Assignment for system software

1. How does an assembler handle the following statements?

Explain with an example for each
(a) Constants
(b) ORIGIN
(c) LTORG
(d) Explain Symbol reference/definition.

2. An assembly program contains the statement

X EQU Y+25
Indicate how the EQU statement can be processed if
(a)Y is a back reference
(b)Y is a forward reference

3. Can the operand expression in an ORIGIN statement contain

forward reference?
If so, outline how the statement can be processed in a two
pass assembly scheme.

4. A two pass assembler performs program listing and error

reporting in pass 2 using the following strategy:
Errors detected in pass 1 are stored in an error table.
These are reported with pass 2 errors while producing the
program listing.
(a)Design the error table for use by pass 1
What is its entry format?
What is the table organization?
(b)Let the error messages (ex. Duplicate label…) be stored
in an error table. Comment on the organization of this
table. Comment on the organization of this table.

5.1. Develop complete program specification for the passes of

a two pass assembler indicating
(a) Tables for internal use of the passes
(b) Tables to be shared between passes
(c) Input (files and tables) for every pass
(d) Outputs (files and tables) for every pass

5.2. Recommend appropriate organization for the tables and

files used in the two pass assembler of above problem
Specify clearly why certain information is in the form of
tables in memory while other information is in the form of
file.