Ventilation

Ventilation
The process by which fresh air is introduced and contaminated air is removed from an occupied spaces

Reasons for providing ventilation:

To provide a continuous supply of oxygen necessary for human existences; To remove the products of respiration; To remove any artificial contaminants, e.g. water vapour and heat arising from processes;

Reasons for providing ventilation:

To create an adequate movement of air for human comfort; Legal requirement;

Natural Ventilation
Process by natural means of wind effect and temperatures differences, through intentionally provided openings.

Mechanical Ventilation
Process is driven by mechanical fans to provide a system of controlled ventilation.
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Ventilation air
- the portion of supply air drawn from outdoor intentionally and treated to maintain desired air quality within a designated space.

Exfiltration
- air flow outward through cracks and leaks.

Infiltration
- air flow inward through cracks and leaks.
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Exposure to indoor pollutants is critical because people spends more time indoors; Indoor pollutants concentrations are often higher than outdoor pollutants levels; Indoor air quality has been the subject of numerous recent studies; Outdoor air requirement: ASHRAE Standard 62-2001;

Mechanical Ventilation
Necessary where natural means cannot provide sufficient fresh air supply, and where guaranteed rate of ventilation is required; Remove contaminants from source; May be classified as supply, extraction or balanced system;

Supply system
Fresh air is blown into the occupied space by means of fans, and exhaust air by natural exfiltration. Assure fresh air requirement for occupants, replenish any exhaust losses, reduce the effect of heat gains; Reasonable control over its distribution, volume and velocity.
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Supply system
It maintains space pressure > 0 , and prevents ingress of extraneous materials. Space pressure Po, which helps to avoid draughts. Example, ventilation for a workshop.

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Extract system
Air is extracted by a duct system or propeller fans exhausting through wall apertures. Removal of unwanted contaminant or heat. It maintains a negative pressure and prevent escape of contaminants to adjoining spaces.

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Extract system
Typical applications: removal of toxic fumes in laboratory; removal of heat in transformer rooms; extract of odour in toilets and refuse room; exhaust for cooking appliances in kitchen; Spread of contaminant is minimized
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Balanced system
Achieved by the used of separate mechanical supply and extraction systems; Making full control of ventilation and environment possible; 10 -15% surplus of supply air over extract will keep space pressure higher than outside;

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Balanced system
Reduces draughts; Prevents infiltration of air borne contaminants; Degree of pressurization is generally < 50 Pa; e.g. ventilation for a basement plant room; If required, space may be negative pressurized by having exhaust volume > supply.
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Mixing (dilution) ventilation

Mixing ventilation with ceiling supply

Supply

Ev = Cx/Ci Ev < 1
diffuser

Height
Ci
Extract

Ci

Cx

Cx

Ci

Concentration, C

Expected air movement in room

Increase in concentration with distance from supply

Displacement ventilation

buoyancy-driven flow

Displacement ventilation
Extract

Height

Supply Cx

floor supply

heat source

Concentration, C

Flow produced by floor displacement ventilation

Increase in concentration with distance from floor

Convective current created by a hot surface of heigh h and width w:

Qc = 0.027 [ (t s - t r )]0.4 h1.2 w

Flow rate of a plume rising from a heat source of diameter d (at ambient temperature of 22oC):

Q p = 0.0061 q1/3 (y + d)5/3

Total supply air rate:

Q = Qc + Q p + Q o
Outdoor air required by occupants

Displacement ventilation

Preferable where - contaminants are lighter than the room air; - supply air is colder than the room air; - tall room; Limitation - require high supply air flow rate; - where to put the supply air outlets? - vertical temperature gradient;

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Piston ventilation
Supply
Supply

HEPA filter

Height

0.5 m/s
Extract

Extract

Concentration, C

Cx

Unidirectional flow of air No spread of contamination

Increase of concentration with distance

Local exhaust ventilation

Extract

Distance

Supply

Outdoor air supply

Contaminant source

Concentration, C

Cx

Air movement in room

Change of contamination between the air supply and exhaust point

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Air filters and cleaners

Particulate filters (ASHRAE Dust Spot Efficiency Rating) Electrostatic precipitators High frequency electrical field device (HFEF) Gas filters

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HFEF air filtration device

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Working principle of a HFEF air filtration device

Air distribution system using HFEF device

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How to establish ventilation rate

By head count of no. of occupants; By air change rate per hour; Based on requirement to maintain a limited temperature; e.g. transformer room, Heat = Q Cpa (Tr - To) By legislative requirement;
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Based on requirement to dilute air contaminants;

Ci = Co + l00 G/Q
Ci = concentration of CO2 inside the space at steady state, % Co = concentration of CO2 outdoor, % G = generation rate of CO2 , l/s Q = outdoor air ventilation rate, l/s
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Air change rate

The air change rate is the number of times in an hour the content of the room should be replaced by outdoor air.

Air changes per hour =

3600 Q LWH

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Outdoor air requirement (Ventilation rate)

Different rationales have produced radically different ventilation standards. Considerations: amount of air required to remove exhaled air; to control interior moisture, carbon dioxide and odour.
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Maintenance of CO2 is a common criteria for determining ventilation rates. When steady state is reached, the concentration of CO2 is given by:

Ci = Co + 100 G/Q

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ASHRAE Standard 62-2001: (Ci - Co) 0.07% ; i.e. 700 ppm

Indoor-outdoor CO2 concentration difference

If

Co = 0.03%

Ci should be 0.1% or 1000 ppm

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e.g.

An office with 20 staffs sitting at work; CO2 production by a sedentary individual is 0.0053 l/s; The required ventilation rate, Q, is: Ci = Co + 100 G/Q = 0.03 + (100 x 0.0053 x 20)/Q = 152 l/s

0.1 Q

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Recommended outdoor air supply rates

Condition Recommended outdoor air supply rate (litre/s per person) CIBSE Guide
with no smoking with some smoking with heavy smoking with very heavy smoking Barber, supermarkets, theatre auditorium, transportation platform, etc. Offices, conference rooms, gymnasium, theatre ticket booths, etc. Game rooms, ballrooms, discos, bowling alleys, etc. Smoking lounge
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ASHRAE Std. 62-2001

8 16 24 32 8 10 13 30

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Condition

Recommended outdoor air supply rate CIBSE Guide ASHRAE 62.1-2004

with no smoking with some smoking with heavy smoking with very heavy smoking Offices, conference rooms, hotel rooms, auditorium seating area, etc.* Barber, supermarkets, transportation platform, lecture classroom, etc.*

8 L/sperson 16 L/sperson 24 L/sperson 32 L/sperson 2.5 L/sperson + 0.3 L/sm2

3.8 L/sperson + 0.3 L/sm2

3.8 L/sperson + 0.6 L/sm2 Retail sales* 3.8 L/sperson + 0.9 L/sm2 Restaurants, bars, game arcades, casinos, etc.* Disco/dance, health club weight room* * Presumed to be non-smoking
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10 L/sperson + 0.3 L/sm2

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