
' 1
I'gl ... _...., 0 '1$"'1
,
-
,
.IB
,
-
,
-::IE
,
,
multipl< OSI fra..-"'1M "'lis a... bytt-o.ligntd in tho OSI frame and \lie efftlctive cell
trlUlSier rot. ill 1544 (192/193), i. . 1.53Ii Mbps, n.. ov..n.od per 051 fr&m< ill jus1 """ bit.
Thio bil provid.. varto... F3 1"""'- OAM functionll (.,g. 10ss of fnm< olignm<nll.
A., per I'"TMF 051LIefunctiono lil cell ",t<<l<rouplinsand",ll <l<lineation .... pmorm.d
as d...,.;Md in [1T1J-T 1432]. How ....,., payload ocrambling ;, not ollow<d. n.. .... of In.
d<le<1lon functi"", liry, using on HEC m<dwUsm, is oplio"ol
4.6 DS3 ATM P HYSICAL LAYER h TERFACE
DS3 'J"k"m> hove .. 0 popular tran;port me<tlani:lm 10 carry informotion between
th< <."\ISlome7 ond public ....two<ls. In..-ncr, DS3 (oloo known .. TI) ond 051
(which was d<oa'iMd Nrliotr) form a part of th< Nooth Amerlc;on D1gilal Hiet'uchy (NADHI.
N"'DH11 o"IDM hieurdly IJSOd in th< US or>d 'opon fo< biuldl ing vol'" chonntlo. Tobit 41
>how>the N...DHhi....1'dIy, Ao AAown. the D50 lI al the \lie tue<.1'dIy. and
""1'''''''''''' the dota rote fo< 0 single voice chonneI, AI the 2.j, voice <hannels ore
multiple""" to fonn 0 051 chann", Further, 672 voice <hannels (or 28 051 chonneb) form 0
DS3 chonnel.
NonhAm<riu.n
Digital Hierarchy
"-
U.U Mbpo
UI1 Mbpo
U 736 Mbpo
274,176 Mbpo
t
"

.n
=
DS:l is 0 404.7.16 Mbpo inter/o",. Figure 45 dep;ets !he DS:l fr&m< Iormol. A DS:l fnm< .. 0
mwbfr&m<of 41fIJ bi.. giving 0 do.. ro" of 404.7.16 Mbps, EodI multifrome ront&inll ........ N _
Copyrighted malarial
_
---
---
.-
I
FIW.....$

I'
--
, (6110"')
L _
01
....b-fro."... each wi.... ....b-from. "",,"'ining 6IlO bits. An M_ b-from. " further di vidod ink>
8blod ,. 0/ 85b;lS, I brt and remaining !l4lri.. to corryp'ylood. E"P....._
for """'" of !he ov.m...d field.... providod below (_i1>of .11 ov.m...d bit> c.... be found
in [ITU-TG.:>ll4])'
X!>i.., Xl ond X2 bits I'Keivod ..roM:! mullifrarn<s k> the r<rnore end. 5r<'cili-
colly biN')' v.l... of 0 indieoteo trnlI """, d ili""" like Loss of Signal (LOS). Oul
of -F...... (OOF). Alarm Indieohon Signal (A15). '" Slips.
I'_bl'" PI onoi l'2 bi.. corryporlty inI<><motkm.
M-bi.., MI, M2 """ Ml bits . re U><'d Ii> klc. t<l lIIe . ub-fr. m.. w;t!Iin m" lti fr. .....
A value of 010 1MI .. O. M2 .. 1 """ Ml .. 0) .. ",'10<1 m, litis pu,..,...e.
F bila: Fl. F2,. F3 and F4 bits . .. used to locat. the overheod bits within . oub--fra"",.
A value of 1001 (Fl . 1, Fl . O. Fl . 0 and F4 . I) is.-.l lor this J'U'P<*' .
Cbi.., U- bi..... U><'d In< opocilic P"'J""O"", the detail< 01 wlOCh ore ",," ide the
""""" oI lhi>I>ook.
Rerognizing !he wi despfNd use 01 DSJ 'j'Stems, the ATM ForumIwl defined .......,.. 10
cillTJ' ATM <e1 1Jl """" lhcm. The Ii ... stondirds ..lated 10ATM ov.. DSl w..... published in
[ATMF UNI 3.1]. How"".., [ATMF DSlI ."pcrsede> these- .."dard. and <lcfincs the lat""
lllOCh.tnism k> transport ATM <elh ov.. DSl tr.rnsmission 'j'St<lm>.
The ATM m 1>a.. mapped into !he """"-'!W<>DSJ ov-..dbl.. (oIIown as
84 inIobits' in F'5W" 4.5). .",_directly mopped inlO!he D5l Sln'am.
Rather. this;" a Iw<Htep J'TO'-""O. The ATM<e1b a.. lim mopped into. Ir..,.,. ..llcd the DSl
Pbysi cal Lay.. Con..-..g....., ProtoroI (PLCP) fra"", I""" Fi"", .. 4.61. The PLCP fra"", is !l>m
carried in the DSl Ira .
The DSlI't.CP fr pnwl<l..the -...... lOtt.....ml. 12ATMlk ...."'Y 1:!l5
(I. . 8(X)(l li ...... in a oe>dl and provides an _ n d . ... .. 0I 40.:>ll4 Mbps 18 bi..
5;J bytes/ l1 U lk/f,ame llOOO homes/IlCC). A DSl PLCP home 1wl12 rows of Sl bytes
each. Each r<JW01. PLCr frame Iwfou, ov.mood bytes, followed by 5l-byre <e1l. A trailer
ofJcnsth 13 or 14 nibbles, follow. the last row. II should be """'<I lI\at tI>o<-e I>"""""'""'"'"
Copyrighted malanal
FIGIJ.. 4. 6

"
"'

FlCP
..
" ""
,
f ..",. fo",..'
..
" "

..
" "
,
..
" "
"
..

"
"
..

"'
,
..
"

..
..

"' " ..

,
..

"
,
..
" "
" I I I 01
-
(.3/ .. ....) J
"- '" ..od
I I ,I . I II .1'
....<:1'........ POI POt! ....<:1' p_
{2 _I (1....)(1....l 1"' _ 1
_"""..... "":'-'- "'_':"="'"
rel.t00nship hootw""" th< beginning oJ t DSJ PLCP i,.uno ond that oJ th< DSJ Irai'll' . Th<>
PLCP 1.."""I\ow""..,is al...aY" nibbl with. th< DSJ I, ......
As """"" ill f igure 4-6, number 01 field. are p""'" ill th< PLCP apot! fromth< ATM
<'f'Il>. Th<> of ..ario... fi<l '"1"'"""'" in "'. PLCP fra"", 10 .. f<>l\ow$
A-byt... by.... AI aOO "1 a", ... '" the val""" A l O>.F6 ond "1 0x2S and
u.-.llor ira"'" a ligrlm<-nt.
o POI bylft: Th<> framing byte .. followed by th< Pa'"()O'......od Id<nlihor (POI) bY"'. POI
.. u.ed to id.'"ily th< 'YI'" 0/ rath0vem...J (POHIbyle. In <>thor wwd., the interp.....
tion of t.... POH fi<ld is 1..... on t.....valu. 01 th< POI field. 1M ..arious POH fifld. a",
..p lained below.
o III b i, int..I...W<I byw. IIY" III is us! fo, p.th. r-rror moniwnng, It COf\taim th<
lIit In......V<d <>kulad ov.. the 12 x 54 by!<' strurture, 01
th< POH and the &SO<X."iad ATM ""II. of th< previous PLCP fr.....,
o (:1 PLCP path ....... " This bY'" <>rrie!I the r-rror monitolin)l inI0nn0bon in th<
Of'P""ilediro<tionoitro....miooion,i " . in "",.-"",_ d iro<tion. Byt<CI .........
o/a t-b;1For Illod Erro' a l -l:>i t ALttm Indi<>bon (RAI) . 00
' don' , ..",' bi... 1MFEIIE bits provid rounl 01the 1111'-8eTron. Th<> r<-ibl< vol.... ",
or" 0 I!Irough5. If FEllI'.is "'" implomtrlted, . 11 bi...... SOl to I. V. l.... othor than_
in "'" rango lHl. are tre>l<'d ..(Ierro<o. no. RAI b;t .. uood to Indi oot<on 01
foll"", atong the 1"""
o C1 cy<le/otulf """nm- byt<: Thi>byte d<lflmi..... il th< PLCP fra"", <nd> or 14
nibbl... Njbbl<>tuftWg 10 d.,..., to .Iip> the PLCP fra"", to . DSJ fr. "",. Njbbl<>tuffing
moyb< d"",,""...-..y third &""", 01, ......frame<y<1< >pOnning 3751">. n-..Cl byte
0/ th< firol frame in th< thre<--fra""' cyd. i>coded to aUl"..nd il1di<at... lnIilor J<nsth
Copyrighted malanal
m.
p

H"
! 'H'm t
>

,
Fl
1PI
-,
c
,
c
h1
1
[H'"
f
s
]- ! 'r f,a t

;: - :.:: - 1s $ f ... D8"
r
! : if

i' '!
'"I'
'"
!:! E- l
rr
,
'Hf/f 8 1
n
hrura
,



I-'-
IH r I


.. ",
. " !' 'H
1'"
,
[
a e 5-
Ii.


HH
. , d . I
"" 2'" , I
" -
pl' I
li
1
P
H nn


i
!l 10
t 0; ..
II .!


I
"!'[ ;' i'
0
It > S' ,
Hi, i
8 " i-
I:

"[

<
1fi
1
Pi [un HI
il
,

,

dh
ur 1 i
l
' 3
'-
10 i Q, f
I
f lCllU 4.8

ATMC.u.
inII Fro""
<dI tnnofel' ,..1>0 ill 2-ll46 (30/ 32). i. . 1.\120 Ml>pt. The timeslot 0 if, uoed for framing
and OAM functions (lih RAJ andCRe... procl""",},rim< o1ot 16ill for oignolling.
the d<"lail> 01_ are availahlr in [ITU-T G.!lOj,). A.o per [ATMf El L TC functions like
<dI nrte deroupliJls. ""UdeJin<ootion ""d payload ocramblinso", perlormed .. deocribed in
[ITU-TL432].
4.8 E3 ATM L " U K INTlKfACl
1leold<s El, EJ Iinb are very populo. in Europe EJ opentef at 3f368 JCbpo. Eod'l EJ /nme
contaiN _ en byteo 01 _ and 530 byteo 01 poyk>ad capacity (56 59"8). and ill
\l'iln$rt\l tted 1251".
IAlMf EJl definet tomap AlloI""U. in an EJlnme. This mappins it """"" in
4.9. A1M.,.IIs bybHIllgned in the payk>adport, The explan.otion01""""" overheod
byI<!o ill provided below:
f .......Upment (fob) bJIeE The byteo FAI and FA2 a.., oel ro the volu.. Al .0>1'6
and A2 0:<28. and uoed for fr..... alignment,
EmIr moniIorins (EM) 1>ytr. EM byte .. uoed for error monitoring. It ronlOiN the 81.
In....leaved Panry-3 (llIP-3) calcuLated over on !>i.... including the overheod bi.... 0/ the
125"" frome.
T<Ol1 In<e (TJO 1>ytr. This byte 10 uoed to _it 0 mU __ p<>Int
idm_.., that a tnil receiving lftmin.IIl con wrify ilo contir",.d ronnecl:ion to the
in""odedtransmi_.
MoIrI__and odaptotloro (MAl bytThis byte carriootile om>r 0\0I\iI0ringInformo
tloIt Irltlle opp<rillte dlre<tlon 01transmiooion. l.e. in dire<tlon.
N_opo,o"" INRI byte h lhe name ouggeolO. thiobyte illa1Jocoo.d
specific toindividuol neIw<lrk openlorll.
General purpooe communlcatlon Channol {GO byt", This provideo a channel for_
..... 1"IJP''( .g. 1<1 provide da../V<licechannellllN!Clion for
Copyrighted malenal
ATM Nrhw<bc 6",l """"""' . ,'- _
M.l pping
ATMcdb
ll% in E fum<
.-
.-
A. per IATMF 31. TC funrtiorul Uk< ",U rate decroupling. ",II d.tinNbon ond p"yload
"",ambling. a,., perfmmed .. deocribed in IflUT 1.432].
4 .9 F Il,\(. TI lE! ATM L WEIl INTEIlFAt: E
Ap." from defining!h< meaIIS to carry ATM ",110 on full n arod Ellin... .... ATM Forum
.pecificabon IATMF FRA Ei /TlI.1oo defm...... means to mrry ATM ",110 at ral.. of M
Kbpo or multiple thereof (up to maximum 01 30. giving: a do.. ra'" of 1.920Mbps). ThiS
may be done ""'" Tl OT El inleTf""" or any olh", in","a",. For ..ample. it the El in","""" is
..-I.. any of. the 30 p"yload channela con be used for carriage giving da.. ra'e of. N"MKbps.
The signaUing ch.1ru>eb l'S 0 and l'S 16.", no! used.
The mechaniom fOT sud> a tr""'PO" is similar to thot discussed in Section 4.5 (A1M
over OS1) and Secti"" 4.7 (ATM over El ). Thus. the TC functions hke ",U ulederoupling. ",U
delin<ation ond ",U ""rambling are per/ormed as described in IITU--T
4. 10 SONET/SDH-o,\sw ATM L \\1'Il I NTEll h KE
Synd\ronouo 0p<icaI NelWOT" (SONET) arod 5yndtronous Disital Hier..-chy (SOH) are
"'lerommllIli.calion alandaTds for lran>missioo l>ased on opticol I" 1'Il:l5. SONEr
was rorlmved by Bellcore. a """,ardl wing of the bell """"ponies
Suboequently. around 1990. !h<Amerkan Stando<ds !>uti"'", (ANSI) I<><molized the
SON[" , land. Td. Bein<! on ANSI . landoTd. SONET is pnn-w;.ly used In North Am,nco lor
carrying bil-utes based on !h<North Amerkon Disital Hieurcby Mbps).
SOH. dewlope<l by flU-T oround 1990. is ,tandMd oimi\ar to SONEr. How........ the
majOT _ ..... SONET orod SOH loin tho!r <Iomoin of. opplicabiUty. SOH is
on in""""tional otondaTd. it ..... 0 much wid... _elL In fa<!. SOH is used in m_ po... ot
this world. barring North Ameri<a and 'ap"n. w ....... SONET is p""'0lotlt.
Copynght9d maenat
"

E . . .
d : : - [l
" .( 13 p i If :;' . a : .... .. . It
1
m
; ; I"
...
" ' , R' " 'aF I , . ""a c
,i'\ . . if ; : a 7. 11
-S"P _!! _.
1 . s .t il" ; ""19 ""
, f " I j " I e e z
_. . '" 5'" a il:t
t.n UH
I ' :> 5 " S' Z s -a e a =. a
; i z[ _ J ;: n."2 ! iJr
" I I' '' ; ' Hl' ' a h" e
..
"!H I, !<j[ I'll .
"" ,! l h 'N IHH r U
0
nh Hh ml FH
8
<
, i l,p ' iH:, h i " >
'"
,
i h d !f Wi lIt!
Ii:
3
H. , 1'1 Up'" , , mf H, 1
I
C i"gj .- lr f
_ .... 5 ? ... E:t .5-.... oil u.
r.l
c.rrieI' levelN (OC-N) . AI ot>own in I/Ie I.Oble. SfS.NondOC-N .re signolt. I/Ie
d i!fer-ence bring tlIoI SfS.N 10 on electrical oignol. while OCoN10 fur optic.l . ignols, Two dol.O
,.leo, viz. _ d.1.O roleo and effective poylood d.lo ",teo . re . bo ot>own in I/Ie T.1>1o 404,
n.. di!fer-ence in II>< twov. l""" ocroo.rnbl for II>< overt.Nd bytes included in SONT fr""""
n.. bue. ignol for 50Hill dilkrmt from tlIot of SONETon<! is referTed to .. Synchronous
T' &nSfft Mod. lev<!-I (SYM.J ). All;" dNr fromth< loble, there .. noSDH equiv. lent for SfS.
I . This it beeo th< SDI-l _ 01 STS-3. OIIwrwioe, th< , imple m le (SYMN STS-3N)
defIneo II>< ppint; ---. SONET tr""""- ..teo ..-.:I SOli tr"""'-...... Both
SfS.N _ SThlN oignolo Wll>e oub-dMded to a ny I<rwft 'J'<'"'d <1' .."".... The lost two
<OIUmNin ToI>Ie 404 giw. II>< OSI _ DS3 f<>t SfS.N.o>d SThl-N signol5- This io
lUI importont ospect of SONETI 50H stond.rds, be<._II ....1P" in ....rnJe.s int.....oBang 01
roetvrorb f<lIlowinll <Iifte<'Ill 1Uer1ll'dUes.
4.10.2 SONET Frame Format
All urlier, SfS.1 f<mllS the bue signol for olIlran8JniMion hued on SONT
0I.0/'0dMds. The ST'S-I signal it corriedin . 9 x 9() fr , which- ;" transmitted periodically
every 0.125 mfllloe>r>d. This implies tlIot aooxJ /r 're oent ev...-y oeoond. 0.... to II><
, ynclu-onouo ...Iure of I:ronorni..m. 0 fro"", ill ....,t ove<y 0,125 mo m.,.pective of whelli<-r
u....., is dolo to l>e _ or not
The ba>i< SONET fro",e Iurrnot ;" deplcted in Flgu.. U O, Eo<h ltame ..... 9 row. and
90 _ wi'" ood'l row ........ <IumtI 011 bybo, This gi _ ' total d ... ..... of
s _ (SI"C)
.....)
.-
' i

Copynghted m \enal
o

I
3
I
:I""'" '" ci' _
E

\0'5' 3 "' l oil ,- Z
"' 1'1'" _ .
:I
e es
;q

.. ;0; ' _
-g.;.. U i.! !;;"
's if,. ...,
H [! ;
, !I'", ;:;
""9'_ .. :"'I:""' :r
rl j
;;
-re i! .. Q.
a e e

la

'I'
J

1 "' '-z
l ll n ' l.h , . f f , _
H ' nuruu

q""',', -s l"q"h ; . .
f f! Ii i: 1fj-r [[
e ... i
pt
'''- fl' :h"h-i'
3 i, g s.e ", 'lI
a
,, 0r!f
;.l 1 .,IH""f

:::j
,. <>. "" ". " " li. '" -


.l i " l ." ;[<;"l , uul" <0<1'
. ' ." " ' 1 ''''I' ''' ,
5 "& " ... g:

-
i;:l
'a "'-' ",," <,", " >
es P vi" c-l
![ ?
,: ",Hf
i
' , ,
,
"j.. e 3 -'!, -:
II J If
II
F'Gun 4. 11
Tho f"'h<>t<"'"' _ ..y...- GOn bt ro mpored lO th. ..y "'" _"y...-lO d.,.
link ..yer. It"" ....b-..y.r lO lho _ "y..., and fi""ny he poth b-..y... lO!he " pon
I.y..... This C<lmpori""" is import>nt l>e<au"" lho knowl<'dg. and ""J"'rti.. built in unci...
, tanding 051model can bt used 10 an.olJ"'l' the isou,," 01the k.J, _ I.Y"'" of lhe SONEJ
ph)"ical t.j .
4. 10.4 Mapping ATM Cells into STS-3c Frame
In SONEJISDH hieT.",hi<s and fl.m. fonnols ...,... ..pl.ined.
This ><'<'tim elsbor.... upon the infoem.ri"" I....dy provided <Illd details the """"""'i>ms of
""pping ATM <ell, lOS1S-J< fr."",
[ATMF UN! ) .1) <ltfi..... . """no tu COlT)' ATM ""n, in an SlS-J< fro"",. STS-3<: "ream is
mulrip\exed and ,wit<hed .... 1'Ietw<><k ... ";nWe ""rily. Th;" is Ir<>m SfS.
J. which ha.th"", """"",N.SfS.b tlul c.n bt in<\tope1\d....Uy added or dropped. Sn>-J< Iu,
I"ylood and SfS.J< <"""",.dd ocdrop. port of !he poylo.>d. It shoukt.lIowev....-. be
noted !hoI both SfS.J< . nd Sn>-) hav. lhe ..m. , " e (155.52 Mbps) .nd !he ",....pon
ov.rhN<t. How""..., only on. "'" of p.th ov-erhNds is n.....ed for STS-J< poylood ","veiope.
This red........... percent.ge ovem..d in .n STS-J< from. Thus, Iht Sl'E """ ' 1"1ll overh.ad
""Iu.1 to Ih.lt in one Sn>-t fl."", I. . 9 byte. .nd not V byte.-. Then:tore, the space
. v.i..bfe lot ",If 1'"",."",,, fl."", is ""1",,1 to) If1 9 - 9 23I.il by",,", giving . d. ta ",
of "'bps (Dll) ' 8000' S). 2.14(1 is ....,.., in"-'!V.I multipl. ,,( 5.1, a <0>" .....y <t<_
,he bound.ry of S1'E of one STS-:lcframr to Ill._.
Fif;U'" 4.12d.-p\<t> the tum. fonnot oISONETSn>-J<, .. defin.>d by!ATMF UND.J!. As
...... Ir<>m the figu..., Ill........ IIl.... ca''-'l\0nes of ove.-h.ad Iry viz. .... ...moo ov...liead,
line ov.mead and ll>'l"lh OVflhNd. The _ ove"","" .nd fi ov.1hN<I "-'!l"'fieT ton-n
.... ..ansport ov d.
Th. sec';"" "' liNd. appli<ahfe . ... a. follow",
A. bytes: Al And A2 held. in.ht SfS.J< ... .-lot fr.mmg. Th. poltem p......,1 in
field. At <Illd A2 indic.,.. the begirnIins oj fl.m . The poltem in by'" A1 .nd A2 is
"'" '" tARJ2Il for each oj .... STS-l>.
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
- -
I'
!'' O' _l
I
-

..
., .,
.. .. ..
" " "
-
I
..

n
"
"' "' "'
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
C

C ..
Q
"
-
-

lOL- ___
0---

Cell> in 0 STS-3<
Fnuw 10
J ....... " .12
Cl: 0-.. ""'" C1 (SIS-I ID) 1ioW .... o...,;q.... idt.-, '"_ of .... S'fS.1 in ....
srs-x.
I I """O-""""" l lJIP.Il lo-.l __ no..llbjYof<lllly'"
lint SJS.I io_, no.. II bJ""'oflht oflhtSJS.h .... _dotinod no.. ....l>iotof I I
p" N ' I _PA"ltJ_ttw.... _
.. _ttw If col<uiaood
b)'1ht __II """"" io""......, IF,,,,,,do _..-. in ____
no.. ,. ;;r II .... -.:
II ., no.. ..... bJ""'HI_ H2__ _ _ (.. .,....J _iIytot
ofltoo bogihli"S ofllw 51'- no.. bop SP io bop
0 1.0Id H1 _ H2""",01"""Il1o """ SJS.l_"""-' no.. HI_H2bjY
of ..... SJS.1o 4'< , __ n:b<.o""."- .. O>IOFF.
iro<IIoms' _ of SJS.I, no.. "'""""" bjY H3 of _ of ....
SJS.lio.-"" ..... ... h; ''",It f ...
J2 "'"no.. l>yoo Il2. (lIP..) of_SJ$.11o.- ""........." .............. no.. IIINI ..
__....._01... _ . ,I 1_"'5I'E__
"'.... &.n..
A..-..be: .,".*_<. __, bjY Ia 10'- "" _ ""...
...... -., 1ioW"'_..., .......,,_ "'""
_ iKOO..j"""' ..y __. CWy .... ....
.w....d, IabjYof""",ttwlint SJS.I io_,
GniowIIo""" Tho so-..,.,.1210_"" porbmonm- ......... It ...................
d li Io.. .........- .. ttw"J'j .. di.-d"........-.i.r, ""'"
.... -- --
.'I TM Nthv01k<: Ccnc",," and p",'<XO/.
--- - --- -- -- ----
The HI ond Hl """'1i0T>"d arove. indic.te II\< pooiOOn of the!" th overheads' wl1icl1 is
ft>IJowed by tre.m oJ ",lis. Only on< "'" of!" th overhead, is ""lw..."j ""d is ",r".med in
Ih< !"thovem...dCOYftSpondms ro Ih< fir>t SJS.l of the SJS.3c. The pplic.hie field. of pith
overhead .re .. follow",
JI The receiwr uses one by......te p.1 oh Irace field (II ) rovertly the p.1oh
This held may rnntain a part of !he ATM nelWOrk odd.... of !he sou...,.
8J byt'" The byte Il3 (811'-8) is lI><'d for I;"e otro< moni tori ng. 'J'M 611'-8 is r.lcula.....
over.ll the bib of II\< previous SJ'EbeE""" S<TiImbling.
Cl bY"" The byte C2inrhea........pplng of !he AThl wilh;n !he payl""d b<'kl. 11 is...,. k>
o, 13-
GI byt o: The byte GI is ...... ro 10!he .....roe some informali<>n to enable it k>
monitoJ the Iolal path. 'J'M bi.. I throullh 4. F.. End Biod Error IFEBE). indic' ''' the
<OlInlof the numberof bi" in 113lound ;" error.
A. per (ATMF UN! 3,11. the TC functions bke <ell rate d<roupling. reIl d"line.lion and
p.1ylood .crambling, &re performed a. d<SCrihedin lITtr.r 1,4311-
4.10. 5 Mapping ATM Cells Into STS-48c Frame
Ap.on lrom IATMF UNI 3,11 'pecif"-"'bon lho. provides !he means to carry ATM cdl. ;"'0
SJS.3c Irome, theATM F<l<umh.to.pecifiod;" IATMF PHY HCltheme.onsloearry ATM
",II> .. much higher " Ie ('11.4 Gbpsl. For 1M 0; ' <Ilff.!n>t>t 1)11'"" of Medium
[lo,pendenl (\'MOl lNb-1aJ'fl" .re defined that .re ba!Ol on !lingle-mnde fiber. As lor .. the
frome fonnol l is oonmod, it.ili a 4= , 9 frame, with 141 col umn< oI lran.pon""em...d and
the res! earrying !he Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE). If this is rom!"red with theSTS-
3c frame shown ;" Figure U:!, then lhe 9 rolwnns of "anspon ovemeod is "'Pl.>cm by 141.
implying a lfi Ii""" in<f'e.ose. This is clear boo;a"' le STS-I3c hal 48 SJS.I In . oonca......led.
f...won.In !hesrs, wliile there is only""" rol umnof p.1th(>\'e, h..d, tlwe' re fifteen by"" 01
h. <d , lUff in wlllcl> ATM ",,11> are not ratrW<!. F," r>......S"oI A1M ro;ilo, ' "",,1 014160.9.
37440 byt.. are .v.il.>ble. This provid.. a 11 ..te 011,3% Cbp.. For details 01 ",II format
. nd oveme.d bytes, the reader;" _ to (ATl\.1FI'HY2-olG ].
... 11 UNl n RS.U Trvr AND Ol'i RAn o....SPHY
Ir-.TERrAl'E l'OR ATM (UTOPIA)
In the section!I n umber of physical I.>yer , W>d.>rds for ATM were e.plalned.
')"he,;e ..ond.rd. t>osirally"'-'fino> the .....ns Iorony ATMwi. ""'''' the phyo;r.t
medilU<l'tJuCl\U'e, How....... _ still>dards prov>;\e no guideline., to !>ow the ATM layer
and. physical layer ..dlange d... ond control infomu<im. In other word" no stond.rd
interl..... ha, beer>. defined between lbe ATM ""d the physical I.>yer, Moreover, In on A1 M
SY' I"'" thaI ha' more than """ phyo;r.1 I.>y'" interl....., there is . need to d<fu>e a 'londard
Copyrighted malanal
ATIdPHY .,k'tf..,. for all phY'">' Ibyer .,""'''''''''. ATId F""",,', UTOt'IAio a ."'" IOw...d.
fulflll;"S lI\i' .-
Un;.......1 T"'" o"<l 0p0Tan.- PHY In.....I""" fu,- ATM (trIOPIA) ;nf<'</..,..
betw..." Ihe phy>k.ll.yer (I'HY) and the ATId loyer, The .imof this .pecific. lion is todefin<.."'.
a oonun<JfI. """",,,d ir>f<'</..,. befw."", th. ATId ""d l'HY lay.... of ATId sub--systen\S, For
thio, various rel._ amgutali<n..... d<'fil"l<'d .. Mown;" f igure 4.13. Thio 011",.. &1\
ATId (.oyerto..sUr in....-t.>ce with the wide r.A!!" of opn.-availabl. AMtlIer
mo!ivoH"" behmd approving trIOPIA io to ,upP"rtdalo r.""'from .ul>- lOO Mbl'" up to 155
Mbpo, wi ,h rommon inmfa<'<', requiring only .n Il-bil..nd. data ",th.
The ronIigur.1ion in Figure 4.13(0) i, c.ptured in ATId Forum trIOPIA t.....-ell opffiIic.!ion
(dlip-to-d up illrerlace)[ATMF trIOPIA LlI, Lt-v.ll .1Iow,just one I'HY to be with
one ATM layer, "'inS an Il-hrt in.....-I..,.. Th. phy>ical layer st andards ",,-.....:I under !his
..arodard include Mbl" (SONET/OC3c). Mbps (SUllO!! rod";). 100
Mbps (40/58 TAX!). 44.736 Mbro (D5--3) ""d 51,1l4 Mbpo X:'l).
in figure 4.131\ i.s <."",red ill ATM forum trIOl'lA lRvel 2.pec;fIca.
tion IATMF trIOPIA L2]. Lewl 2 . lk>wo mulhpleW>g of multi ple PHY. """" one IflOPiA
interlace, In .ddition 10 Ihe phy>icallayer ot.m<Lords supported by lRv.1 L Ih< lRv.12 s' o...
<lardspecifuoo a HI bit illmf.", 10 support lin..."'" . 1622 Mbl'"
FIGu.. " .13
!-!_.
""

UTOPIA
""foren,.
Conf'gu"hon



(01 ..ult l....TM-PHY
-- -
The ATM """'mUTOPIA L!-veIl .pe<ifi.._lATMf UTQI'1A LJ Jp""'id.. fun<tionalily
oimllo<to UTOf'lALev<-1 1 . nd 2l>ut f""\' - hig"'" do'" ..res. T..... "'. thi , end. '''' dolo
path is """"""'" to . up p<><ta 32-1>11d.ta po'h with..-, up to n Gt>ps. The d.ta . . .... are
tin tOetpoill ATMfurum l1TOI'IA Lo-v<'l 4spo<iti<at>or> IAt'MFL'TOI'IAU I
Copyrlghled matenal
.'11M N<h<wt>' C.m''''''' 'o4 1'roI?"'. _
For d...11s "" rontml . lgn.ols."d d ata . ""tv.l\i!o. l!Ie _ is n>ll'I'n'd 10IATMF UlOPIA
lll.lATMF lJT(WlA 12L IATMF UlOPi ALJI ...d [ATMF UlOPl AUI ,
11Iis <hoop," disat...,j 'M rhy<i<ollml<r <f""'AIM ProIoooI kftmta Mod<!. AI 1oy<T. II...,;.
"""..,.. is ."...... "" Mot ATM mI, '"" """,TrW.".,. ",;" I.grh!l'i(dl liU
nrn, f llEJ ,04 SONHISDH wi_, "';0' _ifiutU...>. f .. Mil P""","", l7ll-1.nd AIM
f"",.. ""'" tkjiw""riom, 'f"'<"IiaIi<m" .. d"",_ _ I;"'. Apmtfrom "", 1,.okT.I.o 41"",,,,,,, no
Ihi, AI M F...mJ= J4i>t<d ""'.Y "'htr .......' dJI ....I, h ' ''' ....1W>!t .. i" ..."'.
11K pIo!l' icId ' ,". ' pori, .".." from lilt 111m.".,' of AIM ctli,. 10"" Ill.. prot'idt ".."",,*
""'''''S''''''''.!lIriIily "" Ilwl ""..... fo. 11> onJI -8"""" ""...,.,...,. "'. b<"1'"""'1. I. ..g.rd,
SONfl!SDH mul. '" is 4.11. <01""''''1:''''"', .....g tod' _ ""' ..gtm...., '"WOrl.

REVttw mONS
Q I . WM' ' .. 11ft I.,,,,,,,". ' ill.", 0. "''''yi.S AI M <rl4 __ pkyoic41 Io>y<, i. ""fi'a' ? Co.
AIM .. _ ...... ' .yphyoia>l "'Jp? e;"..nmpI<o of"'" loyros .".,. ."'"*
AI M "'II' "' "'"i<d "'" ,",,""""IS.. <f doi .S ...
Q 2. [%pI".,lIt ft>/I g ""'""
H...ur["",C",,1roI
CtIl Rail Dron.r!I' 8
Ctll $<,...!>!i.8
Q 3. WIIoI'" 'ldll 110' .001 '. """'g>t<d ctll.? Hew 010 J'O" Jilli.8"M h<"""'" "'" two?
Q 4. WIIoiI iI tilt Ctli Dtli..... ';", """,,"""? I. Mis f ....'tII. ... " p/<i. ","rly tilt sofrp.I nI. ogoiMI
fill'" ,.i..tI80"",,10 dllt 10 Int........ ,.J"8"'""ftd" dtl,,,,,,'i<m a"".8....Y"cII""'iuti<m!
Cam""",,,,, !Io<v lilt ,uI"", ofALPHA rmd DELI A ojJm ",isIlIip",,"" rmd "'"'I"':!I_.....
How "'" ArM Crib ""'fI"'I "" ,litjiJJ[o,..;'8 l4yn mlrtfoc4:
""
=
"
..,
F'lICh,,>W[llTl
S'fS..l<

Q 6. WIIoiI iI F,..,i<>moi um ood """, do AIM m l, """'f"'I""" ,,? If iujrWw...! 11 I,,,,",
ai"",. 'i.",,", >101, ... ot'Oi14W<fa' AI M "-"(""y1"". J 6110 sIoIsllww ""I ,lit
AI M ctll, "" "'IIimI .001 """"I.".,. it?
Copyrighted malanal
Q 7, WOol is UTOPIA! WIuil is I/o< _ ,,,,I "," ""' itrd il> , I. trdao/iu l""? "",",1 . .. 111< imp""....
"","1> ;" ""'ious UTOPIA kr!<1,>
the"'....p"'" "'.. ba>od on d iU. """ ITIJT.nd A1M Forum . ..nd..ds U.."" irl Table 4.1,
Apart fro<'JI tI\;" r.- _boo"" IATM W.G<o,a"lUl .nd IATMM. l'ryckotlal'lO provido good
rov...ge of !he topi<,
.,
Copyrighted maklnal
Chapter
5
ATM Layer
5. 1 t." TROIlLTn o!'
ATM Ia}"'r is lh< rore lay... of ,.... ATM protoooI ..""x. All lh< fun<t;""'] ity ....,.,10011<>
ATM is p..-/<><m<d at !his laJ"'f. H<n, lh< nanw of_lay Thiolay... moltip....... """...1
...... ""U streams mlO . m .... d domwtipl< a' II>< d<>tinatioo. A' II><
in"..m,dja', f'>O<l .... til, ATM I. y tra""I. .... lh< roMection identifi.... (VPI/VCl) and
portorrno <011 . ...itching. This lay al>o hnpl""''''''' me<l>anisms k>r tr.ffic poIkin;; and
>nll"'tioo Indkali<Jn.
'tho ATM laY'" ....,,;v... fmm II>< of'pef laY"" a 4ll-byt. payload. I<> ... hidl il aPl""' d. a
s.byto ",U to fmm a <>yto <oU. Tho <011 ......d.. >nlao-booOd.. 11>< VPl /VCI
field--otl>e7 fieIdou.. lh<cd! pnority payl""" typo?fiold and -.otror <l\o!dfield. Tho
forma ' of lh< ",1l1\eade7 ., lh< U..,.N""",,",l In,.nare (UM) is d;_ , from tho, ., "'"
N"""""' x N""""',k Into1i. ", (NNI), The diU""",,,, is duo to the fa'" tho, somo funct;on;l lity
requi "'" at lh< UNL is not reqoi"'" a' lh< NNI. [ITU T 1.30l ) provid.. lh<",U ....a&r fonna'
al UNI and NNI, Thio chapter elabora"" u pon the f, a"", forma .. a' UM and N NI and
mentions tho difftonmu l>etw..... Iho f""",to. This chap"'" 0100 IIlenliotts "'" of
tile ATM 1aJ"'f.
5.2 ATM CELL H I All l l<. STRUCTL'R[ AT UN}
Th.- .tnI<1u",of cell h.ader a,lh< UNl is shown m Fisu'" 5,1,1ho5-byte stnl<1ure ha.the bi'"
in lh< ... (from light to lefI) .nd I.... byt<-o m"'" ........... in;; """" (from "'"
to boltom), Th. "'a""miMion of bib 10 k.. pI"". in de<re<o.ins bit-ord... ""d merea'ins
Copyrighted malanal
F,C"'" 5. 1
ATM C<U H.od"
f "",,,,.., UN[
(ilTU-T [,MIll
,

m

....
, ,

0 ,
, , ,
"
=

, , .,

r ,
That is, tho <i>;hth bit 0/ tho li r8l byte is tr """",' lIod fi",t and Ii... t bi' of 'he fifty_
thiI'd byt< is transmitted la'll.
-."tho ""II heO<l<or hold. are drt.liJed. note IN, ,,,,,,,,, 0/ , he p""',bl. ""II .....det -. ,....
are.....,.".,; 1moolh g.......l<d "' thophy>icalIaY"" n,.",. physical " Y'" c<'ih haY< va \!PI
.. 0 and . .. id""hfi.,j by tho h , bit of Ill. four1h byt., which i.... ro 1. Figure 5.2 >1>0,...
tho <ell hNd val""" wlUch ed lor the phj"S,cal lay.".. A. ahady ..pia;""; in
Ql.a1"'" t , the ida. c<'iJ is used for c<'iJ ra'" d""""pling, l'hj"Sic. l1ay DAM cell.... used lor
""""'ll""""" p u,!"""", and id.ntift.d by the Ioum. bi, of. tho Jounh bY'" which. is... to I .
n.. Ia.. row ""try indl< ofhead.. volu ,od1mlh< physl<a1 lay", Inn which
a.. "'" ro be d.tin<d. n... bi.. markd 'I" ind;c INt th.... bi!> ,re avoiloble to tho phj"Sical
loY'" lor various pwposeo.
f ie...... 5.2
c:uHuol<,
V, lunR...,<<d
lor rhyoial Lay<'
--
................ .-
_lor.... ......

_.
i

"""""..,

,
5.2. 1 Generic Flow Control (GFC) Field
F1owConlr<Jl lGFC) fi.1dis u"llor Ilow"",trol_ond..Y'....... and
the AIM .-..tworl<, TIm fi<>1d is used onl y by tho n<"!wor k rolimi, the am"",,' of da'. ini<'cted
by an md"Y't<rn, n..... is '"' /low <mlrol in Ih<rev""" d or<ction,
tho- """'" 01CFCd<f"""l. upon tho "",,!igor. boo oIlIl, ""d..l"""". An .oo..\,>"",,- <an
be ,i"""<onfigur<d..<m!f<>ll<d oquip"""" or unoontrol1<d"'1uip""-'n' , GFC proc<dures ..,
Copyrighted matenal
111M N.t"",....: e""rts .,,"P",W>I,
-----
no! used 10. u"""",,,,>II<d "'lui I'm",,' , FUllhe. , <'ach ATM colU,<'chm /rom a conlroll<'<l
"'Iuipm1' ....y he """ roll<'<! '" uncon!rolkd. GFCm<'dlani,rns can b<klS<'d only for the ""lis
..rn by a "",!roIkd l<'rmi<Won a conlroll<'<l ATM ronJ"ot'Choo , All orlle. cell /low, are """I
with lhia ("'Id .... lOID:lJ. Very kwirnpkm<nlations . uppu:l thi' luno:1i<l<ali!y ar>d h"""', ....
'hi' hold ....OOJJ. 'The CFC """,Nnism .. o' length in Chap'.... 8,
M 5.2.2 Virtu. l P.th Identifier (VPI) . nd Vi rtu.1
Channel Identifier (VCl)
A' the UNI, the cell he.od<'r contains iUl 8-brt Vi""al p,th ldenhfie. (VPI} field IU'o<I a lMoil
Vi""ol Otan",,1 !den,.:fi.'. (Va) fleW, whkh c. """"lO",loy/.witcl\ ""n . How""'",, "'" oil
".lu.. of VI'I and v el are avoilable 10carry , data, Som. " . Iues . ... """"",<'<I for n<'IW<lfk
....nas""""' t pUIJ""'I'S, while some om... are ..-.:I for speci fic ATM layer lunrtionaH!y,
The ..........."" volu"", of VPl /VO . .. calkd I"" "g.... val u... The pre-assignt>d VPI/VCI
v. lu.. a.. shown in Table 5.1 along with the tunebm they pel'form,
TAlU S,t
""
'" '"
va .8 ,.vCI.31
"
"

Aor V(] 1... I N_ 2)

,
,
,
s
,
Anr va ".I... I"_:f
,
Any v M , .1...
Anr VM ..I...
Any VM v. l...
Any VPI ..I...
"or VPl vol...
"
Any VPI val ue
(""'1" 0)
Any VPI ,'0.1...
Anr VM v.'u,
Anr VM v.lue
Any VPl " . 1""
Anr VM v.l...
"ny VM , ...
lJ......goed CoIl
Inv. lid
"' iyulting
G I bro.d"ot . ;gn, U"'g
Po ",,_lo-pomt . .....mo .
s.,;""", OAM H Iiow celt
E.nd_"'-'<I OAMH no...- ,..1
Sogmeot OA'" P5 flow <en
(Nolo I)
0<1__ OAM .-s no...- ",II
(Nolo I)
VP """""" ...,.. <en
ve ......."'" ' <en
(Nolo 1)
........., "" l Ulu ..
VP fuoct .....
Ileoftved I", lut u.. ve
lunrnuno (Nolo 1)
Rooon-od ""
"'''' " n- ..... ... d; ............. In.. u'" ... "" .... ""... 01 tho poylo>o.d
type ..
"' E"""t VCI v".... 0. ' . " . .... 1
1't<-a",ilJ"d
VPWClVol"",
IITU-T 1,3611
Copyrighted maklnal
ArM lq'I'
The v. l.... of va Imm I 1h""'1Ih J l for ...y VP1 . nd n<>l U><'d for diu
....,..,.. VJ'I _ 0 _ va _ 0 io UM'd for ind",ahr\ll._ g>WmI.The An.! Loyer g..."...,.
"'-lI"f'Il <?lIB w..... rt .... """""I '" _ '" u... """""" Loyer. UIt!< _ Ia!",," ""f'<d& '
"""timoous _ m of cello. thon 1Iw ArM layer, In 1Iw -.of.ny ..... do... ""'P" on
om<Iin&""- cftIa. A' Ihod<o.tiftotion, 0-mJo .... not p-.:I on '" 'ho higtoo< Ia!""'. Th.....
...-Ya-l cello .' lIw An.l Ioyw.........Im, to idlt <0'110 0I1Iw phy.iall JoY"_ '"'''''
va _O.,. ...y .. . . VPI - 0) io """ _ .nd .. .. Invalid _ _
The VO _ I ior ..y for_poll,.,.Theva . 2 .. .......Gl for ro-<&!
_ "tMJ.., and va _ ! .. ...........t lor ,...,.",."",.1",.wI;., . The " 19'"1' '''5
.... ....."._ ... o..P'" l l .
Tho va _ l .-l va to luI- ..y ....... of 'IPt. an'.........-:I/o<..,- OAMH f\ow a-ll>
.-l _ _ OAN H _ .... ""f'"< b' ol, . nw..-QAM _ for Ihr
_ oflhr ......... poIho. IIw__H
for a . ....." . of . <..._ ...... wlIilIo Ihr _ _ 0Ar.t H _ .... .......... '" <MIl'
_ __bottw-lhr_.-lhdt.....tioo..
_ mil _ _ --.I Q.\M ............ _ d<fIrood for "'" 'rimool _ . s;,.." Itooy
<arT)' --....... h VCIhoy _.:.mod on h.-.. VC .....,.. whi<h"" <MIl''-'
_ n-mil _ idool<bFotd bJ ..... ". lIrU and ...pLoinod ill ...... __
IIw...au.. va.e .., VI'I .. ,..,.<4'" \IP..-.... , <rib. n-.... carry
__ _ ....... WIOh ...._ """" cNo liiOi<sof Ihrvvtu.l
poIIL Tho a.,. cwlI .. _iortrofll<_...
... II . d "" Owpono 8. IIw va _7 lor all VPI .. --..I .... IutIon VP "-.-bono.
SimiIorIy <hountk.Iht ,. .... ,,)Iy......of VQ
7.Aio<>,I" _ . __ "'_........_ .,. _ VC

__.... ...-of _....--,. IotVl'l_ fWldo_ oX"',a.."'" l>J ......

.......--.h __""'-., , ....... loooo...." bot oPn< J ..-aNy.1t
__ .... b;o" ...--1o<
_ VPI _ va "'"""" bot Iho _ .--"""' LO' . 10< 'IPt. Ihr bMo oM. 1 J_
""P' '' . 501_by1Ii' _10< YO. _aIIo<-.t -.....w""P' .. lIiI Sof _ bf'"
.. Ihr ..... _ . .... "'" "' _
A _ ...' . ... l __0I0inC all tho of Ihr VPI _ va '" it>
diopoo.aI 256 """"'" pooIw...... .s.5J6 _ _ """"'" polh. ' n . thO'
........... , ' , ,,., 'IPl/VC1 f;oIoio 1Yd__Ihr _ '"< ..-"' .
5.2.3 P3y1oad IP'T} Fidd
n- 3-bio _ in .... cwlI '"'"'"-ito ...,.. It>< I'yp< "" "'" poyIoad in tho <ell. Tho._
_ of _ hyILoad Type IdoottliIIoi' (rT1J _ -.. in TobI< U Tho p<-..e__
..._ of m _ore"""""
Ii"" """1I0f)' _"",pond, lO""" <kla cells .rnd "",,"irullhe top k>ur ffim.s of u....
ToIlle 5.l- Th...... IOthos< PTI ,.I.... I!I.l' have the most ,jpUncan' bit"'" to
0, F.>r this ca"'l\O'Y, , .... S01'ld mos' . igni tic",,' bit indk. .... whem.. i. b<-ins
or ""'. A "I... of I indica"'" lh.o.. <.'OfIg"'tion .. being ""perienreil while . vol,..
of 0 ;oo;c.o.... tha.lhe", is no rorIJl"<lion. II an intennffi;" te node""""v,," ...,. da ta rei! with
"'.. M .... 10 I . it should initia'" mgesbon oonlrol """",Y,,,"" Abo. an iJ1 t<-rmedia'" nod< !hat

__"'. ilI.,p<n.r.Ons rooge:<t>on _ thisbit lO 1 fur all th< ""'going lb. The 1<.<1 significant bit
oI lhe paylood typ< field r"" ......... da.. cellcarrie>ATM-.......-to-A1M-\1._ indic.1ion- M ,....
..,""'" """- lIti, bi t .. p..-llc the A1Mlay"" by the higlu.-r laY'" .Ions w;Ih tt.. ",1I poylNd.
This bit is arrinl ....... Ihrough. the n<twork to the d""tination .."""" it ill delivel'l"d
by ,he IITM loy.. to the ypP"" lay.. along",irh. u.... cell p.oyhod. an. pooo;ible .... of lhis bit
is mmtiuned in OIopl<'< 6 w!>en the "AUlay... is di o<u8$<d.
u.... ..... ",n, ""'<>ptri<'nct'd Ant-_
AThl.u;er U>d!<>"" . 0
u.... da .. >ng<8tion no! ATM- O:"
Am......, m.!;nhoo . 1
u...- dolo cd!. ""'8"""'"p<ritnd, A1M. .........." 1M.
UO< 0n<b001Wn . 0
U_ d. " coll ..hon p"_, ATM_...,",AlM
.-mdicohon I
OAM F5 "ll"""" ....,a"to<! <en
OAM F5 end_.-..cioto<! II
V<;; ...."."" ""''''g<'''''''' ll
kot NM< VC
TAOLI S.2
- = .
Th<l' ly\GodTyp<
1<1<0,,1... C<xImS
IITUT 1.3611
YfI_,
00"
""
""
""
""
,"
, r c
, t t
r..., ....... '
--" , .
'The""""'" category ... I <>p<' ids to data ""U.. Thi. cawgory """'.i",, P11vol",..
tha, hove moot "KJUfiCiUlI !>i1 "'" 10 I. f oe this ca"'ll<'ry. the Inle"<pretalion of tho 1<o>t bits
;, ;ndepomdonl pn-vlous A, In tho '.bIe.tho va lu.. 0#100 iUld 10l
itw;!;,;.." OAM I\ow .nd. OAM P.lend.-t(M!nd flow "",pectiyely. 'The VC
managemenl cells"''''' _ , poylood type field ... '0 n o. The VC field """""00 f<>r fu' u" " "",
"'" payload type held ... to 111.
;.2.4 cen Loss Pri ority (eLP) Field
'The ...J>;tCen u.- Priori ty (CLP) field ;' used to . "Sign tw<>1e'vel ptlority to <@I t The
""US wi'" CI-P bil ... to O. "'.... p";"';ty ""'n IlIe 0./10 w;th 1lIe;' CLI' bit to 1.
Tfi..., at th< hm<of """ll""tInn, wh.... th.... a", "",t.,IlIe cd1Ji with CLP bit to 1 . re
...bjo>;t to d"".n;I. prio' to ",110 with IN, CLP!>i1 WI to O. The. field is not ...... by "",is
8............. by th< physJeol b y... F.>r ,"" physicol b Y"" ""11,, this bi' is alwaY" "" 1<1 1.
Copyrighted maklnal
ArM l.q<T
----_. __. -
$imilorly. "" .... _ll""d ..... _ bif .. a1wal"'" '" 0. II .. """"'Kh" bd _ IIw
pto..-..,..... Idl< ...... ....t "'" ATM ""-IC""'! .......... _-t.
-
Tho An.llayor alllw........ ..... _""",0... upon IIwprionIy
.. IIw .... I k> if an iII-"'" nodr ill facIntI; we,. "... ifllw .-
itoolloncd .-. 1Iw IIwClP toil .... bot ......... _0"'I, In _ .... ... prionIy
...... <4'11 I k> co , "", a_nodr_ IhoClPbit "-1"'0. i-e-.
.... t1w otll bot .", d. Thr _ ClP Iiold 10 _eopIaioood ill
a.,-,
5.2.5 Error Con.roI (HEe) f itld
Tho I0o<I tll lIw'" '"'*""" p" Nida <41> ....... ror><rol ....-bllw- -ebyOft
<JI1lw<4'11 "-'of, Tho HIe 10 _...,.- "'" Ilw pnbod alllw " Tlor....,..
.-ain&_._"'__...,p.-biI....,.. *II Tho
dooWIo <JI HIeprod..- __.n....-d ill CNJ-' 4.
5.3 ATM HU DU SllfL'l- '1TkE .n NNI
Tlor 0In4CftIn'''' ..... ......,.. at .... 1'\;1'<1 is ,*"",,, ill Fill"'" 5.3. Thr _ io ....,. oiaWu '"
t1wc.o _ albUNl.......", IhirI_CK: fioold is doN away with and
_ addod ",IlwVPI fwld, Thuo, _ VPI fioold al _ NNI io til bitsl<nf;lh. whorNs a. UNl.
_ fioold io '" 8 1>i.. \rfIl\ 00.11, Tho GFCfield io ""';!1ofd "' IIwf';N1bo/cauIo< if tIw amount '"
dala injWW" lI>t .....-.rl is ronlrollr<L .........ithin 1Iw............. _ """'-M bot .... ...,..,j
to<nfoo-<r oudo. """" ,if n..... n >ntrol. How"or,""",,, <10 ... fl<>w ronrml within
tho .......ork. But 1M prlmlh,? fl<>w ronttol provided I:>y I..... GIlC 10 ",>I ""tfi<i<>'ll f<" ouch
>>,"," . nd tho h.ld ..... don. away ..-1'"
F"'..... 5.3
ArM COUHudo,
fomN,,, NNI
mrv.r lMI ])
. , .
, rr

-
. ,
, 0
, e
r
,., CI.I' f

ArM Nmw...; C<map "".,_"',. "'_"''- _
The reo""" for add On! the ul ling bits to Ihe VPI IieId .. ' lraightforw.rd. Within the A1M
.........ott, >ru><ctiona from 1individual UNI ronn<cli""" a", on a
link (_ Figu,., 5.4) , Slr.;r Ihe On"'trnOOiate nod<o musl NCh >nn<cIion uniquely,
,tworetieo1lyIhe ",..imu", virtual >nnt<:tions A1M. witd\oo mu" bo equal to
(or g<uk'>' 'hanl the ,urn indi"idual con<>o<tlons .. UNI In th.... Ihe
numl>o1' of VPl bits at "INI j; inctWoOl'd by 4. 1Mse .dditioNl bits . Ilow c<>nI>e'CtIono ftum
" "," mo", th.n on<' UNI to b<merged "" loa single NNI ""d stiU.Uoweachof the'-""""'Clio to
bE tmiqu<'!y The inrerp""tion dlhe ....I of !he field , in thecell header for NN1, ill
the ..."", .. UNI,
Flcu.. 5. 4

'"
,
0
..,"'-
Mul' iplexonS

"
..n. .... .. _ '
of Scverol UNI
["""ooeaioo,

D
" NNI
i
I

____----.J
5.4 ATM Ln'fR
The luo'><h<ma\ity ,n the A1M 4y..- ill much on"", than just the v.l...... 01 ' i><
.. in """i><.d.... II , ....ge. _ si"'ple like "",11 C\>r'lStructi<m
"""" Cumpl<'> like con1l"'tiOf\ CUO'l lh>!......!fic """'ilOrlng; . nd p1<)V;ding QoS. The
va""", A,1M Ioyer function '" di>cuso<>d b<low.
5.4. 1 Cell Construction
The oonotrucb<'" 01the rei! .. don<' aI the A1M I.yer. The ATM layer re:Yiv".1rom the uwer
I. yer . 43-byte p.ylolid, 10which ;t append> a 5-byte header. fill, in the neress.lry v.l"", in
,he header """ ....... to the phy>i<.llayer,
Among the he.>der field, th., are filled, the VPI/VO v. l""" ..... determined using the
..ored in Ihe lransLlhon ..ble.t the A1Mlay.., The v.l"" 01the
CLP bit is opeciIied by the US<'r, If I'lOl .pecified, . d<f.ult v. lue 010 ;. used. The I'Tl M id is
determined by the higher taJ"" proce-JO, req.....rng !he "..-..mi...;on oIl"yload. The HEC
Held is Iilk-d., Ihe
Copynghloo maklnal
ord... k>. pp""""re h"w the /l TM I.y.. ron.m.ct> "" /l TM""It consider the
API' l"""" idod by A1M "Y'" (" P"'" jrru-T UI\I !>
ATM OATA """iu,,", (ATM-SOU. ,u!>mitte<! """ p,.;"nty, in<I ,c.tion. ATM_
usec--to.ATM-use<in<Iicahon);
A1MOATA ;o>(\ic. hon (A1M-SOU. ' ''<lic.Iion. ATM u"' _lO-ATM_"",'t
ir><lic.tim. _ ..I>..... L<... priority).
f rom the APb gi_ .bo,... i' is clea , ' hal , he laY'" pro. 1deo the "''''''''''''''l'
inform.ti"" k>It>< ATM Iaj't'f k> fill the v.riou, fiekl, of .... A1M",11 , l:lepom<li... upon t1,.
IUJ;;heI Iaj't'f prolOCOl ' itti,,!!.bov. the A1MIaj't'f, ore0' more l"'..m<I...... . re det=nine<l . Fo...
...mple. if AAL'i sits .k,... !he ATM I. j't'f . Ihm!he ATMo"" lO-ATM-,,,.,. Ir><l icalioo I
...... to ' pi/y !he "",tin"'''on/'''''' "" AAL'i f,."",. fur _ , /\ALa. lkiB lid<! ill not u.."j,
Simil.r1y."""" fiekl . ..bmitt<d hso priority .....t """S"'bon in<I",.tion>m. y01 may not
be ' P' <i/ied by It>< hi&he" lay... protocol. If u..y . re no' """,il;oo, thedd.ull v.l.... " are ...."j ,
5.4.2 Cell Multiplexing and Demultiplering
The A1M Iaj't'f multiple_ ",,110 f>m v. ......... Iog"'.1coonO<ti<H' ",t"'g the VPI/VO field
""k> !he """"'lying pbY"ical medium, Th1Iocation of b.m<!width d. pemb upon Iho
<XlftM<'tioo I'" rom-.. fj "."j . ,the tim. of ,hee<>oneclion .... bliromc'n'. Any Ire'"b"ndwidtlo
i' di .trlbuted to v.ri.,,,,, ""''''''ding "'''''''''''i'''''' by "'ing """'. I.;, A' ,....
"""iv' ng end. the A1M loY'" demulhple>.. ""lis .nd ....-.,; , 'hem ,..... kJ 1M . pprop ...
Io}' er protoool.,
5.4.3 Cell Relaying and Forwarding Using VPl/VCI
One of the bas ", functions of !he ATMl.yer 1.10 "'P"'" the VPl / vavolue 01an inoon" ng
",II 10 n.... VPI/ VCI val" . o.p.."'dinjj upon the type of (vil'tUJ.ll"' th """'ection
.,. virtu. 1d-wtnel eilher only !he '11'1 val... or b." h VPl / Vd v.l.... re ,w.pped,
The mopping betwe<on incoming . nd "'''going VPl / va v. l.... ill mainta ined withi n.n A1M
owild>,
Al"' rt /rom VPI/ VCI , w. ppin&- !he only """" fI.ld th.o' chang.. during !he rell relaying
p"""""" ill the HEC li<-Id. 1Mv.l... of thi' field d.'J"'I"IBu pon the """ ",", of Ill. ",II d ,
S;n", wl,h cN"lI" in vPl/ va fi.Id. lho.> v.l of HEe .Iso ch.nl\t'S. HEC m b< ....
<.kulak'<! , This ...... kul.tion of IlEe ;, d t the phy>ic. l Iaj't'f."<l "", .t lhe ATM I.y .
5.4.4 Interpretation of Pre-assigned Cell Header Values
A> """'t"""", e. rIier. a number 01 pre--a";gnl h.ade, val"", are """",,I for special
pu'l""'" rell" Thill in<Jud.., .mong """" types. the Olr\OS>i gned "'lis, the relI, carrying
IIi gnaJhng inlormahon. OAM lIow rell , . nd """"-J"'" .........g........", ",11, . The A1M I.yer
diffe.renll" ", be1w.... ....... ""'10 and ..1.<0 appropri. te action.
Copyrighted maklnal
5.4.5 Support for Mulliple QoS CW$e5
AIM provid.. multipl. QoS d . .... to the u..... whirn .Ilow. AppbcAtion> "">in;; v_
""lui ...""",,,, 10be , urromd. Th. QoS ""Iuired by the . pplic.. tion ill ..greed upon "t the lime
of COt1niion "".blishm",,' . n-., in"'""!i..t. ood.. from. the 8OUt'CO to the destination
"",int.lin, .mons o\t1., ink>rtna tiot m'ppint! from "'" id""bfjeB 10 "'" QoS

"''''. para"""",,,, The ceUs ArriVing on .. link from di ffennt <'<II"<\Odionget Adifftotmlial
depend ing upon "'" QoSparamet......"""""ted ,..;th the 10wbich "'" ceil belong,
5.4.6 Param..' ..r Conlrol
Th. ATM lay.... monilO" ..rn oonnection lor ..... """""'t 0/ cells injeclt>1 in !he network. Thill
. moun' mus' """,-in below. certoin threshold value, <lef"'nding upon !he pa" _ o/!he
ro"""Cfion. If II,. _ ..y in"""_",110thon ,....v. I....f;fWd upon. AIM network
, .,.. 'PP"'l'riote me.,u Tho ....... u.... include dn>pping <>I "'" ""lis ' in _ 10the
v. l"" or t.l.o;gi ng ceUby c","nll' ng !he CLP bi' from G10 I . AU _ ..........",. ....
wilhm !he purvi..... 01 Usa!\" P.,..mete, Oontrol (UI'C) ""d ..rt' delllill in a...plff 8.
5.4. 7 Explicit Forward Indication
In c.... 0/ the network., ..part from employing cong..tion ro:ntrol m. ..' n1' . .. ..00
informs the end-"""" About t he iIDpending rong..tion. This enabk-s t l>oend--uoen 10 >low
down th , wh;ch ' hoy in;ect the ",,110 i nlo the ""twa.k. tt-.em>y olln<;"ling !he
"""g<"'ion .i' lioo. If ""'W"''''''' is d<tecled, the AIM loy ""'" the serond bit in IN
payl,"d lyp< "'1<1 o' the "'''''' ce-lis to I. This p_ is to as E>pIidl F"""...d
Oonll<'"""" Indic. bonfEFCll.
Wh"". ""Uill on m w. y to d<.tiNlion, no ilI"'"'><!dill.. nod. can""'" the ..lion bi'
from1 10O. The indic.tion is pmvided onl y ill ...... d irecbon in which ..... "'lI, . .. "",..lhng
(I.... th. /(ItwAm di""';"n). n is tho 01the_..._ ......-J..l"""m 10""I...... "'"
><)u,-w .J<.... down the d.... , . ...
Th;, ,,",pItT """,,<ltd "" """"""" of I... ArM 1aytT. Tht r""''Y """""' of tIu! ArM 1aytT ;.
tfji&nl m"IIfl'kn.J <f ArM <:til, froro "" rion, ""'.tel""". ft<i r ,Iioclrl"", of ...
"""ntdio." o. J """",,,I..... .., 1M11"'ffi' "",, _I is lJdilnwl Ill. Som' of _
""",cis 'n' _.iltd i. 0 ,.... 81lrOffic m"""g<"'I"tIl! olUl CMr''' II 1"J""IIi"J/.
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Q 1. MI.;." 110< l"H"Sig'MJ VP/IVC/ wi.,,' EJ;pJ.i ," "",h _..-pI<> 1!Iey ... >td
QJ. W1Iy do '''&''''''1OAM F5 flaw e<l1,'.oJ 'md"""'d OAM FS flaw ,,11, ' Ml h""" 1""_
....,8"'... VPUVCI ",,11...1 H""' .... ht'M Wo'i{W'
Q 4. W1wI "" 1M""I"""on!ji",rt"", <if tilt ..11M J.iyff1
Q $. Midft</J> of..11M MlIINJn <an Ir< maiijitd !tjo " ..11M ""' Ichl U><dn """'I condition . "''''
d... /hi< !OHJdifi<otimo 1mpili' qldin to .....iI.
,
Fot delotls 0/ I!Ie "'P>ct C<W<'n'<1 in tltio choP""". !ht ""d..- L. ",lerh><! '0 (lTVT l 36l )
which pro._ the oft!>< ATM b y.... AI"" from !his, (At'M W. eor.bki l.l""
provKlft !!ood of the ._
Copyrighted maklnal
Chapter
6
ATM Adaptation Layer
6.1 I NTRODUCTION
11>< ATM Ad'pl.ti,m Loy... (AAll is ........ 10map 1/'0: "I 1/'0: .ppl""ti""" ," ,.....
..,...;"", p"wid<d I>}' 1/'0: ATM loy... . Allht""'t, 1M AAlloy... talt'sd.1o pac""'" from 1/'0:
up!"" 10)""', """'v...... Itwm in'" 48-l>)'b! l"'ylo;td and (IV.... '" 1/'0: ATM lay'"
A' tho d lirn\.. 1/'0: __J'f'X"du... "ke< pi..,. otId tho",,11. 0" _bled IO/onn
hig"'" loy d.,. packet. This proo:ess of ""8""""tali<>r> .. tile '""'''''' and ...-nllly .. 1/'0:
deoti,..tiM is tI>o primary to.... of the AAl 10)"",. H""'......, di_, . ppli<.tior>, ()if .
d ifIererIl lype of tr.>ffic '" 1/'0: "",,"wi<. In .,.<1",'" ....pp>rt ouch d iv""," .ppli<.tion>, "'.J
v.un" of !be O<I.p"lX.>n lay..-.'" provKlod. Cu"""Uy. AM... . ... d..,ned. They.",
AAlL AAU- AALJI4. AAl5 and AALO. This eNp"" elabor ..,. up"" 1/'0: lUOod. fe."""",
and stro<tu", of ....... diU""". 'YP"" of AALo.
6 .2 SERVICE CLASSES A'i[f) A TM LAH R
11>< "'Ilotliuti"" of 1/'0: AAl-o is _ "" 1/'0: """""" of """,l- cia. ...... A ......ice c\oso.
d.h tho cha,OCWrisbcs 01 troffic off<'n'd by . n 'pphc.'"'" '" 1/'0: """"""'Ie 11>< vorious
p .....-wrs.......-J '" "./fie .",
o Ull JUtr. This is tho ..'" 01 .... !fi< """-f by opplkotion l<> til< ......."'Ie It may b<
.i....... 0" "",,",on' bit ..", ex "'''''ble bit .
o Tlm;ns 1I. 1.liomohlp: _ of til< .pplkoti",1S re>juire. otriet ti",inS
ltie '0'"'''' and til< E"""'pl.. (If ....ell oppl".ti""" ;,>cIud. v<>lc-e
and vid<o. How........ typi<. 1d. ...ppooliorol (.1\- fTI') do not ""lui'" otIy limlnS
.....lionsIIip.
Copyrighted maenal
ArM A4qt.,"""
-'6.1
- """'
:'oomot......
'dvve+;p
,",,",,M4

-
_. _. _.
- ,
_.
-

-
,

-
--
- -
- -
-
T

---
--

-- ---
-.l

leu _
-
_. _.

_.
_.
AAU ar.- ... _ ... ....- bol .... _ ... . (Q...."'.. ... I ' !'oed Ioct-.
mol.., OL __ __ol doloy.""-' ''' " WI
= f'"'I'" otod '" _. ......1iOo.:.ip_......
AAll F O' _ "--bll4.......tJI= _ otod bot .a!6<-AAll
_ _ .. A.ALI ....... __II_........ ""' _tJl _""'
raIIl- Mco_, AAll ill _Jd>--.d. , .4'" .\All . _tJl_..,c+w",4
_..
AAUH FO'lCIc. b =.__' 1. ", ..-. _ _ _ , ..- bd
.... _ ......... ApArt fun<bcnolioy Ii1.or ."'.. ioo otod,. obIjo,
1J,ll14 F co' __ ...'bF'
_ -..... .
AA:..S 1"'" 1 _ b ..... _ tJI a.. C -. II 10 wry _pi< .\Al
wid!. -r Tho"""",-,,' t'oIn<*- tJI AAl.'i to
obI, _
I " " --'-; .
I : ........- ...... ."0 : lIYS
, '
! I I I ,
S:ml : S:'>d::I :

I
i
3
1p';
!il h!h

" rl m
\; c

a!'l ,

}-a<C1l]
:11

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t
i
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" < ;5 .o1 "l.!i






;-,<.q"j'
..2]8'"
',,l'J l'

liP
0, P,.' I
OJ,1

. ' w _-..:r:l
-


';;;'0::0.
I : "'M' '
:Ii 1+li171J
IIIII r ! I I
, V1- : I , i
I ' I ' ! ' ,
I '
,
. . - .
-----'--- , .
I
- --.-- ,
I
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. , .


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_.,
';
1< 0"' " ,
..
'fl O<
HHiiHI
"

,I'll
't: .:! - e.fl]
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;e i,';;:;'1 ll ; j

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l '
I I
t
"
II I ;;-I!:

y!
" 'h
.;ji"i ...
::l': i ""
J
!
6.3 ATM AJJAI' 1Anll:-; I (AALi)
Tho ADoI Adope-.. Lo,.... I lAALl ) .-lor.,.,.,...,. bot _do..
II n_oilltd _.-nd 01 ....- ._. Tho fIU. l ' " . , '-... [fIU.T U63.1)
_..... __"'... p.' .. _""tNAALllo,.... ........ AAL..,.."
Thotr"""of_d.oIo __ ...-_tool ... __....--,._
.....
Tho_......... -......... .... .. "'" -...,._ -..-
Tho_of -....._ -.....,.
Thomdoc-... of ....... on<W<I-." _ ._.0" .,4 "" AAL I. if
-
Tho iio' __ "' docl
'.4O ' OI _' _lotr _oI
ii.. "'" Tho __p',.. ide>tN IorEll'Oiidot ..<__, -..AJI_
......... dotN""'.'" ...- lUBE of __
In_ ... _ _ ,Iioii<td _..,..,.......... AAli .d1..;<kd inoo .....
-......la,......-u. 1ho Sot;i'W'iCOlI< _ - "iN) fSAR) _Iho"""........ s..o.
Iovn (CS). Tho......-of_out>-Ia)'EiS_oIoboo.l>td ........,
6.3.1 and (SAR) Sub-layer
ThoSAIl ouMa,.... in AALI """"'f'4>' blocks from ..... cs, oinPr bye<
'-""r 10it k>"""' . no.. 4lH>ytrMJU. whick_ ..... payl...J 01. c.ll.
io pa-.d 10 ..... ADoI loyor. Thuo.. ..... SAil loY"" do<o noI porform any 00ll'"""..ti<lrl . r>.! ..,.
-.nbIy fun,:.iorw,. and ioIe> an ..1=1. misno<nel'.
F;guf<' 6.3 "h<>wo , ho " ""'"' of ..... SAR PDU , 11>< fi"" fOUl 1>; .. ,>1 ..... SAR-r OU ""ad,,,
tho (SN) field. ThU fi<oId ">nod,, ,>1. C"'w"'lI' '''''' Sub-I. ,.,..
Indic. tion (CSI) I>; nd :4>it ....."""'" num"'" 1i<1d lh.o' nwnbcno from IIto 1. Tho> I."
lour biloof tho b<ad. ..""t. ;n thoSo.j""""" Numb.< I'r<"""""" (SNr ) r...ld. whlo;-h 10 ...'!'dlo
proI<d ill< SN fl<1d. 11>< SNP fi. 1d ..,....... of :l-M CRe ""Id and parity
-
Tho "' .... SARMlb-Io,.... to< AAll .'" .... m""' riud _
hlappl '-"'_Tho SAil __10,.,.. provkko "'"l'P"'R-..... ..... 0 and ....
ADol II,...., ......__ SAIl. out>-Ia,.... P"P"dIl. _ .....
0 """ pacU! _ from 0....:1 ...,... _ to ..... AIM 10,... AI !h< rtO'iving
-...... .. _ ANJo,....-...oIf .....
__p-.s ..... ..... ...
50<1-. --"8' ThorSAR .-..J.aJ'ft p""' __
____.-n&tN).todSN li<id. ThoSAR......."... ............ - tIl"-.. .....
otqo-oR.... _ ,
..ITM N<luw'" Ccnpt> ..... . ,_ ....,',, '
FIGU116.3
AALI SAR POU
[ITU-T I W l]
I ,
"

.. (....)
-, I

". f41_)..--J
" ,
CSI, """'"'- __.-
SAA, ...... _ .... n .,.,
block ' 0 the SAR sub- layer , A' the receiving end. tl>< "",ero< proo:eso oceut'Il. i,e.!he
sequence number ron' ainod in theSN field ill to the (S. Thisseq""",,", number is
then u>ed by !he (S to dete<;tlost SAR-5OUs,
o Syn<b..,ni...tion: Thill Junctiul ill performed by usins theCSll>itoftheSN field. The use
of thi, bIt for synchronization is exploined Iat..... in this...mon.
o Enol p..1ledion: The SAR sub- Ia)""" alooprovides for error protedilmof the -Hoit SN
field ""ng tho SNP fioId, W!IiIe oending. SAR PDU. the ,..,.,.... <;aIcula the <h;bum
. n<! pia<.. it in the CRC f_. it cakulateo ..".... pori.,. Jm ""''''' b i.. 01
,I>< II<-""", .nd wri tel in tl1e eighth bi t.
The =eiver .... lW<> mod.. oj "l""'ation: C. """Ii,,. Mod< ond Oe""'"", Mod< (....
fi gure 6,4). In ,I>< rolT<'<'bon mode. singfe.bj, e"""" Noerror <OlTeCtion ill dono
in !he d..""tion mode, only error <....elting is performed. The receiv.......... in !he e<lI1'<ction
-
Flw .. 6.4
R..,.,ve'
0p"..' iOtl
_.
[lTU.T L363J]
,
---

,-
_."
)

.-
....... .......-
1_s...- __1
._..... -

In t.... rontion mode. t.... ,ecei,..... examines the SAR-POU head..... by checking the CRe
bi llo and tf><> .-vm parity bit. 1J on error ,s deleded.. the rec<'iv..... mans" its mode to the
d.-... mode. lithe error in the .....d..... is . single-biterror. the error ;" col'<cW.o!herwise
Copyrighted maenal
______________________-""'.M,, ""' . '.".- _- _
tho SNfu>ld is de<lar<'d invalid. In the del<'<ti"n mod., tbe SAR-PDUl\eadn with on <"f1'O' is
dedoTl1o 1>0" on invalid SN IieId, H""""".r. if . header is found without on error in !he
dl."leclion mode, tbe <h.I "ll'" its mode tororTl'Clion mode. Tobi.... 6.1 ond 6.2show the
"P"'" tioruI 01 the """';ver in lh<<X>n'e<."tion mod. and the d"""<'tion mode respectively,
T.su6. t

I'Jiri"i
Aill,,. "" "'".,,,
"'" f"' ""
, " ,

; " P
,

Op....'i"", in

No .iol,"""
No .,.,.,...,;....
C""tm... ;" """"""""
Co",ell" n Modo<
..-. bd.
IITU.T L363J J
N"""",,
"......".'
Sj"';10 bil ron<dioo
Swildllo <1 __
on ')'I'd""""',

Docl... SN va hd
b.
v;ru.,;,,,,
C"""'" p"rity 1,;,
'>witd> to ......._
0".1. .. SN valid.

No """"lion
No .. ,.,no." Switd> 10 <I.........,.,
mulo_M """"
". unoon 'oct.M.
D"d..", So'! uw.Hd
TASU 6.2
eRe p".;'!!
Aaw" "" ... " "',
lWeI.''' !<" ",,,



Op"r>ti oo. i n
b. No viololU>n
No eo<nrl;"" _.
Swikh to
D<ttion Mod,
D"d, ,,, 51' Iid.
-
llTU-T I3M.I )
"..-z.",
11001>_ No .. ,.;<;on-
C""'u",,, .. _""
Oed . .. SN in' -olid,
- b ..
v"..,"'"
No >n'lj" . ""'''''' _
C""'",,,,, .. dtlli""
0<><.... S" ;,,,,"id
-
Non-u",
!'Io v\olotion No 4""""1.. O<1ion_
C""'i,,,.. in d<11ion
pee.... >N in" ahd,
-
6.3.2 CQoverl':ence Sublayer (CS)
Th. pnma'Y functioo of Ih< CS i. 1o mail1l. iIl 0 timing "'Iolion. ip b<Iw Ill< ..00 nd
,.... .....,;...... CS <10<> 1>01 odd .ny hNd.. to ,.... t<on>f<rrt'd d , l"", d, i t p" two
fi.kIo---1o oequ,"""" number ond CSI bi'_ Ih< SARaJoog willi the 47.t>yleSAR_PDUp"y'
bod. Theoe tw<>fi. kb .", filled by th. SAR''''''''Y''rin ' .... SAR-1'DlI heodeT/ d i........-d in
' ..... p......iouo>e<tion)
Th. fu.-.;ri""" of CS fur AAL\ . ... oumma"""' .. foIlow'oo
H.ndli ng u Ud.l.y 1heCS is ""'l'O"Sihle 10< hondling ull d".y,arto-..
ooru"""sduringull traM... [)"lo y VON tionooccur whon the time .. _ by ...... u11 1o
Copyrighted maklnal
ATM N,'"""k;c Co."",,,.>01 Ptotocol.
-- -- - -
""",It the deotiNlim ill not equal to the lime Ii>I<mby 01""" re/h.. llUo inequality r-.I..
from unequal J"'O"""Sinl and delo.p in i:1!ermedillte"';t<heo. In order 10
hond.. ""n deloy vo""tions, It"",,," .. "",i:1'otned 01 Ill< deotination. whooe oiu
d"J""'d. upon the ""I I dela y Vllriolion. All ",,11. 0'" written 10 this
buIfee, from which they.,.. rt"ad . ! <:onstonl hit rote. Howevee, il ill J><lO!"ble thet when
!he hits ore read /rom !he bu/f"e,!here..., nor enough bils in !he bu/f"e, In.uch.
oi....._ (""lied thebuf/ee utoderlIowl,llmay ho.-ryto_.ppropnatenurnboor
of bits to "",intoin b,t <Owl! i:1tegrity (i.e. the number oi bytesbe. oi
47), SimilHly. in co.. of It may be """""''Y to drop Ihe oddllloN.I
numhec of],;ts from !hebuff.,..
. er.dntl' The ""'t""flC" coun' vol... J>O""f'dby !heSAl sub-lay"" is p""-""""'<l of
,hi w.-loj"ft fn dete<lloot 0< _ <eIIo. This oul>-loye<rornpensa"'" lor the tool
""I.. by dommy SAKPOtJ p"yhods and diocards the Jl'Iis.tns<ned <eIIo.
Tlmin8 ;nfonnotion " onof.,. ond dod< re<OYcry; For maintolning timing relationship
betw<>en the ....der ond the ""-"'."i _. """'" fnlonnati"" ill ""l0ITed by the la_fur ;' to
he obi. to mainloln the .."", frtquency .. fIle formtor. Th is lay.. provld.. mochan.......
fOT the tron*> of timing Inforn\ofioon ---. AAl.1 M_ . lor dock
r<'COVery.red... iled la.... 1nthis oection.
r ortu tty. fl Ued cells: Und"" nrnmoI cir<.wnst"""""' unb! 47bj'''' of the SAR-PDUP"Y"
lo.>d .re filled cell is not lrorwnlrted. Fo: opplicalions ,.;th very low d.olo ..""" this
may ........It in ..cessive .-rnbly dcioys. In orde< fn cin:unw,,", !hill pr'Obtern.. AALl
ollow. portiotly-nlled ".n, to be """,,"ift!. The val id by.... in. l"yJo.od 10
detennined.t the lime oJoubocripfioon (for PVC.) 0< fixed via signalling (lor SVCo),
SfrU<f'IIl'<'d D . .. 1r....r.. In<>r<f.,. "'o.pport N x M Kbpo<iJ'<uits, 0 medI.oniom
c.lIed !he SOT ill defIned. SOT io di>cuooed la"" in !he -.
6.3.3 Source Clock Frequency Recovery
One of the important awlicabonll of AALl .. drew! emol.otion. lnciro.rit emlllation. a \otIi<oI
ATM channel emllla,,,,,!he fun<1ionality oJcir<uil-ba>ed lil< TIIEI, In ordel to
this. the of hi .. tr........irted \>y the oender must be eq",,1to the numb of hi ..
""-"'."ived by the """iVE'f'. 000 both. ;" turn. muot be equal to file link of tile cir<u;l being
For e:umpJe, for tmJoting. T1 1.544 megol>itsmuot be """'irted and the
..me of hi .. must he ""-"'."ived per """"""'.l'n>per cI""df tho! there
be timing ....tIonslUp -.... !he""- and tile """"""'. In order to obtain this timing
....ron.hip, twomelt<xf. "",,,,,,,,,,,t1y deIinrd. Theoe __fIleSyJ>:hn:>nou>R<iUill
TimeStamp (SRYS) method and the Ad.pb..... Cloc kmethod, Both """'" method..... detailed
in the k>ltowin;l ....b--o<-ctWno.
6.3.3.1 Synchronous Re5idual Time Stamp (SRTS) Method
Thi, mo:tho;xl ..."""", the.'i,.....ce oJ. oommon ......"""'" clod< Uoble fn both the...-.doer
and file receiver. This me!txld ronveyo fn the receiver the diffeo-en<e hof'we"n the oommon
Copyrighted maklnal
..1< do><k otool ltw_dock. Tho _ ,.. Ih<n odjuMo 1.. dock .... 11>0 _ of u..
b ownp __11>0 _ . Af.biI_Ibmp . "GO d,d lor. l>Ioxlt of oWotaon..
............. _ in lll..
-... "-_ of _docl. u...o,-. u.._docl l."., ... , 10 . ....
_docl " , . Tho .......... '" _dodqdoo in dod <Jdo is
known '" l>och 11>0 Thio -.. __'" dod. <ydoo it ....
, ......" . point "' .... ..-._ W _ . __"'.., ....-. inh_dock. iI io
m. ditl....... l>tl\<o_, h obo "oJ '"_ dod. qdoo .. _ _ dod; <Jdo
_ 11>0 ......- -..._ _ it _ ... _ .... _ 1OMap. Tho 4-biI
.... -..pyoocidoo d tar._of limo of_in . s,u.P'DU f"lytood>
.... .. .......
= .loOi .-_.
Tho 4-boI .-... _ ....... io IE._ *.in .... C5I bot __... 11>0 SAI..ffJU
_ . TlwCS P-thio bot _ l>Ioxlt _ h ""'f' __"' .... SAl.
alb 10,,,,""- hblo<k ..Ss,u-ft:JUs, m. POUo 1, 1, 5_ ' "", h IftO<I\IOI
_ -... ThoC51 l*.. h __
PDUs
lU. lJ, 1. t Md ....,-....bon_
.... SOT _ _ ......... tar _...-. Tho oipd\c=W bl. .. ""' .......... _
otaIEIp io a".W In h 5AIl.--POU .-_ """""""' '" I .
Tho..J.oporwdock IIWOhud _ roqu... ...1<,..... dock ""'.....,.. _ ....
_.NcJr_ ony I'.'OYftJ""l'I1Iall<d infoomo_ Io""c.m..:l _ thr_1o
11>0 __Thall IIWOhud . !Mood .... thr b.cIlkot thr .""""" of d.<10 _ftdio ............ '"
.... "'"""'"'" of tho _ d,x k and unboo .-... ......-.va ...........
Inl!Iio _ . 11>0 _ . .. "",irllOins . bulfo.r, wlli<h 11M . n-.riol<'d r.lIlrwl Tho ml
Inot indio.teo .... amount of d.... in 11>0 bufl<1'. Tho nomiNl 00'nd0-r'. d od fnoquo-ncy "
kno.own to tho _ ... hoof"", 11>0 d.'. \n"'I. Inor'd<-r In _ma" 'ho.....de' c10<k. ,....
""",I , perfurmo thoil,llowi"f; ' tepo., .. . Iso .!>own ill ..
Stop L Tho d.t. 10 rop;od in"' . buffeT ond " ad u'ing 1uc.1IY-Xm."l<'d cluck,
Step 2. Tho loU \owl of ltoo buffer. _ iotlle ............ 01tho_clu<k 1J<quency. io uood
IU =>tn>I . !'two< Loop (M.Ll which _ . ....... k...a1 dock
"'''''0'.0001 to .... fililewi
Step 1. Tho , ........"'<l dock io ..,..j In rod u.. d.1o in u.. bu"
Thr ..-.. liD Iovd io kept at ""'-' fi>ed. ........ upon 11>0 nominal ........
dod< Suw:w .... dalo .. <upI<d to tho buffn .. quon.... (C.. 4' brft SAIl-ft)lJ).
........ io. bunoy charos<' in .... fiU _ buffer ...... if dalo it -..at ..-. _ .
Thio aIUId IMoi .....,. in ko:aI c\od; if io .. m.
_ to.,......, ..-.,Iro ordooo mid thio. .. "",",, liD low filI _
_ -......rl _ '" . 1IIinJIe fill lrwL Tho"PI"" _ -... fin _ _ -......
f ",uu 6.S
I
I= -1 - . II
" k;"S "'to <ut>id"uli<'" u.. d"lay V.ri.tiON i" u.. d....mv.1 pmeedu... wltkh could
cOU.. O""",.ti<><>o "' It.. bufkor fill l<""<"!,
The 1",.1 dud frequency is . Itered ooIy ;/ the fill of th<> bllfm: s o,ther .bove th<>
u!'I"'" fill level or below th<> Iuwer fill k-veI, If u.. filllrv.l .. between u.. u!'I"'" .nd I""""" fill
level ..inC_1 (_Fis u.. 6.11), tn. fr<quen<y of u.. d ock isN>lchang<d, How"".... ;/ the lin
level exceeds th<> uPP"'" till level .. in C""" :t th< frequency of u.. local clock is increos<d so
thai"""" do.. it ...d fromIt.. bulfer and tho till..,." """""" duwn, Similarly;/ tho till "vel
d"'P" tholow... fililov.1 .. ;" C. .. 3. th<> frequency pi the Ioal duek .. decrwsed. so
th., """ d it ...d In>mIt.. bufm: and tho till k-veI """"'" b.><k within the .pecified .." s .
Fl<;u.. 6.6
I
-- - - -- -
__u_ "" "-
-
- - - - -
- -1.-.'_"-

'c:;;,
; 2
,_.
6. 3.4 Structured Data Transfer jSDTj
SttucruIed DaIa T,.....I'" (SOT) is used to . upport N,b4 Kbps cimJil>, The unslYum n ed
mod. Is used /(Ir emuloHng. 'YP;".1TIIEI Iyf'" of link, In "",tr.!il , SOT.. used to .upport
frP<tioouII TI/Elli".....
irI ,m,l to "'P!"'rt SOT SAIlrou it eJa.sifi<!d .. ei lhor . """.1' 10000000t I'DIJ ur .
p/orlNt I'DIJ (... Figu" .7l , The SAIlPD\J. so far . ..of "",, r tonn.,ond ha,'.
their CSl tnt ...t to 0. 10 onlr.... inf<>nno,"", !'<'....ini"S to SOT it Iranmrre<! by using
Copyrighted rneenat
forma' of
SARPDU
I
;:;-=... ]
'I I' .
I (0 _I (' .".) I"
,
Norm.' MJIJ. , wlti<h have the CSJ bi, ....o I. A P-fon'rl.'l'DU he ""Iy >en' in on """"
nu mb 0/ 1'DlJ. (i.. in roUt numbon!d 0, 2,. 4 and 6). In """,SOT l>_ U><'d, Iho CSI bit>In
the PDIJ .... to O. Re<.lIlho"ho <><1<1-1'10_ roU. are """""'" for
....di ng SRt'5 infotmati"" (in fa.. "'" ..Id ;r; being used).
A Plorm,' rou h.o, an .dd iron.l one-byte f'eld t..... poyload. no. field
(.. ohown In Hgu,," 6.7) _toin>. field rffi.orred 10 .. th. off>el poi""",. The ofloet
po;nto:t_ aso.." It\< number 01\>yt<'5 betw....., the ""d 01u.... pOOl"'" field ond the h,,' "art 01
the Olturtuf<'d Although tho hit ran haY<'. rn imum volue of 127 (<OlreOpol'oding 10
Z' - 1), the pemlilted volu 0 to 93. both inclush'o. The v. lue of 93 rom"" fmm Ih<facl
thot SVTmIonnationcanb< t byte (i.e. zeroelh, seoond. founh." .j . Now,rod_
" ""'_ POU. (;" Ionnal) b.." 47 byt... in paylood. wh..... , ""en-<n.mbered I'DU.
(in P-format) NVO 46 byte. in payload. Tho., two co"""",,",-. POUro-one in Norm.' . nd
01...... in non-P Iormal-re>ult ill rot.1 0/93 by",",
6.3.5 Analysis of AALi
ll>e following point> ,u""""Ti", voriou> 'sp1> 01AALl,
(1I.o,.... ri ".;"", AALI i> to <>ony .oi"" """ to rn.rocreristico 01.
lypi""l TUM ronnection. H"""" drioy and guM""""'" .", of signifk""l imp<>"""",,
in on AALl ronnection,
Sub-l . ymng: Sinre AAU 0C<.'<'pIS ' .lreOm 01inrominll br-, .. ogoino' . do.. p.><kri,
lh<-re ill no ""d to ""W"""' t fro""'" into ""lis OJ '0 ", ...""M. ",lis from /rom... Thus,
SAIl. ill ocIuo1ly. misnom.r for AAU, The lWosub-l.y... CS.nd SAR""n be<:<>ml>ined
to form 0 single lore<, The only reason fordividing AALI mto lW<>oub-loy... .. to ..... k
the opproock """" modulor.
Copyrighted maklnal
ArM/Ii........'*" c..""...nd I'roI0(!.
.. _,-, --,, - - - ,---
H..d..llI. il.. lo..... In AALL only "".d.. odd<d is ''''' """",,yw SARPOU
Thil; h.. rour \>il> of 5N /Wid. includins lh \>il> 01""iu",""", ,,,....t ""d
CSI_Allh<n>j\h ""I"""'" """" i> "'" u""" f,,, fr _.n"",i,..i,,,,- il C. "'luir<'<! to
OOI.i" ti",ing info"""tion vi> lh<SRTS "'''''''-'<1_M or. >Unl ..,.U"",, !h&1
lost or .m.-.ill5<'rt<'d lis or< ....ily d_,1l>e_lour\>i topI'<>" id. tI'f<)f P"""'<"ion
to !he SN fi<oId, bul no! to "'" l'"yl<><><l - Errot for l'"yl,l<Iod C. not o_ry
bo<o..... . voice cil'<Uil c.o loler," ocrilSion.ol bi,"""",Th;" .. 1o<> impl i.. 111.>, only"
0....11 SNP field is rvqui !>'d (i.." big eRe lor the .,., ti... poy_;" not .............'1)_
o..rlld, 1l>e """,.hood ;" AALI i. limi!l'd to "'" .....de<..lUChtd in <!Very
AALl lJiUIlO, Tho .....""'imp;;,., . l -ll8 per "".....-....J. whi<h.. in conjuro<tinn
willi <<lIl100d0T. WI.III to 11-3 per ",-",I (6;:;J)
Dnwb>cu Aliliouj\h AALI oupports . pplic. lions. lhvre.n inh.......1
limit.lions while ovndin;l dn. using AALI , an. 01 the moo' importan' dr.who, b of
AALI is 111.>, it io m...u;t<d to ,uWOn low-fille opplic.lions bo<. .... of the drioy
involved in mling . romplore lI, For eumple. for . 32 Kbf"l'pplk.tion. it tok.. 12 m.
to fill . II (48"8/32,l1OO "'-"'), Fo:r 4 Kbl'" .pplic.bon, the pa, koliz.ohm d el.y
to % ...... which C. ul\Oc<e'f'..blo_Me...,..., lhe d.s.. in AALI iIw.y.
c. rtiod In bundl.. 01 M Kbps, whkh f'O<!...,.. f1nibibry. Whil...... partially. fIlled u.'
....ppons low..... dol.oy"""";Ii' pplkabnrol, >till. """1mwost<d
hondwidth dU<' to podding io lhe poyl(l;ld_f urtho'r. AALI rloeo not cio'/i.... &oy
romp......n 0' sik'n<-< dotecti<m med'loni>tns. whi<h <W.1d OIhtrwise Io.d to_
hondwidth utilizolion.
6.4 A Il AI'TAI IOo,; Lnu 2 (AA12)
AAU provid....... """''''' for bandwid lh_lent tr.nsmiso;ion m low-ro... short .od
IlOriobloI....gth podoto ind<l. y"""""Ii' ppli<o'ions. In ord.. to"""""""" lh<1imi..1iom01
AALI . AA1.2 w.. in'roduced in 1m IrruT 1..%3,2]). """'" four y"" a/tor """" AAiA
w......I. nd.ordiud, Tho d.l.y io ot.r.J.rdi2.ation w.. duo to lhe inho" "\t oompl . , ;ty
. ",(l/ved io ...."..nl !ho, wold 8UPport tho l",nsmissjon 01 romp""""; tim<-

Tho e""'''''''''''he rea""'"01AA1.2.,.. oumm.riud below,
II p""'id....... ......".1<n bondwidlh-offic;ont of low..... ohort onJ vorioblo
I<>nglh in oppllca.tio"'..
II pnwid.. for tho lranOf... of tim.......wuv. _nl bil .... tr.ff1e .. IWlI os ..ri.ble bit
,. .. rr. fIU:
It provid....... """"" for romp ression and ..len<e.upp.....wn le<hniq....,
It ....bloo"",,,, !h&o """ AA1.2ch.o l no. 8i>1gle AThi vi n u. 1eil'<Ui' . nu. i. done by
multipl. 'dog lhe doto 01 multiple on tho ..".,. PDI.J u..,coo bec.""'" on a 8ingle
ATM' i.....1dtcUlI_
Copyrlghtoo maklnal
Hidden page
....1M Nrllrorts: Coo",,,!, "n" _
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:cPS _
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-=nn rT1T"Ol IE3""0111l c
I ............. c.o ___
i . eoo _ IIIIcPS __ 83 - ....
cPS-I'OlJ _ DcPS __
-----'
f ,eun6.9
MU0PO"' ''''''
S. ep 3. The CPS p.ock<1s are """"'''"'''t<d 10 l<>rm CI'S- I'DI.l by pre- pondlng . CPS-PDU
hNde<. One CPS poock can span multipl<CJ>S.pDIJ.
Sl., 4. The CPS-PDUIorms u.. ""ylo.>d of an ATM""n.
Here, two lInport""t points ""'y 1>0 "OIOd. Fi.... lI,..... of two ......01> of head... allow>
dlf fem>l ....... of \lie ..me ubt u'" d"",il \(I be disti" guiot>ed cl<. ,-l y. second, lhe time lhat
AAU waits _ .. d isp.ol<hinsaCJ>S.PDU, ;' rontroll<d (..., [Mll C. Liun. U
sufficienl bytes are 001 nn"iuod wio,in me ..piryof litis time<. CJ>S.PDUis ""'" willl p.odding
bytes. This bour.d> me lIW<imum pa,keliution tiIre lor . CPS pack!. In """"""", !he """ 01
CU_timer prouides AAU Ill. """"" '" s upport dela y.......ilive . pplial hon!l.
6.4. 1. 1 Structure of CPS Packet
The . ItUCIil,," of !he CPS pock! is oIww" ;,., Fi1l""" 6.to- The fi<'Ol field slIown in u.. CPS
podet is lhe 0>a""e1 W""hfier {c rn) and Identifies an AAU chonneI. ThIs oingI< byte field
io.- lot ",ullipl<Ung " "",bet of AAU u" '" "" ttIe.."... ATM virtual cha.....]. Pulling
it di_Oy. lh.. field is .- ... "'ultiplo.itljl: identi fier to identify \lie pod<ets!rom
........ An AAUdw\noIis . bi..difKli<lnol and tho vol of <hottnol
idocIlifie<o ."' .-;,., both tho d irections. The vol... of {I is no! .-.. whilo I is od lor
Loye< m"",-s"",,,,,' procedurw. The u.l.... of 2 ' 0 7 are.lso ..........od. p."",il\<d uol 0100
I", CPS ........ is betw""" 8 """ 2S5, both inc lusive.
Here. it alv>uld be llul d 'a...",,1id lifi<ot v.lues 8 \(I 2S5 '"" 1>0 ""'" both by ll>e
sscs ....lily .. well .. ll>e laye< """",S""""'I lily. In orde< l<> betWft"fl u..two
dasses of Uoer-I<>--U...... Indic.tion (UUI) lieId is used. This lieId 8<'fVt'8 . lwo-Iold
Copyrighted malanal
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I1anu 6. 10
pwp-. ..... i1io_.. _a5-b;tnuo ,,,,,,- hCPS __
-.iI hoIp .. lioil .. --. h """ CPS ..-.. l.e- h !f;Cf ototiIy .-.I lor

_ -".V_;lS_19_MI ioo __
nwCPS..., pout ioo.,.", , _ IIwCPS htador. Tht 5-b;t tfEC
__ hCIICd ' .. . ...... 1Iw
lint 19_ of hCPS....... C.... IJooe HIe _ roodudooI _
Tho lins<!'ofllwCPS paoVi porl-l itlllw l.ftl(IVllndi<.oloNlUI_""'_
'otIS'" -.... llo .as.. can lit- Tht _ iIIl1wU fIotId "'.,... .... ItYn h
octuaI of .... poylood. Thio '" doone 10 _ ..w- a d.otalon&<h l>4 bytott,. ..-
_ . .. _7_ n.... _ U __.U bill ... to 1E.<>--<bioilca... . poy\<old
poekri Iongth of I, whllo ." U _ _ . Ubi l> o<t 10 1 indiu... a . am.. of M, a
CJ'S.padooi ....y .... !rom 4--bytn (3 byt<o '-dot- . , byte poyl<>adllo 67.bytn l"r-

6.4.1.2 Siruciurr ofCPS. PDU
n.... CPSp.d... . .. <al'n<'<l il\oKIto tt-oo CPS-PDU., ACPS-PDlI >rooi... '" forms
the poylood of tho MI. ThtCJ>&.rVUl\u a _ . Tht oI7-bytn ... <itt-...
filJtod b111w CPS poe........ lrI the CPS pock... .... 0Uf'\<'d try bits.
Eod\ CPS-PDU y<un..iIl -.vera! CPSpadto. nwmul bpltCPS podo.ris. ..p laad ill It..,
CPS-POUo fI.<.... __...y p p -..... __'"'" .... CPS pi<.. in_.
...- ....y ..,. fit ill IIw CPS-PDU and ko"" IOib< byIOS. III ...... a <_. the
.-rfIowqtry-. 01 thoCP5 poekri . .. "'" in IIw _ CPS-PDU.
Tht ........, of dwCPS-PDU io-..in 6- 11. AMoil ()itw< Stott """" (OSf) in the
CPS-PDU _ 10'- h oWl of lJooe _ O'S""" ill h ",,-,. II """'"""' ....
_ of1oytn_ <tId ofllw__the b<pa\m&of_CP5 padt. no. lint
crs,..... ...,. _.... .....
(P5..f'()IJ _, CPS-POU. n.o.. -..... olwwn ill Fipu'<'6.9. In
.... _ CJ'S.PDl1. .... _ ..., _ iii ... OD ...... _ h _ of .... _ O'S pod<too (A)
ATMN,t.... _
roincid... wi th the beginnins oI th. payload fiold <>I the cPS-1'DU. Since"" CPS packot
8 00... _ fi. u acdy ink> ..., finl CPS-POll. tho Tl"IJIOinins by.... on- tron>lomd os patt
of. the CPS-PDU, Tho 0Sf fiold of. tho IIol<'ORd CPS-PDU """loins tho off;"t o! CPS
packotC
Withio thoCPS-I'O{J. tho""d of """ CPSpa<k.o! indic.... "'" ...tt o! ..., .....t CPS padet.
Tho of .och indh.;,;tuol CPS fwod by looking inlO "'" CPS 10or<ler
to diff.....,ti.t. beIweeo tho beginning 0/ . CPS packot .od pAddinS (;old. the fir:>. by"'o! lhr
CPS pke1 ;" """or set to ,""", At tho end 0/ CPS pac""'. """"z.etO iodi<>.... "'"
begirming 01 newCPS p"'--kt and zero v. 1"" iodi<:o... !lie begiMmg 01the podding (;old
Thio "'Plaioo why ortIy 000-'""" valueo of c!IarIneIW""w;,.,..n- .11,......].
W,th the obov. knowledge. the defurilH.>n of 0_hold slight modifiabon. Tho
offset "ott (;old . m..Uy_ th. numl>o..- ofb y.... borw""" "'"<rod oIlhr CPS-POU head"..
and tho fin;! begiruUo,i; 01the CPS podet 0< ..... (;old. The val"" 01the flt'Sl byt e the
spe<ilied off... if tho l>y!<l "",'l:o !he beginning of. CPS pb1 0< padd>ng field
(i, . if "'" l>y!<l ;" oon-u ro. it indic.' .. . ...... CPS paockot he it ind.,. .... podd ing),
Since "'" CPS pacl<el me m.y b< .. Ia'll" .. 67l>ytes. it io r-ibJe that "'"""" the .,.tt
nor the end 01 CPS pl<eI boo will>in CPS pach-t. m """" .,.... "'" <>l'toet SlOtt /leld 10
... .., 0,
n.. """""th b" m , .... CPS-PDU ....ode1 is the Seq"""", Number (SN) bit. Thio field ;" """"
to number ..... _m0/ CPS-PDUo (moduloI I. 10tho O\.Itgoing CPS-PDU"""'"Ilu. hi. ;" oeI
to 0 and 1 in .lternate CPS-POll . A ..., f'ettiver, Ike ...... val"" of ""'I"""'" number bi l in
two POll. indi<:o.... ri!her ... """nod CPS-POO ......de, OJ mi>ng CPS-PDU
between tho two'-v...:I CPS-POU..
How..... it $hoILId b< OOled fha, this scheme ass"""", lha. tho looo 01 more thon """
CPS-1'Dll .. ,"n-, Thio "'Wl'Ipbon ..e"", from tho loci fha t the looo of.""" CPS-PDU...d th.
looo 01any odd number 01 CPS-POO. iii 001 disbtlguishabl . To di>tinguish between the 1081
and ....-ored CPS-PDU hNdet- and 10 P_ "'" n-maioiog 0_. lott field pariI)' bi' ;"
pro.ided, Thorighth bit in tho !leader;" set 10"""nlo", Of' 0<Id pariI)' ""or "'" .ig/'l'" bit. in
th .....-.
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overh.,d, H<>Wevor, if romp"''''' l<> II\< p.>rti. l filled m<thOO of AALl, AAll i. much
bot"". AI",. t<><hniq.... j i" roml"""' ion. likn """""ion and , uPI''''"''"'''' . nd
wI< voice d\ao",,' d.I..,,,,, m.ok AAI-2 mt><h """'" 016<"",'!han AALI. F<>< ron....
infonn.ohon on "'" effici<ncy 0/ AAL.:!, !he ",.d i. rcl.><ml ,,, lAAL.l J Ilald",inl and
IAAL.lCOCI
.."","",,0.5 Anar-r cnoc LAYE R 3/4 (AAU'4)
The lWO AALo disru!.s<d ....<li"" (i .s. AALI ""d AAL.l) provide " .....mission of ' i........'llSiliv.
d.... How........ """" d.,. , pr J;,;.""", do n<rl '""'lUi", . ""h liming ..'a'i",,"'lhlp 1>01_ '''''
sonde< and t1,. '''''';''"".Tho 'I'pl"",hon' ""y .-..qui .."". UJ'P<" b<>und, on ll\< d...y but
.........Iiffi' many ..ri . li"" in rho dolay tl>ern><>l Su<h d ot. ,prl;e.li""" do toOl h<'<"d tl>e
rompl..;!}' of m.linlaining liming ",I.lion>hip> a. p" ...ided by AAll .nd AAll.
In ord.... to . up port , ,,,,h applications h.oving ri. ble bir,". ' u ff ic. lh.l'
AAW ;>t><l AAU prof""""d-AAL-1 provided .......0<eI 1o< ,r..".".foot
of hu"''Ytr.ffic, Thi made to.1I0wcert.in<OTIl1ection-c";""led """""-'" like fu me .....Y
ove r ATM. AAU prov;ded a 00"""'0001..... ..,,,,ice lor !he IrAnSkr of bul'>ty lraffie, II
provided optio", for . >sured d. t. .long with flow control me<hani>ms, ", _ II
., unassured d u. deliv"'}' ,,;tIiout .my flow ronlrol mech.misrn>, The ...." AALo had
mul.i tud. of simiU.riti.. bet...."",,, Ill".". Both AAI..1 .00 AAU ' ''''''P'ed v.ri..IbIe k-nglll
I ..."e. (rnxn v b"' bit-<.,., ... rfie "", ,,..) ",hioch " ',"", broken down lO form the ""II
p. ylo.d. Both of Ih"", did not 'qui", . ny ",la_shipMw""" rII. p"".... In f""'. hoIh
of rIIem t.ofj(l"led !he appl icA"""" for wliich It dKl not ...._ ....hethe< AAI..1 wo. ....,.j Of
AAU w used , A ""ull, iii"", two AAla w,"", combined to form ..mgle AAI..1/4. II
combined ""verol leA"''''' 01hoIh .... AAla,
like AALI. AAI..1/ 4;' divided in ""' 0 part>. viz_the Conv. 'S"""" Suh-layer (CSj on<!
Re""""""ly (SARj . uh-layer. The CS il><if i. divided into two p.rt>. "i.
Commm PAll Sub-I.yer (CI'CS) a:nd Service Specifie COflV<'<g""'" Sub-layt'f
(SSCS). The .lructu", of A"' I..1/ 4 i> depkk'd in FIgure (,-2. The SSCS may be dffined to
....pport certain .dded functionAlity 'qui""" by """'pplicAtions. II m.y . 1.., be in
whim <_ il just provides. rn.lpying ro the primitiv.. 0I1ll. und<-rlymg c res,
0I1ll. type ofSSCS. theCres.nd IIi.SAR. uh-lay...'" Alw.Y' the"""". There/ore. Ill. cres
.00 the SAR,ub-laj""'" k>g<'ther lffmed ", rommon part AAI. H...., only I"" SAR.nd !he
cres .ul>-Iay.'" .'" d15<\1,"",,_
6. 5. 1 Segmentation ami Reas. embly (SAR) Sub- layer
Thi< m AAI..1/ 4 b "" up the """';,'<.'<1 da", bled " (SARSOU) 110m,h. crcs. add. itt
own head...rnd tr.i1 .rnd p. . .... il 10lhe A1M layer block> 0/ 4l!--byr. SAR-POl! .. which
fonn , he pAyhAd 01 ""II , The format 01SAR-PDU ;, shown in Figure (" 12, AAL1/4 SAR
POU Iw; . H .yIe h&lder 24Jyr. tr.iler .nd. 4-l-byr. p.yload , Thi, impl'" lli.t AAU/4
Copyrighted maklnal
_________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ATM A.up,,!ion '-'
6. 12
SAA-/'DU
-,
[lTUT 1>63.3)
IM.f'OU(41 bytM)
' 1
,,"0, .._ _
Cl<C, C"""'
. 1
1,IAR.f'OIJ"allor, 1
..... four by..,. ", 1'"" ,11, is , .... higt..., f<>r Il'P" uf A/IL. n....... "".........d
bit>pn" Kle. n.. mbe>of hmctio... not J"'fkTmed by any other AAL
Tho funcbon.olily of SAK is follow.. The SARSDU 'C<'i"' d fmm Ill.. CI'CS i< t>rokon
i'"''.w.br'''block.. 'Tho.->< 4I-byre blocks form ..., p.oylo.od 01 th<SAKPDU..nd 0'"deliv<'h. >d
to ""' ATM Loyet" .. 4Il-by'" ",II paylood. Al d", ond, the por''''d pa... "hart"""
SARPDU. is ...",.,bll '0 form . SARSDIJ.
In Older I<> ......inea,. the SAR-SDUbour.d.1 _ from a """'mof ir>ooming SAK-rDU>, I!K-
lW<>-brt Segm<ntTYl'" (ST) field ;n lh<SAR PDIJ head is .....,.J. The po!iSibltSf lyf'O" and the
Va' ''''' .... gl ..... in Tabl<> The of h r.;t Iii.... row. of !he T,ble 6.3 ill ..]f.
"P"""tory, A. r.., as !.lsI row ""try SSM il is u>ed when lh<SAK-sot! h
Iffill'h _ 'h,,.. or "1",,1 to hyl<'> and ,"" whole SDUi, in jU" one SAK-rDU.
1 ..... 6.3
Codmgol
S<grnentTyp<
<ST/f",W
IITU.T1363.3;
'"
00
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-
1!<'lI......g of g<
Con';" ",,' ''''' 01 '"
Fnd 01"""""""
S' ng" "'P""'" .....-ge
The 4-bit Sloq.."",", Nom""," {SN} Iield in u.. SilK POll h.><leT ill u."1'd to detect 1001 .nd
m....inserWd PDU.. The SAR-PDU. generak>d by theSAR sul>.layer a.. numbered modulo
willi the ""'l"""'" number of ""ch SAR-PDU in""""", '<'<1 by nne ",I. live In the pn:.-vious
SARPDU. A'the lime of ..."""mbly, ""y los' '" mi ..in""rted PDU is by ... the
Seq"""'" Numbe7 field , Note lIl., ,he sequen'" is don" fen "",II SARPDU.
d......ved from. SAR-SDU.nd """"'ponding to. p"-nirul.r rnultiplft<d chann<l, As ,hoJi be
shonly ....... AA13!4 al lows d.,. '" multiple 1og",.1<."ON1lions '" be i""-,,,I...<'<I
over the sam" ATM virt ...1ronnlion. using th" MID f!rid land honce. fonning logically
dill"""" <OTUl<ctions ., the SAR level), Thus, the SAR-I'OU, ... numbel't'd "'l"""liolly for an
SAR-SDU. eo<respOllding to. p"rlicul.r v. lueof MID,
All the by"" in the SAR-PDU may "'" ron"'in usd:ul d., . in lIl" ""li.. .byte P<lyload
fiekl in the <tie of SAII.PDUo, wi,h "''gm,,,,' lype EOM'" SSM. In ",dor to indic. ... the
Copyrighted maklnal
Of",,,,ful d... in SAR-POU. the Moil Indk4tion <U) held in the tr.iler
.. _. Tho SAIlPOU with ""S"""' t type S<'! to 80Moe COM ha. the length iOOic.oliorl hold
.... to O>. U", both "I th""", SAR-POU I",'. Y' have uidul do.. in all thei' -byte
p.oyl<>&d hold.). Tho SAIl-rDU wit h segment type set to SSM hos valid valu.. of length
indication hold as mulhples of ( (hetw""" 8 and ), Tho Iow... limit is 8 bec.u.. the "",11"",
sizeof the csPIX! is 8 bytes. All theCS l'D\J re 32-bit i.e. thei' lengths are multiples
of 4, A the I'dyk>od hold of SAIl POIJ ... . 1..... multiple of 4. Tho SAil-POll with
type field"" to EOM. "'" a Iongtll t....1 is multirk of 4 fbe!wt'en ( and 44), Tho
Jow..r limi t .. 4 '"'"" bec.use tt.<CS POll re 32-bi1.ligned. So. if there.re ""y non-
",'" byl"l ""..-flowing from tfie 10>, but ooe SAil-POO. il willahcfio. multi pie 01 4. fur SAIl
PD\J willo type .... t<> EOM, the v.lue "iI.., ;, .-IIo,.bort indic.ltroo. This provisjoo
.llow, lbe SAil oub-la"... t" .b,," tt.< 'nnsmisoion of parn.lly tronsmin"" SAIl SDU Upon
"""";,ing , uch.o SAIl -Poo. the recei,.. ignores the payload held, M"""",,,,. the ....,..;,,,,
at.<> di""."b lbe partially """,i,"" SAIl SOU. Tho SAil ..... lbe . borl funcri """lity 00
""Iu..t from the CPC&
SAil In AAI.1!4 "'.ow< da ta belungin.g to multiple SAil-SOU. to be in""le""" ""... the
"me ATM vi......' "",'-;00, lbu, k>fming logically different conoection8 At the SAil Io\'eJ.
those di_OOIVleCfioJIs. the .."", A1MvimWoonn."tions,
.recollf SAil "'"_" Al o-b,t Mul tiple.ingldentibef (MID) held;n the SAIl!'DU....d'"
. cts as on identifier lor lbe>e SAR 'oneetrons, The CPCS pr<Wld.. to the SAil sub-loy",
. Iong with the SAR-Soo, the MID as well, Th< MID fl<ld is fjllod in _ SAIl roU Ionned
/rum the SAR-SDUrecei>'<'d /rom the Crcs. At the receiving er.L the SAR-5DU.
multip""'ng idm tifier>' r<' ......."bled ' '''p'''' "'Iy. The """,I",. id<otrfies to which 01 SAR
SDU pa"kula' SAR-POU using the MID fiftd. ""d accordingly. ronc tt.<
p'yl"..d fi.ld of the SAR-PDU to the p.m.lIy re<ei''''' SAil-SOU.
In SAR. """n, ""isltodt-te<t . nd handl. loot OJ mi ..in..rndSAil PDU.... well ..eJror<'d
SAIl\'DU., As rnentionl , Iier, the SN fi.1d is IlSed to id""tify 1os1oe mis-ioso.'rted SAR
POUo, In oed... to dele<t eJror<'d SAR-POU Il).hit CRC field ill uS<'d. n.. d >erksum L.
over t.... SAR-POlI Moder. SAR-\'DU payload aOO the length indi<abon fl. ld. The
SAIlSDU ..-,"" wi'" \>1error> oe loot OJ mi>--inoenedSAR-PDUs. ' r<' ei',""" di ..... rrl<'<l 0'
d.Il....... t<> ..... CPCS . ul>-lay... with "" . ppropriate error Iodica.tiuo.
6.5.2 Common Part Convergence Sub-layer (CPCSj
CPCS pnwid.. """ ll'o<l<lfs 0/ do.. tr_fer. naJO<'l y mode ""d .tre.unrng mod..., In
_ go mode, "" ""fir<' CPCS-SOU is """,i,"" from Ul'l"" la}' "" and Ir....f"""" to the
SAil oub-la}'... n.. SAil tra""",!>"'I. .. . . ingle In lhi> mod..., CPCS ha. whole
d .... In rl""" _ ;t actually I""""'i it t<> lb. lower lay .
In """ ".t, "'" "re.ming mod11"",. crcs t<> tr.nsferring d .... bef"", if .....
......","" the rompld... CPCS-SDU from , he uPI"" la)'<'T. In """" <.... CPCS tr.nsfer> the
!"'...i.lIy...kLbmil!<'d C1'CS-SDU t<> 'he SAil , ub-lay... _ "".... ..... whule CPCS-svtJ i. Olill
,,,,,,,fern,l ., , Ingle CI'<:5-POU. i. . tt.< cres ileI>Jl>T and tr.il.. is not m..""" to <'Vel)'
Copyrighted maklnal
portially . ubmith:<f '" tho SAR .u.-u}'t'f_ Roth<1-, II\< ""ode, is ;""",n,j lh<
fU'Sl ""8"""" .nd "'" Ir. il... inocnro only . f! ... th. Ia<t ""Sm..". E..-h oogm<nl is, Mw""""
" ansrnill<'d SAR-5DU. In mOO., crcs . 1.., Utdic.... to 'hoSAR ouI>-
Ia}'<'f wlwth ny """" ""ll""""'" w;U f<,Il<rw !his """ '" noloOnly lI,. lir>t SAR/'DU of ' M
c.tri< "'" '"S''''-''' type OS 110M. Aoo. the la>l SAR-POU of , fie last ..-grn.nl
c.rrie> the >egmef11type o. EOM. Rest "lall the ;"termedillte SAR-PDU. h.." their ""lI"""'t
type field.." "' COM
Hthe CPCSh.l. ""rti.lly,..""",ill<d CPCS-SDU . nd ' ''''"'''JUC'tl!ly. i . ""me "''''',
....._ .. its p<'<'f I<> . ho<t "'" p"""""" and di:l<.rd the """;vedCJ'CS.-SDU,
Tho morlI .nisrn lOinili .., lhe . bo., rting I"""""" 11.0. bo-<'n "'pl.i..."J in the
CPCS in><ns . ....der ond trailer fo, cl<.u <1<l i """ of the CPCS-SDU, The fornIat of
CJ'CS.- POI} ill shown in Fill" '" 6.13. I' ..... OY" d... and 4-b;1< " .i1er, beIw""" whim
is !he CJ'CS.-rPU P'yload .00 I"dding /;okl. n.. kni/;lh01tho p.oyk...J r..ld is botw""" 1

F'GUU 6.13
ocseoc
,-,
IITUT 1.363.3]
I ----""_=-
!'cpc="i*
: ' . . , ,
, . , ,
112 ":::1I I(1'=-1112':1I
I cP1, C-Plrt_ ........ - - - ....,,,-
8Iool e.-109 E109- End 109 I
L . . ,
The lim field i. one--byte Commoo Partlndicatt". (Cl'll. [I indie.... how the field in the
he ader and trailer of the CPCS-PDU a.. to bo? intorprel<'d_Spo<ibca llv, Ih;, Held <k/i the
counting uniOl for 1M Buff.:< AII"",'i"" size (BMi..,>fieW . nd !he ""'gIh field. Cu ly.
only ono val ... of CI'I fO OO} is defined. Thi l... of e Pl ;ooi.."," !hal the
counting uni.. 01 BAoize . 00 ....gth ... in bytes.
in IM Cpq; is . l-byte a..g. The B"g fi<1d.1ong wi th the flag
field , whido. ill oon..iJ><d in the Cl'CS ".iler, provid<o p",lirnin.>.ry lorn> of .....". proI<di<>n.
(Note I!I.at . ince SAR , ut>.laj'" proviJra extensive ..<0< haOOling mechanisrna, !he ..me
luncbonaUry need no! bo? dupli""ted the Cl'CS.l Tho Brag and Etag field, collectively
.....b!ish an CPCS--PDU _ and "aiJtor, n.. ....d.. send, the ..me
va lue in Etag and Blag for a given cpcs-rou, At the f<''iver. if there is a mi""",,,,h_n
!he Blag and the Etag field, an em>< i. indicated.
Copyrighted matenal
.... rM N<Ilrom : Con,..,.!, .>Id _
The I." field of Cl'l.-'S be.1d.. is. H'y'e AIIoc. tion ,ize (BAsiLe) field, In """""ll"
mode. this field is ><'I ' 0 the 01 ,..... CPCS- I' DU payload, In ..r.. mode, wilen
, ..... fir>' ""lI"""" of CPCS-SDU is tr"""",i"ed .nd the Cf'CS.POU ....."d,.. is in""n,od, the
CPCS doe. not know I>ow m""h """" d... will be ......' by ' ..... uPI"" laY"" Dnd.. """h
0""'......""""- this field is US<'<! by the oend.. I<> indic.1<' 10 "'" re-iver the ....., imum
bufkring "-'qui_to..... """';.ing CPCS-SDU, AI t..... n.'<t'i,ing end. the 'P"'" ;" . lloc.ted
fur the whule payload field when the fim ><gment is re<eivt'd. If the receiveT. 1I0c0le> SJ><'<"
less th.n t..... >ize of the CJ'CS.SDU. then .t """'" POint in hme, the . mount 01,"""iwd data
,
...."', 101m""""" the buffeT size. rn tha, case. bufferollarg... siu will ho 10 ond the
whole d. .. . Ir<.>dy J'f"""'" in the smo.IIL" buffet- will ho," to be rop-...t into the larger bullet-
This copying 01bufft-rs is an ""pens;" opo-ration. ]n <rrder to o. ",d tl>.... this field c. ni.. a
v.l"" gr<alfi' !han '" <qU.1 to the CPCS-PDU pa yload size. The ftact lell,';th of the payload
field is c.rned in lhe len!> field p""""t in the b.,ko-. This cont. tru; the e><act len' 01 ,.....
payload field for both the m.... mode and the streaming mode,
o.er......... the CPCS-PDU p.yload.nd the b.iler padding (PAD) field can pr<sent.
Thi s field is used to make the total leng' h of the CPCS-PDU. wilhou, coun'ing be"""" ond
tr ailer,. mul' ipl<0I4 bY'''' . The number 01 bY'''' . dded as. p.>dding mol' ranS" from II 1<>3.
Th"""padded b}'\"S . .. . imp ly 'lI"">ed by the recei..-r .nd do no! convoy any iofu.......t""' .
The Alignmen. (ALllield I'f""d" in the 'uile! is .dded to achi. v 32-bit
. lill""""" of ,..... tr.iler. nu. byte d"", "'" contain . ny inf""",,'ion.nd i. used for filling
pUIpO"'only. Note 1II.t the size of hNd.. is a1oo 4 bytes. TheCPCS-PDU payload . I""!! with
PADlield ".10<, . multipl. 014 byt= 8yodd "'ll , t-.. olignm...' field, the " oil"uk<> been......
of 4 by..... lI\er<by making the . ize of whnle Cl'CS-PPU . n in":gral multi pl. 0/ 4 "Y"'"
6.5.3 Analvsi5 of AAW/4
The following porn!> .ummaW," the v.""", ""pern of AAL3j4;
o Ch.,acIflloU"" AAL3! 4 I"""id", both """"""",,,,,", ond ronJ><ction.<IrIen''''' ......''''"''
fur the Ito""t.-.- of ti""..i".....iU"", .. biH.", tr. ffie.
o SutH.yerins: AAL3!4 .. di\'\ded in", two ....b-I.y..-s. SAR ond CS, The pn....ry I
function of the SAR .ub-Iayer is the ""S"""' t.Uon and ...........bly of cell,. In oddihnn.
SAR . Iso provide. 'll< me. ... to mulUple, many 101;1<01 chon..... on . >'1rtu.l1
chonnel. The CS ""b-I.j'eT;' d;vicled inlo CPCS.nd SSCf , n.. CPCS provide. two
mod..01d.t. tr.osier. via, .......ll" mocle.TV:! otr.. mode. f or 0.15. theCPCS " ...
l>e.>deT-cllm-tr. ;\..._ CJ'CS.POU "-""'-'t.
o He.d_ .iln The he.d", "-,,,,,,,, in AAL.lj4 is r.!her " ,mpi"' ob;<d. AAL.l / 4
,.,..,. da ta ;, p>ulol<'d in CJ'CS. PDU, whic h hat> 0 ........ ... . nd b oiler. The c rco-
POO head p id.......ny field which :lMV< "', """"""" ru'l"""'. The CPI field
defines onl y ure woy of interr"""'!> OIlier h..J er!tr.iler field.. and is "'u..,of "" u."".
HoW<'>'<J', in funue. Ihis field may pro,... to be . n effe<hve mea... In . upport lars.........
Cf'CS.PDU.. Th. !l<.g and Etag provide pr<limin.lry k>nnof error<."Orl'Uon. ondcon be
done . woy wi"'. The BA,ize is u>clul only in the .n-..amlng mode and ,hot too, when
lIIeoour<'< c.n co,,.,cdy .J'<'<ify the =u'"Iehuffer ""Iuu"""",,",
Copyrighted maklnal
_ ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The SARPDU..... . Iw<K>Yw ,nd two-byt. IT.il<',. The he.d... provid.. "'"
me..". to ""I"""'" SAR PDU. (u' ing SN), mulhpJ.. m.ny k'll''''') channels on .
virtu.l ch. nnel (usillg MID) and d<-Jineate Ibe 5.W SOU bourodary (us.ing sn.A""""it
Sf field <on provide , Imil. r lIIat p""'id<'<ll>y the !woWit fi<old1..1\
with Iuo<> of some hmcti<Jnalily. 1he us< <Jt BOM sq,;merot-typ< p"";d.... addItional
inlormation . bout the beginning ofSARSDU. which is, oIherwi5e. not . ,..Ilabl. using
""...bil field. The l (l-bi, e Re is I.o' il" ."ough Ii' provide ...-.w "" ' n.clion lot ""Ii",
SARI'DU
Ovnh<.d: Considffing only SAR-PDU ",-...he.d,_.. la'l!"" 4 byt< .... ,,..w J"'T
cen. Thisamounl>lo. tot.1 overhead of17 per em! (9/53), which is !he maximum 1m any
AAL. If the "".mead corresponding '"CI'CS-J'DUMOOe' / ,.. iler i. added. \his Pft"""'1-
.ge 10""'0",-" forther,
6.tl A TM AnAI'TATh)S L\ YFR S (A:\ L5)
Although AAU/4 provld.... the me"", for l..",fer of lime-;n,,,,,,,;;h,,, da ta, the o,.... h<>. d
"""""",l! wit h AALJ / 4 (which c' roughly 17"4) is "'. rn.ojorily oI.ppIiOlh"",
Many dat. 'Wlic. t;",," can d<:> without erro, handli,,!! rn",han;,,,,,, provided by AAU/ t
Thi. as>wnption , ,,,,,," lrorn the I.ct Ill.t und.....lyrng Iink>.", gt'O<',.lIy ",liable and tha t
m",hani,ms.re .1.., pI.......t m the I.y... tr.nsport prolorol>,
AALS . im:; . t providmg . n""tnm>ety . nnple mode of d.t<> tra....n-.- with I
t.;1;v AAU/., AAL5 .1,<.providv> t"" m fUT t"" ,",_,Iv, of ti......'"-"",,,itive data. How
........., it -. nuI .upport m"", of ,hv ire; . upp<.""'" by AAU/ t . Th<' ovqu"""" " umbe...
provided in thv SAR-POU. of AAU /4 is """",..-.I in AAL5. M""",v...... no rnulhpl..mg a:nd
d"",ulhpl"ing'''' prov>:lvd .tthvSAR ,ut>.layer Ivvel. The ""l7"""t type hvld used to delin-
ea.'" the boundaries of the AAU/ . SAR-SIlU. in . "",.m of SAR-PIlU, is repl.""J by.
mn, h ' imp' ''' imp''''''''''ta'i''''. This imp' '''''''''''' horT ''''lUi'''' just on< whkb ''''' is pl.1ced
;" the ",,11 .....d'" ond not in the SAil-roo. Thu., SAR-T'OU in ",m. ain; Or"" of
d... wi th no byte for ov.....h. ad. Thi. is the reason wby AAL5 is .1.., ..,mt"lim"" called .he
S; mpIe and Efficiffit Adapta hon Layer fSlAL),
Th. basic Slru,-"""" of AAL5 is >arne hat of AAU/ 4. Juss in AAU/t, AAL5 is
divided in.o CS ond SAR sub.layer>, Funhvr, CS is divKled into Cl'CS.nd s.scs ,ut>.layer>,
Ho'" ' g.>in, only the rommon part of AlI L(i.e, CPCS and SARsub-Iay,,,,j is di"""....,.j .
6.6.1 Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sub-layer
The ""S"""',.ti"" and .....""""'bly .ut>.laye' in AAL5;, ""'Y,;mpl< as compared k>the .".,.....
AAlr;, 'Thi, layer does not .dd any h..d... or tr.il..... k> the SAR-SDU. It jus' breaks down
the SAR-SDU into 4i\-by'es SAR-POUa. which in tum form the payload of the ""lis, The
beginning and end of the SARSDU " indicated Ihrougllthe ATM-U",r-lo-ATM U..,
indic.tion b.t, which is the rightmost bit .mong the 3 bit>in the Payload Type Idffinfier (P'TI)
field of the ""IIheader. A val u. 011 of tN, hit indica"" the end of. SAR-SOU. 0.. the other
Copyrighted matenal
....rM N<Iwo",; Con"",".o4 _
hand, a value 01 0 indicates the b"ginning or oonlinwlion O/.n SAR-PDU. This value is
p.o_ to the ATM layer along with the SAR-PDU.
6.6.2 Common Part Convergence Sub-layer (ePCS)
The CI'CS 01AAU is qwle , imilar to lltiI! 01 lust .. in AAI.3/4. AAU. ... provide
two mod.,. 01 da'. Irm.o/er, ""mely mesooge IRO<le md """'ming mod . In order to repe..
whal wa. said abou' _ two mod.... in <In """'8' mode of data lronskr. <u>
""ti",cPCS-SOIJ is """"voo lrom!he uPP"'" layer and only !hen tr.ln>fe!red '0 the SAR oub-
I>. y"",On the oth"" h.md, ''''''mingmod. allow. CI'CS to ... n Ir;msf"n;ngdala befur. i' has
"""""00 the <OfIl plele CJ'CS.SDU !rom lh< upper lay"". In such a case, CI'CS Ir.".m" the
p.on..Uy oubmittod Cl'('S.SDU to lh<SAil. oub-Iay"" fur "ansi"".
The <>per.lion in mesooge mod. is same in The oper. tion in the .ttumirlg
mod. by SAil. oub-I>.y"" is, however. somewh.>' dill.,..." , In sttumirlg mod only !he Io.st
SAR_PDl! of ........ ""ll"""" has ilS ATM-U ATM_U.... indication bi' .... to I. All !he
........ining SAR-PDU. 0/ .... cPCS-SDU have bov...mentioned bi' .... to O.
Figure6-14ohow. the f<:><m,a, o/eres-roo ro. AALS. Unlo AAI.3/4 Cl'CS-1'DtJ, th...ill
no head", in I"" AA15CJ>C5. PDU. OJtly . +l>yte.... i!t<. The fi"'li.eld in the ....i!t<.. the on...
byte field CI'CS U..r-to- U.... Indication (Cf'CS.-lIU) /;tid. This field is lrart>f\onyd .. ,uch
beIw..... Cl'CSend....,.,
F!<;v .. 6,14
AAlSCPCS_
PDUFormat
[fTU-T 1.3M.5J
1:- - --
! LI_--'=="'--__I 1 I
... ,
1=
Cf'CS--I.'l>. CPCs ...............-
C'lC;C__a-
The 2-byte length fi.ld carrie> ttl< number ot bytes 0/ ''''' cPCS-PDU payW . The penn...
sib le v.lue 01the length .,betw..... 1 and 65535. A " I... 0/ zero ind........ . n abort functinn.
Thi, .bort functioo I..irnila r lu thai dl'fined ro. AAI.3/4.
Iw' .. in AAI.3N, Ihe,.. ;' . Corn""", Pa" lndicator (0'1) hold in the CP(:S.PDU Ira_.
However, its functiono . .. "'" ' 1-0< sa""' '' tho, 0/ AAW/ . H""', i' ill US<d only lor the
purpooe 0/ {>4--b;t . lisnm",,' ,>I '1-0< ,..;1... Oth.-r fundiono of 1MCPI li.ld . '" intended fur
Junher.tudy.
Copyrighted maklnal
Tho hdd "" cf>bum cokulolood """"Il1o "'CI'CS-I'llU. indI>dlng
.... ",rJoo-i, pod hdd -' fi<ol fuw tor- of.... CJ'CS.mU ....
Bel , u. Ihr CfCS.POU peyIood _ ll' ADl fiold .. P'-'l- no.
_ .. .- ., ....... \he of C'G-PIJU indudItlc _ ..
......... al . tor- 11.- _ of _ "'"l' ""'" 0 '" 47. no....
PAd<lod byooo _ --.:11>1..... do _ """'"" -r..... .,Thfp.od _ ..
......... _CfCS.POU _ bot ..,....,. fillod _ _ ., _ _ cI!II
......... IMa .. byooo af ..... _. !'.k>oo ..... _ ,... In -.l.... ..... 10 , "'..::;,
Itoo __...-lui..,... iol lhecell
6.6.3 Analytit. 01 AAL5
Thf IuD pan. r _ ..-""l"'d" ot Ml..5.
ClOao..... : :I so A.AI.5 .. Ilw IimploooI 01 AALt _ , __ . ... .-.. __ '"
..-dMo. iI po owd ... In .... "'-'8 ..... _ .. II'w opplic_
_ dNy .._ .. __AAL'i.
sa .., n.. ......J"'riI'l! .. AAl5 ........... "' _ .. AAU/ 4, bul .... _
OIl s.u-roo CPCS_ PftIIT.Thio _1n ..... 01 in.-.AU. Fo<
0U'l'p1e. mu/tlplnin& IIIUl liplir .lopcaI ...........- In . ....K... 01.....1-....t io
..."... w .. .-.AUf ' ..... io """ ""l'l""bi!d In M L'i.
H' f ,", aile' _ Thf in MU " onnple. ThoS" IlIo,.er
don """ odd -r hMdc< Of ltoI'lef. .... (I\I.n-.to __10'<1 _ it
Tho CJ'CS.PllU _ Inllet. _ is at oip,t bJ-. Adding . ltIOlIo,t ...- 01
_ h.>o ;00 O<!."tlllft and A .......baPd ...m.n... ...pport
...... rnln& _ . _ if not po;-ibl< in _ -buod """"'- 1>0..... Ill< of
u.. fr..... . I..nown only !Imtl>e romplm, PDIJ hourrivod. 11>< d;,...jvonlog< is ttw.t
....on If _ If, .n rrror in t...ilrl. .... lor .... 10bot al loc. t<od , no. i.
"'" .... .... In hNd...J>u<d ocheme. wl>e...... paolo! .. d...,.,dl """" .. .
......... .....,, \n tho hN<l ..
Tho "bonol. "" clloooin8 vOJ'iou. Irm.. field> ..... far ...........1nln6th<.. oppropri.",
0;.,...10 oImplr and Tho onl y point to,..,.. is ..... '
oiN>o 1I>t""""J'I<WCJ'CS.POU Is p..-...d byCRC, I vny ....11" CRC II
o...e.hud: 0..<1' t in AAU 10 ..... _ """"'&I U ro. CJ'CS.POU of mo>d.
"""" .... (65.36 by!-l tho _ io 0,Q1 por_. E M ' _ CJ'CS.1'tllJ 01
1500 ItIo .,._ Is 0.5 por =t, _ 10quilo ............

no. __...J- ofMl.. -,. MU. MU l.W.., Ml.S. Dtf!<-t
.._ ........... .. no... If /tAL . .... 8fJt ,.-
_4,1,iooo .....f--_of ...
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