Food Security in Bangladesh

Origin of the report: Food security is a burning issue for present world.
People all-over the world is suffering from food insecurity. The world cannot feed its creatures properly. It is now a headache for the world to ensure food security. As food security is a hot topic our honorable teacher Mohammad Jahangir Alam Chowdhury assigned us to prepare a report about FOOD SECURITY. Objectives of the report: There are some reasons for making report about food security.
o Firstly, to find out reasons for food crisis. o Secondly, to find out forces that cause for increasing food price. o Thirdly, to intimate present and past rice and wheat production of the world.
Methodology: Most of the information has been taken from website. Besides, paper cutting from Newspapers has also been used Limitations: There are lacking of updated information, unavailability of graph and chart, information are not arranged precisely.
From the first, the main thought of human is about how to gain food or to earn livelihood. Human beings need food for their survival. Man spends most of his time to earn livelihood. There are three basic needs of human amongst them food is the main basic need. Everything is meaningless to human if he or she does get enough food. Man even commits crime and other atrocious work to earn money and to buy food. Man again does jobs, businesses to earn money to earn food and availability of food is called FOOD SECURITY. Industrialization had a great impact on our living standard. Total scenario has changed after the revolution. People focused on this revolution after 1800s. The development of science and technology has made this revolution fast forward. People who used to work in the field get involves in the production, jobs with the machine. Crop fields were destroyed for industrial infrastructure and other related functions. Environment pollution and lack of monitoring causes Climate Change. So, production of food has become under threat. The urgency of food security now becomes a major issue of our globe, which is advancing towards the 21st century. Now it is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain food security in a world beset by a confluence of "peak" phenomena, namely peak oil, peak water, "peak grain" and "peak fish." More than half of the planet's population, numbering approximately 3.3 billion people, lives in urban areas as of November 2007. Any disruption to farm supplies may precipitate a uniquely urban food crisis in a relatively short time. The ongoing global financial meltdown has affected farm credits, despite a boom in commodity prices. A direct relationship exists between food consumption levels and poverty. Families with the financial resources to escape extreme poverty rarely suffer from chronic hunger; while poor families not only suffer the most from chronic hunger, but are also the segment of the population most at risk during food shortages and famines
Food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it. A household is considered food secure when its occupants do not live in hunger or fear of starvation.
According to FAO, Food security exists when all people, at all times, have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. According to United States Department of Agriculture, Food security for a household means access by all members at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum (1) the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and (2) an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (that is, without resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other coping strategies).
These definitions have some key elements. These key elements are: 1) Availability of food 2) Sufficiency of food 3) Access to food 4) Utilization of food
The stages of food insecurity range from food secure situations to full-scale famine. "Famine and hunger are both rooted in food insecurity. Food insecurity can be categorized as either chronic or transitory. Chronic food insecurity translates into a high degree of vulnerability to famine and hunger; ensuring food security presupposes elimination of that vulnerability. [Chronic] hunger is not famine. It is similar to undernourishment and is related to poverty, existing mainly in poor countries
Bangladesh is one of the major rice consuming countries. Rice is central to Bangladesh's economy and agriculture. The demand for rice is constantly rising in Bangladesh with nearly 2.3 million as people are being added each year to its population of about 120 million. Rice production increases must be achieved at a faster rate than in most other countries, while the land planted to rice is not expanding. In addition, Bangladesh is faced with production constraints such as drought, lack of irrigation facilities, flooding and salinity of soils coupled with fluctuating commercial rice prices. Rice is accounting for nearly 18 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Bangladesh. It is providing about 70 percent of total calorie intake by a citizen of Bangladesh. The total area on which rice is cultivated is about 10 million hectors. This area covers 75% of the total area of agricultural crops and 93% of the total area planted to cereals. In 2003/04 about 1,832 thousand metric tons Aus, 11,521 thousand metric tons Aman and 12,837 thousand metric tons Boro was produced. In 2004/05 about 1,500 thousand metric tons Aus, 9,819 thousand metric tons Aman and 13,837 thousand metric tons Boro was produced. In 2005/06 about 1,745 thousand metric tons Aus, 10,810 thousand metric tons Aman and 13,975 thousand metric tons Boro was produced.
Rice production in Bangladesh (thousand metric tons) from 1971-2006:
YEAR
AUS
AMAN
BORO GRAND TOTAL MV%
MV
1971-72 129.00 137.00
LV
2212.00 2106.00
TOTAL
2341.00 2243.00
MV %
5.51 6.11
MV
696.00 980.00
LV
4999.00 4607.00
TOTAL
5695.00 5587.00
MV %
12.22 17.54
MV
966.00 1340.00
LV
772.00 731.00
TOTAL
1738.00 2071.00
MV%
55.58 64.70 9774.00 9901.00
18.32 24.82 33.69 30.56 29.44 26.11 28.60 31.36 35.25 36.92 38.18 42.78 40.85 43.84 43.74 45.90 49.53 56.18 57.24 60.88 64.62 65.62 67.01
1972-73
1973-74 1974-75
381.00 695.00
2420.00 2164.00
2801.00 2859.00
13.60 24.31
1957.00 1071.00
4742.00 4929.00
6699.00 6000.00
29.21 17.85
1611.00 1629.00
609.00 621.00
2220.00 2250.00
72.57 72.40
11720.00 11109.00
1975-76
857.00
2372.00
3229.00
26.54
1208.00
5837.00
7045.00
17.15
1633.00
653.00
2286.00
71.43
12560.00
1976-77
825.00
2189.00
3014.00
27.37
897.00
6008.00
6905.00
12.99
1299.00
351.00
1650.00
78.73
11569.00
1977-78
904.00
2199.00
3103.00
29.13
1145.00
6277.00
7422.00
15.43
1602.00
637.00
2239.00
71.55
12764.00
1978-79
961.00
2326.00
3287.00
29.24
1494.00
5935.00
7429.00
20.11
1511.00
418.00
1929.00
78.33
12645.00
1979-80
830.00
1979.00
2809.00
29.55
1708.00
5595.00
7303.00
23.39
1882.00
545.00
2427.00
77.54
12539.00
1980-81
1075.00
2214.00
3289.00
32.68
2061.00
5903.00
7964.00
25.88
1990.00
640.00
2630.00
75.67
13883.00
1981-82 1982-83
1022.00 936.00
2248.00 2129.00
3270.00 3065.00
31.25 30.54
1667.00 2075.00
5542.00 5441.00
7209.00 7516.00
23.12 27.61
2515.00 3033.00
637.00 515.00
3152.00 3548.00
79.79 85.48
13631.00 14129.00
1983-84 1984-85 1985-86
1007.00 862.00 922.00
2215.00 1921.00 1906.00
3222.00 2783.00 2828.00
31.25 30.97 32.60
2049.00 2200.00 2438.00
5794.00 5730.00 6104.00
7843.00 7930.00 8542.00
26.13 27.74 28.54
2832.00 3348.00 3219.00
518.00 561.00 452.00
3350.00 3909.00 3671.00
84.54 85.65 87.69
14415.00 14622.00 15041.00
1986-87
967.00
2163.00
3130.00
30.89
2525.00
5742.00
8267.00
30.54
3580.00
430.00
4010.00
89.28
15407.00
1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91
891.00 729.00 609.00 631.00
2102.00 2127.00 1866.00 1630.00
2993.00 2856.00 2475.00 2261.00
29.77 25.53 24.61 27.91
2450.00 2582.00 3856.00 4246.00
5240.00 4275.00 5346.00 4921.00
7690.00 6857.00 9202.00 9167.00
31.86 37.65 41.90 46.32
4294.00 5422.00 5672.00 5950.00
437.00 409.00 361.00 407.00
4731.00 5831.00 6033.00 6357.00
90.76 92.99 94.02 93.60
15414.00 15544.00 17710.00 17785.00
1991-92
770.00
1409.00
2179.00
35.34
4656.00
4613.00
9269.00
50.23
6370.00
437.00
6807.00
93.58
18255.00
1992-93 1993-94
711.00 719.30
1364.00 1130.90
2075.00 1850.20
34.27 38.88
5088.00 4951.00
4592.00 4468.20
9680.00 9419.20
52.56 52.56
6236.00 6419.00
350.00 353.20
6586.00 6772.20
94.69 94.78
18341.00 18041.60
1994-95
702.10
1088.60
1790.70
39.21
4483.50
4020.50
8504.00
52.72
6200.70
338.00
6538.70
94.83
16833.40
67.64 69.17
1995-96
702.00
974.00
1676.00
41.89
4681.00
4109.00
8790.00
53.25
6851.60
369.00
7220.60
94.89
17686.60
Country
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09(May)
2008/09(June)
1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05
843.00 871.50 728.00 798.00 935.00 903.00 947.30 936.00 862.00
1027.00 1003.10 888.90 936.00 981.00 905.00 903.40 895.80 638.00
1870.00 1874.60 1616.90 1734.00 1916.00 1808.00 1850.70 1831.80 1500.00
45.08 46.49 45.02 46.02 48.80 49.94 51.19 51.10 57.47
5359.00 5205.90 4740.70 6246.00 6938.00 6810.00 7143.60 7529.30 6693.00
4192.00 3643.90 2995.10 4060.00 4311.00 3916.00 3974.80 3991.20 3126.00
9551.00 8849.80 7735.80 10306.00 11249.00 10726.00 11118.40 11520.50 9819.00
56.11 58.83 61.28 60.61 61.68 63.49 64.25 65.36 68.16
7105.00 7795.80 10152.80 10671.00 11553.50 11412.00 11873.00 12432.60 13446.30
355.00 341.50 399.10 356.00 367.00 354.00 349.20 404.50 390.80
7460.00 8137.30 10551.90 11027.00 11920.50 11766.00 12222.20 12837.10 13837.10
95.24 95.80 96.22 96.77 96.92 96.99 97.14 96.85 97.18
18881.00 18861.70 19904.60 23067.00 25085.50 24300.00 25191.30 26189.40 25156.10
70.48 73.55 78.48 76.80 77.44 78.70 79.25 79.80 83.48 83.73
2005-06
1081.00
664.00
1745.00
61.95
7505.00
3305.00
10810.00
69.43
13628.10
347.20
13975.30
97.52
26530.30
World Rice Production:
Bangladesh Brazil Burma Country Cambodia China Bangladesh Egypt India Indonesia Japan Korea Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Thailand Vietnam Others Subtotal United States World Total
25600 8996 9570
28758 7874 10440
29000 7700 10600
28600 8129 10730
29400 8500 10000
29400 8500 9400
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09(May) 2008/09(June) 2630 3771 3946 4075 4225 4225 125363 26900 4128 83130 34830 7944 5000 2300 5025 9425 17360 22716 29819 393836 7462 401298 126414 29000 4135 91790 34959 8257 4768 2700 5547 9821 18200 22772 31005 411211 7113 418324 127200 29764 4383 93350 35300 7786 4680 2900 5200 10085 18250 22922 30595 413897 6239 420136 129840 30200 4385 95680 35500 7930 4408 3000 5500 10600 18500 23543 30921 421341 6314 427655 130900 30300 4387 96000 36250 7900 4500 3100 5600 10800 18800 23560 31823 425745 6300 432045 130550 30300 4387 96000 36250 7900 4500 3100 5600 11000 18800 23560 31934 425106 6300 431406
World Rice Consumption:
Brazil Burma Cambodia China Egypt India Indonesia Japan Korea Nigeria Pakistan Philippines Thailand Vietnam Others Subtotal United States World Total
9074 10300 2780 130300 3250 80861 35850 3000 8300 4951 4250 10400 9480 17595 45319 405357 3935 409292
8452 10400 3571 128000 3343 85088 35739 3025 8250 4766 4350 10722 9544 18392 45160 411963 3838 415801
7965 10670 3646 127200 3268 86940 35900 3050 8250 4886 4450 11551 9870 18775 46489 416073 4054 420127
8429 10331 3775 127340 3385 91610 36350 3075 8150 4635 4700 12400 9467 19317 45542 421787 3990 425777
8710 10000 3825 128000 3350 93000 36851 3100 8130 4540 4800 12650 9700 19380 46154 423950 4024 427974
8710 9700 3825 127650 3350 93000 36851 3100 8130 4540 4800 12850 9450 19380 46327 423439 4024 427463
World Rice Supply and Use (2006/07):
Supply Region Beginning
(million metric tons)
Use(million metric tons) Exports
Ending Stocks
Production Imports Total
Stocks
World United States Total foreign India Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Brazil EU-27* 2 Indonesia Nigeria Philippines Sel. Mideast*3 Burma C. Amer & Carib*4 China Egypt Japan Mexico South Korea 75.68 1.37 74.31 10.52 0.30 3.59 1.32 0.90 1.18 3.21 0.55 5.29 1.51
0.70 0.19 36.78 0.36 2.40 0.16 0.82
Domestic*1
420.14 6.24 413.90 93.35 5.20 18.25 22.92 7.70 1.69 35.30 2.90 10.09 2.13
10.60 0.06 127.20 4.38 7.79 0.18 4.68
27.42 0.65 26.77 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.45 0.75 1.17 2.00 1.60 1.80 2.96
0.00 0.37 0.47 0.10 0.68 0.59 0.24
420.13 4.05 416.07 86.94 2.64 9.87 18.78 7.97 2.75 35.90 4.45 11.55 5.06
10.67 0.48 127.20 3.27 8.25 0.79 4.89
30.82 2.94 27.88 5.50 2.40 9.50 4.52 0.23 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
0.03 0.00 1.34 1.21 0.20 0.00 0.16
75.69 1.27 74.42 11.43 0.46 2.48 1.39 1.16 1.14 4.61 0.60 5.63 1.50
0.60 0.14 35.92 0.37 2.41 0.15 0.69
1) Total foreign and world use of rice adjusted to reflect the differences in world imports and exports. Total domestic includes both domestic use and unreported disappearance. 2) Trade excludes intra-trade. 3) Selected Middle East includes Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. 4) Central American and Caribbean countries.
World Rice Supply and Use 2007/08 (estimated):
Use(million metric tons) Exports
Ending Stocks
Production Imports Total
Stocks
World United States Total foreign India Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Brazil EU-27* 2 Indonesia Nigeria Philippines Sel. Mideast*3 Burma C. Amer & Carib*4 China Egypt Japan Mexico South Korea
75.69 1.27 74.42 11.43 0.46 2.48 1.39 1.16 1.14 4.61 0.60 5.63 1.50 0.60 0.14 35.92 0.37 2.41 0.15 0.69 427.65 6.31 421.34 95.68 5.50 18.50 23.54 8.13 1.68 35.50 3.00 10.60 2.38 10.73 0.06 129.84 4.39 7.93 0.19 4.41 25.37 0.70 24.67 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.15 0.70 1.10 1.10 1.60 2.00 2.76 0.03 0.34 0.30 0.02 0.70 0.65 0.27
Domestic*1
425.78 3.99 421.79 91.61 2.74 9.47 19.32 8.43 2.75 36.35 4.70 12.40 5.20 10.33 0.48 127.34 3.39 8.15 0.78 4.64 28.45 3.58 24.87 2.50 2.70 10.00 4.50 0.25 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.43 0.00 1.00 0.80 0.20 0.01 0.00 77.56 0.71 76.86 13.00 0.52 1.52 1.27 1.31 1.02 4.86 0.50 5.83 1.42 0.60 0.05 37.72 0.59 2.69 0.19 0.73
1) Total foreign and world use of rice adjusted to reflect the differences in world imports and exports. Total domestic includes both domestic use and unreported disappearance. 2) Trade excludes intra-trade. 3) Selected Middle East includes Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. 4) Central American and Caribbean countries.
World Rice Supply and Use 2008/09 (projected):
Use(million metric tons) Total Exports
Ending Stocks
Production
Imports
Stocks
World May June United May States June Total May foreign June India May June Pakistan May June Thailand May June Vietnam May June Brazil May June EU-27*2 May June Indonesia May June Nigeria May June Philippines May June Sel. May Mideast*3 June Burma May June C. Amer & May Carib*4 June China May June Egypt May June Japan May June Mexico May June South Korea May June
78.51 77.56 0.69 0.71 77.82 76.86 13.00 13.00 0.52 0.52 2.02 1.52 1.27 1.27 1.31 1.31 1.15 1.02 4.86 4.86 0.50 0.50 5.83 5.83 1.42 1.42 0.60 0.60 0.08 0.05 37.72 37.72 0.59 0.59 2.69 2.69 0.19 0.19 0.73 0.73 432.04 431.41 6.30 6.30 425.75 425.11 96.00 96.00 5.60 5.60 18.80 18.80 23.56 23.56 8.50 8.50 1.68 1.62 36.25 36.25 3.10 3.10 10.80 11.00 2.37 2.37 10.00 9.40 0.07 0.06 130.90 130.55 4.39 4.39 7.90 7.90 0.19 0.19 4.50 4.50 25.55 25.57 0.71 0.73 24.84 24.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.45 0.45 0.60 0.60 1.20 1.20 0.80 0.80 1.60 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.82 2.82 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.39 0.33 0.33 0.02 0.02 0.70 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.29 0.29
Domestic*1
427.97 427.46 4.02 4.02 423.95 423.44 93.00 93.00 2.42 2.42 9.70 9.45 19.38 19.38 8.71 8.71 2.75 2.75 36.85 36.85 4.80 4.80 12.65 12.85 5.30 5.30 10.00 9.70 0.48 0.48 128.00 127.65 3.35 3.35 8.13 8.13 0.81 0.81 4.54 4.54 27.01 27.05 3.13 3.17 23.88 23.88 2.00 2.00 3.15 3.15 9.00 9.00 4.50 4.50 0.30 0.30 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.00 0.20 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 82.58 81.51 0.55 0.55 82.03 80.96 14.00 14.00 0.55 0.55 2.13 1.88 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.13 0.94 5.06 5.06 0.40 0.40 5.98 5.98 1.28 1.28 0.60 0.30 0.05 0.02 39.85 39.85 0.65 0.65 2.96 2.96 0.20 0.20 0.97 0.97
1) Total foreign and world use of rice adjusted to reflect the differences in world imports and exports. Total domestic includes both domestic use and unreported disappearance.
2) Trade excludes intra-trade. 3) Selected Middle East includes Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia. 4) Central American and Caribbean countries.
Wheat is a food grain crop .It is originated in Southwest Asia the area known as the Fertile Crescent. It is the most widely grown food crop in the world. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most produced food among the cereal crops. It ranks first in world crop production and is the national food staple of 43 countries. At least one-third of the world's population depends on wheat as its main staple. Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads; cookies, cakes, pasta, noodles and couscous and for fermentation to make beer, alcohol and vodka. Wheat is also being used to produce biofuel. Wheat is also planted to a limited extent as a forage crop for livestock, and the straw can be used as fodder for livestock or as a construction material for roofing thatch. The United States is second to Russia in total production but the average yield per acre in the United States is about twice than that of Russia. Other major wheat-producing countries in the world are Canada, China, India, France, Argentina, and
Australia. West Asia and of the European peoples have been largely based on wheat. Since agriculture began, wheat has been the chief source of bread for Europe and the Middle East. Wheat is best adapted to a cool dry climate but is grown in a wide range of soils and climates. Much of the world's wheat is seeded in the fall season and, after being dormant or growing very slowly during winter, it makes rapid growth in the spring and develops grain for harvest in early summer. Wheat is used for different purposes. Flour from hard wheat (varieties evolved for the most part from T. aestivum) contains a high percentage of gluten and is used to make bread and fine cakes. The hardestkernelled wheat is durum (T. durum). Its flour is used in the manufacture of macaroni, spaghetti, and other pasta products. White-wheat and soft-wheat varieties are paler and have starchy kernels. Their flour is preferred for piecrust, biscuits, and breakfast foods. Wheat is used in the manufacture of whiskey and beer, and the grain, the bran (the residue from milling), and the vegetative plant parts make valuable livestock feed. Before the introduction of corn into Europe, wheat was the principal source of starch for sizing paper and cloth. Wheat provides a major portion of nutrition. It contains carbohydrates, protein, iron, calcium, B1 and B2 which are very essential for health. Here is a chart of the nutritional value of 100 gram wheat:
Nutritional Value per 100g Wheat Carbohydrates Dietary fiber Fat Protein Thiamin (Vit. B1) Riboflavin (Vit. B2) Niacin (Vit. B3) Pantothenic acid (B5) Vitamin B6 Folate (Vit. B9) Calcium Iron 51.8 g 13.2 g 9.72 g 23.15 g 1.882 mg 0.499 mg 6.813 mg 0.05 mg 1.3 mg 281 mg 39 mg 6.26 mg
Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Zinc Manganese
239 mg 842 mg 892 mg 12.29 mg 13.301 mg
It is already mentioned that wheat is very nutritious. It can be consumed as an alternative food item of rice. 100 grams of hard red winter wheat contains about 12.6 grams of protein, 1.5 grams of total fat, 71 grams of carbohydrate (by difference), 12.2 grams of dietary fiber, and 3.2 mg of iron or 17% of the amount required daily. 100 grams of hard red spring wheat contains about 15.4 grams of protein, 1.9 grams of total fat, 68 grams of carbohydrate (by difference), 12.2 grams of dietary fiber, and 3.6 mg of iron or 20% of the amount required daily.
Wheat is the dominant grain of world commerce. It is easily transported and stored and it is used to produce a large variety of foods that include many kinds and types of breads, cakes, noodles, crackers, breakfast foods, biscuits, cookies, and confectionary items. Wheat is the staple food of millions of people. It is also an important part of the daily diet of millions of people. Only rice challenges wheat for the title of most important food grain in the world. The world wheat market is enormous. Annual global wheat consumption is in excess of 550 million tons (20 billion bushels). Farmers of the world produce almost 20 times as much wheat as it is produced in Canada to satisfy this growing appetite. The United States is second to Russia in total production but the average yield per acre in the United States is about twice than that of Russia. Other major wheatproducing countries in the world are Canada, China, India, France, Argentina, and Australia. World wheat production increased at a rate of 3.3 percent per year between 1949 and 1978. Increases at the start of this period were due to both an expansion of production area and increased per acre yields. However, starting in the 1960's, increased yields from improved varieties and a greatly expanded use of irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers took on greater importance in sustaining the high rate of growth in world wheat production. In fact, the impact of new production technologies was so significant that their widespread adoption during this period became known as the "green revolution". Wheat production trends shifted dramatically in the 1980s. Rate of increase in world wheat production slowed to 1.5 percent per year between 1982 and 1991. China maintained its rate of increase in production at 2.6 percent per year and became the world's largest wheat producer. Wheat production in India and Pakistan also increased at nearly 3 percent per year during this period. Smaller wheat producing countries in the "others" category increased production by 2.8 percent per year and accounted for a significant 16 percent of world wheat supply. Wheat production in Russia was very erratic during this period and its contribution to total world production fell to 16 percent. There are many factors that influence the pattern of wheat consumption in the world. The most important of these include: Price, Supply, Consumer income, Availability of substitutes, and Politics. Present day USA is the largest wheat producing country. U.S. 2008/09 wheat supplies are projected higher. Winter wheat production is forecast 40 million bushels higher with higher yields expected in most states. Beginning stocks are projected 15 million bushels higher as 2007/08 exports are lowered the same amount on slower-than-expected shipments in recent weeks. Feed and residual use for 2008/09 is raised 25 million bushels with increased supplies, particularly for soft red winter wheat, and higher expected corn prices. Exports are raised 25 million bushels on strong new-crop sales. Ending stocks are projected at 487 million bushels, up 5 million from last month. The 2008/09 marketing-year average farm price is projected at $6.75 to $8.25 per bushel, up 15 cents on both ends of the range. Wheat prices are expected to remain supported by early season demand and higher corn prices.
India is today the second largest wheat producer in the whole world. Various studies and researches show that wheat and wheat flour play an increasingly important role in the management of Indias food economy. Wheat production is about 70 million tons per year in India and counts for approximately 12 per cent of world production. Being the second largest in population, it is also the second largest in wheat
consumption after China, with a huge and growing wheat demand. The factor favorable to India's wheat export prospects is a drastic decline in the area under wheat cultivation in the United States. Reports indicate that the area under wheat cultivation in the US is at its lowest in 26 years. A dry winter in the region between Morocco and Pakistan has also reduced prospects of a good wheat harvest in that region. This improves India's wheat export prospects. India's wheat production in 1998-99 was 73.2 million tons, an 18 per cent increase from 55 million tons in 1993-94. The 1998-99 output made India the world's second biggest wheat producer after China. But India has not yet established itself as a regular wheat exporting nation. However, the bumper output in 1998-99 together with other factors mentioned below positions India to increase its wheat exports, notwithstanding the fact that production in 1999-2000 is expected to have declined by 2.9 per cent. From 1985-86 to 1988-89, India exported a total of 1.278 million tons. But then, exports declined to 11,000 tons in 1989-90 and 13,000 tons in 1990-91. In 1993-94, the government permitted only 300,000 tons of wheat to be exported. This was increased to 1 million tons in 1997-98. Global wheat production for 2008/09 is raised 6.9 million tons with higher output expected from China, and the United States. Nearly ideal weather continues to support crop prospects for Russia and Ukraine with production raised 2.0 million and 1.0 million tons respectively. Production for China is raised 5.0 million tons for 2008/09 on good growing conditions for this years crop and in line with recently released estimates for 2007/08 and 2006/07 from Chinas National Bureau of Statistics. Production for 2007/08 is raised 3.9 million tons, and 2006/07 production is revised 4.0 million tons higher on reported yields. Partly offsetting the 2008/09 increases are reductions for Afghanistan, Argentina, and Syria due to dry conditions. Production is also lowered 0.5 million tons for Canada as cool, dry early season conditions have slowed crop emergence and establishment. Global wheat imports, exports, and consumption for 2008/09 are all raised with increased supplies. World exports are raised 1.0 million tons with increases for Ukraine and the United States more than offsetting reductions for Canada and Syria. World consumption is raised 3.9 million tons mostly reflecting higher feeding and food use in China and higher feeding in the United States. World ending stocks are projected 8.1 million tons higher this month at 132.1 million, up 16.9 million from 2007/08 and the highest since 2005/06. Ending stocks for 2007/08 and 2006/07 are raised 5.1 million tons and 2.6 million tons, respectively. Mostly on increases for China following the large revisions made to production.
World Wheat Supply and Use (2006/07):
Supply Region Beginning Stocks
Use(million metric tons) Domestic*1 Feed Total Exports
Ending Stocks
Production Imports
World United States Total foreign
147.06 15.55 131.52
596.00 49.32 546.68
112.33 3.32 109.01
105.76 3.29 102.47
616.45 31.04 585.41
110.69 24.73 85.96
126.62 12.41 114.20
Argentina Australia Canada EU-27*2 Brazil China Select. Mideast*3 N. Africa*4 Pakistan Southeast Asia*5 India FSU-12 Russia Kazakhstan Ukraine
0.50 9.62 9.64 23.39 1.33 34.39 6.82 10.51 2.96 2.20 2.00 12.72 3.81 3.01 2.41
15.20 10.64 25.27 124.78 2.23 108.47 20.12 18.53 21.28 0.00 69.35 84.98 44.90 13.50 14.00
0.01 0.09 0.32 5.14 7.75 0.38 10.52 16.30 0.06 10.65 6.71 5.93 0.86 0.03 0.08
0.08 4.70 4.33 60.20 0.20 4.00 1.55 0.25 0.40 0.90 0.30 21.65 14.10 2.70 2.10
4.90 7.40 8.74 125.50 10.50 102.00 30.31 33.90 21.90 9.98 73.36 72.64 36.40 7.50 11.70
10.50 8.73 19.64 13.87 0.04 2.78 0.55 0.26 0.20 0.42 0.20 22.35 10.79 8.00 3.37
0.31 4.22 6.85 13.94 0.78 38.46 6.59 11.18 2.20 2.46 4.50 8.65 2.38 1.04 1.43
1) Total foreign and world use of rice adjusted to reflect the differences in world imports and exports. Total domestic includes both domestic use and unreported disappearance. 2) Trade excludes intra-trade. 3) Selected Middle East includes Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, United Arab Emirates and Oman. 4) Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia. 5) Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
World Wheat Supply and Use 2007/08 (estimated):

World
126.62
Use(million metric tons) Domestic*1 Feed Total

622.25 110.70
Ending Exports Stocks
Production Imports
610.77
108.16
98.04
115.14
United States Total foreign Argentina Australia Canada EU-27*2 Brazil China Select. Mideast*3 N. Africa*4 Pakistan Southeast Asia*5 India FSU-12 Russia Kazakhstan Ukraine
12.41 114.20 0.31 4.22 6.85 13.94 0.78 38.46 6.59 11.18 2.20 2.46 4.50 8.65 2.38 1.04 1.43
56.25 554.52 16.00 13.10 20.05 119.48 3.83 109.86 20.30 13.82 23.30 0.00 75.81 92.69 49.40 16.60 13.90
2.59 105.58 0.01 0.08 0.30 6.50 7.00 0.20 9.35 19.50 1.70 10.00 2.00 5.63 1.00 0.03 0.35
1.63 96.41 0.08 3.50 3.00 53.67 0.20 6.00 1.00 0.15 0.40 0.82 0.20 23.98 15.40 2.70 3.10
29.89 592.35 5.43 6.20 8.00 118.97 10.50 104.00 29.40 35.38 22.40 10.25 75.85 75.87 38.20 7.50 12.75
34.43 76.28 10.00 7.00 15.00 9.50 0.75 2.70 0.55 0.16 2.20 0.53 0.05 22.35 12.00 8.50 1.70
6.93 108.21 0.88 4.20 4.20 11.45 0.35 41.82 6.29 8.97 2.60 1.68 6.41 8.75 2.58 1.67 1.23
World wheat Supply and Use 2008/09 (projected):
Use(million metric tons)
Ending
Production Imports Domestic*1 Feed total

642.04 645.98 34.67
Exports Stocks
World United States
May June May
110.02 115.14 6.52
656.01 662.90 65.10
114.59 115.49 2.72
113.11 115.79 6.26
117.46 118.44 26.54
123.99 132.06 13.13
Total foreign Argentina Australia Canada EU-27*2 Brazil China Selected Mideast*3 N. Africa*4 Pakistan Southeast Asia*5 India FSU-12 Russia Kazakhstan Ukraine
June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June May June
6.93 103.50 108.21
0.38 0.88 3.70 4.20 4.17 4.20 11.95 11.45 0.35 0.35 36.96 41.82 6.19 6.29 8.72 8.97 2.60 2.60 1.68 1.68 6.41 6.41 9.75 8.75 2.58 2.58 1.67 1.67 2.23 1.23
66.18 590.91 596.72 15.00 14.50 24.00 24.00 25.00 24.50 140.00 140.00 4.50 4.50 109.00 114.00 15.92 15.92 15.76 15.76 21.50 21.50 0.00 0.00 76.78 76.78 99.34 102.34 52.00 54.00 14.00 14.00 20.00 21.00
2.72 111.86 112.77 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.08 0.30 0.30 5.00 5.00 7.30 7.30 0.03 0.03 12.85 12.85 20.30 20.30 2.00 2.00 10.75 10.75 0.10 0.10 6.03 6.03 1.00 1.00 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10
6.94 106.85 108.85 0.08 0.08 3.50 3.50 2.50 2.50 63.00 63.00 0.20 0.20 7.00 9.00 1.20 1.20 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.20 0.20 24.80 24.80 16.00 16.00 2.70 2.70 3.20 3.20
35.35 607.37 610.63 5.48 5.48 6.20 6.20 7.70 7.70 129.00 129.00 10.55 10.55 104.00 107.00 29.80 29.90 35.43 35.48 22.90 22.90 10.10 10.10 78.10 78.10 77.35 77.35 39.00 39.00 7.50 7.50 13.00 13.00
27.22 90.93 91.23 9.50 9.50 15.00 15.00 17.00 16.50 15.00 15.00 0.80 0.80 2.00 2.00 0.55 0.55 0.21 0.21 1.00 1.00 0.53 0.53 0.05 0.05 24.94 25.94 12.50 12.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00
13.26 110.86 118.80 0.41 0.41 6.57 7.07 4.77 4.80 12.95 12.45 0.80 0.80 39.99 46.85 4.62 4.62 9.14 9.34 2.20 2.20 1.81 1.81 5.14 5.14 12.84 13.84 4.08 6.08 2.20 2.20 3.33 2.33
Food is one of the basic needs of human being. Men spend most of their time to different activities so that they can earn money to buy food. But as days are gone by, need for food is getting intensified. The world cannot feed its creations properly. As a matter of fact people are suffering greatly for want of food. Most of the people in the world do not possess food security. Besides, world population is increasing at a rapid rate. So most of the people are suffering from hunger. At the first world food summit held in Rome in 1996,the heads of states of all countries in the world had reaffirmed the right of access to safe and nutritious food ,consistent with the right to adequate food and fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger .The world leaders at that time agreed to have the number of hungry people in the world by 2015.Now 12 years on, the dream of the global community is about to wither away in view of the challenge of food crisis and skyrocketing food prices .Food and energy prices have hit at least 40 developing countries during the last year and is feared to exist for a few more years. During January 2007 and january2008.food inflation increased between 10 to 34 percent in these countries. In Bangladesh, it reached 12 percent .Though global food and energy prices were on the increase since 2004-05 the rise during recent months has hit the hardest, with high probability of food and energy
insecurity in future. The reason for food price increase is the low global production of food, which has been lowest in the 25 years. Terming the situation as an international crisis the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) warned that the present stock of world food would last only for 57 days. Last week, the World Food Program said the crisis is a silent tsunami that is "threatening to plunge more than 100 million people on every continent into hunger." According to The Economist, a renowned magazine, The era of cheap food is over. It agrees that increased urbanization, global water shortages and the decline of cultivable land contribute to the increase in food prices. The increase of rising demand for more expensive food in countries such as India and China is also putting a strain on food commodities. Another reason for the rise in global food prices has been the declining value of the U.S. dollar, the currency with which oil and food prices are generally pegged. The increased demand for cleaner fuels and the attempt to wean consumers away from foreign oil have led to a jump in ethanol production. The production of ethanol, which is made from corn, will likely consume 20% of Americas corn harvest. While grain production is predicted to increase, the only beneficiaries of this increase will be the ethanol producers, who expect to increase production by nearly 40%. This will not only increase the cost of corn, but will also lower the quantity available for human consumption and the amount of food aid sent to developing countries. According to the International Monetary Fund, over the past 12 months global food prices have increased on average by more than 40%. During the first quarter of 2008, prices received for all crops were up 20 percent, while prices for livestock and livestock products increased by 10 percent. Rising global food prices pose a very real threat to political stability and individual well-being in many developing countries. Recent unrest in Haiti and Egypt indicate an increasingly widespread trend. In the past few weeks, riots over food prices have been erupting in several countries around the world including Egypt, Haiti and Cameroon and among others. The riots are in response to the sharp hike in the price of basic foods made from wheat, rice and corn. The riots in Haiti are not the first uprisings over food prices, which have risen 65 percent in the last six years. There have been riots in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Mozambique, and Senegal. A survey by the Washington-based International Food Policy Research Institute says staple foods have risen by 80 percent since 2005. The price of rice is at its highest in the last 19 years and wheat is at a 28-year high. Prices of commodities have almost doubled in the last 12 months, but most of the increase has been seen and felt since January 2008. This sharp increase in prices is making it dangerously difficult for people to buy the foods they need for basic survival. Most experts believe that there is no single driver behind this unprecedented rise in the cost of foodstuffs, but rather that numerous factors threaten the food security and well being of millions of people, particularly the poorest of the poor in the developing world. The present food crisis is not a short term problem, it is a structural issue. While global demand for food has increased; production has declined. The current food crisis should be an eye opener for developed countries which are planning to reduce their dependence on environmentally polluting petrol and diesel, because alleviating hunger is the priority at the moment. Factors determined by experts as reasons for food crisis include: the increased demand for food commodities of developing countries (as a result of
population increases and increased consumption of meat), the production of crops for bio-fuels, increased costs of transportation, the increasing price of oil, a weakened U.S. currency which increases the effective cost for commodities purchased with dollars, and recurring natural disasters such as drought and flooding, agricultural subsidies and trade policies, rising input costs for energy, and changes in domestic and global economic growth.
Among these factors the four main factors for recent food crisis are: Use of food grains for producing bio-fuel Record-breaking oil prices Weakened U.S. dollars Recent drought or crop failures
Using food grains for producing BIO-FUEL: Global warming is increasing as carbon emission is increasing in the air. Bio-fuel is an alternative fuel as well as an environment-friendly fuel. It is becoming a popular fuel and its necessity is increasing through out the world day by day. But it derives from biomass developing from wheat, maize, sugar-cane, and soybean. As a result bio-fuel is introducing itself as a new force to food crisis. Many countries including U.S.A, China, India, Brazil, Columbia, Venezuela, Canada, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia is taking initiatives for setting up industries for producing bio-fuel. Food grains are in greater demand for producing bio fuels in the developed countries. Last year farmer of the US used 20 percent of their maize production to produce high value ethanol, as the US president has announced that use of patrol had to be reduced by 20 percent by 2017 in the US .Some African countries too are producing bio-fuels on 4 million hectares of land. The European Union and India are also planning to produce bio-fuels. The U.S. embarked on bio-fuel production, ethanol, from crops, primarily surplus corn, to lessen dependence on foreign oil imports. However, since the U.S. supplies approximately 30% of the worlds corn, the price of corn skyrocketed, as did the price of alternative grains and the foods produced from corn consumption such as beef, chicken and pork. More farmers are growing crops for fuel rather than for food. Demand for corn as fuel continues to increase and restricts the amount of corn used or exported for food. The IMF estimates that bio-fuels were responsible for 50% of the consumption of major food crops in 2006-2007. Record-breaking oil prices: Investors drove up the price of oil which increased the costs of producing food at every step in the food production line from planting, fertilizing and transporting to cooking the food at home. All of these costs made food more difficult or impossible to buy for many low income people. China, India and other developing countries are rapidly raising their standards of living, demanding more oil. As a result price of oil has been hiked up. Weak U.S. dollars:
A weak dollar is increasing commodity speculation driving up prices. Also, U.S. food aid dollars dont go as far. Recent drought, flood and crop failure: Cyclone SIDR, NARGIS have caused for recent flood and crop failure. Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, India, Pakistan etc. countries are the victim of SIDR and NARGIS. These two natural disasters cause for recent food crisis in these countries.
There are some competitive forces that cause for food crisis:
Food to Solve Hunger Crisis vs. Food as Food grown for domestic security vs. for Foreign Trade Engagement Commodity Investment Value of Food Tied To Human Health vs. Tied to US Currency as Value Food grown to nourish people vs. Food Grown to Create Biofuels & Reduce Oil Imports
Protect markets for developoing countries vs. Remove Barriers for Free Trade Advantage Trade policies that promote sustainability vs.Trade Policies that Exploit People & Resources
Food -Basic Human Right and Essential for Life
Developing countries Grow Food Staples of the Local People vs. Growing Cash Crops for Export
Food grown to sustain Life vs. Food Grown to Maximize Profit
Figure: competitive Forces in the World Food Crisis.
However, food price will not be reduced immediately as there are other factors that affect global food production. First, the conflict between food and fuel will increase, with high demand for fuels by the rich countries and also the big emerging economies, such as India and china .The distribution of land for agriculture and for land for fuel will be a major factor in limited food production. Second, the ongoing Doha Round Negation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on agriculture will have an impact on net food importing countries like Bangladesh will have to buy at a higher price from the global market. Third, the impact of climate change will be felt more frequently and severely by low-lying countries such as Bangladesh .Frequent floods, cyclones and extreme weather are indication of such danger. This danger .This will not only destroy production, it will also reduce the fertility of land and change cropping patterns. Fourth, every year 90 million people are adding to the global population, increasing the demand for food.
SIDR AND ITS EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE
Tropical cyclone Sidr that hit Bangladesh on November 15, 2007 devastated vast area in south-eastern coast. The cyclone severely ravaged four districts that are- Barguna, Bagerhat, Patuakhali and Pirojpur and severely damaged another eight districts. According to official estimates nearly two million household with 5.7 million people were affected, 1.5 million houses damaged, 4.1 million trees destroyed, another one million hectors of land were fully or partially lost. The cyclone hit at a time when Aman, the predominant source of our staple food in the area is about to be harvested. The impact on national and household level food security which was already affected by two consecutive foods in August and September is likely to be severe. The challenge for the nation at that time was to restorer the livelihood of affected households. The agricultural damage and lack of employment of the effected people has made an impact on the bound less rising of prices of the staple.
Loss of agricultural production
Aman is the predominant crop grown in the season. Rice plants are still in the field, but most are partially lodged. The high yielding verities- BR-11, BR-23, Swarna which covers now 10 to 20 % of the Aman land about to be harvested at the time of storm. This crop was completely lodged and submerged under water. In most of the damaged plots, farmers have abandoned the idea of harvesting and have allowed their cattle to feed in the lodged plants. The traditional rice verities different kinds of Mota dhan that cover 80 to 90 % of the area were just flowering at that time of storm. The plants lodged due to storm, but seem to have recovered over the last two weeks. The plants were full with rice panicles and green. It seems that the harvest would be moderate
to good. At that time there were many unfilled grains and the crop loss would be 20 to 30 %, depending on the extent of lodging of plants. This crop would to be harvested within one month.
On the basis of the information on the area under modern and traditional rice verities in the effected districts as reported by the agricultural sample survey conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) in 2005, it is agreed with the DAEs provisional estimate loss of rice production. According to DAE the estimated loss of rice is 535000 tons in four severely affected districts and 540000 tons tin eight badly effected districts ( mostly in Barisal, bhola, Jhalakathi and khulna). The vegetables were entirely lost but the area covered was significant in relation to rice. Damaged vegetables plants are visible in the embankments around the fish ponds. Small fish ponds were in plenty on both sides of road and rice fields. The farmers made fairly good investment on self and micro-credit finance. The ponds were flooded and fishes were escaped to creeks and canals. The water in the ponds has been contaminated with dirty water and fallen leaves and twigs and has become unfit for fish culture. A few farmers reported that the loss from fish production was substantially higher than the loss of crops. The extent of loss of fish production is noticeable in Bagerhat area. Throughout the southern belt social forestry has been successfully introduced. Belt leaf plant, bamboo garden and young trick tree plant around homestead and on road sides. The severe damage to plants including uprooting many mature trees is highly visible. The damage of housing would have been much more severe without the thick cover of stick around the homestead. The less on account of social forestry would be substantial. On a positive note, those timbers and firewood became the immediate source of income for helloes people but this loss provides long run impact on climate change. Cattle and poultry birds were seen also damaged by the cyclone. Our agriculture is still depends on the manual performance. Cattle are used for sloughing crop fields. As the huge lost of cattles has made farmers under uncertainty. Livestock are mostly reared by small and marginal farmers for milk and meat. The damage to livestock in char areas is limited and in the immediate vicinity of rivers where household face high tidal surge. A few commercial poultry farms in the urban areas were also affected by the cyclone. Sidr has had a huge toll on farmers livelihood and on food security at the national level. It has devastated the total food production of our country. At short run we have to import rice on the higher prices from neighboring countries. But our farmers did not throw their willingness to production. They take the storm as a challenge and make good harvest this season. Our farmers produce bumper production of potatoes and also become successful in producing more rice in the country. Government and other non government organization make their vigil glance to production period of those crops. Government provides subsidy to the farmers for diesel and fertilizer. Proper monitoring and implementation from all the parties including farmers have made this production successful
It is said that human civilization began to evolve after the discovery of fire. Discovery of fire drastically changed the history of human civilization. Human have used biomass fuels in the form of solid bio-fuels for heating and cooking since the discovery of fire. The discovery and use of fossil fuels: coal, gas and oil, have dramatically reduced the amount of biomass fuel used in the developed world for transport, heat and power. Cars and trucks began using fuels derived from petroleum: gasoline/petrol or diesel. As days are passing, the number of population is increasing at a rapid rate and consequently the number of vehicles is increasing to meet up the demand for transportation. As a result, demand for fuels is increasing rapidly. At present times demand for fuels exceeds the supply of fuels. So, current world is facing energy crisis. Another bad effect of using fossil fuels is that fossil fuels emit huge amount of carbon which pollute air severely because fossil fuels are not carbon neutral. So scientists have discovered an alternative fuel called BIO-FUEL. Bio-fuel also called agro-fuel or agri-fuel is available in solid, liquid and gaseous forms derived from biomass. Biomass develops from the living organisms of trees and animals or their by-products such as cowdung and the residues of plants and crops. It is a renewable energy source based on the carbon cycle, unlike other natural resources such as petroleum, coal, and nuclear fuels. The agricultural products that are used for developing biomass include maize and soybean in the USA; wheat, rapeseed and sugar beet in Europe; sugarcane in Brazil; palm oil in South East Asia; and jatropha, pongemia and sugar beet in India. Hemp has also been proven to work as a bio-fuel. Vegetable oil, bio-diesel, bio-alcohol, butanol, bio-ethanol and bio-methanol are the different kinds of bio-fuel produced across the world. Bio-fuel demand is increasing because of a combination of growing energy needs; rising oil costs; the pursuit of clean, renewable sources of energy; and the desire to boost farm incomes in developed countries. Besides, bio-fuel is a reliable alternative to fossil fuel, bio-fuel is carbon-neutral, green and friendly to ecology and environment, and, therefore, it decreases the emission of greenhouse gas because it is produced from food grains. In turn, the need for cropssuch as maize and sugarcaneto be used as feedstock for bio-fuels has increased dramatically. That demand has had a significant and increasing impact on global food systems. As there is no unmixed blessing on earth, use of bio-fuel has also created some problems. It has become a threat for food security. So the debate on so-called bio-fuels has intensified in recent days. Poor people in both rural and urban areas are disproportionately vulnerable because they spend a large share of their incomes on food. Bio-fuels subsidies in developed countries tend to drive up food prices, thus reducing consumption and nutritional well-being for net buyers. The director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Dominique Strauss-Kahn stated that producing bio-fuel from food crops constituted a truly moral problem while poor countries face full-fledged food crises. Bolivian president Evo Morales recently launched similar critiques. The UNs Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Jean Ziegler called the massive production of bio-fuels a crime against humanity since using fertile lands to produce fuels reduces the amount of land used to grow food, which in turn raises food prices. Brazils president Luiz Incio Lula da Silva said in the 30th Latin American and Caribbean Regional Conference of the UNs Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) that The real crime against humanity would be dismissing bio-fuels a priori, relegating countries strangled by food and energy shortages to dependency and insecurity.
According to the environmentalists bio-fuel hastens deforestation, and endangers the biodiversity. According to them, the proponents of genetic engineering are damaging the environment in two ways in Indonesia and Malaysia, for example. They are cultivating palm oil by destroying the rainforest on the one hand and transforming palm oil into bio-fuel on the other, which emits more greenhouse gas than required for petroleum refinement. The March 27, 2008 TIME magazine cover features the subject under the title "The Clean Energy Myth": Politicians and Big Business are pushing bio-fuels like corn-based ethanol as alternatives to oil. All theyre really doing is driving up world food prices, helping to destroy the Amazon jungle, and making global warming worse. GRAIN, an international organization working on biodiversity, reveals that the use of bio-fuel has increased to power transports and generate energy. To cope with the global fuel crisis, many countries of America, Asia and Europe have started to produce bio-fuel from plants and food crops. The US has now replaced much cultivation of barley with maize which is used in producing bio-ethanol, and this is a significant reason for rise in the price of maize. In 2006, the United States president George W. Bush said in a State of the Union speech that the US is "addicted to oil" and should replace 75% of imported oil by 2025 by alternative sources of energy including bio-fuels. U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 require American fuel producers to use at least 36 billion gallons of bio-fuel in 2022. Meanwhile the US has allocated 375 million dollars for research on bio-fuel. This is nearly a fivefold increase over current levels. India has planned to set up a National Bio-fuel Mission and a National Bio-fuel Board for bio-fuel development. Both India and China are implementing their bio-ethanol and bio-diesel programs. It has been reported that Honda Denki Company of Japan has expressed its interest in investing one billion dollar in the bio-fuel and sugar sector in Bangladesh. This is causing a significant agricultural resource shift away from food production to bio-fuels. American food exports have decreased (increasing grain prices worldwide), and US food imports have increased significantly. In June 2007, the United Nations reported that "soaring demand for bio-fuels is contributing to a rise in global food import costs. Thus, food prices will be hiked due to shortage of food. It is notable that the US will have to transform its entire maize grown to produce seven percent fuel currently generated from petroleum, and if this continues to work it is feared that a serious crisis will hit the global food security. Farmers are replacing food crops for energy cash crops and as prices for agricultural products are rising there will ultimately be a reduced food supply with the food available being substantially more expensive than it is now. Imagine the consequences if the United States, which accounts for 40% of global corn harvests and supplies 70% of world corn exports, were to reduce its exports in order to produce bio-fuels and feed its transport sector. Increasing weather irregularities, due to climate change, leads to extreme droughts and flooding. Population growth and rising incomes will also put a severe strain on food supplies. These developments will seriously impede efforts to fight hunger in sub-Saharan Africa, a region that already inhabits some 200 million malnourished inhabitants. Not to mention the effects it will have on some 2 billion people on the poverty line who spend more than half of their income on food. In this vein, more pressure will also be put on the grain reserves of the UNs World Food Program which has indicated that rising food prices will cause the agency to either ask donors for more contributions or to cut back on aid for the 90 million people it feeds. While some have attempted to argue that bio-fuels will not affect basic food security as it will mainly affect the production of meats, which require large amounts of grain, this argument fails to take into account the fact that a rising middle class in China, India, and Russia, will dramatically increase demand for such luxury products, yet again pushing up prices and marginalizing basic food products. This bio-fuel craze has lead to new policies aimed at stimulating their development in Europe and the United States. While EU member states have agreed on legislation to increase the share of bio-fuels in the transport sector to 5.75% by 2010 and to 10% by 2020, President Bush has called on the United States to
produce 35 billion gallons of renewable fuel a year by 2017. In addition, the U.S. government continues to heavily subsidize corn farmers, and many ethanol producers are also subsidized on a state level. This has lead to a surge in investment and production. Global fuel ethanol production more than doubled from 2000 and 2005 while biodiesel increased nearly fourfold. Benjamin Senauer, Co-Director of the Food Industry Centre at the University of Minnesota, claims that according to some estimates, ethanol plants will burn up to half of U.S. domestic corn supplies within a few years. Bio-fuels therefore add a whole new dimension on the development of agricultural prices, which have traditionally been influenced by global demand through population growth and the rise of incomes, which generally leads to greater demand for Expensive foods (i.e. meat, milk), which require larger grain inputs. Research compares the current food situation to a 'food riot' that hit Mexico about 100 yeas ago. The New York Times published on 8 June 1915 a report entitled "Fatal Food Riot in Mexico City" saying, "The agitation of the people owing to the scarcity of food is daily becoming more serious. Women carrying their babies in their rebozos and basket in hand scour the town from 5 O'clock in the morning till late at night in a vain quest for corn." The report adds that the previous day the 'crowds of the common class' clamored for maize, surged around the doors and filled the city streets where babies were 'smothered to death' and 'women fainted'. While the impatient crowd rushed to the door, 'the military fired a volley into the air'. Environmental and human rights organizations in different countries have voiced protests against bio-fuel production affecting food security. Similar protests are being echoed also in Bangladesh. With the conscious global society we may also have to realize that bio-fuel production is a 'crime committed against humanity'. And with the global conscience, we may also have to stay alert and vigilant against it.
Given the present and future global scenario of food production, Bangladesh has to follow a two pronged solution. Firstly, the procurement of boro rice has to be enough to face the crisis. We have learned a bitter weary how the recommendations of donor agencies and international research organizations to keep rice stock only for 30 to 45 days has made the country vulnerable. Now with a comfortable level of boro procurement price and market price is required so that the farmers get the right price for their produce and feel encouraged producing more in future and, at the same time, rice is available in the market at an affordable price for the poorer section of the society. The government has fixed TK18 per kg for paddy and Tk 28 per kg for the rice as the procurement price .This is a good step towards encouraging the farmers, as the average cost has been estimated to be Tk 12.77per kg for boro paddy and Tk 20.26 per kg for boro rice .At the same time, rice mailing and storage capacity should be increased.
Secondly, in view of the continuous price increase of fertilizer in the international market, the government should buy fertilizer now for the coming aman season to minimize costs. Ensuring food security also requires revisiting the whole paradigm of development strategy. The future of the economy of the Bangladesh lies in a modern and dynamic agriculture sector. In the past, agriculture had been neglected and, as a result, its contribution to the gross domestic production has gone down to only 23 percent at present. However in terms of employment, it is the single largest sector ---48b percent of total employment in the country. In order to develop a modern and high-yielding agriculture sector, we must use technology, marketing, extension and price support .More investment is needed for research and development of agricultural inputs should be made available at a lower cost. Imported duty from irrigation pumps may be withdrawn in 2008-09.Distribution of good quality seeds and adequate fertilizer is essential. Farmers should be provided with the use of balanced fertilizer, seed and irrigation. During this crisis, many countries have banned food export .This has further squeezed the global rice market, where only 7 percent of total global production is traded. And the number of customer for this limited supply is large .Out of 50 least developed countries 41 are food-importing countries. This only shows that we have to be self-reliant, not merely self-sufficient, by increasing our food production. Given the fact for food prices will not go down substantially soon ,as production cost has increased with high cost of fuel and other inputs ,the poor and the low income earners should be provided with opportunities for employment. Social safety net programs such as vulnerable group development, food for work and allowances for the destitute will have to be broadened, and a guaranteed employment scheme has to be ensured so that the purchasing power of the poor is increased. Food security and eradication of hunger cannot be addressed fully through the availability creates the necessary condition for eradication of hunger ,but the ideal condition for food security is achieved through effective entitlement, that is ,through a combination of purchasing power and public provisioning. The problem of food security is deeply rooted in the larger issues of poverty and deprivation, and also linked with policies within and outside the border of the country. As Amartya Sen wrote:There is no magic bullet to deal with the entrenched problem of hunger in the world. It requires political leadership in encouraging democratic government in the world, including support for multi-party elections, open public discussions, elimination of press censorship, and also economic support fir independent news media and rapid dissemination of information and analysis .It also requires visionary economic policies which both encourage trade (especially allowing exports from poorer countries into the markets of the rich),but also reforms (involving patent laws ,technology transfer etc) to dramatically reduce deprivation in the poorer countries . While dealing with the food crisis the policy makers have to keep this in mind. It is a multifaceted phenomenon, and, therefore, the solution has to be a multifaceted one.
Bangladesh is a developing country. Most of the people in this country live below poverty line. Bangladesh has a lot of severe problems including unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition etc. Among these problems malnutrition is one of the severe problems that are getting intensified. Immediate causes for malnutrition are poor diet, infection, and the interaction of the two. In between these two sets of factors are underlying factors for malnutrition is traditionally classified into household food security, care, and the health environment. Although malnutrition levels in Bangladesh are high by Sub-Saharan African standards, they are moving downwards. Despite the encouraging direction of trends in preschool malnutrition rates and womens nutrition status, some things are troubling: (a) the rate of decline in preschool underweight and stunting rates - both for moderate and severe levels (latter not shown in table) - has slowed; female-male gaps - although relatively small - persist; urban rates, while remaining below rural rates, are catching up to rural levels, and (b) rates of micronutrient deficiencies remain at very high levels. Among the basic causes, the inability of women to claim their rights is probably the single most important determinant of malnutrition in Bangladesh. The responsiveness of preschool nutrition to womens status works at all levelsbasic, underlying, and immediate. At the basic level, the right to greater participation in decision-making forums will ensure that nutrition issues and actions that support nutrition will achieve greater attention. In addition, the ability of women to build the capacity of men to recognize the importance of nutrition status will be enhanced. Greater access to food, health, and care within the household will flow from improved power and options outside of the household. Greater access to assets (e.g., financial via micro-credit), institutions (e.g., via union parishads), and mechanisms to reduce vulnerability
An absence of adequate community health care, and (b) who within the household controls income many studies have shown the nutrition status benefit to all family members when the control of income rests increasingly with the women of the household. Second, increases in private income (a) do not always translate into the ability to purchase better-care healthier environments - owing to, for example, externalities such as the poor sanitation practices of some households within a community or neighbourhood, and (b) do not always lead to an improved ability of women to provide care for their young children. On this last point, it is important to note that the main changes in the sources of household income in rural Bangladesh over the past 10 years have come from trade and business. Even if women could gain access to these activities, they tend to be less compatible with adequate child care, forcing mothers to make the trade-off between employments today versus their childs well-being. A greater ability of women to claim access to this type of employment opportunity together with the right to press for improved working conditions would in-crease income in the hands of women with-out negative strong child-care trade-offs. Education can improve nutrition status in a number of ways: (a) delaying age at marriage for girls, and hence age at first birth, (b) reducing desired family size, (c) increasing returns in the labour market and in the domestic context and (d) teaching both girls and boys about the importance of nutrition status and how to achieve it. About one-third of females in rural areas are literate (compared to almost half of all men). For urban areas the corresponding figures for women and men are 55% and 65%. The absolute literacy deficits experienced by men and women and the relative suffered by women indicates an education system that could be doing more to stem poor nutrition. The underlying causes of malnutrition relate to household food insecurity, the provision of care to women and children, and the effectiveness of water, sanitation and health services. There are three broad types of household food insecurity in Bangladesh. First, there are those - about 27 million Bangladeshis - the ultra poor - who cannot purchase enough rice to meet energy requirements, despite a falling real price of rice relative to wage rates over the last several decades. The level of technology and institutional innovations that made this price decline possible must be maintained. However the real price of some foods that are rich in micronutrients (eggplant, pumpkin, lentil, and fish) is increasing steadily (Box 8). This probably reflects supply-side constraints since these products are very responsive to demand-side increases in income. This means that a large percent of the Bangladeshi population is food-insecure due to diet quality rather than diet quantity. This is the second type of food insecurity. Those who have enough food in terms of quantity and quality, but run the very real risk of losing access to that food - for example, due to a flood - are also food-insecure. This is the third type of food insecurity. Unlike their impact on incomes, shocks have an irreversible impact on nutrition status an impact that is carried as a burden throughout the life cycle and across generations. When those looking after children do not have enough information on infant and child feeding, appropriate hygiene practices, and the importance of holding and playing with children, the child is deprived of care and will suffer growth faltering, and the functional consequence of low resistance to infection and poor cognitive development. Whether care is provided depends on the availability of the resources for care at the household level: education and knowledge, physical and mental health of the caregiver, time, autonomy, and social support, as well as family economic resources. Most of these resources are compromised in context, such as Bangladesh, where women are systematically denied certain rights, as exemplified by the very low age at marriage and the low rates of attended births. In the area of water and sanitation, the quality of water for drinking is not the key problem for malnutrition (not with-standing issues related to arsenic). Rather it is the quality of water for bathing and for washing clothes and kitchen utensils. These communal water sources tend to become contaminated
due to an absence of hygienic sanitation. Finally, it should be noted that the level of public spending on the health sector - while increasing as a percent of GDP and government expenditure - is low (although seemingly well targeted within the sector to the poor), largely due to the poor ability of the government to raise taxes on personal and commercial incomes.
A figure is given below showing the relationship of the factors of malnutrition.
Malnutrition
Poor Diet
Infection
House hold food Insecurity
Poor health, water,sanitation
Poor Care
Power relation ships,economic performance,political systems,Natural resource endowment
Figure: Determinants of Malnutrition
Malnutrition problem is closely related to food insecurity because if a person does not have enough food to eat, he cant meet up the needs necessary for nutrition. About 27 million Bangladeshis cannot purchase enough rice to meet energy requirements. As price of some foods that are rich in micronutrients (eggplant, pumpkin, lentil, and fish) is increasing steadily, poor people cannot buy these items. The First Millennium Development Goal is to eradicate extreme hunger and poverty, and agricultural productivity is likely to play a key role if it is to be reached on time. "Of the eight Millennium Development Goals, eradicating extreme hunger and poverty depends on agriculture the most. Notably, the gathering of wild food plants appears to be an efficient alternative method of subsistence in tropical countries, which may play a role in poverty alleviation.
AIDS is a lethal disease. It decays vital-power of the patient day by day. Poor people in developing countries are suffering from malnutrition, ill-health and hunger. AIDS is very much responsible for deteriorating economic condition of a family or society or in broader sense of a country. AIDS victims are burden for their family .They are also ostracized from society .If a bread-earner of a family becomes a HIV patient his family becomes helpless and as a result their condition becomes deplorable. Africa is a well-known country to all because there AIDS situation is very devastating .ASIA is also under threat of AIDS.INDIA is in alarming condition among the countries in ASIA. AIDS victims suffer from malnutrition. Persons living with HIV have to have higher than normal nutritional requirements: up to 50 percent more protein and up to 15 percent more calories. But they dont have enough food to eat. Among the basic needs their main need is food .But it is a matter of regret that they have been greatly suffering for want of food because most of the AIDS victims are citizen of developing countries. So in these countries AIDS has been emerging against a backdrop of extreme poverty, hunger, conflict, and inadequate infrastructure. The HIV epidemic is increasingly driven by the above factors that cause malnutrition and malnutrition exhausts the immune system which makes people more susceptible to tuberculosis, malaria, and other infectious and parasitic diseases. AIDS kills the most productiveand reproductively activemembers of society, thus increases the number of dependent household members, reduces household productivity and caring capacity, and interrupts the transfer of local knowledge and skills from one generation to the next. AIDS infects people of all income levels throughout the developing and developed world. Everywhere, the poor face the most severe impact. AIDS prolongs and deepens poverty, making it harder to escape. At the household level, HIV/AIDS and food security are also linked by negative synergies. An HIVaffected households risk of food insecurity and malnutrition increases because sick family members cant work , other family members must spend time caring for the sick person instead of working , income declines, healthcare expenses increase , and less time is available for competent adults to care for young children . Food insecurity, in turn, may lead to the adoption of livelihood strategies that increase the risk of contracting HIV as well as rendering the household more and more vulnerable as the disease progresses. AIDS has a direct impact on rates of economic growth in the most affected developing countries. There is a direct relationship between the extent of HIV prevalence and the severity of negative GDP. When the rate of HIV in a population reaches 5 percent, per capita GDP can be expected to decline by 0.4 percent a year. And when HIV reaches 15 percent, a country can expect an annual drop in GDP of more than 1 percent.
AIDS also reduces long-term capacity for agricultural production, since livestock is often sold to pay funeral expenses and orphan children lack the skills to cultivate crops or livestock.
Fund for climate change
The government is going to allocate TK 300 crore to create for the first time a special fund for enhancing public adaptability to face the challenge of climate change. Terming Bangladesh, one of the worst victims of climate change, the honorable Finance adviser Mirza Aziz in his budget speech, it is not humanly possible to resist the process. We are aware of the fact that we have to live with the risk of disaster arising from climate change, so, we have to enhance our adaptability to the changes and try to minimize the scale of damage and dislocation. He said. He also urged all developed partners and agencies to come forward and contribute to the fund titled Fund for Climate Change. He went on to say that the government would introduce a new program to ensure peoples participation in environment protection but did not elaborate on the issue. The adviser said the super cyclone Sidr wreaked havoc on Sunderbans and adjoining coastal belt leaving over 4000 people dead and missing or injured are around 50000. The estimated loss is around TK 11500 crore taking to the account of damage to crops, cattle, houses and other. Mentioning the destruction causes by Sidr, the government has taken a member of precautionary measures including constructing over 2000 multipurpose cyclone centers. Besides the government has planned to form a national disaster management training and research centre, which will conduct on river erosion, flood, cyclone, earth quake and fire accident. The adviser also focused on the governments intervention on forestry as 4557 hectors of forest land has been recovered from encroachers.
BUDGET ON AGRICULTURE
This year government focused on food security and agricultural development in the budget of FY 20082009. Last year our country was severely affected by two consecutive flood and cyclone Sidr. This calamity has made huge loss in our food production. This year government is vigil on the unavoidable natural calamities and its negative impact on food sector. Finance adviser in his speech reveals the future plan of our government in food security. As some countries in recent times show their over cautiousness in exporting rice and wheat the government takes measures importing food by the food directorate and Bangladesh Rifles (BDR). An incentive pricing system for domestic procurement of wheat and rice will encourage our farmers in producing rice and wheat more in future, he said. Combined with this, the government has planned to assist in the form o providing fertilizer, irrigation, agricultural credit and seed can significantly mitigate the existing food gap. We will continue to build up adequate stock by importing food through advance planning. In the FY 2008-2009 there is apian to procedure a total of 32 metric tons of food grains by the government which includes internal procurement of rice and importing food and foreign aid. There is also a comprehensive plan to distribute food to the tune of 30 lakh metric tons of rice through open market sale (OMS). By the end of FY 2008-2009 the government will still have 10 lakh metric tons of rice in stock. This will enable us to tackle any food security related risk.
Agricultural development
Global food production has not increased with the commensurate with the scale of demand. This also implies Bangladesh too. Anticipating this, a proposal has been made to create an endowment fund of TK 300 crore to strengthen the research for increasing agricultural production. Government is taking initiatives to put in place a set of policies to minimize misuse of arable lands and to bring other lands under cultivation. The government for the first time provided cash subsidy to farmers using diesel power irrigation pumps as an incentives. An amount of TK 200 crore has been successfully distributed among 6593872 farmers having land holding of 4563000 acres across 484 upzillas. Reaching the cash subsidies directly to the beneficiaries is by it is a remarkable achievement. In order to reduce the pressure of price increase of diesel, the adviser proposed to allocate TK 500 crore as a cash subsidy tin the next fiscal year. Efforts are under way to formulate upazila based action plans for increasing the production of various crops. TO bring about increased agricultural production, there is no alternative but to strengthen efforts to innovate and apply HYV, ensure quality seeds, introduce integrated crop management, and widen irrigation facilities. Apart from agricultural allocation, the adviser also proposed to allocate TK 272.35 crore in development and non development budget for agricultural development assistance and rehabilitation program.
A research finding of the Population Council says that Bangladesh's population will hit the 28 crore mark by 2051. To his writer, this is patently a scary figure. And since we all love this Country so very much, we cannot but be alarmed at the galloping rate of population growth, while all the other development
indicators move quite slowly upward. Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with a total area of 55,598 square miles (143,999 kilometers). Presently the density of population is hovering around 900 per square mile. Today, in this small landmass live nearly 14 crore people. But in 1971, only 7.5 crore people lived in the same landmass. The simple equation is, population has doubled in the last 36 years, but the land area has not. It is, rather, predicted that some areas of Bangladesh will go below the sea in the future. According to a 2005 article on the website of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare: "With a population of 135.2 million and estimated per capita GDP at 5421 in FY 2003-04 (Bangladesh Economic Review 2004), Bangladesh remains one of the Poorest countries in the world and still faces severe deficiencies in the quality of its health, population and nutrition services." According Bangladesh: A Country Study, edited by James Heitzman and Robert Wordon, the study states: "In the 1980s, Bangladesh faced no greater problem than population growth. Census data compiled in 1901 indicated a total of 29 million in Fast Bengal, the region that became East Pakistan and eventually Bangladesh. By 1951, after partition from Pakistan having 44 million people, a number that grew rapidly up to the first post-independence census, taken in 1974, which reported the national population at 71 million., The 1981 census reported a population of 87 million and a 2.3 percent annual growth rate. Thus, in just 80 years, the population had tripled. In July 1988 the population, by then the eighth largest in the world, stood at 109,903,551, and the average annual growth rate was 2.6 percent. According to official estimates, Bangladesh was expected to reach a population of more than 140 million by the year 2000. The population density increased from 216 persons per square kilo meter in 1901, to 312 people in 1951. Given another 50 years, in 2000, it was projected to exceed 1,000 persons per square kilometer. Present day, the total fertility rate (IT'R) hovers around 3.08 with no possibility of going down any further, especially with the family planning activities remaining stagnant for years. In some areas TFR is still over 4 and even 5. The present population growth rate is: 2.022% Now, let us try to comprehend the scenario in the next 36 or 40 years. Will population growth rate by some miracle come down to zero, therefore, will it be still 14 crore then? No, because experts like Population Council have already said that population of Bangladesh will almost double by 2050. It would reach over 28 crore by then. On the other hand, The Ministry of Health And Family Welfare predicts 25 crore around 2080. So, the questions that come to mind are: Where will these millions of people find land to set up habitat for themselves? If the present size of the cities and towns double in 2050, will there be enough farmland to grow rice and vegetables to feed 28 crore people? Where will they find fresh water to dr ink and cook food? Will there be enough water-bodies left to breed fish to feed 28 crore people? Will there be any forest left by then? What would be the nature of environment and ecology under these circumstances? The existing real life scenario tells us that we are looking at a very bleak future. Maybe out of fear we are not really looking at the future. Maybe we are just keeping our heads buried in the sand hoping that
the specter of a burgeoning population would go away soon. These are the kinds of questions our minds will ask, and it is the responsibility of the politicians, policymakers and experts to come up with factual answers based on the ground reality. But it is widely felt that questions concerning the growing population make most of them uncomfortable, and then often fumble for answers. They try to explain it as "asset" or "human resource." But can millions of malnourished, uneducated, and unskilled people really be much of a resource? Where shall we have that many educational and skill development training institutions to turn them into a resource by 2050? Will this country progress at lightning speed in the next 42 years and be able to employ the millions of unemployed? Facts and figures tell us that population is going haywire without pragmatic policies, shifts in policies (e.g. from domiciliary to clinic-based service), lack of implementation of whatever policies are there, lack of initiative from the officials concerned, lack of motivation and drive from the field staff, and multi-faceted obstacles coming from some quarters in society that are against family planning. As a result, about 25 lakh newborns arc being added to the population every year.
Bangladesh at the moment is facing a number of problems like rising food shortage; shrinking of farmland and water bodies; depleting forest resources; widespread health problems like malnutrition and tuberculosis; and social problems like increasing number of unskilled manpower, increasing rate of unemployment, and an increasing number of unemployed youth getting involved in criminal activities. Poverty is forcing poor people to sell off their small piece of land and migrate to the cities in search of work. These problems cannot be seen in isolation because these arc leaving their mark on our overall development process. To check the imminent population explosion, government, NGOs and international development partners have to work in a concerted manner, taking all the social and economic factors into consideration. As for the country's population control policy is concerned observers notice anomalies in facts and figures given by various organizations and agencies and individual researchers. Even MOHFW agrees that: "After declining rapidly in the 1980s, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) seems to have remained unchanged for most of the 1990s at 3.3 children (BDHS 1999-2000), although different surveys gave different results." According to MOHFW (Ministry of Health and Family Wealth) : "Further efforts are needed to shift family planning use patterns towards more effective, longer lasting, and lower-cost clinical and permanent methods covering low performing and disadvantaged areas with added emphasis. But the major impact on fertility will be achieved by rising the age of marriage, which will push up age at first birth, and again trigger a tempo effect, to bring fertility down. Bangladesh has great scope to reduce early marriage, where at present 50 percent of teenage girls (15-19) are married, compared to only 33 percent in India, 25 percent in Pakistan, and far fewer in other comparable countries." Having said it all, the bottom line is, we have to leave aside any romanticism we may have as far as population is concerned and tackle it with strong determination.
Food security is the burning question in the current world. Producing required food for the hungry people is a challenge for every developing country. International price hike in oil and other essential food item have pushed the people of the third world people to their backs. Mostly poor people suffer much for spiraling price hike in international and internal market. As the production of foods is not increased due to several reasons, price of these food items has increased significantly. In Bangladesh, we face the flame of high price of food items. Essential food prices have gone up further day by day. Both short term and long term food management process is required for finding a solution to this hazardous problem. Both rich and developing nations have sited together to find a regular solution to manage food crisis.
D 8 Summit
D 8 summit, a conference consists of eight developing Muslim countries in the world. Sixth summit of D 8 was held in Kualalampur, capital of Malaysia on July 8 2008. D 8 is the short hand of developing eight countries that starts in 1997; countries included Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Malaysia, Turkey, Nigeria and Egypt. The theme of this year summit is Meeting challenges through innovative cooperation The objective of this alliance is to maintain and improving smooth economic status of its member countries through diversifying of its economic policy. It also focuses on enhancing trade relationship.
This year summit puts high alert on food security and food prices. Honorable chief adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed represented our country in this sixth summit. The chief adviser proposed a five point demand for effective cooperation in business and economics among member countries on global food crisis, the chief adviser called for creating a D 8 food fund to enhance collective food security. He noted that unprecedented price hike in food grains is disproportionately affecting the poor in many countries. Developing mechanism short term supply side shocks and strengthens agricultural productivity. The adviser put emphasis by saying, this is a must to prevent hunger malnutrition.
G 8 summit:
Another summit of eight developed and powerful nations was held in July eight in 2008. The summit of G 8, which is attended by eight of the worlds most powerful leaders called for efforts to cool sizzling oil prices, warning soaring fuel and food costs which provides great threat worlds economic growth.
The G 8 nations are Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia and United States. According to these powerful nations the world is facing uncertainty. The leaders of this strong countries expressed their strong concern about oil and food prices and urged-
Pose a serious challenge to stable growth world wide, have serious implications for the most vulnerable and increased global inflation process.
In recent times we experience high cost of fuel and food which leads protest world wide. Thousands of truck drivers in Spain and Portugal make strikes, people took street in Asia and riots and Egypt and Haiti
G 8 leaders expressed to remove restrictions that hinder humanitarian purchase food and called on nations with sufficient food stock, to release some of there reserves to other countries in need. On climate change G 8 said they had agreed on the need to at least halve global carbon emission by 2050, in what leaders hailed as a break through. Major developing countries also urged wealthy countries to take immediate steps in cutting green house gases.

Food Security in Bangladesh

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Food Security in Bangladesh

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Origin of the report: Food security is a burning issue for present world.

Rice production in Bangladesh (thousand metric tons) from 1971-2006:

BORO GRAND TOTAL MV%

1983-84 1984-85 1985-86

1007.00 862.00 922.00

2215.00 1921.00 1906.00

3222.00 2783.00 2828.00

31.25 30.97 32.60

2049.00 2200.00 2438.00

5794.00 5730.00 6104.00

7843.00 7930.00 8542.00

26.13 27.74 28.54

2832.00 3348.00 3219.00

518.00 561.00 452.00

3350.00 3909.00 3671.00

84.54 85.65 87.69

14415.00 14622.00 15041.00

1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

891.00 729.00 609.00 631.00

2102.00 2127.00 1866.00 1630.00

2993.00 2856.00 2475.00 2261.00

29.77 25.53 24.61 27.91

2450.00 2582.00 3856.00 4246.00

5240.00 4275.00 5346.00 4921.00

7690.00 6857.00 9202.00 9167.00

31.86 37.65 41.90 46.32

4294.00 5422.00 5672.00 5950.00

437.00 409.00 361.00 407.00

4731.00 5831.00 6033.00 6357.00

90.76 92.99 94.02 93.60

15414.00 15544.00 17710.00 17785.00

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

843.00 871.50 728.00 798.00 935.00 903.00 947.30 936.00 862.00

1027.00 1003.10 888.90 936.00 981.00 905.00 903.40 895.80 638.00

1870.00 1874.60 1616.90 1734.00 1916.00 1808.00 1850.70 1831.80 1500.00

45.08 46.49 45.02 46.02 48.80 49.94 51.19 51.10 57.47

5359.00 5205.90 4740.70 6246.00 6938.00 6810.00 7143.60 7529.30 6693.00

4192.00 3643.90 2995.10 4060.00 4311.00 3916.00 3974.80 3991.20 3126.00

9551.00 8849.80 7735.80 10306.00 11249.00 10726.00 11118.40 11520.50 9819.00

56.11 58.83 61.28 60.61 61.68 63.49 64.25 65.36 68.16

7105.00 7795.80 10152.80 10671.00 11553.50 11412.00 11873.00 12432.60 13446.30

355.00 341.50 399.10 356.00 367.00 354.00 349.20 404.50 390.80

7460.00 8137.30 10551.90 11027.00 11920.50 11766.00 12222.20 12837.10 13837.10

95.24 95.80 96.22 96.77 96.92 96.99 97.14 96.85 97.18

18881.00 18861.70 19904.60 23067.00 25085.50 24300.00 25191.30 26189.40 25156.10

World Rice Production:

25600 8996 9570

28758 7874 10440

29000 7700 10600

28600 8129 10730

29400 8500 10000

29400 8500 9400

World Rice Consumption:

World Rice Supply and Use (2006/07):

Supply Region Beginning

(million metric tons)

Use(million metric tons) Exports

Production Imports Total

World Rice Supply and Use 2007/08 (estimated):

Supply Region Beginning

(million metric tons)

Use(million metric tons) Exports

Production Imports Total