Page 1 of 30

Chapter 8. Object Lifetime

Exam Objectives

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Supplementary Objectives

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8.1 Garbage Collection

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file://C:\Documents and Settings\cdot\Local Settings\Temp\~hhC01A.htm 6/16/2006

 Page 2 of 30

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 Page 3 of 30

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 Page 4 of 30

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 Page 5 of 30

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import java.io.*;

class WellbehavedClass {
// ...
void wellbehavedMethod() {

File aFile;
long[] bigArray = new long[20000];

// ... uses local variables ...

// Does cleanup (before starting something extensive)

aFile = null; // (1)
bigArray = null; // (2)

// Start some other extensive activity

// ...
}
// ...
}

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 Page 6 of 30

+ & :9% RecyclingBin createList() ,

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% HeavyItem
2 %
+ %
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class HeavyItem { // (1)

int[] itemBody;
String itemID;
HeavyItem nextItem;

HeavyItem(String ID, HeavyItem itemRef) { // (2)

itemBody = new int[100000];
itemID = ID;
nextItem = itemRef;
}
protected void finalize() throws Throwable { // (3)
System.out.println(itemID + ": recycled.");
super.finalize();
}
}

public class RecyclingBin {

public static HeavyItem createHeavyItem(String itemID) { // (4)

HeavyItem itemA = new HeavyItem(itemID + " local item", null); // (5)
itemA = new HeavyItem(itemID, null); // (6)
System.out.println("Return from creating HeavyItem " + itemID);
return itemA; // (7)
}

public static HeavyItem createList(String listID) { // (8)

HeavyItem item3 = new HeavyItem(listID + ": item3", null); // (9)
HeavyItem item2 = new HeavyItem(listID + ": item2", item3); // (10)
HeavyItem item1 = new HeavyItem(listID + ": item1", item2); // (11)
System.out.println("Return from creating list " + listID);
return item1; // (12)
}

public static void main(String[] args) { // (13)

HeavyItem list = createList("X"); // (14)
list = createList("Y"); // (15)

HeavyItem itemOne = createHeavyItem("One"); // (16)

HeavyItem itemTwo = createHeavyItem("Two"); // (17)
itemOne = null; // (18)
createHeavyItem("Three"); // (19)
createHeavyItem("Four"); // (20)
System.out.println("Return from main().");
}
}

C 3

Return from creating list X

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 Page 7 of 30

Return from creating list Y

X: item3: recycled.
X: item2: recycled.
X: item1: recycled.
Return from creating HeavyItem One
Return from creating HeavyItem Two
Return from creating HeavyItem Three
Three local item: recycled.
Three: recycled.
Two local item: recycled.
Return from creating HeavyItem Four
One local item: recycled.
One: recycled.
Return from main().

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Object Finalization

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protected void finalize() throws Throwable

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 Page 8 of 30

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public class AnotherWellbehavedClass {

SomeResource objRef;
// ...
protected void finalize() throws Throwable { // (1)
try { // (2)
if (objRef != null) objRef.close();
} finally { // (3)
super.finalize(); // (4)
}
}
}

Finalizer Chaining
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class BasicBlob { // (1)

static int idCounter;

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static int population;

protected int blobId;

BasicBlob() {
blobId = idCounter++;
++population;
}
protected void finalize() throws Throwable { // (2)
--population;
super.finalize();
}
}

class Blob extends BasicBlob { // (3)

int[] fat;

Blob(int bloatedness) { // (4)

fat = new int[bloatedness];
System.out.println(blobId + ": Hello");
}

protected void finalize() throws Throwable { // (5)

System.out.println(blobId + ": Bye");
super.finalize();
}
}

public class Finalizers {

public static void main(String[] args) { // (6)
int blobsRequired, blobSize;
try {
blobsRequired = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
blobSize = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
} catch(IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.err.println(
"Usage: Finalizers <number of blobs> <blob size>");
return;
}
for (int i=0; i<blobsRequired; ++i) { // (7)
new Blob(blobSize);
}
System.out.println(BasicBlob.population + " blobs alive"); // (8)
}
}

! #

>java Finalizers 5 500000

# 3

0: Hello
1: Hello
2: Hello
0: Bye
1: Bye
2: Bye
3: Hello
4: Hello

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 Page 10 of 30

2 blobs alive

Invoking Garbage Collection

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Runtime.getRuntime() Runtime

static Runtime getRuntime()

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void gc()

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void runFinalization()

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long freeMemory()

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class BasicBlob { /* See Example 8.2. */ }

class Blob extends BasicBlob { /* See Example 8.2.*/ }

public class MemoryCheck {

public static void main(String[] args) { // (6)
int blobsRequired, blobSize;
try {
blobsRequired = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
blobSize = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
} catch(IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.err.println(
"Usage: MemoryCheck <number of blobs> <blob size>");
return;
}
Runtime environment = Runtime.getRuntime(); // (7)
System.out.println("Total memory: " + environment.totalMemory());// (8)
System.out.println("Free memory before blob creation: "
+ environment.freeMemory()); // (9)
for (int i=0; i<blobsRequired; ++i) { // (10)
new Blob(blobSize);
}
System.out.println("Free memory after blob creation: "
+ environment.freeMemory()); // (11)
System.gc(); // (12)
System.out.println("Free memory after requesting GC: "
+ environment.freeMemory()); // (13)
System.out.println(BasicBlob.population + " blobs alive"); // (14)
}
}

! #

>java MemoryCheck 5 100000

# 3

Total memory: 2031616

Free memory before blob creation: 1773192
0: Hello
1: Hello
2: Hello
1: Bye
2: Bye
3: Hello
0: Bye
3: Bye
4: Hello
Free memory after blob creation: 818760
4: Bye
Free memory after requesting GC: 1619656
0 blobs alive

6 3

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# # %
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Review Questions

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public class MyClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String msg;
String pre = "This program was called with ";
String post = " as first argument.";

String arg1 = new String((args.length > 0) ?

"'" + args[ 0 ] + "'" :
"<no argument>");
msg = arg1;
arg1 = null; // (1)
msg = pre + msg + post; // (2)
pre = null; // (3)

System.out.println(msg);

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 Page 13 of 30

msg = null; // (4)

post = null; // (5)
args = null; // (6)
}
}

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finalize()

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8.2 Initializers
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Field Initializer Expressions

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class ConstantInitializers {
int minAge = 12; // (1) Non-static
static double pensionPoints = 10.5; // (2) Static
// ...

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class MoreInitializers {
int noOfDays = 7 * NO_OF_WEEKS; // (1) Non-static
static int NO_OF_WEEKS = 52; // (2) Static
// ...
}

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Initializer Expression Execution in Textual Order

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width " 1 1
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class NonStaticInitializers {
int length = 10; // (1)
// double area = length * width; // (2) Not Ok. Illegal forward reference.
double area = length * this.width; // (3) Ok, but width has default value 0.
int width = 10; // (4)

int sqSide = height = 20; // (5) OK. Legal forward reference.

int height; // (6)
}

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class Hotel {
private int noOfRooms = 12; // (1)
private int maxNoOfGuests = initMaxGuests(); // (2) Bug
private int occupancyPerRoom = 2; // (3)

public int initMaxGuests() { // (4)

System.out.println("occupancyPerRoom: " +
occupancyPerRoom);
System.out.println("maxNoOfGuests: " +
noOfRooms * occupancyPerRoom);
return noOfRooms * occupancyPerRoom;
}

public int getMaxGuests() { // (5)

return maxNoOfGuests;
}

public int getOccupancy() { // (6)

return occupancyPerRoom;
}
}

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public class TestOrder {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Hotel hotel = new Hotel(); // (7)
System.out.println("After object creation: ");
System.out.println("occupancyPerRoom: " +
hotel.getOccupancy()); // (8)
System.out.println("maxNoOfGuests: " +
hotel.getMaxGuests()); // (9)
}
}

< 3

occupancyPerRoom: 0
maxNoOfGuests: 0
After object creation:
occupancyPerRoom: 2
maxNoOfGuests: 0

Initializer Expressions and Checked Exceptions

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RoomOccupancyTooHighException # #

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class RoomOccupancyTooHighException
extends RuntimeException {} // (1) Unchecked Exception
class TooManyHotelsException
extends Exception {} // (2) Checked Exception

class Hotel {
// Static Members
private static int noOfHotels = 12;
private static Hotel[] hotelPool = createHotelPool(); // (3)

private static Hotel[] createHotelPool() { // (4)

try {
if (noOfHotels > 10)
throw new TooManyHotelsException();

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 Page 18 of 30

} catch (TooManyHotelsException e) {
noOfHotels = 10;
System.out.println("No. of hotels adjusted to " +
noOfHotels);
}
return new Hotel[noOfHotels];
}
// Instance Members
private int noOfRooms = 215;
private int occupancyPerRoom = 5;
private int maxNoOfGuests = initMaxGuests(); // (5)

private int initMaxGuests() { // (6)

if (occupancyPerRoom > 4)
throw new RoomOccupancyTooHighException();
return noOfRooms * occupancyPerRoom;
}
}

public class ExceptionsInInitializers {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try { new Hotel();}
catch (RoomOccupancyTooHighException exception) {
exception.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

< 3

No. of hotels adjusted to 10

RoomOccupancyTooHighException
at Hotel.initMaxGuests(ExceptionsInInitializers.java:29)
at Hotel.<init>(ExceptionsInInitializers.java:25)
at ExceptionsInInitializers.main(ExceptionsInInitializers.java:36)

Static Initializer Blocks

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class StaticInitializers {

final static int ROWS = 12, COLUMNS = 10; // (1)

static long[][] matrix = new long[ROWS][COLUMNS]; // (2)
// ...
static { // (3) Static Initializer
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)
for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++)
matrix[i][j] = 2*i + j;
}
// ...
}

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StaticInitializers % final
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class StaticForwardReferences {

static { // (1) Static initializer block

sf1 = 10; // (2) OK. Assignment to sf1 allowed
// sf1 = if1; // (3) Not OK. Non-static field access in static context
// int a = 2 * sf1; // (4) Not OK. Read operation before declaration
int b = sf1 = 20; // (5) OK. Assignment to sf1 allowed
int c = StaticForwardReferences.sf1;// (6) OK. Not accessed by simple name
}

static int sf1 = sf2 = 30; // (7) Static field. Assignment to sf2 allowed
static int sf2; // (8) Static field
int if1 = 5; // (9) Non-static field

static { // (10) Static initializer block

int d = 2 * sf1; // (11) OK. Read operation after declaration
int e = sf1 = 50; // (12)
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("sf1: " + StaticForwardReferences.sf1);
System.out.println("sf2: " + StaticForwardReferences.sf2);
}
}

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< 3

sf1: 50
sf2: 30

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class BankrupcyException
extends RuntimeException {} // (1) Unchecked Exception
class TooManyHotelsException
extends Exception {} // (2) Checked Exception

class Hotel {
// Static Members
private static boolean bankrupt = true;
private static int noOfHotels = 11;
private static Hotel[] hotelPool;

static { // (3) Static block

try { // (4) Handles checked exception
if (noOfHotels > 10)
throw new TooManyHotelsException();
} catch (TooManyHotelsException e) {
noOfHotels = 10;
System.out.println("No. of hotels adjusted to " +
noOfHotels);
}
hotelPool = new Hotel[noOfHotels];
}

static { // (5) Static block

if (bankrupt)
throw new BankrupcyException(); // (6) Throws unchecked exception
}
// ...
}

public class ExceptionInStaticInitBlocks {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Hotel();
}
}

< 3

No. of hotels adjusted to 10

Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ExceptionInInitializerError

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 Page 21 of 30

at ExceptionInStaticInitBlocks.main(ExceptionInStaticInitBlocks.java:33)
Caused by: BankrupcyException
at Hotel.<clinit>(ExceptionInStaticInitBlocks.java:26)

Instance Initializer Blocks

) " " static %)
" " +
%
" % # ,
.0 #

class InstanceInitializers {

long[] squares = new long[10]; // (1)

// ...
{ // (2) Instance Initializer
for (int i = 0; i < squares.length; i++)
squares[i] = i*i;
}
// ...
}

squares " ,
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0

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class NonStaticForwardReferences {

{ // (1) Instance initializer block

nsf1 = 10; // (2) OK. Assignment to nsf1 allowed
nsf1 = sf1; // (3) OK. Static field access in non-static context
// int a = 2 * nsf1; // (4) Not OK. Read operation before declaration
int b = nsf1 = 20; // (5) OK. Assignment to nsf1 allowed
int c = this.nsf1; // (6) OK. Not accessed by simple name
}

int nsf1 = nsf2 = 30; // (7) Non-static field. Assignment to nsf2 allowed
int nsf2; // (8) Non-static field
static int sf1 = 5; // (9) Static field

{ // (10) Instance initializer block

int d = 2 * nsf1; // (11) OK. Read operation after declaration
int e = nsf1 = 50; // (12)
}

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public static void main(String[] args) {

NonStaticForwardReferences objRef = new NonStaticForwardReferences();
System.out.println("nsf1: " + objRef.nsf1);
System.out.println("nsf2: " + objRef.nsf2);
}
}

< 3

nsf1: 50
nsf2: 30

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class Base {
protected int a;
protected int b;
void print() {
System.out.println("a: " + a);
}
}

class AnonymousClassMaker {
Base createAnonymous() {
return new Base() { // (1) Anonymous class
{ // (2) Instance initializer
a = 5; b = 10;
}
void print() {
super.print();
System.out.println("b: " + b);
}
}; // end anonymous class
}
}

public class InstanceInitBlock {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new AnonymousClassMaker().createAnonymous().print();
}
}

< 3

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 Page 23 of 30

a: 5
b: 10

& " " &

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class RoomOccupancyTooHighException
extends Exception {} // (1) Checked exception
class BankrupcyException
extends RuntimeException {} // (2) Unchecked exception

class Hotel {
// Instance Members
private boolean bankrupt = true;
private int noOfRooms = 215;
private int occupancyPerRoom = 5;
private int maxNoOfGuests;

{ // (3) Instance block

try {
if (occupancyPerRoom > 4) // (4) Handles checked exception
throw new RoomOccupancyTooHighException();
} catch (RoomOccupancyTooHighException exception) {
System.out.println("ROOM OCCUPANCY TOO HIGH: " + occupancyPerRoom);
occupancyPerRoom = 4;
}
maxNoOfGuests = noOfRooms * occupancyPerRoom;
}

{ // (5) Instance initializer block

if (bankrupt)
throw new BankrupcyException(); // (6) Throws unchecked exception
} // ...
}

public class ExceptionsInInstBlocks {

public static void main(String[] args) {
new Hotel();
}
}

< 3

ROOM OCCUPANCY TOO HIGH: 5

Exception in thread "main" BankrupcyException

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 Page 24 of 30

at Hotel.<init>(ExceptionsInInstBlocks.java:26)
at ExceptionsInInstBlocks.main(ExceptionsInInstBlocks.java:32)

Constructing Initial Object State

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class SuperclassA {
public SuperclassA() { // (1)
System.out.println("Constructor in SuperclassA");
}
}
class SubclassB extends SuperclassA {

SubclassB() { // (2)
this(3);
System.out.println("Default constructor in SubclassB");
}

SubclassB(int i) { // (3)
System.out.println("Non-default constructor in SubclassB");
value = i;
}

{ // (4)
System.out.println("Instance initializer block in SubclassB");
value = 2; // (5)

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 Page 25 of 30

int value = initializerExpression(); // (6)

private int initializerExpression() { // (7)

System.out.println("Instance initializer expression in SubclassB");
return 1;
}
}

public class ObjectConstruction {

public static void main(String[] args) {
SubclassB objRef = new SubclassB(); // (8)
System.out.println("value: " + objRef.value);
}
}

< 3

Constructor in SuperclassA
Instance initializer block in SubclassB
Instance initializer expression in SubclassB
Non-default constructor in SubclassB
Default constructor in SubclassB
value: 3

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class SuperclassA {
protected int superValue; // (1)
SuperclassA() { // (2)
System.out.println("Constructor in SuperclassA");
this.doValue(); // (3)
}
void doValue() { // (4)

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 Page 26 of 30

this.superValue = 911;
System.out.println("superValue: " + this.superValue);
}
}

class SubclassB extends SuperclassA {

private int value = 800; // (5)
SubclassB() { // (6)
System.out.println("Constructor in SubclassB");
this.doValue();
System.out.println("superValue: " + this.superValue);
}
void doValue() { // (7)
System.out.println("value: " + this.value);
}
}

public class ObjectInitialization {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Creating an object of SubclassB.");
new SubclassB(); // (8)
}
}

< 3

Creating an object of SubclassB.

Constructor in SuperclassA
value: 0
Constructor in SubclassB
value: 800
superValue: 0

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Review Questions

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public class MyClass {

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 Page 27 of 30

private static int count = 5;

final static int STEP = 10;
boolean alive;
// INSERT STATIC INITIALIZER BLOCK HERE
}

static { alive = true; count = 0; }

static { STEP = count; }

static { count += STEP; }

$ static ;

static {;}

% static { count = 1; }

, # # E

public class MyClass {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass(l);
}
static int i = 5;
static int l;
int j = 7;
int k;

public MyClass(int m) {
System.out.println(i + ", " + j + ", " + k + ", " + l + ", " + m);
}
{ j = 70; l = 20; } // Instance Initializer Block
static { i = 50; } // Static Initializer Block
}

# % "

# % k# " #

# # # 50, 70, 0, 20, 0 #

$ # # # 50, 70, 0, 20, 20 #

# # # 5, 70, 0, 20, 0 #

% # # # 5, 7, 0, 20, 0 #

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 Page 28 of 30

' # %# "
# # # E

public class MyClass {

static int gap = 10;
double length;
final boolean active;

// INSERT CODE HERE

}

instance { active = true; }

MyClass { gap += 5; }

{ gap = 5; length = (active ? 100 : 200) + gap; }

$ { ; }

{ length = 4.2; }

% { active = (gap > 5); length = 5.5 + gap;}

. # # E

public class Initialization {

private static String msg(String msg) {
System.out.println(msg); return msg;
}

public Initialization() { m = msg("1"); }

{ m = msg("2"); }

String m = msg("3");

public static void main(String[] args) {

Object obj = new Initialization();
}
}

# # # 1%2% 3#

# # # 2%3% 1#

$ # # # 3%1% 2#

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 Page 29 of 30

# # # 1%3% 2#

0 # # E

public class Initialization {

private static String msg(String msg) {
System.out.println(msg); return msg;
}

static String m = msg("1");

{ m = msg("2"); }

static { m = msg("3"); }

public static void main(String[] args) {

Object obj = new Initialization();
}
}

# # # 1%2% 3#

# # # 2%3% 1#

$ # # # 3%1% 2#

# # # 1%3% 2#

#
// # E

class GeomInit {
// int width = 14; /* Line A */
{
// area = width * height; /* Line B */
}
int width = 37;
{
// height = 11; /* Line C */
}
int height, area;
// area = width * height; /* Line D */
{
// int width = 15; /* Line E */
area = 100;
}
};

# #

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 Page 30 of 30

$ $

&

Chapter Summary

# # 3

% #

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