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Histogram: A bar chart that depicts the frequencies of numerical or measurement data.

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis: A systematic group of activities intended to recognize and evaluate the potential failure of a product/process and the effects of that failure. Factors: Inputs to a process that can be manipulated during experimentation. Alpha Risk: The probability of accepting the alternative hypothesis (H1) when the null hypothesis (Ho) is true. Process Map: An advanced flowcharting method, identifying the process input variables "x" and the relationship to the process output variables "y". Benchmarking: An improvement process in which a company measures its performance against that of best-in-class companies, determines how those companies achieved their performance levels, and uses the information to improve its own performance. Hypothesis Testing: A procedure whereby one or two mutually exclusive and exhaustive statements about a population is concluded. Information from a sample is used to infer something about a population from which the sample was drawn. Pareto Chart: A graphical tool for ranking causes from most significant to least significant. Beta Risk: The probability of accepting the null hypothesis (Ho) when the alternative (H1) is true. Sample Variance: For a set of data, the average squared deviation from the mean, with a denominator of n-1. Scatter Diagram: Provides relationship between two variables, and provides a visual correlation coefficient. Random Variable: A definition of the possible outcomes of interest from a given experiment. Sample Size: The number of units in a sample. Control Plan: A document that describes the required characteristics for the quality of a product or service, including measures and control methods. Normal Distribution: The charting of a data set in which most of the data points are concentrated around the average (mean), thus forming a bell-shaped curve.

Six Sigma: A methodology that provides businesses with the tools to improve the capability of their business processes. Design of Experiments: A branch of applied statistics dealing with planning, conducting, analyzing, and interpreting controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters. Confidence Interval: Range which a parameter that a population may be expected to fall, on the basis of measurement, with some specific confidence level or confidence coefficient. Elementary Outcomes: Possible results of a random experiment. Probability: The measure of the likelihood of a given event occurring. Population: A set or collection of objects or individuals. It can be the corresponding set of values that measure a certain characteristic of a set of objects or individuals. Check Sheet: A simple data recording device, custom designed by the user, which allows them to interpret the results. Control Chart: Basic tool of statistical process control. It consists of a run chart, together with statistically determined upper and lower control limits and a centerline. Cause and Effect Diagram: A pictorial diagram showing possible causes (process inputs) for a given effect (process outputs). It is also referred to as the "Ishikawa diagram" or "fishbone diagram." Risk: The chance of making a right or wrong conclusion. Mean: Arithmetic average of a set of values. Sample: A set of values or items selected from some population. Median: The middle value of a data set when the values are arranged in either ascending or descending order. Statistical Process Control: he use of basic graphical and statistical methods for analyzing and controlling the variation of a process, and thus continuously improving the process. Discrete Data: Countable observations, for example, number of defects. Mode: The value occurring most frequently in a data set

Standard Deviation: One of the most common measures of variability in a data set or population. Attribute Data: Data coming basically from GO/NO-GO, pass/fail determinations of whether units conform to standards. Variable Data: Concerning the values of a variable, as opposed to attribute data. A dimensional value can be recorded and is only limited in value by the resolution of the measurement system.

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