Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(iii)
(iii) May is heterozygous, so the genotypes of Paul and June are also heterozygous--------------1
There is a chance for them to have a diseased child----------------------------------------------------1
The occurrence of a diseased child is random------------------------------------------------------------1
(ii) A large number of candidates answered that 'Peter is normal but he has a diseased child, so
Peter is 'heterozygous.' or 'If Peter is not heterozygous, it is not possible for him to have a
diseased child'. It was emphasised repeatedly in the previous examiner's reports that
genotypes should be logically deduced by means of the concept of alleles, not by referring
only to the phenotypes of offspring and parents.
(iii) This part was poorly answered. Only a few candidates pointed out the genotypes of Paul
and June. A fair proportion of candidates realized that each fertilization process was random
so that it was possible for Paul and June to have all normal children though theoretically
they had a chance of having a diseased child. However, some erroneously related the
phenomenon to the random assortment of chromosomes in meiosis.
cigarette
cotton wool
cotton wool
plastic
bottle
OR
(ii) Most candidates answered correctly, though some of them on seeing the alveolus in the
photographs erroneously described the process of gaseous exchange in the alveoli instead
of the inhalation process.
(iii) Some candidates described the inhibitory effect of the smoke particles on the action of cilia
which was not shown in the photographs.
(iv) (2) The quality of drawing was poor. Many drew small diagrams while some used shaky
discontinuous lines. Most of the diagrams did not indicate the pumping action. These
candidates did not realize that the apparatus would not work if there was nothing to set
up an air current to draw in the cigarette smoke through the cotton wool. Most
(iii) Because cells in tissue E are formed from cells / ovary wall of the mother plant only----------1
white cells in tissue F are developed from the zygote---------------------------------------------------1
with contains a combination of genes from two parent plants-----------------------------------------1
Effective Communication (C)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Total : 9 + 1 marks
2. (b) (i) (2) When answering this part, many candidates did not refer to the features shown in the
diagram. They simply answered from rote memory, citing features of insect-pollinated
Bowers such as sticky stigma or brightly coloured petals, which were not indicated in
the diagram of the question.
(ii) (2) Instead of answering how the fruit attracted the animals to disperse the seeds, some
candidates described how the seeds were adapted to dispersal by animals.
(iii) Most candidates did not give a satisfactory explanation. They could not tell clearly that cells
in tissue E came from the parent plant while cells in tissue F were formed from the zygote
which contained the combination of genetic materials from two different parents. Some had
the misconception that E was formed by mitosis so the cells were diploid, and F was formed
by meiosis so the cells were haploid. In fact, cells in E and F were both diploid. Most
candidates just ascribed the terms mitosis or meiosis, fertilized or not fertilized to the two
tissues. Some even attributed the difference in genetic composition between E and F to
their functional difference.
(2) The pressure in the left ventricle (Q) is greater than that in the left atrium (P)------------1
thus closing valve A
The heart tendons prevent valve A from turning into the left atrium (P)---------------------1
(iv) The unidirectional flow of the blood through the heart cannot be maintained---------------------1
Thus, less blood is pumped out of the heart---------------------------------------------------------------1
(iii) (2) This part was poorly answered. Many candidates failed to explain that the closure of
valve A was caused by the difference in pressure between chamber Q and chamber P.
Most did not mention the function of the heart tendon in preventing valve A from
turning into chamber P and thus keeping the valve closed Many candidates only gave
the importance of closing valve A instead of the mechanism that led to its closure.
(iv) Some candidates answered wrongly that there would be a mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood and thus the oxygen supply to body cells would be insufficient.
They confused this heart defect with the defect that is caused by the presence of a
hole between the left and right heart chambers.
600 The variation in the rate of filtering glucose and the rate of
excreting glucose with glucose concentration in blood
plasma
500
Rate of excreting glucose (mg min )
-3
400
Rate of filtering glucose /
300
filtering glucose
200
(iii) The water potential of the soil water becomes lower than that of the cells of the root----------1
As a result, the cells of the root lose water by osmosis-------------------------------------------------1
and hence the cells of lie seedling become flaccid-------------------------------------------------------1
Since there is little mechanical tissue in the seedling / the seedling is mainly
supported by cell turgidity---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
the seedling cannot support its own weight and wilt
Effective Communication (C)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Total : 11 + 1 marks
3. (b) (i) (1) Most candidates answered correctly though there were many spelling mistakes, such
as, 'geotrophism', or 'gravitropism' etc.
(ii) Most candidates deduced the functions of the cotyledons correctly but they failed to explain
their deductions by referring to the information provided in the diagrams. Some candidates
failed to recognise that cotyledons are part of the seed and wrongly answered that they
protected the seed.
(iii) This part was poorly answered. Many candidates did not point out that the seedling was
mainly supported by cell turgidity. Some candidates suggested that the roots absorbed the
excessive chemical fertilisers which were toxic to the plant, and thus the root cells were
killed. Many candidates had the misconception that the plant became flaccid or
plasmolysed. Actually the terms 'flaccid' or 'plasmolysed' should only be used to describe
the condition of the cells, not to describe the plant. Some candidates answered that the soil
water became hypertonic to plant cells so that water moved out of the cells. It should be
emphasised that tonicity of the solution, which is affected by the amount of solutes in it, only
contributes to the factor of osmotic potential. The movement of water is determined by the
difference in water potential between the root cells and the soil water. Osmotic potential
forms only a part of the water potential, thus it is inaccurate to use the term 'hypertonic'
when accounting for the water movement from the cells to the soil water. In addition, there
was a general lack of communicative skills shown by the candidates in answering this
(iii)
(iii) Many candidates did not realise that the alcohol used to extract chlorophyll from the leaf
should be hot or warm, and that iodine solution instead of iodine should be used.
(v) Most candidates answered this part correctly. But still there was a fair proportion of
candidates who did not know how to draw the conclusion. They simply described the results
or explained the results instead of drawing conclusions. For part (3), some candidates
concluded wrongly that both chlorophyll and carbon dioxide were necessary for
photosynthesis.
(ii) The yeast are killed / enzymes are denatured under high temperature----------------------------1
thus no more carbon dioxide is produced
(iv) The standard of drawing was poor and very few candidates drew a clear and accurate
diagram. Some drew single lines for hyphae or drew disproportionately thick hyphae. Most
candidates did not give an appropriate title to their drawing. Many confused the terms
'sporangium' and 'sporangiophore', while many others mixed up 'spore' and 'sporangium'
when labelling the structures. There were a lot of spelling mistakes on the labels such as
'rhizod' or 'rizhoid' for 'rhizoid', 'sporangiospore' or 'sporangiore' for 'sproangiophore',
'sporagium' for 'sporangium' and 'hypae' or 'hyphea' for 'hyphae'.
(ii) triceps----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1