SOVREIGNTY AND STATEHOOD IN AN INCREASINGLY GLOBALIZED WORLD

1) What is the difference between internal and external sovereignty? Internal sovereignty Notion of supreme power and authority within a state, located in a body that makes decisions that are binding to all citizens, groups and institutions within the states territorial borders. May be in hands of an absolute sovereign monarch In the people popular sovereignty External Sovereignty The absolute and unlimited authority of the state as an actor on the world stage- implies the absence of any higher authority in external affairs. Establishes the states capacity to act as an independent and autonomous entity in world affairs Provides the basis for International law UN operates according to the principle of sovereign equality, allowing all states equal participation in International relations through membership of the General Assembly. Ensures territorial integrity and political independence of each state inviolable Arab-Israeli conflict question of external sovereignty, Palestinians want to establish a sovereign state in territory claimed by Israel, Israel sees these demands as a challenge to its sovereignty. Moral concerns allows states to treat citizens as they want humanitarian intervention can infringe on the sovereignty of weaker states 2) What is meant by the word governance? The various ways through which social life is coordinated. Governance is therefore a process; its principle modes include markets, hierarchies and networks. Although government may be involved in governance, it is possible to have governance without government. Governance is typified by a blurring of the state/society distinction and the involvement of a number of levels or layers (local, provincial, national, regional and global 3) How does the realist, liberal and critical views of states differ? Realist States viewed from outside the International system. Take all states to be unitary and coherent actors. Regardless of domestic make up , state leaders speak and act on behalf of their respective states and can deploy their populations and resources as they wish or choose.

 State behaviour is characterised by the overriding motive the wish to survive disagreement over whether this is a defensive desire to avoid invasion and attack or an aggressive wish to maximise power and achieve domination The social, constitutional, political composition of the state is therefore irrelevant to its external behaviour State is a dominant global actor State-centric view of global politics e.g globalization and the state are not separate; globalization has been created by states and thus exists to serve their interest. Other actors thus only exert influence to the extent that the state allows. Liberal View Belief that state arises out of the need of society and reflects the interests of individual citizens. Social-Contract theory suggests that the state was established through an agreement amongst citizens to create a sovereign power in order to escape from the chaos and brutality of the state of nature Core role of the state is thus to ensure order by arbitrating between the competing individuals and groups in society state acts as a referee or umpire Implies that changes in the structure of society can and will alter the role and power of the state Unlike Realists do not seen the state as the dominant global actor mixed actor role Globalization marked by the decline of the state power shifted away from the state and towards global markets and transnational corporations + individuals. The constitutional and political make up of the state has a crucial impact on its external behaviour argue that democratic states are more peaceful than non-democratic states.

Critical Views Reject idea about retreat of the state Neo-Marxist and Marxist argue that state structures and world orders are grounded in International relations , Mutual dependence between markets and the states has intensified as a result of globalization leading to the internationalization of the state Social constructivists deny that the state has a fixed and objective character , rather , the identity of the state is shaped by a variety of historical and sociological factors inform the interests of the state and its actors Wendt distinguished between the social identity of the state (shaped by status, role or personality that international society ascribes to the state) and its corporate identity (shaped by internal material, ideological and cultural factors). Liberal feminists belief that it is possible to reform the state from within increasing female representation at all levels radical feminists highlighted structural links between the state and the system of male power Belief that the state has an intrinsically patriarchal character.

4) What is meant by economic globalization? How does it differ from political globalization? Economic Globalization The process/es of becorefers to increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, service, technology and capital. Whereas globalization is centered around the diminution of international trade regulations as well as tariffs, taxes, and other impediments that suppresses global trade, economic globalization is the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world marketing more integrated in the global economy The process whereby all national economies have been absorbed into an interlocking global economy OECD, 1995 a shift from a world of distinct national economies to a global economy in which production is internalized and financial capital flows freely and instantly between countries Political Globalization The growing importance of International organizations organisations that are transnational in that they exert influence not within a single state but within an international area comprising of many states Implications for the state depend on whether it is modelled on the principle of a) Intergovernmentalism Organisations provide a mechanism that enables states, at least in theory to take concerted action without sacrificing sovereignty. b) b) Supranationalism able to impose their will on states

5) What do you understand by the word supraterritoriality? A condition in which social life transcends territory through the growth of transborder and transglobal communications and interactions. Declining importance of territorial locations, geographical distance and state borders. Increasing range of borderless activities take place within a borderless world Financial markets genuinely globalized capital flows around the world seemingly instantaneously, this means that no states can be insulated from the impact of financial crisis that takes place in other parts of the world. Also evident in the changing balance between the power of territorial states and the deterritorialized transnational corporations which can switch investment and production to other parts of the world if state policy is not conductive to profit maximization and the pursuit of corporate interests.

6) What is the function of the G20? Established in 1999 in response to the financial crisis of the 1990s and a growing recognition that key emerging states were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance Includes most , but not all of the leading economies in the world and there is no formal criteria for membership, although the group make up ( Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK , USA and EU) has remained unchanged Collectively around 90% of the world GDP Informal forum to promote dialogue between finance ministers, central bankers, and heads of governments, with no permanent location and no permanent staff of its own. Each member has 1 voice, regardless of its economic strength or population size. Globally coordinated responses to economic crisis (2007-08) agreement to contribute $500 billion to a programme of global reflation Replaced the G8 summit as a forum for promoting international economic cooperation.

7) What is meant by pooled sovereignty? The combined sovereignty of two or more states implies gaining access to greater power and influence than state/national sovereignty.

8) What is meant by the term failed state? A state that is unable to perform its key role in ensuring domestic order by monopolizing the use of force within its territory. Examples of failed states in recent years include Cambodia, Haiti, Rwanda, Liberia and Somalia. Failed states are no longer able to operate as viable political units, in that they lack a credible system of law and order, often being gripped by civil war or warlordism. They are also no longer able to operate as viable economic units, in that they are incapable of providing for their citizens and have no functioning infrastructure. Although relatively few states collapse altogether, a much larger number barely function and are dangerously close to collapse.