Electronic Circuits Hardware Experiments

1a.. CLIPPING AND CLAMPING CIRCUITS

AIM : To study the working of positive clipper, double ended clipper and positive clamper using diodes. COMPONENTS REQUIRED : Diode (IN4007), Resistors-10 K & 3.3k , DC regulated power supply, Signal generator and CRO. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POSITIVE CLIPPER

Fig.1 a Positive clipper Circuit DESIGN:

R= R f Rr

b. Transfer Characteristics

where Rf and Rr are the resistances of the forward and reverse diode respectively. Choose Rf = 100 and Rr = 100k . Hence R = 3.3k . Let the output resistance RL = 10k . THEORY: To be written by students PROCEDURE: 1. Before making the connections check all components using Multimeter. 2. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. 3. Using a signal generator (Vi) apply a sine wave of 1KHz frequency and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 8V to the circuit. 4. Keep the CRO in dual mode, connect the input (Vi) signal to channel 1 and output waveform (Vo) to channel 2. Observe the clipped output waveform. Also record the amplitude and time data from the waveforms. 5. Now keep the CRO in X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic waveform. 6. Vary Vref and observe the variation in clipping level. For this use variable DC power supply for Vref. 7. Change the direction of diode and Vref to realize a negative clipper. 8. For double-ended clipping circuit, make the circuit diagram and the output waveform observed.

WAVEFORMS

Fig. 2. Input and output waveform for positive Clipper Note: 1. Adjust the ground level of the CRO on both channels properly and view the ouput in DC mode (not in AC mode) for both clippers and clampers. 2. Plot of input Vi (along X-axis) versus output Vo (along Y-axis) called transfer characteristics of the circuit. 3. The above clipper circuits are realized using the diodes in parallel with the load (at the output), hence they are called shunt clippers. The positive (and negative) clippers can also be realized in the series configuration wherein the diode is in series with the load. These circuits are called series clippers.

DOUBLE ENDED CLIPPER

Fig.3 Double ended clipper Circuit

b. Transfer Characteristics

Fig. 4. Input and output waveform for double-ended clipping circuit

POSITIVE CLAMPER
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Diode (1N4007), Resistor of 220 K , Capacitor - 0.1 F, DC regulated power supply, Signal generator, CRO

Fig. 5 Positive Clamper DESIGN: Say for = 20msec (corresponding to a frequency of 50 Hz), then for RC >> , let C=0.1F, then R 200K. PROCEDURE : 1. Before making the connections check all components using multimeter. 2. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. 3. Using a signal generator apply a square wave input (Vi) of peak-to-peak amplitude of 8V (and frequency greater than 1KHz) to the circuit. Observe the clamped output waveform on CRO. 4. For negative clampers reverse the directions of both diode and reference voltage.

Fig. 6 Input and output waveform for positive clamper without reference voltage.

Fig. 7 Input and output waveform for positive clamper circuit with reference voltage = 2V Note: 1. For clamping circuit with reference voltage V ref, the output waveform is observed as shown in Fig. 7. For without reference voltage, Keep Vref = 0V. 2. CRO in DUAL mode and DC mode. Also the grounds of both the channels can be made to have the same level so that the shift in DC level of the output can be observed.

2a. CE AMPLIFIER
AIM: To determine the frequency response, input impedance, output impedance and bandwidth of a CE amplifier. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Transistor SL-100, Resistors -10 K , 2.2 K , 470 , 47K , Capacitors - 0.1 F, 100 F, DC regulated power supply, Signal generator, CRO CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Values R1 = 47k R2 = 10k RC = 2.2K RE = 470 CC1 = CC2 =0.1F CE=100F

DESIGN: Given: VCC = 10V ,Vce = 5V , I C = 2mA & = 100 1. To find RE, let V RE = I E RE = Hence R E =
1 VCC = 1V , 10

and I E I C

VRE VRE 1 = = = 500 . Choose RE = 470. IE IC 2m 2. To find RC, RC determines the Q-point. Applying KVL to the CE loop (in Fig), VCC I C RC VCE V RE = 0 .

Substituting all the values we get RC = 2K. Choose RC = 2.2K (standard resistor value) 3. To find R2:
I 2m V B = V BE + V RE = 0.7 + 1 = 1.7V and I 2 = C = = 0.2mA 10 10 V 1 .7 = 8.5K . Choose R2= 10k Hence R2 = B = I 2 0.2mA

4. To find R1,
Vcc V B 10 1.7 = = 41 .5 K Choose R1= 47K I2 0.2mA . 5. To find the bypass capacitor CE: Let XCE = RE/100 at f = 500 Hz (remember CE & RE are in parallel). R 1 = E . Substituting all the values, CE = 67 F. Hence X CE = 2fC E 100 Choose CE =100 F R1 =

5. To find the coupling capacitors CC1 & CC2 Let Xcc=2.5K at f=500Hz
X CC = 1 = 0.127 F 2fCc
C1 C2

Choose C =C =0.1 F THEORY:

PROCEDURE: I. To find frequency response: 1. Before making the connections check all components using multimeter. 2. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram. 3. Using a signal generator apply a sinusoidal input waveform of peak-to-peak amplitude 30mV ( = Vin) to the circuit and observe the output signal on the CRO. 4. Vary the frequency of input from 100Hz to 1MHz range and note down corresponding output voltage VO in the tabular column. 5. After the frequency has been changed from 100 Hz to 1MHz and the readings are tabulated in a tabular column, calculate gain of the amplifier (in dB) using the formula, Gain in dB = 20 log 10 (Vo/Vin) 6. Plot the graph of gain versus frequency on a semilog sheet and hence determine the bandwidth. Fig. 3. Bandwidth = B = f2-f1 II. To find input impedance 1. Connect DRB as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Set the input DRB to minimum value (i.e.zero resistance) 3. Now apply an input signal using signal generator, say a sine wave whose peak-to-peak amplitude is 30mV with mid range frequency. 4. Observe the output on CRO(Vo). Note this value of output with DRB = 0 as Vx. 5. Now increase the input DRB value till the output voltage Vo = (1/2) Vx. The corresponding DRB value gives input impedance.

III. To find output impedance, 1. Connect DRB as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. Set the input DRB to maximum value 3. Now apply an input signal using signal generator, say a sine wave whose peak-to-peak amplitude is 30mV with mid range frequency. 4. Observe the output on CRO (Vo). Note this value of output as Vx. 5. Now decrease the input DRB value till the output voltage Vo = (1/2) Vx. The corresponding DRB value gives output impedance. TABULAR COLUMN f in Hz 50 Hz --1 MHz -- CC1 DRB AMPLIFIER Vo CC2 V0 P-P volts Vi = 50 mV (P-P) Power Gain = 20 log10 Av V0 AV = in dB Vi

+ Vi

Fig. 2 : CE Amplifier with DRBs connected at input CC1 AMPLIFIER CC2 + DRB Vo

Vi

-Fig. 3: CE Amplifier with DRBs connected at output WAVEFORMS:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE:

Fig. 3 Frequency response plotted on semilog graph (X-axis is log scale)

RESULT:
1. BANDWIDTH = Hz 2. INPUT IMPEDANCE = 3. OUTPUT IMPEDANCE =

Note: 1. Maximum gain occurs in mid frequency region. This is also called mid band gain. Gain-bandwidth product = Midband gain x Bandwidth 2. Note: When the input frequency is being changed the input amplitude (i.e., around 30 mV) should remain constant.Adjust the amplitude of Vin (in mV) such that the output Vo does not get clipped (i.e., saturated) when the frequency is in the mid range say 1kHz.

3. DRB is connected between the signal generator and the input coupling capacitor for finding input impedance. DRB is connected across the output (across the CRO terminals) for output impedance. 4. The ground symbol in the circuit diagram implies a common point. In some of the power supplies, there will be three terminals - +(plus), -(minus) and GND (ground). Never connect this GND terminal to the circuit.

3a. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENHANCEMENT MODE MOSFET

AIM : To determine the drain characteristics and transconductance characteristics of an enhancement mode MOSFET. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: MOSFET (1RF 340), Resistor (1k), Voltmeters (0-30V range and 0-10V range), Ammeter (0- 25mA range) and Regulated power supply (variable power supply) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig.1a.Depletion mode(negative gate voltage) & b. Enhancement mode (positive gate voltage) Sample Characteristics to be obtained

Fig. 2a. Drain Characteristics and b. Transconductance (or mutual/transfer) characteristics THEORY:

PROCEDURE : 1. Make the connections as shown in the corresponding circuit diagram. Connect the voltmeters and ammeters according to the polarity shown in circuit diagram. 2. Repeat the procedure for finding drain and transconductance characteristics for both modes, that is for both depletion and enhancement modes. 3. Tabulate the readings in separate tabular columns as shown below.

4. Plot the drain characteristics (ID versus VDS for different values of gate voltages VGS) of both modes (depletion and enhancement). VDS 5. From this plot of drain characteristics find the drain resistance rd = . I D 6. Similarly plot the transconductance characteristics of both modes, for one value of VDS. I D 7. From this plot find the mutual conductance or transconductance g m = . VGS 8. Lastly find the amplification factor, =r d *g m Procedure for finding the Transconcuctance Characteristics in both modes: 1. Switch on the power supplies, with both V2 and V1 at zero voltage. 2. Initially set V1 =VGS = 0V. Now set V2 = VDS = 5V. Vary the power supply V1 i.e., VGS and note down the corresponding current ID (in mA) .Simultaneously note down the VGS value from the voltmeter connected at the gate terminal. 3. Repeat the above procedure for a different value of VDS. Note: In the above procedure VDS (i.e., the power supply V2) is kept constant and the power supply V1 (=VGS) is varied. Drain Characteristics : 1. Initially set V1 = VGS =3V , slowly vary V2 and note down the corresponding current ID. Simultaneously note down in the tabular column the voltmeter reading VGS. 2. Repeat the above procedure for different values of VGS and note down the current ID for corresponding V1 = VDS. 3. Plot the graph of ID versus VDS for different values of gate voltages. Note: In the above procedure VDS (i.e., the power supply V2) is varied and the power supply V1 (=VGS) is kept constant. READINGS TABULATED IN TABULAR COLUMN Depletion mode (Note: In this mode VGS values are all negative and the minus sign to be appended to the readings, though the voltmeter at the gate terminal shows the deflection in the same way for both modes) Drain Characteristics Transconductance Characteristics

Enhancement mode readings Drain Characteristics

Transconductance Characteristics