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Science Notes Form 1

1.1-Introducing Science -Science is a field of knowledge that relates to the world around us. -A scientific investigation involves the understanding of all available facts including natural phenomena in order to find new facts. -Technology is the application or use of scientific knowledge.

1.2-Scientific Method 1-Indetifying the problem 2-Proposing a hypothesis 3-Planning an investigation 4-Determining the variables 5-Collecting the data 6-Analysing the data 7-Interpreting the data 8-Drawing a conclusion 9-Reporting

1.3-Base Quantities & SI Units

Quantity Length(lollipop) Mass(meerah) Time (Terus) Temperature(tidur) SI Unit Metre(makan Kilogram(kerat) Second(sesat) Kelvin(kepala) Symbols M(mee) Kg(kangkung) S(sendiri) K(keatas)

1.4-Measuring Tools a-Length=distance between two point. -milimetre(mm),centimetre(cm),metre(m),kilometer(km) b-Area=total surface covered by an object. -square metre(cm3),square centimetre(cm2),square milimetre(m2),square kilometer(km2). c-Temperature=degree of hotness or coldness of an object.

Science Notes Form 1

-kelvin(k),celcius(c) is often used. d-Volume=space occupied by the object. -cubid metre(m3),milimetre(ml). -Volume of an irregular solid can be determined by water displacement method. -Volume of liquid measured by conical flask,syringe,measuring cylinder,pipette,burette.

1.5-The Concept of Mass a-Mass=the quantity of matter in the object. -1 kg=1000g,1g=1000mg. -Can be measured by beam balance & lever balance. b-Weight= pull of the earths gravity of an object. -Newton(N) -Measured by spring balance.

1.6-The Importance of Standard Units -Standard units are important in scientific uses.

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2.1-Cell As A Unit of Life -Tiny & can only been seen under the microscope. -Microscope= magnify the size of tiny organisms like cell. -Protoplasm-nucleus+cytoplasm,chemical activities occur. -Chloroplast-have green pigment+chlorophyll,suitable for photosynthesis. -Vacuole-contains water,place where dissoleved materials,sugar,waste materials are stored. -Nucleus-Control all cell activities. Cytoplasm-Allow chemical processes occur. Cell membrane-Control the entry & exit of materials from the cell. Cell wall-Maintains the shape of the cell.

a- Animal Cell -Cell shape-not fixed. -No cell wall. -No chloroplasts. -No vacuole

b- Plant Cell -Cell shape-fixed. -Has Cell wall made of cellulose. -Has chloroplast. -Has Vacuole. 2.2- Unicellular & Multicellular Organisms a-Unicellular Organisms -Has one cell. -Can only been seen through microscope. -Two types of unicellular organisms:-

Science Notes Form 1

#Unicellular Animal-Amoeba,paramecium,plasmodium. #Unicellular Plant-Chlamydomonas,yeast,euglena. b- Multicellular Organisms -Have more than one cell. -Made up of various type of cell. -Each cell has a different structure & carries out certain body function. 2.3- Cell Organisation -Ephitelial cells-protect other cells. -Nerve cells-carry impulses from one part of the body to another. -Red blood cells-carry oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin in the blood to all parts of the body. -White blood cells-Kill bacteria in the body. -Muscle cells-move certain parts of the body. -Reproductive cells-gametes which produce offspring. -Cells= different types of cell have different structure. -Tissue= a group of similar cells that perform the same work. -Organ= a group of tissues that perform a particular type of the same work. -System= a group of organs that perform a certain living process form system. a- System & Function -Skeletal system= protect the internal organs & gives support to the body. -Blood circulation system= transports dissolved food,gases,waste materials in the body. -Digestive system= breaks us food into a simpler form to be absorbed & used by the body. -Excretory system= removes waste materials from the body. -Muscular system= moves the parts of the body. -Respiratory system= enables the exchange of gases with surroundings. -Nervous system= conveys nerve impulses & reacts to stimuli received. Reproductive system= produces reproductive cells.

Science Notes Form 1

3.1- Matter -Has mass & occupies space. -E.g: soil,air,water,organisms.

3.2-States of Matter -Consists of tiny discrete particles.

a-Movement of Particles #Solid-do not move freely. -spin & vibrate about fixed positions. #Liquid-move fast & random. #Gas-move very fast at random. -collision between particles occur frequently.

3.3- Density of Matter -Density= the mass per unit of the substance. -Calculate density: mass(g)/volume(cm3) -Different liquids different densities.

a- The Application of The Concepts of Density -Help boats to float on water. -Allows timber to drift down a river. -Used in weather ballons.

Science Notes Form 1

4.1- The Various Resources On Earth -Water,air,soil,minerals,fossil fuels,living things are the basic resources on Earth.

a- Water -Occupies two-third of the earths surface. -Makes up 70% of the weight of living things. b- Air -Oxygen-21% -Nitrogen-78% -Rare gases + other substances-0.97% -Carbon dioxide-0.03% -The layer of air around the earth is called the atmosphere. c- Soil & Minerals -Topmost layer on the earths surface. -Soil & minerals formed from rocks that are weathered by weathering agents such as wind,heat,water,rain,activities of living organisms. -Consists of minerals,organic matter,sand particles,water,air. d- Fossil Fuels -Consists of petroleum,natural gas,coal-formed from living things that died & were buried for a long time. e- Living Things -Plant & animals are the main source of our basic needs. -E.g-food,clothes,construction,materials,fuels. -E.g of food-Cow(meat,milk,butter),fish(meat,oil),oil palm tree(margarine,food). -E.g of clothing-Sheep(wool for thick clothes),silkworm(silk thread for cloth),rubber tree(latex for shoes). -E.g of constructing-Leather from animals(to make tent),big trees(timber for making houses,bridges,furniture).

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4.2- Elements,Compounds & Mixture

a- Elements -A substance consisting atom of one type only. -Some elements consist of the some type of atoms attached together to form molecules. -Cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical or physical processes. -There are two type of elements which is metal & non metal. -All metal exist as solids at room temperature except mercury(liquid). b-Compounds -Is made up of two or more elements chemically combined together. -Can only be separated into its component elements by chemical processes. #Composition of Compounds -Carbon dioxide-1 carbon atom,2 oxygen atom. -Sodium chloride-1 sodium atom,1 chlorine atom. -Benzene-6 carbon atoms,6 hydrogen atoms. -Methane-1 carbon atoms,4 hydrogen atoms. -Ammonia-1 nitrogen atoms,3 hydrogen atoms. c-Mixtures -Consists of two or more elements or compounds physically mixed together. -No bonding between its component. -Can be easily separated physically by distillation,filtration,chromatography.

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4.3- The Importance of Earths Resources

a- Water #The Impotance of Water to Humans & Animals -Retains the moisture of lungs surface. -Dilutes blood. -Transport food substances & gases. #The Importance of Water to Plants -Needed for photosynthesis & germination. -Dissolves minerals & other substances. -Regulates heat lose from a plant through repiration. b- The Importance of Air -Contains oxygen that is needed for breathing,combustion & decay. -The carbon dioxide in the air is needed by plants for photosynthesis. c- The Importance of Soil For Humans,Animals & Plants -Soil is a habitat for some species or organisms such as earthworms,rats & snakes. -Human use soil as agriculture & farming,preparing housing sites,supplying fuel & mineral & manufacturing pottery & glass. -Plants need water & minerals for growth. d- Fossil Fuels -Used in vehicles & for cooking. e- The Importance of Living Things to Humans -Plants & animals are sources of fuel. -Fuels needed for cooking,heating,supplying light and providing energy to run vehicles.

Science Notes Form 1

5.1- The Composition of Air -The layer of air around the earth is called the atmosphere. -Needed for breathing,decay,combustion,photosynthesis. #Chareteristics of Air -Colourless,odourless,can fill up spaces,has mass. a- Flame of lighted candle will go off when the candle is enclosed in a gas jar. b- 1/5 of the volume of air is used during combustion. -The existence of the components of air can be proved:a-Water vapour-water droplets form on outer wallof glass filled with ice.Blue cobalt chloride paper will turn red when exposed to air for sometimes.

5.2- The Properties of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide -Oxygen,carbon dioxide & nitrogen are three main components of air. a-Oxygen -Colourless,odourless,no taste,slightly soluble in water,not soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. -Relights a glowing splinter ,support combustion. -A burning splinter burns brightly,support combustion. -No change occurs on moist litmus paper,oxygen is neutral. -No effect with lime water. -No effect with hydrogen carbonate indicator,ph7. b-Carbon Dioxide -Colourless,sour,odourless,slightly soluble in water,very soluble in sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium carbonate. -A glowing splinter is extinguished,doesnt support combustion. -Extingushes a burning splinter,doesnt support combustion. -Turn moist blue litmus paper to red,carbon dioxide is acidic. -Lime water turn cloudy.

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Science Notes Form 1

-Test with hydrogen carbonate indicator-red colour turns yellow,carbon dioxide is acidic,ph5. -Nitrogen does not react chemically.Dilutes the reactivity of oxygen.

5.3- The Role of Oxygen In Repiration -Inhaled air-the air that we breathe in. -Exhaled air-the air the we breathe out. -The content of water vapour & the temperature are higher in exhaled air because the breating organs are moist. -The human respiratory organs consist of the nose,nasal tube,trachea,bronchi,lungs. a-The Flow of Air In The Human Respiratory System -The air is inhaled through nose. -The nostrils prevent dust from entering the lungs. -The inhaled air will pass through the trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli. -Alveoli are air sacs which surrounded by a net work of blood capilarries. -The huge surface area helps in gas absorption. -The moist alveoli surface allow oxygen to dissolve before being absorbed into the blood capillaries. -Blood will carry oxygen around the body. -Carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries is absorbed through the moist alveouli walls before entering air sacs & later being exhaled.

The Role of Oxygen In Combustion -Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance combines with oxygen to reduce an oxide & release heat & light. -Combustions occur when have:-oxygen,fuel,heat. -Products of combustion:-Carbon dioxide,water,heat energy,light energy. When carbons burns in air,carbon dioxide is released. -When a hydrocarbon burns in air,carbon dioxide & water are produced.

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Science Notes Form 1

a-The Principle of Extinguishing A Fire -Combustion will stop if the fuel supply is cut off. -Water can be used to absorb heat energy from the source of the fire & stop the fire.

5.5- Air Pollution - Occur when the atmosphere contains pollutants that harmful to living things. -Smoke,dust,hydrogen,sulphur dioxide,oxides of nitrogen,pesticides,heavy metals,radio active materials are examples of pollutants in the air. a-The Steps to Control & Prevent Air Pollution -Encourage the use of liquid petroleum gas in vehicles to reduce the released of poisonous gases. -Use biological methods to control pests. -Stop open burning of rubbish. -Build factories away from residential areas.

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Science Notes Form 1

6.1- The Various Forms & Sources of Energy -Energy is the ability to do work. -All living things need energy to function. a- Potential Energy -Enerhy stored in an object in an object because of its position & state. -The potential enegy increases when a certain object is compressed or stretched. b- Kinetic Energy -Energy found in a moving object. -The faster the object move,the bigger its kinetic energy is. c- Chemical Energy -Energy stored in chemical substances,food & fuel. -Chemical energy is released when chemical substances undergo chemical reaction. d- Electrical Energy -Energy produced by flowing electrical charges. -The sources of electrical energy:-lightning,dry cells,batteries & dynamos. e-Heat Energy -Energy found in hot objects. -Causes increase in temperature of a substance & can flow from a hot object to a cold object. f-Light Energy -Consist of waves that move in a straight lines. -Light travels in a straight lines & pass through a vacuum. g-Sound Energy -Energy reduced when objects vibrate in the form of waves that can be detected by our ear but cannot travels through a vacuum. h-Nuclear Energy -Energy stored in nuclei of atoms. -Nuclear energy is reduced when atoms are broken down.

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Science Notes Form 1

i-Mechanical Energy -The combination of potential & kinetic energies. -The energy is produced by machines & moving parts. #The Sources of Energy -Fossil fuel. -Biomass -Radioactive substance. -Geothermal -Mechanical -Sun -Human use these sources of energy directly or through energy changes. a-Fossil Fuel -Coal,petroleum,natural gas. -Formed from the remains of animals & tiny plants that were buried under mud & sand millions of years ago & were subjected to high temperature & pressure. #Coal -Used in temperature countries for warm houses. -Natural gas has methane. -Used as cooking gas,fuel & energy generator. -The components of petroleum can be separated by fractional distillation. b-Biomass -Energy obtained from the mass objects or plants & organic matter. -Sources-plants,animals,decay. #Plants -The burning of tree trunks,branches,fruits seeds,dry leaves,coconut shell & dregs produces light energy & heat energy. #Animals -The burn of animal fats produced light energy & heat energy.

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Science Notes Form 1

#Decay -The decay of animal & plant remains,rubbish & animal faeces produces methane & alcohol that can be uses as biomass fuel. c- Nuclear Energy -Nuclear energy derived from the nuclear reactions of radioactives substances. -E.g of radioactive substances-uranium,plutonium. -Nuclear reactors are used to control nuclear nuclear reactions. d- Geothermal Energy -Energy derived from the heat obtained deep in the core of the earth. -Produces steam that rotate the turbin of a dynamo to generate electrical energy. e-Mechanical Energy -The sources energy from running water,winds,waves. #Water -The water behind a dam has potential energy that can be converted to kinetic energy. -Kinetic energy rotates generator that produce electricity. #Winds -Winds rotate the winds mills that are attached to a dynamo to produce electricity. #Waves -Have both potential & kinetic energies. -Waves that hit a buoy can rotate turbine of a dynamo to generate electricity. f- Sun -The sun is the mian source of energy. -Solar cells are used to absorb light energy & change it to electrical energy. -Solar heaters can be used to heat water & cook food. -Solar energy is used for the photosynthesis by plant,the production of biomass energy. -Fossil fuels are derived from plants & animals remains that use energy from sunlight. -The sun also produces the mechanical energy in the form of rain,winds,waves.

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Science Notes Form 1

7.1- Heat As A Form of Energy -Sun is the main source of heat energy. -Chemical reaction,fire,electricity is the other sources of heat. -Friction caused by rubbing our hand together can give rise to heat. -The use of heat:-boiling water,to start chemical reaction,to dry clothes,to incubate eggs. -Temperature is the degrees of hotness or coldness of an object. -The temperature of a substance depends on of particles in it.The faster the movement the hotter the substance is. -Heat cause the rise in temperature,increase in size & change particle size. -Heat can flow from a hot object to a cold object when two objects are in contact. -The unit of heat is the Joule(J). -The amount of heat supplied will influenced the increase in temperature in an object. -The heat content of a body is the quantity of heat energy in the body. -It depends on the type of matter the body is made of,the volume & the temperature of the body. -A bigger body will contain more heat than a smaller body at the same temperature. -The amount of heat depends on temperature & the type of substance.

7.2- Heat Flow & Its Effect -All matter will change in shape when heated or cooled. -All matter will expand when heated & contract when cooled. -When matter is heated,its particles receive heat energy & move faster. -The rapidly vibrating particles will move away from each other.The volume will increase when expansion occurs. -Heat causes gases expand the most,followed by liquids while solid expand the least. -When a matter cools,heat energy is given out & the particles will move closer to one another. -Therefore,the volume will decrease when matter is cooled that is,contraction occurs. -Heat causes gases to contract the most,followed by liquids while solid contract the least.

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Science Notes Form 1

#Expansion & Contraction of Solid -Different solid expand & contract differently. -The expansion & contraction of solid can produce a powerful force. #Expansion & Contraction of Liquids -When a flask filled with coloured water is heated,the water level will initially drop a little & then rise rapidly. -This is because the flask expands first,followed by the coloured water. -When the flask cools,the water level will drop to the initial position because the coloured water contract upon cooling. -Different liquids expand at different rates. -Water will expand & contract upon cooling from 4C-0C. -Heat can be transferred from hot object to a cold object by conduction,convection,radiation. #Conduction -Is the flow of heat through temperature from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. -Heat conduction in solids occurs through the vibration & collision of particles. -The rapidly vibrating particles will transfer kinetic energy to neighbouring particles which possess low energy. -Different type of matter conduct heat at different rates. #Convection -Is the transfer of heat from a hot place to a cooler place through flowing substances. -Heat energy transferred from a hot place to a cold place through the fluid movements. - Matter expands when heated.Therefore,hotter matter has lower density. -This means that a hot fluid with low density will rise while cooler fluid which are denser will sink. -The flow of hot & cold fluids gives rise to convection current. -A convection current is caused by the flow of hot water upwards & cooler water downwards.

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Science Notes Form 1

#Radiation -Is the transfer of heat energy from one heat source to the surrounding without the need of a medium. -Radiation can penetrate air spaces & vacuum. -It takes the form of waves that flow in a straight lines. -The transfer of heat & sun to the earth by radiation. -E.g of appliances that use the principle of heat treansfer:-refrigerator,car radiator,electric kettle. a- Land Breeze -At night the sea is warm than the land. -The hot air from the sea rise & is replaced by cooler air from land. b-Sea Breeze -During the day,the land become hotter faster than the sea. -Hot air on land will rise & is replaced by cooler air. -Substances that allow heat to flow rapidly by conduction are called heat conductors. -Substances that allow heat to flow less efficiently are called insulators.

7.3- The Effect of Heat On Matter -Matter can change from one physical states to another. -Can exist in the form of solid(ice),liquid(water),gas(steam). -The change of state of matter involves absorption or released of heat energy. a- Cooling -Causes to be released heat from matter & the temperature to fall. b- Heating -Provides heat to matter & causes an increase in temperature. c- Melting -A solid changes to a liquid when the solid is heated. -Melting occurs at the melting point.

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d- Freezing -When liquid changes to a solid when the liquid cools. -Freezing occurs at the freezing point. e- Boiling -When liquids are heated,the particles receive kinetic energy that can overcome the forces between particles. f- Sublimation -Absorbs heat to become gas. -When solid matter is heated it changes to gas which not going into the liquid state. -Heat energy is absorbed during this process. g- Condensation -When gas are cooled,energy is released & the particles move slowly & the gas change into liquids. h- Evaporation -A liquid changes into a gas.

7.4- The Application of Expansion & Contraction of Matter a- Thermometer -Mercury thermometer measures temperature based on the expansion & contraction of the liquid mercury in it. b- Fire Alarm -Consist of bimetallic strip to expand & bend. -The circuit will be completed & the bell rings. c- Railway Tracks -Gaps are left between successive lengths of rail to allow for expansion during hot days & contraction during cold days. -This arrangementis necessary to prevent buckling & bending of the racks.

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d- Rollers On Bridges -To prevent a bending of a bridge during hot days. -A gap is left on steel bridge to allow for expansion during hot days & contraction during cold days.

7.5- Dull Black Objects:Good Absorbers & Radiators of Heat -All objects can absorb & radiate heat. -The amount of absorption & radiation of heat by a body depends on the temperature of the surroundings & the condition of the surface of the body.

7.5- The Benefits of Heat Flow -Houses are painted white to reduce absorption. -Houses are built with windows to increase air circulation.