ENERGY & THE CELL

Chapters 8 & 9 (pages 200 239)

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Molecule that contains usable energy ATP energy comes from breaking apart energy rich molecules like glucose Glucose is like a $20 billtoo big to be used in a vending machine ATP is like quartersusable! ATP is the energy coin of the cell
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How ATP Carries Energy

ATP ADP

ATP - a rechargeable battery

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis:
Solar energy converted to chemical bond energy stored in glucose molecules 6 CO2
(6 carbon dioxide)

+ 6 H2O + Energy
+ (6 water) + (sunlight)

C6H12O6
(1 glucose)

+ 6 O2
+ (6 oxygen)

Note: Photosynthesis is basically the REVERSE reaction of aerobic cellular respiration

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Movie : ATP the Energy Currency of the Cell

cm mm nm

(centimeter) (millimeter) (nanometer)

= 0.01m = 0.001m = 0.000000001m

Pigments: color absorbing chemicals

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What happens to the glucose produced during photosynthesis?

1. Stored until needed ( in food vacuoles) 2. Used for energy, charge ATP molecules ( process of aerobic cellular respiration) 3. Used to build other molecules ( process of dehydration synthesis )
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Respiration: the process by which chemical bond energy stored in nutrients (glucose) is released for use in cells
1. Anaerobic respiration 2. Aerobic respiration
without oxygen a.k.a. fermentation simple reaction performed by microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria occurs in cytoplasm 2 ATP per glucose with oxygen a.k.a. cellular respiration used by humans and many other organisms occurs in mitochondria 36 ATP per glucose

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Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast

C6H12O6
(1 glucose)

2 CH3CH2OH
(2 ethanol)

2 CO2

+ Energy

+ (2 carbon dioxide) + (2 ATP)

Humans use yeast fermentation waste products: ethanol used to make wine and beer carbon dioxide makes bread dough rise
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6
(1 glucose)

+ 6 O2
+ (6 oxygen)

6 CO2
(6 carbon dioxide)

+ 6 H2O
+ (6 water)

+ Energy
+ (38 ATP)

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Mitochondria are like fireplaces, containing the release of energy. Only 40% of energy in glucose is converted to ATP. The other 60% is lost as heat.
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CYTOPLASM

Chemical reactions Anaerobic respiration ATP without oxygen Energy generator Aerobic respiration ATP with oxygen Photosynthesis Glucose

MITOCHONDRIA

CHLOROPLASTS

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The Role of ENZYMES

Control the speed of all chemical reactions Enzymes controlling aerobic respiration are found in mitochondria. Enzymes controlling anaerobic respiration are found in cytoplasm. Enzymes controlling photosynthesis are found chloroplasts. Enzymes (like all proteins) are synthesized in ribosomes.
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