Nervous system

- central and peripheral - somatic and visceral - covered by 3 layers dura mater, arachnoid, subarachnoid space - in folding of neural tube- 3 parts

Neural crest produces a lot of peripheral structure Neural tube produces brain and spinal cord and central

1. Telencephalon - Bulk of the skull - Supratentorial = psychosomatic pains coming from mind 2. Diencephalon - Communication between cerebral hemispheres and rest of the body

3. Mesancephalon - In some senses, least differentiated, doesnt develop into new areas - Just behind pituitary gland 4. Metancephalon Pons and cerebellum Cerebellum v.imp for movement - Ex. After stroke - Sensory fibres coming up from the spine passing through pons 5. Myelencephalon (myelin = spinal cord) The brain which is most similar to the spinal cord v. imp with vital functions respiratory, cardiovascular

Anterior, Posterior and inferior horn

Spinal Cord - Till about level of L2 - Above L2 = paralysis In new borns it is lower down -corda equine below spinal cord - nerves continuing downwards from spinal cord Meninges Layers covering brain and spinal cord Meningitis

Blood - brain barrier pia mater, astrocytes

Arachnoid mater subarachnoid haemorrhages

Gaps in the dura venous sinuses

Meningial dura compartmentalization of the brain into left and right hemisphere Sickle shaped falx cerebri And tentorium cerebella (supra tentorial symptoms conscious level) (tent/ tentorium = roof)

Epidural : injected Between dura and periosteum hitting spinal nerves passing through that area without hitting spinal cord

Subarachnoid space All around the brain / spinal cord Cushioning mechanism to help protect spinal cord and brain Contraqu (?) injury brain can float to other side and hit other side in injury Bleeding into subarachnoid space a stroke that does not clot can be fatal

As spinal nerve leaves the spinal cord its covered by a layer of dura mater and arachnoid mater

Meningioma Benign enlargements or dura or other structures Highlighting of outline in mri due to inflammation meningitis dangerous especially when bacterial complications include deafness

Functional division Soma = body wall Viscera = guts

Somatinc consciousness, pinching, scratching body wall is aware Visceral sometimes are aware but not always

Sensory/ afferent = to the brain Motor / Efferent = Exiting the brain

Somatic = conscious

Posterior primary ramus Anterior primary ramus (supplies bulk of the body)

Sensory neurons have bodies just outside spinal cord develop from neural crests GSA not imp.

Dermatomes Each area of your skin is supplied by a particular area of your spinal cord Ex. In diagnosing slip discs which spinal part is affected through affected patch of skin

Craniocordial outflow parasympathetic Vagus nerve travelling down Thoracolumbar outflow - sympathetic

Visceral heart nerves only actually felt during angina.

Somatic efferents ONE NEURON

Visceral efferents TWO NEURONS 1st neuron pre ganglionic from spinal cord to ganglion synapses with 2nd neuron post ganglionic neuron goes to effector neuron In parasympathetic postganglionic neuron much shorter

Motor from anterior horn

Ganglion where all cell bodies are Plexus network of nerves - ex. In lungs pulmonary plexus instead of pulmonary ganglion, and cardiac plexus