Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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Suggested Solutions MaA3NVCO09 Geometry WARNING: THERE ARE DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE TEST
Instructions Test period Resources The test 150 minutes: 8:30-11:00 Monday December 7, 2009 Formula sheet, your personalised formula booklet, ruler, protractor, a graphic calculator, and a lexicon. For all items a single answer is not enough. It is also expected that you write down what you do that you explain/motivate your reasoning that you draw any necessary illustrations. Try all of the problems. It can be relatively easy, even towards the end of the test, to receive some points for partial solutions. A positive evaluation can be given even for unfinished solutions. Score and mark levels The maximum number of points you can receive for each solution is indicated after each problem. If a problem can give 2 Pass-points and 1 Pass with distinction-point this is written [2/1]. Some problems are marked with , which means that they more than other problems offer opportunities to show knowledge that can be related to the criteria for Pass with Special Distinction in Assessment Criteria 2000. Lower limit for the mark on the test G: Pass: 14 points VG: 30 at least 7 VG points. MVG: High quality of calculations and deep level of understanding must be illustrated through out the test, especially in problems 11-14 marked . Alternative: Minimum of 35 points in this test where 14 points are at least VG points an high quality solutions marked . Name: ________________________ Student Number: NVC09 Sjdalsgymnasiet
G VG G VG 1 2a 2 0 2b 1 0 1 1 2c 1 1 2d 1 0 3 1 0 4 2 0 5 1 1 6 2 0 7 8a 1 0 8b 2 0 1 1 9 10a 2 2 10b 0 2 1 0 10c 0 2

The maximum score is 43 points, of them 20 VG points. There are 4 problems

11 1 3

12 0 2

13 1 3

14 Sum 2 2

Grade 23 20 43

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Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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Useful formulas
Order of Operations: [], (), exponents (powers), , , +,

(a )

a x a y = a x+ y Note: Both terms share identical base a . ax = a x y ay

x y

= a x y

1 1 = ay y = a y y a a 0 a =1
1 b = a a b

(a b )
x

a x b x = (ab ) Note: Both a and b share identical power, x .

x

y z

= a xz b yz

( a )n = a n n : even number ( a )n = a n n : odd number

( a )( b ) = ab (a )( b ) = ab
a c = ad = bc b d a a a c = 1 = b b b c a c ad + bc + = b d bd a a c c = b b
With addition and subtraction we may add the individual margin of errors! a + b = (427 1) + (5.5 0.5) = 432.5 1.5 a b = (427 1) (5.5 0.5) = 421.5 1.5

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Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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Glossary-English-Swedish-Lexicon Mathematics Course A:

English quotient, ratio fraction integer number simplify express surd (exact) form quantities exchange places investigate base power, exponent percent per thousand ppm: part per millions scientific notation significant figure round off changing factor factorize abbreviating, simplify extend, expand Numerator Denominator quotient, ratio Factor Difference real numbers rational numbers irrational numbers prime numbers ratio annual interest equilateral triangle Isosceles triangle Swedish kvot brk heltal frenkla uttrycka exakt form kvantitet, mngd, storhet byta plats UTFORSKA bas potens, exponent procent romille ppm grundpotensform vrdesiffror, gllande siffror avrunda frndringsfaktor, tillvxtfaktor, ndringsfaktor faktorisera frkortning frlngning tljare nmnare kvot faktor differens reella talen rationella tal irrationella tal primtal Frhllande, kvot rsrntan Liksidigt triangel Likbent triangel Comments

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In each case, show how you arrived at your answer by clearly indicating all of the necessary steps, formula substitutions, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc. In none of problems except for the last problem (i.e. UNIT CIRCLE) measurement from the figure is valid. 1. Calculate the angles x and y in the figure below. The L3 parallel lines L1 and L2 are cut by transversal L3 parallel. [2/0] 57 A L1 Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 57 vertical angles [1] y y = 180 x = 57 [1] L2 x B

2. The figure below is illustration of an isosceles 1 triangle. The angle C = 75 and the length of the base is: a = BC = 4.0 cm [1/0] a. Find angle A . b. Show that the height of the base of the triangle is h 7.5 cm . [1/1] c. d. Find the length of c = AB . Find the area of the triangle. [1/1] [1/0]

Suggested Solution: a. Answer: A = 30 Due to the fact that the triangle ABC is isosceles: C = B = 75 A = 180 2 75 = 180 150 = 30 Answer: A = 30 b.Answer: h 7.5 cm h tan C = h = 2.0 tan 75 = 7.46 cm 7.5 cm 2.0 A = 180 2 75 = 180 150 = 30 Answer: A = 30 c. Answer: c 7.7 cm First Method: 2.0 2.0 2.0 cos C = c = b = AC = cm = 7.73 cm 7.7 cm = cos C cos 75 AC Second Method: Use Pythagoras Theorem:

[1]

[1]

[0/1] [1]

c = 2 2 + h 2 = 2 2 + 7.46 2 cm = 7.73 cm 7.7 cm

d. Answer: Area of the triangle is: A 15 cm 2 base h 4.0 7.46 A= = = 15.45 cm 2 15 cm 2 2 2 [1]

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3. From base to torch Status of Liberty in New York is 46 m . A replica of it is 18.4 cm . Find the scale of the replica. [1/0] Suggested Solution: Answer: Its scale is 1 : 250 18.4 cm 18.4 cm 1 = = 46 m 4600 cm 250

[1]

4. Jonas is going to calculate the height of a tree. He decides to measure the size of the shadow of himself as well as that of the tree. Jonas is 1.80 m . At the time of measurement shadow of Jonas is 2.50 m and that of the tree is 28.0 m . How tall is the tree? h = ? The figures are not properly scaled. [2/0]

h=?

28.0 m

1.80 m

2.50 m

Suggested Solution: Answer: The tree is 20.2 m tall.

[1]

h tan = 28.0 m h 1.80 m 1.80 (28.0 m ) = 20.16 m 20.2 m = h= 28.0 m 2.50 m 2.50 tan = 1.80 m 2.50 m 5. The parallel lines L1 and L2 are cut by the transversal L3 . Calculate x . [1/1] Suggested Solution: Answer: x = 15 [1]
L3

[1]

3x 25

L1
B

5x 55

L2

5 x 55 = 3x 25 5 x 3x = 25 + 55 2 x = 30 x =

30 = 15 2

[0/1]

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6. Area of the square illustrated below is 25.00 m 2 . Find the total area of the figure. Suggested Solution: Answer: Total area of the figure is Atot = 25.00 m 2 + 6.25 44.63 m 2
a = 25 2 m 2 a = 5.00 m

[1]

Therefore, the radius of the half-circle is r =

Atot = 25.00 m 2 + 6.25 44.63 m 2

5.00 m 2 = 2.50 m 2 2 2 Atot = (2.5 m ) + 25.00 m 2 = 25.00 m 2 + 6.25

7. In the movie theater Rio there is a rectangular shape screen which is 21 m 2 . Its width is 6.0 m . Calculate its length? [1/0] (National test Math A Fall 1995) Suggested Solution: Answer: The length of the screen is l = 3.5 m . [1]

A = lw l =

A 21 m 2 = = 3.5 m w 6.0 m

8. The planet Earth is a nearly spherical object of average radius 6 371 km . A replica of it is 55.40 cm in radius . a. Find the scale at which the replica is made. [2/0] [1/1] b. Find the volume scale of the replica. Suggested Solution: Answer: The length scale of the model is 1 : 1.15 107 [1] 21 The volume scale of the model is 1 : 1.521 10 [1]
55.4 cm 55.4 cm 1 = = 5 6 371 km 6 371 10 cm 1.150 10 7

[1]

The length scale of the model is 1 : 1.150 107 . The volume scale is:

Vmod el rmod el = VEarth rEarth

1 1 = 1.150 10 7 1.521 10 21

[0/1]

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Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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9. Teo has a rectangular plot of land with length equal to 12.00 m and width equal to 4.00 m He wants to design a flower garden in the shape of two circles with two semicircles at each end of the middle circles as illustrated in the figure below. He will fill in the shaded area with wood chips. If one bag of wood chips covers 4 500 cm 2 , at least how many must he purchase? [2/2]

4 .00 m

12 .00 m

Suggested solutions: The area which is going to be filled with wood chips is equal to the difference between the area of the rectangle of dimensions 4.00 m 12.00 m and the area of three circles of radius 2.00 m each:

AShaded = 4.00 m 12.00 m 3 (2.00 ) = 48.00 12 m 2

2

Abag = 4 500 cm 2 = 0.4 500 m 2

AShaded 48.00 12 m 2 n= = = 22.89 bags Abag 0.4 500 m 2

Answer: Teo needs at least 23 bags of wood chips.

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10. In the figure below the side AB of the triangle ABC is parallel to the side DE of the triangle DEC . Both triangles ABC and DEC are right-angle triangles where B = E = 90 . As illustrated in the figure the triangles ABC and DEC share the A angle C . a) Calculate the distance x . [0/2] b) Calculate angle . [1/0] D c) Calculate the area scale of the triangles, i.e.: find the ratio of 5.0 m 3.0 m area of ABC and DEC . Confirm your results 5.0 m x independently. [0/2] B
E

Note answers using measurements of the figure are not valid.

Suggested solutions: Both triangles share the angle . Therefore we may calculate tan in both triangles, then equate them to find the length x . 3 tan = x 5 3 = 5+ x x tan = 5 5+ x Multiply both sides of the equation by x (5 + x ) to get rid of the denominators (or cross multiply them): 5 3 x (5 + x ) = x (5 + x ) 5 x = 3 (5 + x ) 5 x = 15 + 3 x 5 x 3 x = 15 (5 + x ) x 15 Answer: x = 7.5 m 2 x = 15 x = = 7.5 m 2 3 3 6 23 2 / tan = = = = = = 0.4 = tan 1 (0.4) = 21.8 22 Answer: 22 x 7.5 15 3 5 5 / The area scale is the square of the length square: 2 2 ADEC DE 3 9 = = 0.36 = 36% = = AABC AB 5 25 Answer: The area scale is 36 : 100 We may also use the value found above x = 7.5 m to calculate the area scale: 1 1 ADEC = DE EC = 3 7.5 = 11.25 m 2 2 2 1 1 AABC = AB BC = 5 12.5 = 31.25 m 2 2 2 2 ADEC 11.25 m A 36 11.25 m 2 36 = = = 36% = Answer: DEC = 2 2 AABC 31.25 m 100 AABC 31.25 m 100 Which confirms the results obtained independently, above.
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Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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Omitted problem: Calculate the angle in the figure below.

Suggested solution: h Answer: 14 In the big triangle 10 h tan (10) = 300 1000 1000 In the small triangle h h tan( ) = = 1000 300 700 We may substitute h in the second equation by its value calculated from the first formula: h tan(10) = h = 1000 tan(10) 1000 h 1000 tan(10) 10 tan(10) tan( ) = tan( ) = = = 0.2518956 0.25 700 700 7 = tan 1 (0.2518956) = 14.1384 14

Omitted problem: Calculate the length of the diameter of the isosceles trapezoid below, i.e. calculate DB . Suggested Solutions: 20.0 cm B A (cm ) We may draw a vertical line from A to the side DC . This is the height of the x 30.0 cm 30.0 cm trapezoid. Due to the symmetry of the 38.0 20.0 18.0 = = 9.0 cm problem DM = 2 2 D C M N The triangle AMD is a right triangle. 38.0 cm Therefore, using the Pythagoras theorem, we may calculate the height of the trapezoid. h 2 = 30 2 9 2 = 819 h = 819 28.6 cm x is the hypotenuse of the right triangle BND , where BN = h = 28.6 cm , ND = 8.0 + 20.0 = 28.0 cm Therefore, using Pythagoras theorem, we may calculate x . 2 2 x 2 = BN 2 + ND 2 = (28.6 ) + (29 ) = 1660 x = 1660 40.7 cm
Answer: x 40.7 cm

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At the aspect assessment of your work with problems 11-14 your teacher will consider what mathematical knowledge you have demonstrated and how well you have carried through the task how well you have explained your work and motivated your conclusions how well you have written your solutions.

11. The area of the triangle is equal to one-third of the area of the half-circle illustrated below, i.e.: 1 Atriangle = Ahalf circle 3 Calculate analytically angles of the triangle. Note: Measuring angles from the figure is not accepted. [1/3/]

A=?

C =?

B=?

Suggested Solutions: First method: 1 Data: Atriangle = Ahalf circle 3 Problem: A = ? , B = ? , C = ? The triangle is a right-triangle and A = 90 . This is due to the fact that the hypotenuse of the triangle BAC is the diameter of the circle.

A=?

C =?

B=?

We may draw a vertical line from the vertex A to the base of the triangle AB and name it h . The central angle AOC = 2B

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Naming the radius of the circle r , we may express the area relationship 1 as: Atriangle = Ahalf circle 3 11 1 h BC = r 2 using BC = 2 r / / 2 32 1 1 / h 2r = r 2 h = r / 3 6 Lets connect the vertex A of the triangle to the centre of the half-circle O . In the right triangle ADO , The hypotenuse of the right triangle ADO , i.e. AO is identical to the radius of the half-circle. In the triangle ADO we may express the height of the triangle as h h sin(AOC ) = sin(2 B ) = h = r sin(2 B ) h = r sin (2 B ) r OA Equating these two equation results in determining angles of the triangle: 1 1 1 1 h = r 1 1 r sin (2 B ) = r sin (2 B ) = 2 B = sin 1 B = sin 1 6 / / 6 6 2 6 6 h = r sin (2 B )

2 B = 31.57 B = 15.79 B = 16 C = 90 16 = 74 1 1 B = sin 1 2 6 2 B = 148.43 B = 74.2 74 B = 90 74 = 16 B = 16 In the figure above the angle B is the smaller one, therefore Answer: A = 90, B 16, C 74
Second method: The triangle ADO is a right-triangle and A = 90 . This is due to the fact that the hypotenuse of the triangle is the diameter of the circle. If we denote the radius of the circle by r , we may use the trigonometric relationships and express the height and the base of the right-triangle as: AB AB cos B = = AB = 2r cos B BC 2r AC AC sin B = = AC = 2r sin B BC 2r Therefore, we may express the area relationship of the triangle and the half-circle as 1 Atriangle = Ahalf circle 3 1 11 AC AB = r 2 2 3 2 1 // (2r sin B ) (2r cos B ) = 1 1 r 2 / / / 2 3 2

2 sin B cos B =

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Using 2 sin 2 B = 2 sin B cos B we may rewrite the expression above as:

6 31.57 2 B = sin 1 = 31.57 B = = 15.79 16 C = 90 B = 90 16 = 74 2 6 and 148.43 = 74.21 74 C = 90 B = 90 74 = 16 2 B = 180 31.57 = 148.43 B = 2 In the figure above the angle B is the smaller one, therefore Answer: A = 90, B 26, C 64

sin 2 B =

sin 2 B = 2 sin B cos B is a trigonometric relationship that will be studied in more detail in

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Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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12. Find the exact ratio of the volume of a sphere enclosed in a cylinder as illustrated below. The sphere touches all sides of the cylinder. The height of the cylinder is 2 h , the diameter of the base of the cylinder is also 2 h . The diameter of the sphere is also 2 h . [0/2/] Suggested Solutions: The cylinders height is 2 h and radius of its base is h: 3 4 r 3 4 (h ) 4 h 3 4 h 3 PSphere = = = = 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 P Cylinder = r (2h ) = h (2h ) = 2 h
ASphere ACylinder 4 h 3 4 h 3 2 / / 3 = = = 3 2 h 6 h 3 3 / /

2h

2h

2h

Answer:

ASphere ACylinder

2 3

The ratio of the area of an sphere enclosed in a cylinder is

ACylinder ACube

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Suggested solutions V1MaA3NVCO09 Geometry

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13. How many percent of the equilateral 3 triangle illustrated below is shaded. Show the details of your calculations as clear as possible. Answer with two decimals. [1/3/]
Suggested Solution: Lets assume the length of each side of the equilateral triangle is 2 a . All angles of an equilateral triangle are 60 We may realize that the area of the shaded region is equal to the difference between area of the triangle, and that of the three sectors of a circle of radius a and angle 60 . Ashaded = Atriangle 3 Asec tor

1 (2a )(2a sin 60) = 2a 2 sin 60 lu 2 2 60 1 = a 2 lu 2 Asec tor = a 2 360 6 1 1 3 Asec tor = 3 a 2 lu 2 = a 2 lu 2 6 2 1 Ashaded = 2a 2 sin 60 a 2 lu 2 2 1 2a 2 sin 60 a 2 Ashaded a2 / 2 = 1 2 = 2 Atriangle 2a sin 60 4a sin 60 / Ashaded = 1 Atriangle 4 sin 60 A Answer: shaded = 1 = 0.0931 9.31% 4 sin 60 Atriangle Atriangle =

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UNIT CIRCLE
14. The unit circle below is given, determine in great accuracy, using only the unit circle given, showing all the details the values of sin 30 , cos30 , tan 30 as well as sin 60 , cos60 , tan 60 and sin120 , cos120 , tan120 . Tabulate your results in a proper table designed for the purpose. [2/2/] Using the information obtained directly from your measurements, deduce a few trigonometric relationships, for example: What is the relationship between sin and sin (180 ) . What is the relationship between cos and cos(180 ) . What is the relationship between sin and cos(90 ) . What is the relationship between tan and tan (180 ) . Find sin 2 + cos 2 for all angles used in this study.

40
50

130

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