ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ONE : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 1 : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION Question 1.
A balanced star connected load of (2+j3) per phase and a balanced delta-connected load of (6+j6) per phase are connected in parallel to a three phase, 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the phase current in each load, the total current in each supply line, the total power supplied and the overall power factor.

Solution.
The circuit diagram for the parallel three phase load is shown below:

VR

IR Zstar

IRstar

IR IBR Z Z IRY

VB VY

IB IBstar IY

Zstar

Zstar IYstar IB

IYB

Z IY

The three line to line voltages are defined as:

VRY = 400V30 VYB = 400V 90 VBR = 400V 210

So for the star load the three phase voltages are defined as:
VR = 400V 3 0 VY = 400V 3 120 VB = 400V 3 240

The star impedances are :

Z star = 2 + j3 = 13 tan 1

3 2

The star line currents are then given by:

I star = V phs Z star VR 400V0 = = 64.05 A 56.31 Z star 3 13 tan 1 (3 2)

I Rstar =

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ONE : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION

VY 400V 120 = = 64.05 A 176.31 b Z star 3 13 tan 1 (3 2 ) VB 400V 240 = = 64.05 A 296.31 Z star 3 13 tan 1 (3 2)

IYstar = I Bstar =

The real and reactive power delivered to the star circuit is then given by:
Pstar = 3V phs I star cos( ) = 3 (400)(64.05)cos(56.31) = 24.62kW Qstar = 3V phs I star sin ( ) = 3 (400)(64.05)sin (56.31) = 36.92kVar

The delta load impedance is given by:

Z delta = 6 + j 6 = 6 2 tan 1

6 = 6 245 6

For the delta load the phase to phase current is given by:
I = VLL Z 40030 6 245 6 245 6 245 = 47.14 A 15 = 47.14 A 135 = 47.14 A 255

I RY = IYB = I BR =

400 90

400 210

The delta line currents are given by:

I R = 3 I RY e j 30 = 81.65 A 45
0

IY = 81.65 A 165

I B = 81.65 A 285

The real and reactive power delivered to the delta circuit is given by:
P = 3V phs I phs phs cos( ) = 3(400 )(47.14) cos(45) = 40kW

Q = 3V phs I phs phs sin ( ) = 3(400)(47.14)sin (45) = 40kVar

The overall input line current is given by:

I R = I Rstar + I R = 64.05 A 56.31 + 81.65 A 45 = 145.0 A 49.97 IY = IYstar + I Y = 64.05 A 176.31 + 81.65 A 165 = 145.0 A 169.97 I B = I Bstar + I B = 64.05 A 296.31 + 81.65 A 285 = 145.0 A 289.97

Total Power Consumption:

Ptot = 3VLL I L cos( ) = 3 (400 )(145)cos(49.97) = 64.62kW Qtot = 3VLL I L sin ( ) = 3(400 )(47.14 )sin (49.97) = 76.92kVar

The overall power factor is: p. f . = cos(49.97) = 0.6432 2

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ONE : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION

Question 2.
A three phase, 4 wire, 415V 50Hz supply has balanced voltages and rotation sequence RYB. The following loads are all connected to the supply: (a) A single resistance of 12 between the R line and Neutral. (b) An inductive impedance of (2 + j8) between the B line and Neutral. (c) A capacitor of 120F between the R line and the Y line. (d) A three-phase, delta connected induction motor (balanced load) taking a total power of 10kW at 0.75 p.f. lagging. Calculate: (i) (ii) the magnitude and phase angle of the current in each of the four lines coming from the supply. The total power taken from the supply.

Solution.
VR IR IRstar 12 ZMot 120f (2+j8) VB VY VN IB IBstar IY IN IB IY IYB ZMot IR IBR ZMot IRY

Since the unbalanced load has a neutral point connected, then the star point voltage is fixed at the 0V reference point. There is hence a neutral current flowing that needs to be calculated. The three line to line voltages are defined as:
VRY = 415V30 VYB = 415V 90 VBR = 415V 210

So for the star load the three phase voltages are defined as:
VR = 415V 3 0 VY = 415V 3 120 VB = 415V 3 240

First calculate the R-phase current due to the load in part (a):
I R _ star = VRN 41500 = = 19.9667 A00 R 312

The current in the B-phase inductor in part (b) is given by: 3

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ONE : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION

VBN 415 240 0 = = 29.0558 A 44.03620 Z 3 (2 + j8)

I B _ star =

The RY current in the capacitor in part c is given by:

I RY _ cap = VRY 41530 0 = = 15.6451 A1200 Z c 1 j (2 50 )(120 f )

For the inductive load the real power is 10kW at 0.75pf lagging. So the power factor angle is:
= cos 1 (0.75) = 41.410

So the reactive power is given by:

Q = P tan = 10,000 tan 41.410 = 8.192 kVar

Since:
S = P + jQ = 3V phs I L

Then the three line currents feeding the induction machine load are given by:
IR _ = 3 0

10,000 + j8192 415

IY _ =

415

3 120

IB _ =

10,000 + j8192 415 3 120

So the four supply line currents become:

I R = I R _ star + I RY _ cap + I R _ = 26.09 A 2.82 0

IY = I RY _ cap + IY _ = 21.77 A 116.630

I B = I B _ star + I B _ = 45.56 A 57.390

I N = I R _ star + I B _ star = 45.57 A 26.310

The total power taken from the supply is given by:

S = VR I R + VY IY + VB I B = 16.473kW + j 9.080kVar

= 18.55 A 41.41

10,000 + j8192

= 18.55 A 161.41

= 18.55 A78.59

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ONE : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION

Question 3.
Three unequal impedances are connected in star without a neutral connection to a 415V, 50Hz, three phase supply with a standard RYB rotation. Assuming that the supply voltages are balanced, calculate the shift of the star point voltage from the neutral current in each of the lines. Take VRN as the reference. Check that the three currents add to zero. ZRN = 45 + j0 ZYN = 45 j20 ZBN = 30 + j30

Solution.
The figure below shows the general circuit diagram for a star connected load.

VR

IR

ZA VS

VY VB

IY IB

ZY

ZB

To calculate the load currents it is necessary to calculate the star point voltage. This requires a reference point, and the voltage VRN can be taken for this point. This voltage is exactly 1 / 3 times the line to line voltage which is precisely known. So we can write:
VRY + VYB + VBR = 0

I R + IY + I B = 0

Also:
VRN = VYN = VBN = VRY 3e
j 30

= = =

41530 3e j 30 3e j 30

= 240V0 = 240V 120 = 240V 240

VYB 3e j 30 VBR 3e
j 30

415 90

415 210 3e j 30

Then:
IR = VRN VSN , ZR IY = VYN VSN , ZY IB = VBN VSN ZB

Summing the three currents gives:

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ONE : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS - SOLUTION

VRN VSN VYN VSN VBN VSN + + ZR ZY ZB

I R + IY + I B = 0 =

Or:

0 0
0 0 0 0

1 1 1 V V V + + VSN = RN + YN + BN Z R ZY Z B ZR ZY ZB

Now note that:

Z R = 45 ZY = 45 j 20 = 49.24e j 23.96 Z B = 30 + j 30 = 42.43e j 45

So:
1 1 1 1 1 1 + + = + + 0 0 45 49.24e j 23.96 Z R ZY Z B 42.43e j 45

Also :
VRN VYN VBN 240e j 0 240e j120 240e j 240 + + = + + 0 0 0 ZR ZY ZB 45e j 0 49.24e j 23.96 42.43e j 45
0

Then:

VSN =

VRN VYN VBN + + ZR ZY ZB

1 1 1 + + Z R ZY Z B
0

6.304e j 5.6 0.05806e

j 8.3

This is the star point voltage which can now be used to calculate the line currents:
IR = IY = 240 105.6 j 26.14 = 3.039 A 11.040 45 240e j120 105.6 j 26.14
0

49.24e j 23.96
0

IB =

240e j 240 105.6 j 26.14 42.43e j 45

0

= 0.02222 + 0.02031e j 23.96 + 0.02357e j 45 = 0.05745 j 0.008419 = 0.05806e j 8.34 S

0

= 5.333e j 0 + 4.874e j 96.04 + 5.656e j 285

0

= 6.284 + j 0.6163 = 6.304e j 5.6

0

= 108.59e j13.95 V = 105.4 + j 26.17V

= 6.590 A j1100

= 6.815 A j 263.80

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL TWO : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART 2 - SOLUTION

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 2 : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART 2 - SOLUTION Question 1.
[q. 2.38 Glover and Sarma] Three identical impedances Z = 2060 are connected in a delta to a balanced three phase 480V source by three identical line conductors with an impedance of ZL = 0.8 + j0.6 per line. (a) Calculate the line to line voltage at the load terminals. (b) Calculate the line to line voltage at the load terminals, but with a delta connected capacitor bank with a reactance of j20 per phase, connected in parallel to the original load. Answer: Part (a) First convert the delta impedance into an equivalent star impedance:

ZY =

Z 20 = 600 3 3
ZY VAN ZY + Z line

Then by voltage divider rule the phase voltage across the equivalent star impedance is given by:
VAN _ Y =

VAN _ Y

20 600 480V 3 = 0 20 60 + 0.8 + j 0.6 3 3

VAN _ Y = 243.2 V 2.960 Therefore the line to line voltage across the delta load is given by:
VAB _ = 3VAN _ Y e j 30 = 421.3V 32.960
0

Part (b) With a delta connected capacitor bank the new delta impedance becomes: Z = 20600 // ( j 20 )
0

( ) (2060 )( j 20 ) = 38.64 15 =
0

20600 j 20

Now convert this impedance to an equivalent star impedance:

ZY = Z = 12.88 150 3

Then by voltage divider rule the phase voltage across the equivalent star impedance is given by:
VAN _ Y = ZY VAN ZY + Z line

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL TWO : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART 2 - SOLUTION 12.88 150 480V = 0 12.88 15 + 0.8 + j 0.6 3

VAN _ Y

VAN _ Y = 264.0 V 3.350 Therefore the line to line voltage across the delta load is given by:
VAB _ = 3VAN _ Y e j 30 = 457.3V 26.650
0

Question 2.
[q. 2.39 Glover and Sarma]

Two three phase generators supply a three phase load through separate three phase lines. The load absorbs 30kW at 0.8 power factor lagging. The line impedance is 1.4 + j1.6 per phase between the generator G1 and the load, and 0.8 + j1.0 per phase between the generator G2 and the load. If the generator G1 supplies 15kW at 0.8 power factor lagging with a terminal voltage of 460V line to line, determine: (a) The voltage at the load terminals. (b) The voltage at the terminals of the generator G2. (c) The real and reactive power supplied by the generator G2. Assume balanced operation for the circuit. Answer : Part (a) The per phase equivalent circuit is shown below:
IG1 Zline1 IL Zload VG1_AN VG2_AN Zline2 IG2

The current IG1 can be calculated based on the power delivered by this generator as:

I G1 =
I G1 =

P 3VLL p. f .

cos1 ( p. f .)

15kW 0 cos1 (0.8.) = 23.53 A 36.87 0 3 (460 )(0.8)

The load voltage is then simply the generator voltage less the voltage drop across the line impedance, as:

ELEC 4100 VL = VG1 _ AN Z line1I G1

TUTORIAL TWO : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART 2 - SOLUTION

460 0 0 23.53 A 36.87 0 (1.4 + j1.6 ) 3 = 216.9 V 2.730 = The line to line load voltage is then: VAB = 3VL e j 30 = 373.7 V27.27 0 Part (b) The load current can be calculated based on the power rating and the load voltage, as: IL =
IL =
0

P 3VAB p. f .

cos1 ( p. f .)

30kW 0 2.730 cos1 (0.8.) = 57.63 A 39.60 3 (375.7 )(0.8)

Hence the current IG2 can be calculated as:

I G 2 = I L I G1 = 57.63 A 39.60 25.53 A 36.870 = 34.14 A 41.490 Therefore the terminal voltage at generator 2 is given by: VG 2 _ AN = VL + I G1Z line 2 VG 2 _ AN = 216.9 V 2.730 + 34.14 41.490 (0.8 + j ) VG 2 _ AN = 259.7 V 0.630 The line to line generator voltage is then:
VG 2 _ AB = 3VG 2 _ AN e j 30 = 449.8V29.37 0
0

) (

Part c: The power delivered by the second generator is given by:

SG 2 = 3VG 2 _ AN IG 2 = 3 259.7 0.630 34.1441.490 = 20.12 kW + j17.4 kVar

)(

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL TWO : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART 2 - SOLUTION

Question 3.
[q. 2.40 Glover and Sarma]

Two balanced Y-connected loads are connected in parallel, one drawing 15kW at 0.6 power factor lagging, and the other drawing 10kVA at 0.8 power factor leading. The loads are supplied by a balanced three phase 480V source. (a) (b) (c) Determine the power factor for the combined load and state whether this load is lagging or leading. Determine the magnitude of the line current from the source. A delta connected capacitor bank is now installed in parallel with the combined load. What value of capacitive reactance is needed in each leg of the delta to ensure that the power factor as seen by the source is unity? Give your answer in . Determine the magnitude of the current in each capacitor and also the line current from the source.

(d)

Answer : Part (a) The total real and reactive power delivered to the combined load is: Ptot = (10,000 )(0.8) + 15,000 = 23kW Qtot = (10,000 ) sin cos1 (0.8) + 15,000 tan cos1 (0.6 ) = 6000 + 20000 = 14kVar Hence the power factor is :

p. f . = cos tan 1

14kVar 23kW

= 0.8542

lagging

Part (b) The total apparent power is given by: S = 23kW + j14kVar = 26.9331.330 Therefore the load current is given by: IL =

*

S 3VLL

26.93kVA 31.330 = 32.39 A 31.330 0 3 480V0

Part (c) The reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank must match the reactive power drawn by the load. Therefore the required reactive power is given by:
Qc = 14kVar = 3VLL XC

ELEC 4100 So :

TUTORIAL TWO : THREE PHASE CIRCUITS PART 2 - SOLUTION

XC =

3VLL 3(480 ) = = 49.37 14kVar 14,000

Part (d) The current in each capacitor is given by:

IC = VLL 480 = = 9.72 A X C 49.37

The line current in this case is then simply determined by the real power supplied. So: IL = Ptot 23kW = = 27.66 A 3VLL 3 (480 )

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL THREE : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION Question 1.
A single Phase 50kVA, 2400/240V, 60Hz distribution transformer is used as a step down transformer at the load end of a 2400V feeder whose series impedance is (1.0 + j2.0) ohms. The equivalent series impedance of the transformer is (1.0 + j2.5) ohms referred to the high voltage (i.e. primary) side. The transformer is delivering rated total power at 0.8 power factor lagging, and at rated secondary voltage. Neglecting the transformer excitation current, determine: (a) The voltage at the transformer primary terminals, (b) The voltage at the sending end of the feeder, (c) The real and reactive power delivered to the sending end of the feeder. Work in the Per Unit System, using the transformer ratings as base quantities. Answer : First Determine the base quantities. Sbase = 50kVA Vbase1 = 2400V Vbase2 = 240V Therefore:
I base1 = S base 50,000 = = 20.833 A Vbase1 2400

I base2 = Z base1 = Z base 2 =

Sbase 50,000 = = 208.333 A Vbase2 240 Vbase1 2400 = = 115.2 I base1 20.8333 Vbase 2 240 = = 1.152 I base 2 208.333

So the per unit impedances become:

Z1 _ eqpu =
Z line _ pu =

Z1 _ eq Z base1

1 + j 2.5 = 0.00868 + j 0.0217 p.u 115.2

Z line 1 + j2 = = 0.00868 + j 0.01736 p.u Z base1 115.2

Now the load power is given by:

Sload = 50kVA cos1 (0.8) = 50kVA 36.90

Or:
Sload = 50kVA cos 1 (0.8) = 1.0 p.u. 36.90

So the load current is given by:

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL THREE : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION

I load _ pu =

Vload _ pu

1.000

The load current is then:

I load = 208.333 A 36.90

(a) The voltage at the transformer primary terminals is then given by:
V1 _ pu = V2 _ pu + I load _ pu Z1 _ eqpu V1 _ pu = 1.000 + 1.0 36.90 (0.00868 + j 0.0217 )
V1 _ pu = 1.020.690 p.u

The transformer primary voltage is then:

V1 = 2448V 0.690

(b) The supply voltage is given by:

VS _ pu = V2 _ pu + I load _ pu Z1 _ eqpu + Z line _ pu

VS _ pu = 1.000 + 1.0 36.90 (0.001736 + j 0.03906 )

VS _ pu = 1.0371.150 p.u

The supply voltage is then:

VS = 2489 V 1.150

(c) The supply real and reactive power is then given by:
S S = VS I load S S = 1.0371.150 1.036.90

)(

S S = 1.03738.02 0 = 0.8169 p.u. + j 0.6387 p.u

So the real and reactive power are:

P = 40.845kW

Q = 31.936kVar

Sload

1.0 p.u. 36.90

= 1.0 p.u. 36.90

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL THREE : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION

Question 2.
Three zones of a single phase distribution level circuit are identified in figure 1. The zones are connected by transformers T1 and T2, whose ratings are also shown. Using base values of 3MVA and 11kV in zone 1, draw the per unit circuit and determine the per-unit impedances and the perunit source voltage. Then calculate the load current both in per-unit and in amperes. Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittance branches are neglected.

Zone 1 Vs = 13 kV

Zone 2

Zone 3 Rload = 5.2

Xline = j0.2 T1 3MVA 11 kV/6.6 k V Xeq = 0.1 p.u. T2 2MVA 7.2 kV /3.3 kV Xeq = 0.12 p.u.

Xload = j2.9

Figure 1 : Three Zone Distribution System for question 2. Answer : Choose Bases: Sbase = 3MVA Vbase1 = 11kV Vbase2 = 6.6kV
Vbase3 =

(6.6kV )(3.3kV ) = 3.025kV

7.2kV

This requires:
I base1 = I base 2 = I base3 = Sbase = 272.727 A Vbase1 Sbase = 454.545 A Vbase 2 Sbase = 991.736 A Vbase3

Similarly:

V Z base1 = base1 = 40.333 Sbase

Z base 2 = Vbase 2 = 14.520 Sbase
2

Z base3 =

Vbase3 = 3.050 Sbase

So the per unit impedance values are:

3

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL THREE : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION

Z load = (1.075 + j 0.9508) p.u. Z base3

Z load _ pu =

Z eq _ T 1 pu = j 0.1 p.u.
Z line _ pu = Z line = j 0.01377 p.u. Z base 2

Z eq _ T 2 pu = ZT 2 _ rate The per unit supply voltage is then:

Vs _ pu =

Vrate Vbase 2

Sbase 7.2kV = 0.12 S rate 6.6kV

3MVA = 0.2142 p.u. 2MVA

13kV = 1.182 p.u. 11kV

The per unit equivalent circuit is then given by:

Zone 1 Vs = 1.182 p.u. Zone 2 Zone 3 Rload p.u. = 1.705 p.u. XT1eq p.u. = j0.1 p.u. Xline p.u. = j0.01377pu XT2eq = j0.2142 p.u. Xload p.u. = j0.9508 p.u

The load current is then given by: I load _ pu =

I load _ pu =

X T 1 _ pu

Vs _ pu + X line _ pu + X T 2 _ pu + Z load _ pu

1.18200 1.18200 = j (0.1 + 0.2142 + 0.01377 + 0.9508) + 1.705 2.13136.87 0

I load _ pu = 0.5546 36.87 0 p.u. So the load current is : I load = 550.0 A 36.87 0

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL THREE : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION

Question 3.
A balanced Y-connected voltage source with Eab = 4800 V is applied to a balanced load with Z = 3040 ohms. The line impedance between the source and the load is ZL = 185 p.u. for each phase. Calculate the per-unit and actual current in phase a of the line using Sbase3 = 100kVA and VbaseLL = 600V. Answer: Define the base quantities as: Sbase3 = 100kVA
Sbase1 = 33.333kVA

VbaseLL = 600V
VbaseLN =
Z base =

600 V = 346.412V 3

VbaseLL 2 VbaseLN 2 = = 3.6 Sbase3 Sbase1

I base = So :

Sbase3 3VbaseLL

= 96.225 A

Eab _ pu =
Z _ pu =
ZY _ pu =

48000 = 0.8 p.u.00 600

30400 = 8.333 p.u.400 3.6
Z _ pu 3 = 2.7778 p.u.400

and

Ea _ pu = 0.8 p.u. 300

Z line _ pu =

1850 = 0.2778 p.u.850 3.6

So the total impedance seen by the source is: Z tot _ pu = ZY _ pu + Z line _ pu = 2.9807 p.u.43.780 Therefore the supply current is given by:
I a _ pu = Va _ pu Z tot _ pu = 0.8 p.u. 300 = 0.2684 73.780 p.u. 0 2.9807 p.u.43.78

So the actual load current is given by: I a = 25.83 A 73.780

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL THREE : PER UNIT SYSTEM - SOLUTION

Question 4.
A balanced Y-connected voltage source with Eag = 2770 V is applied to a balanced Y load in parallel with a balanced load, where ZY = 30 + j10 ohms and Z = 45 j25 ohms. The Y load is solidly grounded. Using base values of Sbase1 = 10kVA and VbaseLN = 277 V, calculate the source current Ia in per-unit and in amperes. Answer : Define the base quantities as: Sbase3 = 30kVA
Sbase1 = 10kVA

VbaseLN = 277V VbaseLL = 3VbaseLN = 479.77V

Z base = I base = VbaseLL = 7.6729 3Sbase3 Sbase3 3VbaseLL = 36.101A
2

So the per unit impedance values are given by:

Z _ pu = 45 j 25 = 6.709 p.u. 29.0550 7.6729

ZY _ pu =

30 + j10 = 4.121 p.u.18.4350 7.6729

Z _ pu 3

Now the delta load can be converted to an equivalent star load as:
Z toY _ pu = = 2.2364 p.u. 29.0550

The total per-phase impedance is then given by:

Z tot _ pu = Z toY _ pu // ZY _ pu

Z tot _ pu =

Z toY _ pu ZY _ pu = 1.5705 12.740 Z toY _ pu + ZY _ pu

The per unit source current is then given by: I a _ pu = So the source current is :
I a = 22.99 A 12.740

Eag _ pu = 0.6367 12.740 Z tot _ pu

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL FOUR : THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 4 : TRANSFORMERS SOLUTIONS. Question 1.

C1 A1 B1 C1 A2 A2 a1 B2 b1 C2 c1 b2 a2 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3 b4 a4 a4 b4 c4 a3 b3 c4 b3 a3 c3 c3 a1 b1 c2 b1 c1 c1 a1 A1 B1 C2 B1 B2 C1 A1

(a)
C1 A1 B1 C1 A2 A2 a1 B2 b1 C2 c1 b2 a2 b2 b3 a1 b1 a2 a3 c2 c3 b4 a4 a4 a5 b4 b5 c4 c5 b6 a6 a6 b6 c6 a5 b5 c6 b3 c6 a4 a3 c5 b4 a6 b5 a5 c5 a3 b3 c4 b6 c4 c3 c3 c2 b1 a1 c1 A1 B1 C2 B1 c1 B2 C1 A1

(b) 1

ELEC 4100
A1 B1 C1 B2 A2 A2 a1 B2 b1 C2 c1 a2 a2 a3 b2 b3 c2 c3 b4 a4 a4 a5 b4 b5 c4 c5 b6 a6 a6 b6 c6 a5 b5 a3 b3 a1 b1 A1 B1

TUTORIAL FOUR : THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

C1

A1 C1 C2

B1 c1

b2

c1

c2

a1

b1 c3 c3 c4 a5 b5 c5 b6 a4 a3

c4 a6

c5

b4 c6 b3

c6

(c)

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL FOUR : THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

Question 2.
Consider the single line diagram of the power system shown below. The equipment ratings are as follows: Generator 1 : 750MVA, 18kV, Xeq = 0.2 p.u. Generator 2 : 750 MVA, 18kV, Xeq = 0.2 p.u Synchronous Motor 3 : 1500MVA, 20kV, Xeq = 0.2 p.u. 3 Phase Transformers, T1 to T4 : 750MVA, 500kV Y/20kV , Xeq = 0.1 p.u. 3 Phase Transformer T5 : 1500MVA, 500kV Y/20kV Y, Xeq = 0.1 p.u.

Neglecting winding resistances, transformer phase shifts, and the excitation phenomena, draw the equivalent per unit reactance diagram. Use a base of 100MVA and 500kV for the 40 transmission line. Determine all per unit reactances.

T1
Bus 1 j40 ohm

T2
Bus 2

1
j25 ohm j25 ohm

T3

T5
Bus 3

T4

3
Answer: The equivalent per phase, per unit circuit diagram is shown below:
Bus 1

XT1
j0.0133pu j0.0133pu

Xline1
j0.016pu j0.01pu j0.01pu

XT2
j0.0133pu j0.0133pu

Bus 2

EG2 XG2
j0.0216pu

EG1

XG1
j0.0216pu

XT3

Xline2
j0.00666pu

Xline3 XT5
Bus 3

XT4

j0.01333pu

XM3 EM3

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL FOUR : THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

The impedance values in the circuit diagram are calculated as will be detailed below: Sbase = 100 MVA

Vbase _ HV = 500kV
Vbase _ LV = 20kV

Transmission line zones Generator zones

Z base _ LV

(V =

base _ HV

Sbase

) = (500kV )
2

100 MVA

= 2500

I base _ LV =

Sbase 100MVA = = 2.887 kA 3Vbase _ HV 3 (20kV )

So the generator per unit impedances are:

2

18kV X G1 = 0.2 20kV

100 MVA = 0.0216 p.u. 750 MVA

100 MVA = 0.0216 p.u. 750 MVA

The transformer per unit impedances are:

X T 1 = X T 2 = X T 3 = X T 4 = 0.1

X T 5 = 0. 1

The transmission line per unit impedances are:

X line1 =

40 = 0.016 p.u. 2500

25 = 0.01 p.u. 2500

X line 2 = X line3 =

Question 3.
For the power system discussed in question 2, consider the case where the motor absorbs 1200MW at 0.8p.f. leading with the Bus 3 voltage at 18kV. Determine the Bus 1 and Bus 2 voltages in kV. Assume that generators 1 and 2 deliver equal real powers and equal reactive powers. Also assume a balanced three-phase system with positive-sequence sources. Answer : The bus 3 voltage is given by:
V3 pu = 18kV00 = 0.900 p.u. 20kV

X M 3 = 0.2

100 MVA = 0.01333 p.u. 1500 MVA

100 MVA = 0.00666 p.u. 1500 MVA

X G 2 = 0.2

18kV 20kV

100 MVA = 0.01333 p.u. 750 MVA

ELEC 4100 The motor current is then:

I3 = 3 (VLL )( p. f .)

TUTORIAL FOUR : THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

cos1 ( p. f .) =

1200MW = 48.11kA36.870 3 (18kV )(0.8)

The motor current in per unit:

I 3 _ pu = Due to symmetry:

V1 _ pu = V2 _ pu = V3 _ pu + I 3 _ pu X T 5 _ pu +

V1 _ pu = V2 _ pu = 0.900 + 16.6736.87 0 ( j 0.00666 ) + 16.6736.870 ( j 0.01 + j 0.01333) 2

V1 _ pu = V2 _ pu = 0.757218.830 p.u. So the bus 1 and bus 2 voltages are: V1 = V2 = 15.14kV 18.830

48.11kA36.87 0 = 16.6736.87 0 p.u. 2.887 kA

I 3 _ pu 2

(X

T 3 _ pu

+ X line 2 )

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL FIVE : LOAD FLOW - SOLUTION

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 5 : LOAD FLOW SOLUTION. Question 1.
Answer : (a) For sinusoidal time varying voltage and current waveforms, define:
v(x, t ) = V (x )e jt

i(x, t ) = I (x )e jt

Then substituting into the partial differential equations gives:

e jt e jt dV (x ) = [ rI (x ) jLI (x )]e jt = zI (x )e jt dx dI (x ) = [ GV (x ) jCV (x )]e jt = yV (x )e jt dx

These expressions can be simplified as:

dV (x ) = zI (x ) dx dI (x ) = yV (x ) dx

Differentiating with respect to x:

d 2V (x ) dx
2

= z = y

dI (x ) = zyV (x ) dx dV (x ) = zyI (x ) dx

d 2 I (x ) dx 2

These expressions are separate, second order linear differential equations involving one spatial variable only. (b) From the -section model it can be shown that:
Vr = Vs

(I s VsY2 )
Y1

Rearranging:
Vr = Vs 1 + Y2 I s Y1 Y1

Comparing this expression with the general transmission line solutions provided gives:
Y1 =

1 Z C sinh ( d )

Using this value and again comparing with the general transmission line solutions gives:
2

Y2 =

[cosh ( d ) 1] = 1 tanh Z C sinh ( d ) Z C

ELEC 4100 Now :

I r = I s Y2Vs Y3Vr = I s Y2Vs Y3 Vs

TUTORIAL FIVE : LOAD FLOW - SOLUTION

Y1

Ir = Is 1 +

Y3 Y VsY3 1 + Y2 + 2 Y1 Y1

Equating this expression with the general transmission line solutions gives:
2

Y3 = Y1 [cosh ( d ) 1] =

[cosh ( d ) 1] = 1 tanh Z C sinh ( d ) Z C

(b) The -section model of a transmission line is used in load flow analysis since load flow is interested only in the steady state characteristics at the voltage buses in the network. Hence it is only necessary to consider the behaviour at the terminating ends of the transmission line, not in the middle of the line. A lumped element model is sufficient to provide this information. Furthermore the full distributed model is used to predict dynamic characteristics along the line, but since this information is irrelevant for load flow it is not necessary to utilise the full model.

Question 2.
Answer : (a) The diagonal elements are the self admittances at each node of the network, and are the sum of all admittances connected to that node. The off-diagonal elements are the mutual admittances between two nodes of a network, and are the negative values of the admittances linking the two nodes in question. The YBUS matrix is square since the network consists of N buses, and for the ith bus there are N-1 potential mutual connections, and 1 self admittance hence the matrix is square. The matrix is symmetric since the mutual connections between buses i and k are the same as the connections between buses k and i. The matrix is sparse since in power systems there is generally a low level of connectivity between the nodes, with couplings only between a few adjacent couplings. Hence the bulk of the mutual couplings are zero, and so the matrix is sparse. (b) The complex conjugate of the apparent power at bus i can be written as:
Si = Vi I i
Si = Pi jQi = Vi

y V
k =1

ik k

Where the yik are the elements of the admittance bus. (c) The apparent power is given by:
Si = Pi jQi = Vi
Pi jQi Vi
n

y V
k =1

ik k

y V
k =1 k i

ik k

+ yiiVi

(I s Y2Vs )

= Y2

ELEC 4100 Rearranging gives:

Vi = 1 Pi jQi yikVk yii Vi k =1

TUTORIAL FIVE : LOAD FLOW - SOLUTION

k i

So the Gauss implementation of a voltage calculation is:

Vi p +1 = 1 Pi p jQi p yikVk p p yii Vi k =1

( )

k i

The Gauss-Seidel implementation of a voltage calculation is:

Vi p +1 =

( )

Since the Gauss-Seidel method uses the most recently available iteration data it generally shows a faster convergence rate than the Gauss method. Furthermore the Gauss method must store the pth and (p+1)th bus data, whereas the Gauss-Seidel discards the previous data as soon as the new data has become available. This results in a memory allocation and storage requirement advantage for the Gauss-Seidel approach, and furthermore programming the Gauss-Seidel method is simpler. (d) The apparent power is given by:
Si = Pi jQi = Vi

y V
k =1

ik k

Define:
Vi = Vi i yik = yik ik

Then :
Si = Pi jQi =

y
k =1

ik

Vi Vk ( k i + ik )

Or:
Pi =

k =1

yik Vi Vk cos( k i + ik ) =

y
k =1

ik

Vi Vk cos( i k ik ) Vi Vk sin ( i k ik )

Qi =

k =1

yik Vi Vk sin ( k i + ik ) =

y
k =1

ik

p p 1 Pi jQi yikVk p +1 yikVk p p yii Vi k =1 k = i +1

i 1

ELEC 4100 (e) Define the power flow mismatches at bus i as:
f i = Pi = PGi PLi

TUTORIAL FIVE : LOAD FLOW - SOLUTION

k =1
n

yik Vi Vk cos( i k ik ) = Pi

y
k =1
n k =1

ik

Vi Vk cos( i k ik ) Vi Vk sin ( i k ik )

g i = Qi = QGi QLi

y
k =1

ik

Vi Vk sin ( i k ik ) = Qi

ik

So applying the Newton-Raphson method:

p +1

Alternatively this can be expressed as:

= =

P Q

p p

V g V

Where P p are the real power mismatches at all PQ and PV buses, Q p are the reactive power mismatches at all PQ buses, p are the voltage angle corrections for all PQ and PV buses, and V p are the voltage magnitude corrections for all PQ buses. The Jacobian matrix is defined by:
f 2 2 f 3 = 2 f n 2 f 2 3 f 3 3 f n 3

J1p

J 2p

J3p

J 4p

The Swing bus is bus 1, while buses 2 to m are the PV buses, and buses m+1 to n are the PQ buses. The 8 derivatives in the Jacobian matrices are given by:
f i = yik Vi Vk sin ( i k ik ), k ik

f i = yik Vi Vk sin ( i k ik ) i k =1

k i

g n 2

g n 3

g n n

g n Vm +1

g n Vm + 2

g n Vn

L L

L L

g m +1 2 g m + 2 = 2

g m +1 3 g m + 2 3

g m +1 n g m + 2 n

g m +1 Vm +1 g m+2 = Vm +1

g m +1 Vm + 2 g m+2 Vm + 2

f n n

f n Vm +1

f n Vm + 2

f n Vn

g m +1 Vn g m + 2 Vn

L L

f 2 n f 3 n

p V
p

J1p J3
p

J2p J4
p

p V p

f 2 Vm +1 f 3 = Vm +1

L L

p +1

V g

P p p p + p = p Q V V p

f 2 Vm + 2 f 3 Vm + 2

f 2 Vn f 3 Vn

ELEC 4100
f i = yik Vi cos( i k ik ), Vk ik

TUTORIAL FIVE : LOAD FLOW - SOLUTION

f i = Vi

y
k =1

ik

Vk cos( i k ik ) + yii Vi cos( ik )

k i

g i = yik Vi Vk cos( i k ik ), k

g i = i

y
k =1 k i

ik

Vi Vk cos( i k ik )

g i = yik Vi sin ( i k ik ), Vk
g i = Vi

k i

y
k =1

ik

Vk sin ( i k ik ) yii Vi sin ( ii )

(f)

Since the Newton Raphson method uses a first order Taylor series approximation of the non-linear power flow equations to iteratively find a solution, it has a much faster convergence rate than the Gauss or Gauss Seidel methods. These latter methods are limited by the sparsity of the admittance bus matrix, which limits the rate that corrective terms can propagate through the solution. The Swing Bus is needed to condition the YBUS admittance matrix so as to make solutions to the power flow problem possible. Without conditioning it may be possible to have many solutions to the load flow problem which satisfy the constraints. Hence by fixing one bus with respect to earth potential one of these many solution cases is selected. The Swing Bus also serves the purpose of carrying the slack or net power from the rest of the network.

(g)

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL SEVEN : SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS - SOLUTIONS

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 7 : SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS - SOLUTIONS Question 1.
Determine the symmetrical components of the following line currents : (a) Ia = 5900, Ib = 53400, Ic = 52000, and (b) Ia = 50, Ia = j50, Ic = 0. Answer (a) The symmetrical component currents are given by:
1 1 a 3 1 a2
1 1

I1 = I2
I0

a2 a

Ib = Ic

1 1 a 3 1 a2
5e j 90
0

a 2 5e j 340 a

5e j 200

I1 = I2 I0 I1 I2
I0

0 1 1 e j120 3 0 1 e j 120

e j 120 e j120

I1 = + j 4.9490 A I2 j 0.4760 A

(b) The symmetrical component currents are given by:

a2 a a 2 50e j 90 a

0

I1 I2 I0 I1 I2 I0 I1 I2 I0

Ib Ic

e j 120 e j120

50 1 + e j 90 0 3 0 = 50 1 + e j 210 3 50 1 + e j 30 0 3

( ( (

) ) )

I1 = I2

(16.667 + j16.667 )A (2.233 j8.333)A (31.100 j8.333)A

1 1 0 1 = 1 e j120 3 0 1 e j 120

50
0

50e j 90 0

I0

1 1 1 = 1 a 3 1 a2

+ j 0.5266 A

Ia

1 1 1 = 1 a 3 1 a2

5 e j 90 0 + e j 340 0 + e j 200 0 3 5 e j 90 0 + e j100 0 + e j 80 0 = 3 5 e j 90 0 + e j 2200 + e j 40 0 3

( ( (

5e j 340

5e j 200

) ) )

50

I0

Ia

5e j 90

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL SEVEN : SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS - SOLUTIONS

Question 2.
One line of a three phase generator is open circuited, while the other two are short-circuited to ground. The line currents are Ia = 0, Ib = 1000A900, and Ic = 1000A-300. Find the symmetrical components of these currents. Also find the current into ground. Answer The symmetrical component currents are given by:
a2 a a2 a 1000e j 90
0

I1 I2 I0 I1 I2 I0

Ib Ic

1000e j 30

e j 120 e j120

1000e j 90

1000e j 30

I1 = 1000 I2
I0

e +e 3 0 1000 e j 30 + e j 90 0 3

j 210 0

j150 0

I1 = 666.7 A 150 0 I2 333.3 A 300

The ground current is the sum of the b and c phase currents and is given by:
I gnd = I b + I c = I1 = 1000 e j 90 + e j 30 = (866 + j 500 )A = 1000 A 300
0 0

I2

Question 3.
Given the line to ground voltages Vag = 280V00, Vbg = 290V-1300, and Vcg = 260V1100, calculate (a) the sequence components of the line to ground voltages, denoted VLg0, VLg1, and VLg2. (b) the line to line voltages Vab, Vbc, Vca. (c) The sequence components of the line to line voltages VLL0, VLL1, and VLL2. Also verify the following general relation : VLL0 = 0, VLL1 = 3VLLg1300 , and

VLL1 = 3VLLg 2 300 . Answer (a) The symmetrical components of the line to ground voltages are given by:

I0

333.3 A 300

1000

(e

j 90 0

+ e j 30

1 1 0 1 = 1 e j120 3 0 1 e j 120

I0

1 1 1 = 1 a 3 1 a2

Ia

1 1 1 = 1 a 3 1 a2

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL SEVEN : SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS - SOLUTIONS

280e j 0
0

VLg1 =

VLg 2 VLg 0

1 1 a 3 1 a2 1 1

a 2 Vbg = a Vcg

1 1 a 3 1 a2 280e j 0
0

a 2 290e j130 a 260e j110

VLg1 =

VLg 2

0 1 1 e j120 3 0 1 e j 120

e j 120 e j120

290e j130 260e j110

VLg1 = 275.73V 6.630 24.87 V 79.430

VLg 2

(b) The line to line voltages are calculated according to:

Vab

Vag Vbg

280e j 0 290e j130

0 0

Vbc = Vbg Vcg = 290e j130 260e j110 Vca Vcg Vag 260e j110 280e j 0
0 0

(c) The symmetrical components of the line to line voltages are given by:
1 1 a 3 1 a2

VLL1 =

a 2 Vbg = a Vcg

VLL 2 VLL 0

1 1 a 3 1 a2

a 2 476.550 e j101.80 a 442.491 e j146.49

0

VLL1 = 477.57 V 23.37 0 43.07 V 49.430

VLL 2

So :
VLL1 477.57 V 23.370 = = 1.7321300 = 3300 VLg1 275.73V 6.630
VLL 2 43.07 V 49.430 = = 1.7321 300 = 3 300 VLg 2 24.87 V 79.430

Question 4.
The voltages given in question 3 are applied to a balanced Y load consisting of (12+j16) ohms per phase. The load neutral is solidly grounded. Draw the sequence networks and calculate I0, I1, and I2, the sequence components of the line currents. Then calculate the line currents Ia, Ib, and Ic from the sequence components, and compare with the line currents calculated directly from the network equations.

0V

VLL 0

Vag

VLg 0

7.55V 78.110

516.613V 25.47 0

= 476.550 V 101.800 442.491V 146.490

516.613 e j 25.47

VLg 0

Vag

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL SEVEN : SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS - SOLUTIONS

Answer The sequence networks are shown below:

IL1 VLg1 Positive Sequence IL2 VLg2 Negative Sequence IL0 VLg0 Zero Sequence 12+j16 12+j16

12+j16

The three sequence currents can be calculated as:

I L0 Z0 VLg1 Z1 VLg 2 Z2

VLg 0

I L1 = I L2

The line currents are then given by:

Ib = 1 a2 Ic
Ia

a a2

I L1 = 1 e j120 I L2 1 e j120

e j120

13.787 A 59.760 1.243 A 26.30 0

e j120

I b = 14.5 A 176.87 0 Ic 13.0 A 56.87 0

From the network equations directly:

Ia

Vag Z Vbg Z Vcg Z

Ib = Ic

This matches the result calculated using the symmetrical component model.

280 V 00 12 + j16 14.0 A 53.130 0 290 V 130 = = 14.5 A 176.87 0 12 + j16 13.0 A 56.87 0 260 V 110 0 12 + j16

14.0 A 53.130

Ia

I L0

0.378 A 24.980

7.55V 78.110 12 + j16 0.378 A 24.980 275.73V 6.630 = = 13.787 A 59.760 12 + j16 1.243 A 26.300 24.87 V 79.430 12 + j16

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL SEVEN : SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS - SOLUTIONS

Question 5.
As shown in figure 1, a balanced three-phase, positive sequence source with VAB = 480V00 is applied to an unbalanced load. Note that one leg of the is open. Determine (a) the load currents IAB and IBC. (b) the line currents IA, IB, IC, which feed the load. (c) the zero, positive, and negative sequence components of the line currents.

Ia Vab= 480V 00 (18+j10)

Ea Ec Eb Ic

Iab Ib Ibc (18+j10)

Figure 1: Network for Question 5. Answer (a) The load currents are given by:
I ab I bc I ca 48000 Vab 18 + j10 23.311 A 29.050 Z 0 V 480 120 = bc = = 23.311 A 149.050 Z 18 + j10 0 0 0

(b) The line currents are given by:

I b = I bc I ab = 40.376 A 179.050 Ic I bc 23.311 A 30.950

Ia

I ab

23.311 A 29.050

(c) The sequence currents are given by:

I1 = I2
I0

1 1 a 3 1 a2

a2 a
0A

Ib = Ic

1 1 a 3 1 a2

a 2 40.376 A 179.050 a 23.311 A 30.950

I1 = 26.917 A 59.0550 I2 13.459 A 60.950

I0

Ia

23.311 A 29.050

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL EIGHT : THREE PHASE FAULTS - SOLUTION

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 8 : THREE PHASE FAULTS - SOLUTION Question 1.
Equipment ratings for the 4-bus system shown in figure 1 are as follows: Generator G1 : 500MVA, 13.8kV, X = 0.20 p.u. Generator G2 : 750MVA, 18.0kV, X = 0.18 p.u. Generator G3 : 1000MVA, 20.0kV, X = 0.17p.u. Transformer T1 : 500MVA, 13.8kV delta/500kV star, X = 0.12 p.u. Transformer T2 : 750MVA, 18kV delta/500kV star, X = 0.10 p.u. Transformer T3 : 1000MVA, 20kV delta/500kV star, X = 0.10 p.u. Each transmission line : X = 50 ohms. A three phase short circuit occurs at bus 1, where the pre-fault voltage is 525kV. Pre-fault load current is negligible. Draw the positive sequence reactance diagram in per unit on a 1000MVA base, 20kV base in the zone of generator G3. Determine: (a) (b) (c) The Thevenin reactance in per unit at the fault : [0.2670] The transient fault current in per unit and kA : [-j3.933, -j4.541kA] Contributions to the fault current from G1 and from line 1-2. [-j1.896, -j2.647kA]
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3

1 T3

j50 ohm j50 ohm Bus 4

j50 ohm

3 T3

T2 2
Figure 1 : Four Bus Power System. Answer: The positive sequence per unit network is shown below. The per unit values are determined as follows: Sbase = 1000 MVA Vbase3 = 20kV
Vbase 4 = 500kV 20kV = 500kV 20kV

Zone of Generator 3. Zone of Transmission lines.

Vbase 2 =

18kV 500kV = 18kV 500kV

1

Zone of Generator 2.

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL EIGHT : THREE PHASE FAULTS - SOLUTION 13.8kV 500kV = 13.8kV 500kV

Vbase1 =

Zone of Generator 1.

Z base 4 =

(Vbase 4 )2 = (500kV )2
Sbase

1000MVA

= 250

I base 4 =

Sbase 1000 MVA = = 1.155kA 3Vbase 4 3 (500kV )

Bus 1 Bus 2 j0.2pu

Bus 3 j0.1pu j0.17pu

j0.4pu

j0.24 pu

j0.2pu

EG3

EG1

XG1

XT1

X12
j0.2pu

X23 X24
Bus 4

XT3

XG3

j0.133pu

XT2 XG2 EG2

j0.24pu

So applying these base values to the generators:

X G1 = (0.2 )

1000 = 0.4 p.u. 500 1000 = 0.24 p.u. 750

X G 2 = (0.18)

X G 3 = 0.17 p.u. Similarly for the transformers:

X T 1 = (0.12 )

1000 = 0.24 p.u. 500

X T 2 = (0.1)

1000 = 0.1333 p.u. 750

X T 3 = 0.1 p.u. For the transmission lines:

X 12 = X 23 = X 24 = 50 = 0.2 p.u. 250

ELEC 4100 Part (a)

TUTORIAL EIGHT : THREE PHASE FAULTS - SOLUTION

The Thevenin equivalent impedance of the network when viewed from voltage bus 1 is: X Th = ( X G1 + X T 1 ) //[X 12 + ( X 24 + X T 2 + X G 2 ) // ( X 23 + X T 3 + X G 3 )] X Th = ( j 0.24 + j 0.4 ) //[ j 0.2 + ( j 0.2 + j 0.1 + j 0.17 ) // ( j 0.2 + j 0.1333 + j 0.24 )] X Th = ( j 0.64) // ( j 0.4583) X Th = j 0.2670 p.u. Part (b) The pre-fault voltage, neglecting pre-fault currents is:
VF = 525kV00 = 1.0500 p.u. 500kV

So the fault current is: VF 1.0500 p.u. IF = = = j 3.933 p.u. ZTh j 0.2670

I F = j 4.541kA Part (c) Using the current divider rule:

I G1 = I F

j 0.4583 = j1.641 p.u. j 0.4583 + j 0.64

I G1 = j1.896 kA

IG 2 = I F

j 0.64 = j 2.292 p.u. j 0.4583 + j 0.64

I G1 = j 2.647 kA

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL EIGHT : THREE PHASE FAULTS - SOLUTION

Question 2.
For the above described power system, consider the case where a balanced 3-phase short circuit occurs at bus 2 where the pre-fault voltage is 525kV (neglect the pre-fault current). Determine (a) (b) (c) The Thevenin equivalent impedance of the network viewed from the fault location : [0.1975 p.u.] The fault current in per unit and in kA [-j5.3155 p.u., -j6.138kA] The contribution to the fault from lines 1-2, 2-3 and 2-4. [-j1.44, -j2.58, -j2.21 kA]

Answer: Part (a) For faults on bus 2, the Thevenin equivalent impedance is given by: X Th = ( X G1 + X T 1 + X 12 ) // ( X 24 + X T 2 + X G 2 ) // ( X 23 + X T 3 + X G 3 ) X Th = ( j 0.24 + j 0.4 + j 0.2) // ( j 0.2 + j 0.1 + j 0.17 ) // ( j 0.2 + j 0.1333 + j 0.24 ) X Th = ( j 0.84 ) // ( j 0.47 ) // ( j 0.5733) X Th = j 0.1975 p.u. Part (b) The pre-fault voltage, neglecting pre-fault currents is: VF = 525kV00 = 1.0500 p.u. 500kV VF 1.0500 p.u. = = j 5.3155 p.u. ZTh j 0.1975

So the fault current is: IF =

I F = j 6.1379 kA

Part (c) The contribution to the fault from line 12 is given by: 1.0500 I12 = j1.25 p.u. = j1.443 kA j 0.84 1.0500 I 23 = j 2.234 p.u. = j 2.580 kA j 0.47 I 24 = 1.0500 j1.8315 p.u. = j 2.115 kA j 0.5733

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 9 : FAULT STUDIES Question 1.

The single-line diagram and equipment ratings of a three phase electrical system are given below. The inductor connected to the neutral of generator 3 has a reactance of 0.05 p.u. using the ratings of generator 3 as a base. Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence network diagrams for the system using a 1000MVA base, and a 765kV base in the zone of line 1-2. Neglect the effects of -Y transformer phase shifts.
Bus 1 Line 1 - 3 Bus 2 Line 1 - 2 Line 2 - 3 Bus 3

T3 3

1 T1 T2 2
Transformers: T1 : 1000MVA, T2 : 1000MVA, T3 : 500MVA, T4 : 750MVA, Transmission Lines :

4 T4

15 kV / 765 kV Y , 15 kV / 765 kV Y , 15 kV / 765 kV Y , 15 kV / 765 kV Y ,

X = 0.1 p.u. X = 0.1 p.u. X = 0.12 p.u. X = 0.11 p.u.

1-2 : 765 kV, X1 = 50 , 1-3 : 765 kV, X1 = 40 , 2-3 : 765 kV, X1 = 40 , Synchronous Generators : G1 : 1000MVA, G2 : 1000MVA, G3 : 500MVA, G4 : 750MVA, 15 kV, 15 kV, 13.8 kV, 13.8 kV,

X0 = 150 . X0 = 100 . X0 = 100 . X1 = X2 = 0.18 p.u., X0 = 0.07 p.u. X1 = X2 = 0.20 p.u., X0 = 0.10 p.u. X1 = X2 = 0.15 p.u., X0 = 0.05 p.u. X1 = 0.30 p.u. X2 = 0.40 p.u., X0 = 0.10 p.u.

Answer: The three sequence networks for the system are shown below. The per unit impedance values are calculated as follows: Sbase = 1000 MVA VbaseHV = 765kV VbaseLV = 15kV Zone of Transmission Lines. Zone Generators.

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Z baseHV

(VbaseHV )2 = (765kV )2 =
Sbase

1000 MVA

= 585.23

I baseHV =

Sbase 1000 MVA = = 0.7547 kA 3VbaseHV 3 (765kV )

The per unit sequence impedances of the generators are then given by: X G1 _ 1 = 0.18 p.u. X G1 _ 2 = 0.18 p.u. X G1 _ 0 = 0.07 p.u.
X G 2 _ 1 = 0.20 p.u. X G 2 _ 2 = 0.20 p.u.
2

X G 2 _ 0 = 0.10 p.u.

X G3_ 2

XG4 _ 2

XG4 _ 0

The per unit sequence impedances of the transformers are then given by: X T 1 = 0.1 p.u.

X T 2 = 0.1 p.u.

15 X T 3 = 0.12 15

1000 = 0.24 p.u. 500

XT 4

The per unit sequence impedances of the transmission lines are then given by: 50 150 X 12 _ 1 = X 12 _ 2 = = 0.08544 p.u. X 12 _ 0 = = 0.2563 p.u. 585.23 585.23 40 100 X 13 _ 1 = X 13 _ 2 = = 0.06835 p.u. X 13 _ 0 = = 0.1709 p.u. 585.23 585.23 40 100 X 23 _ 1 = X 23 _ 2 = = 0.06835 p.u. X 23 _ 0 = = 0.1709 p.u. 585.23 585.23

15 = 0.11 15

1000 = 0.1467 p.u. 750

13.8 = (0.1) 15

(750) = 0.1129 p.u.

13.8 = (0.40) 15

1000 = 0.4514 p.u. 750

13.8 X G 4 _ 1 = (0.3) 15

1000 = 0.3386 p.u. 750

13.8 1000 13.8 1000 + 3(0.05) X G 2 _ 0 = (0.05) 15 500 15 500 = 0.08464 p.u. + 0.2539 p.u. = 0.3385 p.u.

13.8 = (0.15) 15

1000 = 0.2539 p.u. 500

2

13.8 X G 3 _ 1 = (0.15) 15

1000 = 0.2539 p.u. 500

ELEC 4100
Bus 1 j0.18pu j0.1 pu j0.06835pu

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Bus 3 j0.24pu j0.254pu

X13_1
j0.08544 pu j0.06835pu

EG3

EG1

XG1_1

XT1

XT3 XT4 j0.147pu

XG3_1

X12_1
j0.1pu

X23_1
Bus 2

XG4_1
j0.339pu

XT2 XG2_1 EG2

EG4
j0.20pu

Positive Sequence Network.

Bus 1 j0.18pu j0.1 pu j0.06835pu Bus 3 j0.24pu j0.254pu

X13_2
j0.08544 pu j0.06835pu

XG1_2

XT2

XT3 XT4 j0.147pu

XG3_2

X12_2
j0.1pu

X23_2
Bus 2

XT2 XG2_2

XG4_2 j0.451pu

j0.20pu

Negative Sequence Network.

Bus 1 j0.07pu j0.1 pu j0.1709pu Bus 3 j0.24pu j0.339pu

X13_0
j0.2563 pu j0.1709pu

XG1_0

XT1

XT3 XT4 j0.147pu

XG3_0

X12_0
j0.1pu

X23_0
Bus 2

XT2 XG4_0
j0.113pu

XG2_0
j0.10pu

Zero Sequence Network.

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Question 2.
Faults at bus 1 in question 1 are of interest. Determine the Thevenin equivalent impedance of each sequence network as viewed from the fault bus. The pre-fault voltage is 1.0 p.u. Pre-fault load currents and -Y transformer phase shifts are neglected. Answer: The first step towards obtaining the Thevenin equivalent networks for the sequence networks above is to simplify the networks using a Y- transformation. Recall that the Y- transformation is of the form:

ZA
ZCA ZAB

ZB ZC
ZBC

ZA = ZB = ZC =

Z AB Z CA Z AB + Z BC + Z CA Z AB Z BC Z AB + Z BC + Z CA Z CA Z BC Z AB + Z BC + Z CA

Z AB = Z BC = Z CA =

Z AZ B + Z B ZC + Z C Z A ZC Z A Z B + Z B ZC + Z C Z A ZA Z A Z B + Z B ZC + ZC Z A ZB
Bus 1 Bus 3 j0.4939pu j0.1733 pu

So the three sequence networks can be simplified to the form:

Bus 1 j0.28pu j0.06835pu Bus 3 j0.4939pu j0.08544 pu j0.06835pu

j0.06835pu

EG3

j0.28pu

EG3

EG1

EG1
j0.7605pu j0.6083pu
j0.4860pu

Bus 2 j0.30pu

j0.4860pu

EG2

EG4

EG2

EG4

Positive Sequence.
Bus 1 j0.28pu j0.08544 pu j0.06835pu j0.7605pu Bus 2 j0.30pu j0.5981pu j0.6083pu j0.5981pu j0.06835pu Bus 3 j0.4939pu Bus 1 j0.28pu j0.1733 pu j0.06835pu Bus 3 j0.4939pu

Negative Sequence. 4

ELEC 4100
Bus 1 j0.07pu j0.1 pu j0.2563 pu j0.1709pu j0.09116pu j0.1709pu Bus 3 j0.339pu j0.07pu j0.1 pu

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Bus 1 j0.1709pu Bus 3 j0.339pu j0.8652pu j0.09116pu

Bus 2 j0.1pu j0.5063pu j0.3376pu

Zero Sequence. So from these simplified networks, the Thevenin equivalent impedances can be derived looking in at bus 1, as:

ZTH _ 1 = ( j 0.28 ) // j 0.7605 // ({ j 0.06835 // j 0.1733} + { j 0.4939 // j 0.4860 // j 0.6083} ) ZTH _ 1 = j 0.1069

And:
ZTH _ 2 = ( j 0.28 ) // j 0.7605 // ({ j 0.06835 // j 0.1733} + { j 0.4939 // j 0.5981// j 0.6083})

ZTH _ 2 = j 0.1097 And:

ZTH _ 0 = ( j 0.1) // j 0.5063 // ({ j 0.1709 // j 0.8652} + { j 0.3376 // j 0.09116} )

ZTH _ 0 = j 0.0601

Question 3.
For a bolted three phase fault, the fault current is given by: I0 = I2 = 0 , I1 = Similarly : VF 100 = = 9.355 p.u. 900 ZTH _1 j 0.1069

I a = I b = I c = I1 = 9.355 p.u. So in ampere: I a = I b = I c = I1 = 7.06 kA

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Question 4.
For a single line to ground fault the sequence networks are connected in series as:
I1 VF Positive Sequence I2 ZTh1 V1

ZTh2 V2

Negative Sequence I0

ZTh0 V0

Zero Sequence

Hence the sequence currents are:

I 0 = I1 = I 2 = VF ZTH _1 + ZTH _ 2 + ZTH _ 0 = 100 = 3.614 p.u. 900 j 0.2767

And: Ib = Ic = 0 I a = 3I1 = 10.84 p.u. 900 In amperes.

I a = 8.183 kA. 900

The sequence voltages are:

0

V1 = VF 0

V2 V0

V1 = 1.0 e j 0 0

0 0

j 0.1069 0

3.614e j 90

V2

j 0.1097 3.614e j 90

V0

ZTH _ 0 0 0

0 ZTH _ 1 0

0 0 ZTH _ 2 0

I0 I1 I2

j 0.0601

3.614e j 90

ELEC 4100 0.2172e j 0

0 0

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

V1 = 0.6137e j 0

V2

0.3965e j 0

Hence the phase to ground voltages are given by:

Va

1 a

V0

Vb = 1 a 2 Vc 1 a

V1 = 1 e j120 1 e j120

a 2 V2

Vb = 0.2172 + 0.6137e j120 0.3965e j120

0

Vc

0.2172 + 0.6137e j120 0.3965e j120

0

Vb = 0.3258 j 0.8749 = 0.9336 p.u. 110.40 Vc 0.3258 + j 0.8749 0.9336 p.u.110.40

Question 5.
The fault impedance in per unit is:
ZF = 30 = 0.0513 585.23

The connection of the sequence networks is then as shown below:

I1 VF Positive Sequence I2 ZTh1 V1

ZTh2 V2

Negative Sequence I0

ZTh0 V0

Zero Sequence

Va

Va

V0

1
0

1 e j120
0

0.2172e j 0 0.6137e j 0
0

e j120

0.3965e j 0

3ZF

ELEC 4100 So for a single line to ground fault through this impedance: I 0 = I1 = I 2 = And: Ib = Ic = 0
I a = 3I1 = 6.967 p.u. 900

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

VF 100 = = 2.322 p.u. 900 ZTH _1 + ZTH _ 2 + ZTH _ 0 + 3Z F j 0.4306

In amperes. I a = 5.258 kA. 900 The sequence voltages are:

0

V1 = VF 0

V2 V0

V1 = 1.0 e j 0 0

0 0
0

j 0.1069 0

2.322e j 90

V2

j 0.1097 2.322e j 90

V1 =

0.7518e j 0

V2

0.2547e j 0

Hence the phase to ground voltages are given by:

Va

1 a

V0

Vb = 1 a 2 Vc 1 a

V1 = 1 e j120 1 e j120
0

a 2 V2

Vb = 0.1396 + 0.7518e j120 0.2547e j120

0

Vc

0.1396 + 0.7518e j120 0.2547e j120

0

Vb = 0.3882 j 0.8717 = 0.9542 p.u. 1140 Vc 0.3882 + j 0.8717 0.9542 p.u.1140

Va

0.3575e j 0

0.3575 p.u. 00

Va

V0

0.1396e j 0

1
0

1 e j120
0

0.1396e j 0 0.7518e j 0
0

e j120

0.2547e j 0

0.3575e j 0

V0

ZTH _ 0 0 0

0 ZTH _ 1 0

0 0 ZTH _ 2 0

I0 I1 I2

j 0.0601

2.322e j 90

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Question 6.
For a bolted line to line fault the sequence networks are connected as shown below:

I1 VF

ZTh1 V1

Positive Sequence I2

ZTh2 V2

Negative Sequence I0

ZTh0 V0

Zero Sequence
The sequence currents are therefore: I0 = 0
I1 = I 2 = VF 100 = = 4.617 p.u. 900 ZTH _1 + ZTH _ 2 j 0.2166

And:

Ia

1 a

I0

1
0

1 e j120
0

0 4.617e j 90
0

I b = 7.997 p.u. Ic 7.997 p.u.

In amperes:

Ia

I b = 6.035 kA Ic 6.035 kA

The sequence voltages are:

Ib = 1 a 2 Ic Ia 1 a 0

I1 = 1 e j120 1 e j120

a2 I2

e j120

4.617e j 90

ELEC 4100 V0 0 ZTH _ 0 0 0

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES 0 ZTH _ 1 0 j 0.0601 0 0

V1 = VF 0

I1

V2

ZTH _ 2 I 2 0 j 0.1069 0

V1 = 1.0 e j 0 0
0

4.617e j 90

V2

j 0.1097 4.617e j 90

V1 = 1 0.4936 = 0.5064 0.5064 0.5064

V2

Hence the phase to ground voltages are given by:

Va

1 a

V0

Vb = 1 a 2 Vc 1 a

V1 = 1 e j120 1 e j120

a 2 V2

Vb = 0.5064 e j120 e j120

0

Vc

( 0.5064(e

j120

e j120

) )

Vb = 0.5064 p.u. 1800 Vc 0.5064 p.u. 1800

10

Va

1.0128 p.u. 00

Va

1.0128 p.u. 00

V0

1
0

1 e j120
0

0 0.5064 0.5064

e j120

V0

I0

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Question 7.
Recall that for a bolted double line to ground fault, the sequence networks are connected together as shown below:
I1 VF Positive Sequence I2 ZTh1 V1

ZTh2 V2

Negative Sequence I0

ZTh0 V0

Zero Sequence

Therefore the positive sequence fault current is given by:

I1 = VF ZTH _ 1 + ZTH _ 2 // ZTH _ 0 = 1.0 j 0.1069 + j 0.1097 // j 0.0601

I1 =

1.000 = 6.862 p.u. 900 j 0.1457

The negative and zero sequence currents can be determined by current divider rule, as: I 2 = I1 ZTH _ 0 ZTH _ 0 + ZTH _ 2 = 6.862 900 j 0.0601 j 0.0601 + j 0.1097

I 2 = 2.429 p.u. 900 Similarly:

I 0 = I1 ZTH _ 2 ZTH _ 0 + ZTH _ 2 = 6.862 900 j 0.1097 j 0.0601 + j 0.1097

I 0 = 4.433 p.u. 900 The phase currents are therefore:

11

ELEC 4100 4.433e j 90

0

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Ib = 1 a 2 Ic
Ia

a a2

6.862e j 90 2.429e j 90

I b = e j 90 4.433 + 6.862e j120 2.429e j120

0 0

Ic Ia

4.433 + 6.862e j120 2.429e j120

0

I b = e j 90 6.65 j8.046 = e j 90 10.44e j 230.4

0 0

= 10.44 p.u. e j140.4 10.44 p.u. e j 39.6

Ic

6.65 + j8.046

10.44e j129.6

So in amperes:

Ia

0
0

I b = 7.879kA e j140.4 Ic 7.879kA e j 39.6

The sequence voltages are:

V0

ZTH _ 0 0 0

0 ZTH _ 1 0

0 0

I0 I1

V1 = VF 0

V2

ZTH _ 2 I 2 0 j 0.1069 0

V1 = 1.0 e j 0 0

0 0

6.862 900

V2

j 0.1097 2.429 900

V1 = 1 0.7335 = 0.2664 p.u. 00 0.2664 00 0.2664 p.u. 00

V2

The phase voltages are then:

Va

Vb = 1 a 2 Vc 1 a

V0

0.2664 00

0.2664 p.u. 00

1 a

V0

1
0

1 e j120
0

0.2664 0.2664 0.2664

V1 = 1 e j120 1 e j120

a 2 V2

e j120

12

V0

j 0.0601

4.433 900

4.433 + 6.862 2.429

Ia

ELEC 4100
Va 0.7993 p.u. 00 0 0

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Vb = Vc

Question 8.
The phase voltages and phase fault currents in the above cases are: Three Phase Fault.

I a = I b = I c = I1 = 7.06 kA Single Line to Ground Fault.

I a = 8.183 kA. 900

Single Line to Ground Fault Through an Impedance.

I a = 3I1 = 6.967 p.u. 900

Line to Line Fault.

Ia

I b = 7.997 p.u. Ic 7.997 p.u.

Double Line to Ground Fault.

Ia

I b = 10.44 p.u. 140.40 Ic 10.44 p.u. 39.60

The following observations apply:

The Double Line to Ground Fault leads to the worst case fault current. Line to Line voltages lead to an increase in the un-faulted phase voltage.

13

Va

Vb = 0.9336 p.u. 110.40 Vc 0.9336 p.u.110.40

Va

0.3575 p.u. 00

Vb = 0.9542 p.u. 1140 Vc 0.9542 p.u.1140

Va

1.0128 p.u. 00

Vb = 0.5064 p.u. 1800 Vc 0.5064 p.u. 1800

Va

0.7993 p.u. 00 0 0

Vb = Vc

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL NINE : FAULT STUDIES

Question 9.
Now since:

Ia

1 a

I0 I1

Then:
I a = [I 0 + I1 + I 2 ] = 0 : Then via KCL, the three sequence currents must form a node.

And:
I a ' = [I 0 '+ I1 '+ I 2 '] = 0 : Then via KCL, the three sequence currents must form a node.

Similarly:

V00' V11'

1 a
2

Vaa ' Vbb ' Vcc '

1 a
2

Vaa ' 0 0

V22'

1 = 1 a 3 1 a2

1 = 1 a 3 1 a2

3 3 3

Vaa ' Vaa '

The three sequence voltages are therefore equal in magnitude:

I0 V00' I1 V11' I2 V22'

I0'

I1'

14

Ib = 1 a 2 Ic 1 a

a2 I2

Vaa '

I2'

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 10 : TRANSIENT STABILITY - SOLUTIONS Question 1.
The pre-fault electrical power delivered to the infinite bus is given by:

tluaferp _ e

=
=

During the fault, a star-delta transform can be applied to simplify the circuit as shown below:

So the faulted electrical power delivered to the infinite bus is given by:

tluaf _ e

The post-fault electrical power delivered to the infinite bus is given by:

tluaftsop _ e

tluaftsop _ e

(1.28)(1.0 )

0.3 + 0.1 + 0.2

QE _ L

tluaf _ e

tluaf _ e

(1.28)(1.0 ) sin
1.4

= 0.9143 sin

QE

QE

QE

( 0.3 + 0.1) 0.2 + ( 0.3 + 0.1) 0.1 + 0.1( 0.2 )

0.1

= 1.4

EV sin X

EV X +X +X

sin
sin

21L

31L

31L

31

21L

QE

QE

The X

is given by: X =

(X

+X )X

+(X + X ) X X

31L

+X

QE

1T

X'

21L

tluaferp _ e

tluaferp _ e

(1.28)(1.0) sin 0.3 + 0.1 + (0.2 ) // (0.1 + 0.2 )

= 2.462 sin

QE _ L

EV X +X +X
t d

LAIROTU
sin

ELEC 4100

TEN : TRANSIENT STABILITY SOLUTIONS

To apply the equal area criterion, it is necessary to determine the maximum possible swing angle, and the initial operating angle. This is done as follows:
m
0

1.0 = sin 2.462

0

= 23.96

Similarly:
m m
0

1.0 = 180 sin 2.133

0

= 152
m

Now apply the equal area criterion.

(1.0 0.9143 sin ) d = ( 2.133sin 1.0 ) d

1 0

0.4835 = cos 1.219

0

= 113.4

This is the critical clearing angle.

Question 2.
Again apply the equal angle criterion, but with:
0

= 51.2
1

So the equal area criterion requires that:

(1.0 0.9143sin ) d = ( 2.133sin 1.0 ) d

+ 2.133cos
+ 2.133cos

xam

xam

= 2.017

xam

xam

= + ( 2.133 0.9143) cos + 0.9143cos

xam

xam

) + 0.9143cos

0.9143cos = 2.133cos

xam

0.4835 = 1.219 cos

1 1

) + 2.133cos

0.9143cos = ( 2.133 0.9143) cos

tluaferp _ e

tluaferp _ e

tluaferp _ e

= 2.133sin

= 2.462 sin = P = 1.0

= 2.133sin (180

LAIROTU

ELEC 4100

TEN : TRANSIENT STABILITY SOLUTIONS

)=P

= 1.0

1 0

1 0

+ 2.133cos

This is a non-linear equation, which can be solved iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Recall that the NR method approximates a solution using the local gradient of the function as:
p 1+ p

So:
p

Solving Iteratively:
4 xam 3 xam 2 xam
1

So after 8 iterations the solution is:

0

Since this rotor angle is well below the maximum possible stable rotor angle, the generator can remain synchronised to the infinite bus.

Question 3.
Substituting in the system parameters.
2

1.0 = 0.03183 Or:

2

31.42 =

d d + 0.3142 + 77.35sin dt dt
0 0 2

Now consider small deviations in the rotor angle. If the rotor angle changes from to + , then:
sin ( + ) = sin ( ) cos ( ) + cos ( ) sin ( ) = sin (

So:
0 0 0 2

31.42 = Changes to:

d d + 0.3142 + 77.35sin dt dt
d ( + dt
2 0 2 2

The difference becomes:

31.42 =

) + 0.3142 d (

+ dt

) + cos ( )
0

) + 77.35 sin

xam

= 66.15

d d + 0.01 + 2.462sin dt dt

( ) + cos ( )

xam

xam

xam

xam

xam

= 1.0 , = 1.1545 ,

= 1.1704 , = 1.1545 ,

= 1.1546 , = 1.1545

xam

xam

1 p

xam

xam

1+ p

xam

+ (1 2.133sin

y f ( x ) =x + f '( x )
p

LAIROTU

ELEC 4100

TEN : TRANSIENT STABILITY SOLUTIONS

2.017

2.133cos

= 1.1545 , = 1.1545

Taking the Laplace transform:

0 2

Solving for the roots of the quadratic equation:

2
0

s ,s =
2 1

For the system to be stable, it is necessary that:

0

0.3142 + 0.0987 309.4 cos (

0

0.0987 309.4 cos (

0

0.0987 309.4 cos (

0

309.4 cos (
0

For cos ( ) > 0 , it is necessary to have 90 < < +90 . This is the small signal stability constraint on the system.
0 0 0

0=

( s ) s

+ 0.3142 s + 77.35 cos ( )

0.3142 0.0987 309.4 cos (

) <0

) < 0.3142

) < 0.0987

)>0

0=

d d + 0.3142 + 77.35cos ( ) dt dt
2

LAIROTU

ELEC 4100

TEN : TRANSIENT STABILITY SOLUTIONS

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ELEVEN : PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 11 : PROTECTION - SOLUTIONS Question 1.

The input current to a Westinghouse CO-8 relay is 10A. Determine the relay operating time for the following current tap settings (CTS) and time dial settings (TDS). (a) CTS = 1.0, TDS = 0.5. (b) CTS = 2.0, TDS = 1.5. (c) CTS = 2.0, TDS = 7. (d) CTS = 3.0, TDS = 7. (e) CTS = 12.0, TDS = 1. Answer: From the inverse time curves : (a) Time to operate : 0.1s. (b) Time to operate : 0.55s. (c) Time to operate : 3.0s. (d) Time to operate : 5.2s. (e) The breaker can not operate the current is less than the pick-up current.

Question 2.
For the system shown in figure 1, directional over-current relays are used at breakers B12, B21, B23, B32, B34 and B43. Over-current relays alone are used at B1 and B4. (a) For a fault at P1, which breakers do not operate? Which breakers should be coordinated? Repeat (a) for a fault at (b) P2, (c) P3. (d) Explain how the system is protected against bus faults.
Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 3 Bus 4

B1

B12 P3

B21

B23 P2

B32

B34 P1

B43

B4

L1

L2
Figure 1

L3

L4

Answer : (a) For a fault at P1, only B34 and B43 should operate. If B34 fails to operate, then B23, B12 and B1 would operate as a backup. So B23, B12 and B1 must coordinate with B34 in the sequence (B34 B23 B12 B1). If B43 fails to operate, B4 would operate as a backup, so B4 must coordinate with B43 in the sequence (B43 B4). (b) For a fault at P2, only B23 and B32 should operate. As backup protection, B12 and B1 should coordinate with B23 in the sequence (B23 B12 B1), and B43 and B4 should coordinate with B32 in the sequence (B32 B43 B4).

ELEC 4100 (c)

TUTORIAL ELEVEN : PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

For a fault at P3, only B12 and B21 should operate. As backup protection, B1 should coordinate with B12 in the sequence (B12 B1), and B32, B43 and B4 should coordinate with B21 in the sequence (B21 B32 B43 B4). Fault at Bus 1 : Breakers B1 and B21 should open. Fault at Bus 2 : Breakers B12 and B32 should open. Fault at Bus 3 : Breakers B23 and B43 should open. Fault at Bus 4 : Breakers B34 and B4 should open.

(d)

Question 3.
(a) Draw the protective zones for the power system shown in figure 2. (b) Which circuit breakers should open for a fault at (i) P1, (ii) P2, (iii) P3? (c) For case (i), if circuit breaker B21a failed to operate, which circuit breakers would open as back-up?
Bus 1 B12a B12b B1 B13

P1

B21a B21b B32

Bus 2 B24a

Bus 4 B42a B46

P3
B31 Bus 3 B3 B32

B24b

B42b

P2

Figure 2 Answer : (a) The figure below shows the protective zones of the system in figure 2.
Zone 2 Bus 1 B12a B12b B1 Zone 1 Zone 5 B31 Bus 3 B3 Zone 7 Zone 8 B13

P1

Zone 10 Zone 3 Bus 4 Bus 2 B21a B21b B32 B24a B42a B46 Zone 13

Zone 4

P3
B32 Zone 6

B24b

B42b Zone 12

P2

Zone 11 Zone 9

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL ELEVEN : PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

(b i) For a fault at P1, breakers in Zone 3 should operate i.e. B12a and B21a. (b ii) For a fault at P2, breakers in Zone 9 should operate i.e. B21a, B21b, B23, B24a and B24b. (b iii) For a fault at P3, breakers in both Zone 6 and Zone 9 should operate i.e. B21a, B21b, B23, B32, B24a and B24b. (c) If in case b(i), B21a did not operate, then back-up protection would be achieved by opening the breakers in Zone 9 i.e. B21b, B23, B24a and B24b.

Question 4.
Three-zone mho relays are used for transmission line protection of the power system shown in figure 3. Positive sequence line impedances are given as follows: Line 1-2 : Z12_1 = (6+j60) Line 2-3 : Z23_1 = (5+j50) Line 2-4 : Z24_1 = (4+j40)

Rated voltage for the high voltage buses is 500kV. Assume a 1500:5 CT ratio and a 4500:1 VT ratio at B12. (a) Determine the zone 1, zone 2 and zone 3 settings Zr1, Zr2 and Zr3 for the mho relay at B12 if zone 1 is set for 80% reach of line 1-2, zone 2 is set for 120% reach of line 1-2, and zone 3 is set to cover 120% of adjacent lines. (b) Maximum current for line 1-2 under emergency loading conditions is 1400A at 0.9 p.f. lagging. Verify that B12 does not trip during emergency loading conditions.
Bus 1 B1 Bus 2 B21 B23 line 1-2 B24 line 2-4 B42 Bus 4 B4 line 2-3 Bus 3 B32 B3 B12

Figure 3. Answer: Part (a): The impedance seen by the mho relay at B12 is:

Z'= Z'=

VLN ' VLN ( 4500 /1) = IL ' I L (1500 / 5 ) VLN 1 Z = 15 I L 15

Set the B12 relay zone 1 Zr1 setting for 80% reach of line 1-2, as:

ELEC 4100
6 + j 60 = ( 0.32 + j 3.2 ) 15 6 + j 60 = ( 0.48 + j 4.8 ) 15

TUTORIAL ELEVEN : PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

Set the B12 relay zone 2 Zr2 setting for 120% reach of line 1-2, as:

Z r1 = 1.2

Set the B12 relay zone 3 Zr3 setting for 100% reach of line 1-2, and 120% reach of line 2-3, as:

Z r1 =

6 + j 60 5 + j 50 + 1.2 = ( 0.8 + j8.0 ) 15 15

Part (b) The secondary impedance viewed by B12 during emergency loading is:

500 0 0 VLN ' 1 3 Z'= = = 13.725.80 1 ' 1.4 cos 0.9 15 IL This value is well in excess of the zone 3 impedance setting, so the impedance seen by B12 during emergency loading will not trip the three zone mho relay.

Question 5.
Line impedances for the power system shown in figure 4 are Z12 = Z23 = (3+j40) , and Z24 = (6+j80). Reach for the zone 3 B12 impedance relay is set for 100% of line 1-2 plus 120% of line 2-4. (a) for a bolted three phase fault at bus 4, show that the apparent primary impedance seen by the B12 relay is:
I12

Z apparent = Z12 + Z 24 +

Where ( I 32 I12 ) is the line 2-3 to line 1-2 fault current ratio. (b) if I 32 I12 > 0.2 , does the B12 relay see the fault at bus 4?

NOTE: This problem illustrates the infeed effect. Fault currents from line 2-3 can cause the zone 3 B12 relay to under-reach. As such, remote backup of line 2-4 at B12 is ineffective.
Bus 1 B1 Bus 2 I12 line 1-2 B24 B24 B21 B23 I32 line 2-3 I24 Bus 4 B42 Bus 3 B32 B3

Z r1 = 0.8

secondary

secondary

secondary

I 32

Z 24

B12

Figure 4.
4

ELEC 4100
Answer : Part (a)

TUTORIAL ELEVEN : PROTECTION SOLUTIONS

For the bolted three phase fault at bus 4 the system of figure 4 can be reduced to:

I12 Z12 V1 V2

I32 I24 Z24 Z23 V3

The primary impedance seen by the B12 relay is then:

Z apparent = V1 ' V1 ' V2 ' V2 ' V ' = + = Z12 + 2 I12 ' I12 ' I12 ' I12 '

Z apparent = Z12 +

Z 24 ( I12 '+ I 32 ' ) I12 '

Z apparent = Z12 + Z 24 + Z 24

I 32 I12

Part (b): The apparent secondary impedance seen by B12 for the bolted three phase fault at bus 4 is:
Z apparent ' =

( NV

Z apparent

NI )

Where NV and NI are the turns ratios of the potential and current transformers for B12. Z apparent ' =
Z apparent ' =

Z12 + Z 24 (1 + I 32 I12 ) ( 3 + j 40 ) + ( 6 + j80 )(1 + I 32 I12 ) = ( NV N I ) ( NV N I )

(9 + 6 ( I

32

I12 ) ) + j (120 + 80 ( I 32 I12 ) )

Also the zone 3 relay for B12 is set for 100% reach of line 1-2, and 120% of line 2-4. So: Zr3 =

( 3 + j 40 ) + 1.2 ( 6 + j80 ) = 10.2 + j136 ( NV N I ) ( NV N I )

Comparing this expression with the case for the balanced three phase fault when I 32 I12 > 0.2 shows that:

Z apparent ' >

10.2 + j136 ( NV N I )

So the apparent impedance for the three phase fault is greater than the zone 3 set point, and B12 will not trip in this case. Remote backup in this case is not effective.
5

( NV

NI )

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TUTORIAL TWELVE : TRANSMISSION LINES - SOLUTIONS

ELEC 4100 ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 12 : TRANSMISSION LINES SOLUTIONS Question 1.
A single phase transmission line of 1p.u. length with distributed parameters R, L, C and G has a step voltage E applied to the sending end of the line. The general solutions to the transmission line partial differential equations is given by:

V ( x, s ) = k1e x + k2 e x

and

I ( x, s ) =

1 k1e x k2 e x Z0

Where:

( R + sL )( G + sC )

Z0 =

( R + sL ) ( G + sC )

a) For the case determine the and current. b) For the case determine the and current.

where the receiving end of the transmission line is short circuited constants k1 and k2, and derive simplified expressions for the voltage where the receiving end of the transmission line is open circuited constants k1 and k2, and derive simplified expressions for the voltage

Answer : Part (a)

The boundary conditions are :

V ( 0, s ) = E ,

V (1, s ) = 0

Substituting these constraints into the general solutions gives:

V ( 0, s ) = k1 + k2 = E
V (1, s ) = k1e + k2 e = 0 From the second equation:
k1 = k2 e 2

Substituting this expression into the first equation gives:

k2 (1 e2 ) = E or k2 = So:
k1 = k2 e 2 = e E 2sinh ( )

E e E e E = = (1 e2 ) ( e e ) 2sinh ( )

The voltage expression for the transmission line is then given by:

V ( x, s ) =

E e (1 x ) e (1 x ) 2sinh ( )

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL TWELVE : TRANSMISSION LINES - SOLUTIONS

V ( x, s ) = E

sinh ( (1 x ) ) sinh ( )

The current expression for the transmission line is then given by:

I ( x, s ) =
I ( x, s ) =

1 E e (1 x ) + e (1 x ) Z 0 2sinh ( )
E cosh ( (1 x ) ) sinh ( ) Z0

Part (b) The boundary conditions are :

V ( 0, s ) = E ,

I (1, s ) = 0

Substituting these constraints into the above expressions for the voltage and current reveals:

V ( 0, s ) = k1 + k2 = E
I (1, s ) = 1 k1e k2 e = 0 Z0

From the second expression involving the current at the receiving end of the line:

k1 = k2 e 2
Substituting into the expression for the voltage at the sending end of the line: k2 (1 + e 2 ) = E And so: k1 = Hence: e 2 E e E e E = = 1 + e 2 e + e 2 cosh ( ) or k2 = E e E e E = = 1 + e 2 e + e 2 cosh ( )

V ( x, s ) =

e E e E e x + e x 2 cosh ( ) 2 cosh ( )
cosh ( (1 x ) ) cosh ( )

V ( x, s ) = E Similarly

1 I ( x, s ) = Z0

e E e E x e e x 2 cosh ( ) 2 cosh ( )

I ( x, s ) =

E sinh ( (1 x ) ) cosh ( ) Z0
2

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL TWELVE : TRANSMISSION LINES - SOLUTIONS

Question 2.
A single phase lossless transmission line of 150m length has an inductance and shunt capacitance per unit length of L = 1H/m and C = 11.111 pF/m. The line is terminated by a 600 resistance. The transmission line is struck by lightning through an effective 100 impedance at the sending end of the line, creating a surge voltage of 30kV peak and 50s duration.

a) Determine the characteristic impedance, travelling wave propagation velocity and the one-way transit time for the transmission line. b) Draw the equivalent circuit of the transmission line under the surge voltage conditions, and calculate the reflection coefficients at each end of the transmission line. c) Plot the voltages at the sending and receiving ends of the line for the first 5s. Answer: Part (a)
The characteristic impedance is given by:

Z0 =

L 1106 = = 300 11.111 1012 C

The travelling wave propagation velocity is :

v0 =

1 = LC

1 = 3 108 ms 1 12 6 (11.11110 )(110 )

This is the speed of light in free space. The one-way transit time for the transmission line is then:

(150m ) = 5 107 s = 0.5 s d = v0 ( 3 108 ms 1 )

Part (b)

100

Z0 = 300

= 0.5s
v(0,t) 30kV
The reflection coefficients at the sending and receiving ends of the line are then:

v(d,t)

ZL= 600

R = L =

Z L Z 0 600 300 1 = = Z L + Z 0 600 + 300 3 Z S Z 0 100 300 1 = = Z S + Z 0 100 + 300 2

The initial surge voltage on the line is then: v(0, 0) = 30kV 300 (100 + 300 ) = 22.5kV Part (c): The Bewley lattice diagram can be developed as shown below: 3

ELEC 4100
x=0

TUTORIAL TWELVE : TRANSMISSION LINES - SOLUTIONS

x=d 22.5 kV = 0.5s 7.5 kV -3.750 kV -1.25 kV 0.625 kV 0.2083 kV 6 = 3.0s -0.1042 kV 7 = 3.5s -0.0347 kV 0.0174 kV 0.0058 kV -0.0029 kV 8 = 4.0s 9 = 4.5s 10 = 5.0s 4 = 2.0s 5 = 2.5s 2 = 1.0s 3 = 1.5s

From the lattice diagram the sending and receiving end voltages can be developed as shown below:
v(d,t) 30kV 25kV 25.83kV 25.69kV 25.72kV

t 0.5s v(0,t) 22.5kV 26.25kV 25.63kV 25.73kV 25.71kV 1.0s 1.5s 2.0s 2.5s 3.0s 3.5s 4.0s 4.5s 5.0s

t 0.5s 1.0s 1.5s 2.0s 2.5s 3.0s 3.5s 4.0s 4.5s 5.0s

ELEC 4100

TUTORIAL TWELVE : TRANSMISSION LINES - SOLUTIONS

Question 3.
Figure 1 below shows a single phase lossless transmission line composed of two different sections of underground cable. The first section has a characteristic impedance 100 and a one-way propagation time of 0.1ms, while the second section has a characteristic impedance 400 and a one-way propagation time of 0.1ms. A surge voltage of 20kV is applied to the line through a 100 impedance, and the line is terminated with a 800 load impedance. Plot the voltages at the transmission line junction, and the sending and receiving ends of the total line for the first 0.6ms.

ZS 100 20kV v(0,t)

= 0.1ms Z1=100

= 0.1ms Z2=400
ZL=800

v(d1,t)

v(d1+d2,t)

Figure 1 : Single Phase lossless transmission line. Answer: The reflection coefficient at the sending end of the transmission line is: S = Z S Z1 100 100 = =0 Z S + Z1 100 + 100 Z 2 Z1 400 100 3 = = Z 2 + Z1 400 + 100 5
2 ( 400 ) 2Z 2 8 = = Z1 + Z 2 400 + 100 5

The reflection and refraction coefficients on the sending side of the junction are:

12 =

12 =

The reflection and refraction coefficients on the receiving side of the junction are:

21 =

Z1 Z 2 100 400 3 = = Z 2 + Z1 400 + 100 5

2 (100 ) 2 Z1 2 = = Z1 + Z 2 400 + 100 5

21 =

The reflection coefficient at the receiving end of the transmission line is:

R =

Z L Z 2 800 400 1 = = Z L + Z 2 800 + 400 3 Z1 100 E= 20kV = 10kV Z1 + Z S 100 + 100

The surge voltage entering the line is given by:

v ( 0, 0 ) =

The Bewley lattice diagram can now be developed as shown below:

ELEC 4100
x=0 10kV 6kV

TUTORIAL TWELVE : TRANSMISSION LINES - SOLUTIONS

x = d1 x = d1+d2

16kV 5.33kV

0.1ms 0.2ms 0.3ms

2.133kV -1.067kV

-3.2kV 0.4ms 0.5ms

-0.427kV 0.213kV

0.640kV 0.6ms 0.7ms

From this lattice diagram it is possible to plot the three relevant voltage profiles as shown below:
v(d1+d2,t) 21.33kV 17.06kV 17.92kV

t v(d1,t) 2 3 4 18.13kV 16kV 5 17.7kV 6 7

t v(0,t) 2 16kV 10kV 3 4 5 6 7

18.13kV

17.71kV

t 2 3 4 5 6 7