A) CVS 1) oral intro (ms 1-8) ECG-vector, axis, abnormal (ms 25-36) Heart sound(ms 36-40) arrythmia (ms

47-55) measurement of COP (ms 58-59) cardiac work & mechanical efficiency (68-69) ABP (80-85) mechanism of death in refractory shock & treatment (103-105) fetal circulation 2)oral dan written capillary circulation venous circulation cerebral circulation 3) written factors affecting excitability rhythmicity & factors affecting conductive system of the heart factors affecting contractility cardiac cycle (isometric contraction n relaxation) intrinsic regulation of COP factors which determine VR physiological conditions influence VR cardiac reserve substances released by endothelium VD fibers circulating VC substances circulating VD substances baroreceptros

chemoreceptors intermediate mechanisms regulating ABP slow mechanism regulating ABP (role of kidney) types and causes of shock factors affecting capilarry circulation oedema & oedema safety factors regulation of coronary blood flow regulation of cerebral blood flow p/s:Not so important, but still have probability to come in exam. effect of increase blood vol. on COP autoregulation of diameter of arteriole VC fibers factors determine & maintain the ABP medullary cardiovascular centers afferent from higher center regulating ABP effects of change in blood gases on ABP reflexes regulate HR and ABP compensatory homeostatic mechanisms mechanisms aid VR against gravity

B)blood 1)oral intro (1-2) separation of plasma protein & others (4-8) RBC lab test (19-23) blood groups (29-33) intro to immune system (59-61) end of immune system (66-68)

2)written types, functions of plasma proteins types, reactions of Hb iron defficiency anaemia polycythemia platelet functions (formation of platelet plug) factors against intravascular clotting fibrinolysin anticoagulants purpura types & functions of Ig cell mediated immunity & cytokines p/s:Not so important, but still have probability to come in exam. factors affecting erythropoiesis (O2, Fe, vitamins) hemolytic anaemia megaloblastic anaemia (B12 & folic acid) erythroblastosis fetalis complication of blood transfusions mechanism of blood coagulation hemophilia types, functions of WBCs C)ANS 1)oral (ms 25-29, 34-36) 2)written autonomic ganglia cervical division, cardiopulmonary, splanchnic division, somatic division of sympathetic

general fungsi of sympathetic parasympathetic cranial and sacral outflow higher center of ANS symp. and para tones adrenergic receptors autonomis supply of

Ach cholinergic receptors catecholamines

D)Nerve & Muscle 1)oral effect of subtreshold stimuli (19-21) structure of muscle 24-30 EMG (42) 2)written degeneration & regeneration (alah.. macam histo.. korang mesti power nye) selective permeability & Na K pump types of cell membrane channels conduction of nerve impulse mechanism of muscle kontraksi metabolic (chemical changes) in muscle rigors mechanical changes in muscle & ME factors affecting simple muscle twitch factors determine effectiveness of stimulus

factors affecting excitability of nerve excitability changes types of AP remodelling of muscle to match function excitability & contractility f smotth muscle

E)respiration 1)oral intro (1-8) respiratory volumes and capacities (21-25) oxygen therapy (57-58) dyspnea and deep see diving & artificial respiration (61-64) 2)Written IPP surfactant compliance factors controlling pulmonary blood flow dead space factors affecting diffusion of gases O2 transport by blood shifts of O2 dissociation curve CO2 transport by blood & alkali reserve chemical regulation of respiration hypoxia cyanosis

hypoxia at high altitude effect of muscular exercise on breathing non respiratory functions of respiratory system respiratory centers non chemical regulation of respiration