LQ - 15 Detecting Environmental Conditions

Certificate Biology − New Mastering Basic Concepts Chapter 15
Question Bank V2.0 Structured Questions
Ch 15 Detecting environmental conditions
[151001]
Refer to the following diagram of the human eye and consider a person
watching a bright object moving towards him.
a Using the letters in the diagram, give the parts in the diagram that will
change when the bright object moves towards him. Describe and explain
the changes. (7 marks)
b State the letter and the name of the part at which the sharpest image can
be formed. Explain. (3 marks)
-- ans --
a The object is getting nearer and so the lens (K) becomes more convex to focus the
object on the retina. 1m
The ciliary muscles (I) contract. 1m
Tension in suspensory ligament (O) then reduces to make the lens more convex. 1m
Light is refracted more by the lens 1m
 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 1 / 24

The circular muscles of the iris (N) contract and 1m
makes the pupil (M) smaller in size. 1m
Less light can enter the eye to prevent the retina from damage by bright light. 1m
b F 1m
Yellow spot 1m
There is the highest concentration of cones 1m
-- ans end --

[151002]
The diagrams below show the responses of the pupils and radial muscles under
different conditions.
a List two main differences between A and B. (2 marks)
b What condition does A respond to? What is the significance of this

response? (2 marks)
The diagrams below show the responses of the suspensory ligaments and lens
under different conditions.
c List two main differences between C and D. (2 marks)
d What condition does C respond to? (1 mark)

e What condition does D respond to? (1 mark)
f Provide one situation at which both responses B and C would occur. What
is the significance of it? (2 marks)
-- ans --
a A: Small pupil, radial muscles relaxed 1m
B: Large pupil, radial muscles contracted 1m
b Bright light 1m
To reduce the amount of bright light entering the eye. 1m
c C: Suspensory ligaments relaxed, thicker lens 1m
D: Suspensory ligaments contracted, thinner lens 1m
d When seeing close objects 1m
e When seeing distant objects 1m
f When searching in the dark 1m
To let more light enter the eye and have a closer look at objects. 1m
-- ans end --

[151003]
a Name the structures that refract and focus the light rays entering the
human eye to help forming a sharp image on the retina. (4 marks)
Two types of sensory cells - X and Y are present on the retina. The graph below
shows the number of sensory cell X recorded along an area of the retina.
b Name sensory cell X, region R and region S. (3 marks)
c Copy the graph and draw a curve to indicate the relative number of
sensory cell Y along the axis PQ. (1 mark)
d What are the differences between the functions of sensory cells X and Y?
(2 marks)

-- ans --
a Cornea, aqueous humour, vitreous humour, lens 1m × 4
b X: Cone 1m
R: Blind spot 1m
S: Yellow spot / fovea 1m
1m
d X is responsible for colour vision. 1m
Y is responsible for black and white vision. 1m
-- ans end --

[151004]
The following diagram shows a human eye in its front view.
a Identify structures A, B and C. (3 marks)
b Structure B contains a pair of muscles. What are they? How do they

control the size of structure C and what is the significance of this action?
(7 marks)
-- ans --
a A - sclera 1m
B - iris
1m
C - pupil 1m
b Radial and circular muscles 1m, 1m
They are opposing muscles. 1m
When radial muscle contracts, the pupil is dilated. 1m
On the contrary, the contraction of circular muscle leads to constriction of pupil. 1m
Dilation of pupil allows more light to enter the eyeball in dim light condition. 1m

Constriction limits the amount of light entering in strong light condition. 1m
-- ans end --

[151005]
The following graph shows the distribution of rods and cones on the retina.
a What is spot A? What is its significance? (2 marks)
b Compare the distribution of rods and cones at spot B. Name spot B and
give its significance. (5 marks)
c Can the rods and cones be found in choroid? (1 mark)
d Compare the functions of rods and cones. (2 marks)
-- ans --
a Blind spot 1m
It is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. 1m
b It has a high concentration of cones but not rods. 2m
Yellow spot 1m
It gives colour vision and clear and sharp images. 2m
c No 1m

d Rods can give black and white vision but cones give colour vision. / Rods can see in
dim light condition but cones can see only in strong light. 2m
-- ans end --

[151006]
The following diagram shows the structures of an eyeball.
A
B
C
E D
F
G
a Identify structures A to D. (4 marks)
b Structures E, F and G are important for accommodation. How do they

focus an image of the following on the retina?
i distant object
ii near object (6 marks)
-- ans --
a A - sclera 1m
B - choroid 1m
C - retina 1m
D - yellow spot 1m
b i The circular ciliary muscle (G) relaxes. 1m
The tension in the suspensory ligaments (F) is greater. 1m

The lens (E) becomes less convex (thinner). 1m
ii The circular ciliary muscles (G) contracts. 1m
The tension in the suspensory ligaments (F) is reduced. 1m
The lens (E) becomes more convex (thicker). 1m
-- ans end --

[151007]
[E] Student A can only read the words clearly in a book but not those on the
blackboard. On the contrary, student B can read the words on the blackboard
but not those in a book.
a What eye defect does student A have? What should be done to correct this
eye defect? Explain with a diagram. (5 marks)
b What eye defect does student B have? What should be done to correct this
eye defect? Explain with a diagram. (5 marks)
-- ans --
a Short sight 1m
Wear glasses of concave lens 1m
concave lens
sharp image is
formed on the
retina
3m
b Long sight 1m
Wear glasses of convex lens 1m

convex lens
sharp image is
formed on the
retina
3m
-- ans end --
[151101]
The graph below shows the densities of two types of light-sensitive cells
measured from the yellow spot to the edge of the retina.
Density of cells (arbitrary unit) 1
Cell A
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2 Cell B
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Distance from yellow spot (arbitrary unit)
a Name cells A and B. (2 marks)
b i Which cell works well in a dark environment? (1 mark)
ii Name the substance in the cell that is sensitive to dim light. (1 mark)

c Nancy claimed that she could well distinguish the colour of an object in a
dark environment. Do you believe her? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
d How can a person interpret an image after cells A and B are stimulated?
(3 marks)

-- ans --
a Cell A: rods 1m
Cell B: cones 1m
b i Cell A 1m
ii Visual purple 1m
c No. 1m
Cell B (cones), responsible for colour vision, are sensitive to bright light only. 1m
d When cells A and B are stimulated by light, they send off nerve impulses. 1m
The nerve impulses are then transmitted through the optic nerve 1m
to the optic centre in the brain for interpretation. 1m
-- ans end --

[151102]
Visual acuity is the degree of sharpness of details seen by an eye. The graph
below shows the visual acuity of a light-adapted eye and a dark-adapted eye.
light-adapted eye
relative visual
acuity
H
region X
I
dark-adapted eye
J
H
K
H
side of eye I yellow spot side of eye
I
retina L
J
J
a State the differences in visual acuity between a light-adapted eye and a
dark-adapted eye. (4 marks)
b With reference to your answer to a, explain the differences in terms of the

distribution of rods and cones in the retina. (2 marks)
c i What is region X? (1 mark)
ii Explain why the visual acuity of both types of eyes is zero at region
X. (2 marks)
-- ans --
a A light-adapted eye has the highest acuity at the yellow spot, 1m
and the acuity is the lowest at the sides of the eye. 1m
A dark-adapted eye has relatively high acuity at the sides of the eye, 1m
and the acuity is the lowest at the yellow spot. 1m

b Cones are sensitive to bright light and they are concentrated at the yellow spot.
1m
Rods are sensitive to dim light and they are concentrated at the sides of the eye.
1m
c i Blind spot 1m
ii No cones and rods are present on the blind spot 1m
to produce nerve impulses. 1m
-- ans end --

[151103]
Susan suffers from long sight. Diagram A shows one of her eyes. She wears
blue-coloured contact lenses to correct her vision as shown in diagram B.
Y
Z
Diagram A Diagram B
a Label structures X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
[E] b Draw a ray diagram to show how the contact lenses correct the vision of
Susan. (4 marks)
c Suggest why the coloured contact lenses do not turn her vision blue. (1
mark)
d Susan finds that when she enters a dark room with the coloured contact
lenses, she cannot see clearly. Explain why. (4 marks)
-- ans --
a X: pupil 1m
Y: iris 1m
Z: sclera 1m
b Large, clear and accurate diagram 1m
Diverging light rays from near objects (with arrows) 0.5m

Convex lens covers the front part of the eyeball 0.5m
Continuous light rays focus on retina 1m
Correct labelling of convex lens 0.5m
Correct title 0.5m
convex lens
Ray diagram of a long-sighted eye corrected by wearing convex lens
c The central part of the contact lens is transparent with no colours. 1m
d When Susan enters a dark room, her pupils dilate 1m
to allow more light to enter her eyes. 1m
If the size of pupils is larger than the central transparent parts of the contact
lenses, 1m
the vision will become blurred. 1m
-- ans end --

[151104]
[E] Tony had suffered from short sight for many years and he decided to take the
surgical treatment of laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). LASIK is a
procedure that permanently changes the shape of the cornea using a laser beam.
The diagram below shows his eye under the treatment of LASIK.
laser beam
a Name X, Y and Z. (3 marks)
b How does the shape of Z cause short sight? (1 mark)
c i Why does LASIK change the shape of cornea but not the lens? (1
mark)
ii Explain briefly how changing the shape of the cornea can correct the
vision of Tony. (2 marks)
d Draw a ray diagram to show the path of light rays entering Tony’s eye
i before the surgery (3 marks)

ii after the surgery (3 marks)
when Tony sees a distant object.
e Suggest one potential risk involved with LASIK. (1 mark)

-- ans --
a X: conjunctiva 1m
Y: cornea 1m
Z: lens 1m
b Z (lens) is too convex. 1m
c i The cornea is located nearer to the surface of the eyeball. It is more

accessible by the laser beam. 1m
ii The refractive power of the cornea is corrected, 1m
so that the image of an object can be focused on the retina again. 1m
d i Large, clear and accurate diagram 1m
Parallel light rays from a distant object (with arrows) 0.5m
Continuous light rays focus before the retina 0.5m
Light rays extend to retina 0.5m
Correct title 0.5m
Ray diagram of Tony’s eye with short sight before surgery

ii Large, clear and accurate diagram 1m
Parallel light rays from a distant object (with arrows) 0.5m
Continuous light rays focus on retina 1m
Correct title 0.5m
Ray diagram of Tony’s eye with normal vision after surgery
e The eyes may get inflamed. /
Short sight is over-corrected or under-corrected. /
The long-term safety and effectiveness of LASIK is not known.
(OR any other reasonable answer) 1m
-- ans end --

LQ - 15 Detecting Environmental Conditions

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Certificate Biology − New Mastering Basic Concepts Chapter 15

Question Bank V2.0 Structured Questions

Ch 15 Detecting environmental conditions

The ciliary muscles (I) contract. 1m

Light is refracted more by the lens 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 1 / 24

The circular muscles of the iris (N) contract and 1m

makes the pupil (M) smaller in size. 1m

There is the highest concentration of cones 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 2 / 24

a List two main differences between A and B. (2 marks)

b What condition does A respond to? What is the significance of this

c List two main differences between C and D. (2 marks)

d What condition does C respond to? (1 mark)

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 3 / 24

e What condition does D respond to? (1 mark)

a A: Small pupil, radial muscles relaxed 1m

B: Large pupil, radial muscles contracted 1m

To reduce the amount of bright light entering the eye. 1m

c C: Suspensory ligaments relaxed, thicker lens 1m

D: Suspensory ligaments contracted, thinner lens 1m

d When seeing close objects 1m

e When seeing distant objects 1m

f When searching in the dark 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 4 / 24

b Name sensory cell X, region R and region S. (3 marks)

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 5 / 24

a Cornea, aqueous humour, vitreous humour, lens 1m × 4

S: Yellow spot / fovea 1m

d X is responsible for colour vision. 1m

Y is responsible for black and white vision. 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 6 / 24

The following diagram shows a human eye in its front view.

a Identify structures A, B and C. (3 marks)

b Structure B contains a pair of muscles. What are they? How do they

b Radial and circular muscles 1m, 1m

They are opposing muscles. 1m

When radial muscle contracts, the pupil is dilated. 1m

On the contrary, the contraction of circular muscle leads to constriction of pupil. 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 7 / 24

Constriction limits the amount of light entering in strong light condition. 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 8 / 24

a What is spot A? What is its significance? (2 marks)

c Can the rods and cones be found in choroid? (1 mark)

d Compare the functions of rods and cones. (2 marks)

It is where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball. 1m

b It has a high concentration of cones but not rods. 2m

It gives colour vision and clear and sharp images. 2m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 9 / 24

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 10 / 24

The following diagram shows the structures of an eyeball.

a Identify structures A to D. (4 marks)

b Structures E, F and G are important for accommodation. How do they

ii near object (6 marks)

b i The circular ciliary muscle (G) relaxes. 1m

The tension in the suspensory ligaments (F) is greater. 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 11 / 24

The lens (E) becomes less convex (thinner). 1m

ii The circular ciliary muscles (G) contracts. 1m

The tension in the suspensory ligaments (F) is reduced. 1m

The lens (E) becomes more convex (thicker). 1m

 Oxford University Press 2005 Page 12 / 24

Wear glasses of concave lens 1m