Problems of Power System Frequency and Active Power Control
N.Gurov V.Chuvychin 1.Andreevsky
Dr. Sc. Eng. Professor, Dr.Hab.Sc.Eng.
nonmember Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Power and Electrical Engineering, Riga Technical University
-.
Abstract This paper illustrates the result of research done
by authors in the area of frequency and active power control.
For interconnected power system besides of common
frequency regulation there is a need to control tie-line load
flows. . Control problem can be divided into two parts:
.
control of normal and emergency conditions. The reasons of
interconnection’s oscillations are considered as well as new
method for regulation of frequency without oscillations. For
efficient control the authors propose a method based on the
use system phase plane. This method is efficient for control of
normal and emergency situations in the power system. Results
of simulations presented in the paper.
Keywords: frequency control, governor, dynamic
characteristics
I. INTRODUCTION
For interconnected utilities besides frequency control
active power tie-line control was accomplished by
comparing net actual interchange to net scheduled
interchange. Problems became very actual with creation of
the new power systems in the Eastern Europe.
Frequency control problem is especially topical for the
power systems, having not uniform structure of generating
unit. In the power system with almost equal amount of
hydro and steam type generation it is difficult to
synchronize participation in frequency control for all units.
Control problem can be divided into two parts: control
of normal and emergency conditions. Existing control
systems are designed to control precalculated normal and
especially emergency situations and they are nod adaptive
to the situation in utility.
11. PROBLEMS OF FREQUENCY AND ACTIVE POWER
CONTROL FOR NONUNIFORM POWER SYSTEM
Quality of the frequency control in the power system is
related to dynamics of power regulation by the power
stations participating in control. Dynamics of regulation
depends on dynamic properties of governors and all control
system.
Specially selected electric power stations are
contributing to interconnection frequency regulation. The
distribution of the load among parts of a system influences
electric power oscillation’s character along the tie-line.
Especially large oscillations take place for dynamic control
in pool with different types of generations stations. Paper
consideres examples of dynamic load behaviour between
two systems with prevailing hydropower structure.
Analysis allowed authors to come to the following solution
of frequency regulation problem. It is more effective to
control frequency and active power using dynamic control
law. For efficient control the authors propose a method
based on the use of system phase plane. In this case at the
any instant generator’s state may be described by the point
at a phase plane with coordinates f and dfldt, or P and
dP/dt. Let us assume the desired dynamic control law as a
curve at a phase plane. This curve should be set in the
memory of microprocessor-based governor which forces
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A.Vorzhev
Ph.D student Ph.D student
nonmember nonmember
control process to follow pre-set law for any parameters of
the generator. Simulation results are presented in paper.
To approve suggested regulation method the authors
have done experimental investigation of hydrogenerator’s
loading process at the Riga power plant using dynamic
control law. Experiments proved possibility of practical
implementation at different power stations.
111. FREQUENCY AND ACTIVE POWER CONTROL
DURING EMERGENCY
In modern power systems there is a big variety of
emergency conditions with a wide range of dynamics. The
misbalance of generation and load can cause an overload of
intersystem tie, loss of its stability and as a result -
islanding in the power system. In a part of the system with
surplus of generation frequency can go up. Especially it is
dangerous in an island containing nuclear power plant with
narrow allowed frequency operational range. After
disconnection of nuclear station emergency process may
have avalanche character.
Existing automation is not adaptable to the variety of
emergency situations in the power system. Authors
suggested new effective method for frequency control in
the power system during emergency situation.
Measuring the initial and current values of frequency
and rate-of-change of corresponding frequencies,
determining point at the phase plane ( df/dt, f ) which
determines the state of the system at considered moment,
and knowing control law at the any instant, the final value
of frequency can be determined. Thus, control system is
adaptable to the situation. To prevent high frequency
increase hydro generators should be disconnected from the
system. Method proposes disconnection of generators one
after another with control of frequency and rate-of-change
of frequency. It allows to implement frequency control in
effective manner without overshooting.
IV. CONCLUSION
1. Frequency control problem is topical especially for the
power systems having not uniform structure of
generating units.
2. Quality of the frequency control in the power system is
related to dynamics of power regulation by the power
stations participating in control. Dynamics of regulation
depends on dynamic properties of governors and all
control system.
3. To avoid tie-line power oscillations governor’s
parameters of regulating stations should be similar.
4. The authors expanded the phase plane method for a
new frequency (active power) governor control. The
method requires measuring both the frequency and the
rate-of-change of frequency to estimate the system state
at any given time.
5. To approve suggested regulation method the authors
have done experimental investigation loading the
generator using dynamic control law.